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This page provides the estimated average exposure difference between whites and nonwhites, for NO2 air pollution. Concentrations are population-weighted mean exposure to ambient residential outdoor NO2 air pollution, rounded to one decimal place in units of parts per billion (ppb). Tables below give values first for U.S. states and then for U.S. Urban Areas. An Excel sheet with these data can be downloaded here.


U.S. States

StateAverage NO2 concentration for nonwhites (ppb)Average NO2 concentration for whites (ppb)Difference (ppb)
New York24.415.39.2
Pennsylvania17.911.96.0
Illinois16.511.15.4
Michigan14.39.25.2
New Jersey19.314.74.6
Rhode Island15.711.34.4
Massachusetts15.811.54.3
California19.214.94.3
Wisconsin11.17.04.1
Connecticut13.910.04.0
Missouri11.67.64.0
Ohio14.010.63.4
Kentucky10.87.53.3
Indiana12.18.93.2
Minnesota9.96.83.1
Tennessee9.76.73.0
Maryland12.710.22.6
Louisiana9.67.32.3
Georgia8.96.62.3
Florida10.88.52.3
Virginia10.98.62.3
New Hampshire8.05.92.2
Nebraska9.97.92.0
Alabama7.45.51.9
Texas11.39.41.8
West Virginia8.36.61.8
Colorado14.512.71.7
Kansas9.88.11.7
Arkansas6.75.11.7
Iowa8.16.51.6
Washington10.38.71.6
Utah14.913.41.5
Nevada15.013.51.5
North Carolina8.16.61.5
Oregon9.48.01.4
Delaware11.810.41.4
Maine5.64.31.3
Mississippi5.44.31.1
Vermont4.94.00.8
Oklahoma8.88.00.8
Wyoming9.28.60.6
District of Columbia16.916.40.5
South Carolina6.46.00.4
Arizona12.812.40.4
Idaho8.38.00.4
South Dakota5.45.40.0
Montana6.97.1-0.2
New Mexico10.911.1-0.2
North Dakota5.25.8-0.6



U.S. Urban Areas

Urban Area NameAverage NO2 concentration for nonwhites (ppb)Average NO2 concentration for whites (ppb)Difference (ppb)
New York--Newark, NY--NJ--CT25.221.24.0
Philadelphia, PA--NJ--DE--MD19.616.13.5
Bridgeport--Stamford, CT--NY17.914.43.5
Boston, MA--NH--RI17.614.33.2
Providence, RI--MA16.113.13.0
Detroit, MI17.614.72.9
Los Angeles--Long Beach--Santa Ana, CA26.023.12.9
New Haven, CT15.412.62.8
Worcester, MA--CT13.510.82.7
Springfield, MA--CT13.811.12.7
Rochester, NY13.210.52.7
Chicago, IL--IN17.915.42.5
Birmingham, AL12.09.52.5
Hartford, CT13.110.62.4
Milwaukee, WI14.011.62.4
Pittsburgh, PA18.115.72.4
Cleveland, OH16.614.32.3
Harrisburg, PA15.513.22.3
Flint, MI12.510.32.2
Chattanooga, TN--GA10.48.32.1
Danbury, CT--NY10.88.72.1
Trenton, NJ17.415.32.1
Baltimore, MD15.213.12.1
Buffalo, NY13.911.92.0
Waterbury, CT12.610.62.0
Charlotte, NC--SC12.310.32.0
Richmond, VA12.310.32.0
St. Louis, MO--IL13.111.12.0
Poughkeepsie--Newburgh, NY11.59.61.9
Cincinnati, OH--KY--IN14.312.41.9
Syracuse, NY12.310.31.9
Lancaster, PA14.912.91.9
Mobile, AL9.87.91.9
Durham, NC9.87.91.9
Winston-Salem, NC11.910.01.9
Albany, NY12.510.61.9
Roanoke, VA13.011.11.9
Reading, PA14.913.11.9
Grand Rapids, MI11.89.91.8
Minneapolis--St. Paul, MN11.79.91.8
Akron, OH15.113.31.8
Macon, GA9.17.41.8
Toledo, OH--MI14.612.81.8
Mansfield, OH12.610.81.8
Brunswick, GA7.55.81.8
Nashville-Davidson, TN11.79.91.8
York, PA14.412.61.7
Peoria, IL10.78.91.7
Savannah, GA9.98.21.7
Atlanta, GA11.910.31.7
Jackson, MS9.07.31.6
Canton, OH15.113.51.6
Beaumont, TX10.58.91.6
Houston, TX14.512.91.6
Wilmington, NC9.27.71.6
Baton Rouge, LA11.610.01.6
Jacksonville, FL10.48.81.5
Louisville, KY--IN14.112.61.5
Lynchburg, VA9.27.71.5
Allentown--Bethlehem, PA--NJ15.413.91.5
Kansas City, MO--KS12.811.31.5
Norwich--New London, CT11.510.11.5
Nashua, NH--MA11.09.51.5
Columbus, OH15.013.51.4
Lake Charles, LA11.19.71.4
Virginia Beach, VA12.511.11.4
Indianapolis, IN13.912.61.4
Muskegon, MI9.58.11.4
Anniston, AL8.16.81.4
Charleston--North Charleston, SC9.17.81.4
Alexandria, LA9.68.31.4
Pine Bluff, AR8.77.31.4
Weirton, WV--Steubenville, OH--PA13.111.71.4
Gainesville, GA9.58.21.3
Miami, FL13.111.81.3
Portland, ME10.89.51.3
Gadsden, AL8.57.21.3
Knoxville, TN11.29.91.3
Atlantic City, NJ11.810.51.3
Seattle, WA12.711.41.3
Huntsville, AL10.08.71.3
South Bend, IN--MI11.410.11.2
Denver--Aurora, CO17.416.21.2
Greensboro, NC13.212.01.2
Albany, GA8.47.21.2
Corpus Christi, TX10.89.61.2
New Bedford, MA14.613.41.2
Washington, DC--VA--MD13.812.61.2
Pensacola, FL--AL9.48.21.1
Asheville, NC9.48.31.1
Monroe, LA8.77.61.1
Wichita, KS11.410.21.1
New Orleans, LA14.112.91.1
Des Moines, IA10.29.11.1
Daytona Beach--Port Orange, FL9.07.91.1
Youngstown, OH--PA12.811.71.1
Dalton, GA9.28.21.1
Reno, NV16.315.21.1
Raleigh, NC9.78.61.0
Riverside--San Bernardino, CA20.419.41.0
Hazleton, PA12.311.31.0
Rocky Mount, NC9.58.51.0
Memphis, TN--MS--AR11.210.21.0
Hickory, NC9.68.61.0
Dothan, AL8.17.11.0
Omaha, NE--IA11.810.81.0
High Point, NC12.111.21.0
San Antonio, TX12.911.91.0
Leominster--Fitchburg, MA11.110.11.0
San Diego, CA15.114.20.9
Manchester, NH12.411.40.9
Shreveport, LA10.79.80.9
Phoenix--Mesa, AZ15.414.50.9
Kalamazoo, MI9.48.50.9
Oklahoma City, OK12.511.60.9
Spartanburg, SC10.29.30.9
Greenville, SC10.79.80.9
Pottstown, PA12.011.10.9
Vineland, NJ11.810.90.9
Columbia, SC9.99.00.9
Seaside--Monterey--Marina, CA9.38.40.9
Augusta-Richmond County, GA--SC9.78.80.9
Salem, OR9.48.60.9
Lafayette, LA10.79.90.9
Barnstable Town, MA8.47.50.9
Little Rock, AR9.58.60.9
Saratoga Springs, NY8.17.20.9
Sumter, SC9.18.20.9
Binghamton, NY--PA10.39.40.8
Port Huron, MI11.010.20.8
Lubbock, TX12.011.10.8
Elkhart, IN--MI10.79.80.8
Kingston, NY11.410.50.8
Tampa--St. Petersburg, FL11.610.80.8
Valdosta, GA7.97.10.8
Salt Lake City, UT18.217.40.8
Gastonia, NC10.39.50.8
Huntington, WV--KY--OH10.19.30.8
Lakeland, FL10.69.80.8
Scranton, PA12.111.40.8
Tyler, TX10.39.60.8
Sioux City, IA--NE--SD9.38.50.8
Pittsfield, MA10.39.50.8
Florence, SC8.57.70.8
Erie, PA11.911.10.8
Burlington, NC11.410.60.8
Charleston, WV10.39.60.8
Tuscaloosa, AL8.88.00.8
Kingsport, TN--VA11.310.60.8
Fresno, CA12.912.20.8
Duluth, MN--WI6.55.70.7
Sarasota--Bradenton, FL10.49.60.7
Winchester, VA11.410.70.7
Johnson City, TN10.810.00.7
San Francisco--Oakland, CA16.716.00.7
Utica, NY10.09.30.7
Ocala, FL9.18.40.7
Johnstown, PA13.312.60.7
Lansing, MI10.810.10.7
Hattiesburg, MS8.78.00.7
Wheeling, WV--OH12.311.60.7
Texarkana, TX--Texarkana, AR9.48.70.7
Evansville, IN--KY10.810.10.7
Battle Creek, MI9.58.80.7
Las Vegas, NV15.915.20.7
Waco, TX10.19.40.7
Santa Rosa, CA9.89.20.7
Yakima, WA10.710.00.7
Gulfport--Biloxi, MS7.77.00.6
Waterloo, IA8.68.00.6
Greenville, NC9.28.50.6
Orlando, FL11.010.40.6
Saginaw, MI10.910.20.6
Myrtle Beach, SC7.87.20.6
Spokane, WA--ID11.510.90.6
Sacramento, CA14.513.90.6
Tallahassee, FL7.36.70.6
Fort Wayne, IN12.011.40.6
Lima, OH10.610.00.6
Salinas, CA11.811.20.6
Portland, OR--WA11.911.30.6
Jackson, MI9.79.10.6
Lincoln, NE10.09.40.6
Kankakee, IL10.610.00.6
Kennewick--Richland, WA9.48.90.6
Santa Cruz, CA10.610.00.6
Austin, TX11.611.00.6
Bakersfield, CA12.912.30.6
La Crosse, WI--MN6.86.30.6
Dallas--Fort Worth--Arlington, TX13.813.30.6
Wichita Falls, TX10.29.70.6
Santa Barbara, CA10.29.70.6
Oxnard, CA12.512.00.5
Middletown, OH12.111.50.5
Decatur, IL9.79.20.5
Frederick, MD10.610.10.5
Lexington-Fayette, KY12.211.60.5
Longview, TX8.37.80.5
Lompoc, CA8.68.10.5
Boulder, CO13.312.80.5
Uniontown--Connellsville, PA14.313.80.5
Pueblo, CO11.611.10.5
Concord, NC11.210.70.5
Longview, WA--OR8.17.60.5
Anderson, SC8.88.30.5
Mauldin--Simpsonville, SC8.68.10.5
Lebanon, PA14.113.60.5
Anderson, IN10.510.00.5
Concord, CA14.313.80.5
Green Bay, WI10.29.70.5
San Rafael--Novato, CA10.09.50.5
Racine, WI10.710.20.5
Bay City, MI10.410.00.5
Danville, IL8.58.00.5
Mandeville--Covington, LA6.66.20.5
Jackson, TN8.68.10.5
Bremerton, WA7.57.10.5
Wildwood--North Wildwood--Cape May, NJ9.28.80.5
San Jose, CA18.317.90.4
Rome, GA8.17.60.4
Bristol, TN--Bristol, VA11.010.50.4
Warner Robins, GA8.17.70.4
Sioux Falls, SD8.98.50.4
Holland, MI9.49.00.4
Colorado Springs, CO14.113.60.4
Hot Springs, AR8.07.50.4
Beloit, WI--IL8.17.70.4
Topeka, KS10.610.10.4
Round Lake Beach--McHenry--Grayslake, IL--WI9.28.80.4
Springfield, MO10.610.20.4
Auburn, AL6.86.30.4
Port St. Lucie, FL9.08.60.4
Panama City, FL7.36.80.4
Owensboro, KY10.410.00.4
Springfield, IL9.69.20.4
Terre Haute, IN9.99.50.4
Dubuque, IA--IL8.68.20.4
Aberdeen--Havre de Grace--Bel Air, MD10.39.90.4
Camarillo, CA13.312.90.4
San Angelo, TX10.610.20.4
Rapid City, SD8.48.00.4
Davenport, IA--IL10.19.70.4
Laredo, TX10.610.20.4
Cleveland, TN9.69.20.4
Stockton, CA14.313.90.4
Columbia, MO8.17.70.4
Abilene, TX10.810.50.4
Benton Harbor--St. Joseph, MI9.69.20.4
Lorain--Elyria, OH11.911.50.4
Merced, CA10.510.10.4
Gilroy--Morgan Hill, CA10.510.10.4
Clarksville, TN--KY8.68.20.4
Lewiston, ME9.28.80.4
St. Joseph, MO--KS10.29.80.4
Athens-Clarke County, GA8.58.10.4
Springfield, OH12.412.10.4
Corvallis, OR7.16.70.4
Napa, CA10.09.60.4
Michigan City, IN--MI10.510.20.4
Jefferson City, MO7.37.00.3
Eugene, OR9.18.80.3
El Paso, TX--NM12.612.30.3
Great Falls, MT10.510.10.3
Altoona, PA13.112.80.3
Bowling Green, KY9.69.30.3
Wenatchee, WA8.58.20.3
Galveston, TX11.711.30.3
Sherman, TX9.18.80.3
Provo--Orem, UT12.412.10.3
Monessen, PA13.513.20.3
Williamsport, PA10.39.90.3
Titusville, FL7.77.40.3
Temple, TX9.79.40.3
Middletown, NY10.410.10.3
Santa Clarita, CA13.613.30.3
Texas City, TX10.310.10.3
Kokomo, IN10.910.60.3
Medford, OR8.88.50.3
Tucson, AZ13.112.80.3
Mission Viejo, CA14.414.10.3
Killeen, TX9.69.40.3
Odessa, TX10.710.40.3
Appleton, WI10.09.70.3
Ogden--Layton, UT13.813.60.3
Wausau, WI6.86.60.3
Leesburg--Eustis, FL7.87.50.3
Cedar Rapids, IA8.78.50.3
Boise City, ID11.411.10.3
Dayton, OH13.112.80.3
Midland, TX10.510.20.3
Rockford, IL9.69.40.3
South Lyon--Howell--Brighton, MI8.38.00.3
Pascagoula, MS7.57.30.3
Champaign, IL9.79.40.3
Amarillo, TX12.011.80.3
Jacksonville, NC6.76.50.3
Sheboygan, WI8.98.70.3
Petaluma, CA9.79.50.3
Murfreesboro, TN8.78.50.3
Nampa, ID9.39.10.2
Parkersburg, WV--OH12.512.20.2
Victoria, TX8.88.60.2
Bend, OR10.310.10.2
McKinney, TX10.410.20.2
Atascadero--El Paso de Robles (Paso Robles), CA8.48.20.2
Fort Walton Beach, FL7.16.80.2
Ann Arbor, MI11.311.10.2
Vallejo, CA12.011.70.2
Florence, AL9.08.70.2
Gainesville, FL7.87.60.2
Flagstaff, AZ11.110.90.2
Victorville--Hesperia--Apple Valley, CA13.613.40.2
Muncie, IN11.110.80.2
Burlington, VT8.17.80.2
Morristown, TN9.39.10.2
Westminster, MD9.59.20.2
Lake Jackson--Angleton, TX8.88.60.2
Morgantown, WV12.912.70.2
Madison, WI8.78.50.2
Ithaca, NY8.58.30.2
Houma, LA8.88.60.2
The Woodlands, TX7.87.60.2
Lewiston, ID--WA7.47.20.2
Fort Smith, AR--OK9.49.10.2
Fond du Lac, WI8.28.00.2
Charlottesville, VA8.98.70.2
Kenosha, WI10.510.30.2
Billings, MT9.39.20.2
Columbus, GA--AL8.88.60.2
Davis, CA11.110.90.2
Marysville, WA6.86.60.2
Glens Falls, NY9.08.80.2
Madera, CA9.69.40.2
Thousand Oaks, CA14.114.00.2
Joplin, MO9.69.40.2
Missoula, MT9.08.90.2
Grand Forks, ND--MN7.27.00.2
Harlingen, TX9.39.10.2
Livermore, CA13.313.20.2
Deltona, FL7.67.40.2
Hinesville, GA6.05.80.2
Cape Coral, FL9.59.30.2
Fredericksburg, VA9.79.50.2
Salisbury, MD--DE8.88.60.2
Bellingham, WA8.78.50.2
Olympia--Lacey, WA8.48.20.2
Hightstown, NJ12.712.50.2
Las Cruces, NM11.010.80.2
Bonita Springs--Naples, FL7.77.60.2
Fargo, ND--MN8.18.00.2
Palm Bay--Melbourne, FL8.58.30.2
Logan, UT9.69.40.2
Fayetteville, NC9.39.20.2
Greeley, CO11.911.70.2
Fayetteville--Springdale, AR8.78.50.2
Coeur d'Alene, ID8.38.10.2
Longmont, CO11.911.70.1
Denton--Lewisville, TX11.211.00.1
Bloomington, IN8.98.80.1
Kissimmee, FL9.59.40.1
Newark, OH11.010.90.1
Idaho Falls, ID10.09.90.1
Tulsa, OK11.611.50.1
Hemet, CA12.912.80.1
Temecula--Murrieta, CA12.412.30.1
Santa Maria, CA10.09.90.1
Fairfield, CA12.312.20.1
Redding, CA8.78.60.1
Watsonville, CA10.910.80.1
Blacksburg, VA10.19.90.1
Janesville, WI8.68.50.1
Cheyenne, WY12.112.00.1
Pocatello, ID10.210.10.1
Rochester, MN7.17.00.1
Danville, VA10.09.90.1
Sandusky, OH9.79.60.1
Turlock, CA11.010.90.1
Mount Vernon, WA8.58.40.1
Casper, WY10.210.10.1
Dover, DE10.09.90.1
Grand Junction, CO9.99.80.1
Winter Haven, FL9.09.00.1
St. Charles, MD8.38.30.1
Prescott, AZ9.99.80.1
Chico, CA8.58.50.1
Eau Claire, WI6.56.40.1
North Port--Punta Gorda, FL9.39.30.1
Port Arthur, TX10.710.70.1
Tracy, CA13.113.10.1
Vacaville, CA10.610.50.1
Dover--Rochester, NH--ME7.27.10.1
Lodi, CA11.911.90.1
College Station--Bryan, TX9.59.40.1
Bismarck, ND7.87.70.1
Norman, OK9.29.20.1
Lafayette--Louisville, CO12.912.80.1
Yuma, AZ--CA9.29.10.1
Lancaster--Palmdale, CA12.412.40.0
Vero Beach--Sebastian, FL7.87.80.0
Antioch, CA12.612.50.0
El Centro, CA8.68.60.0
San Luis Obispo, CA8.48.40.0
Simi Valley, CA13.713.60.0
Oshkosh, WI8.38.20.0
St. George, UT9.39.30.0
Santa Fe, NM11.911.90.0
Jonesboro, AR8.98.80.0
Bloomington--Normal, IL9.99.90.0
State College, PA10.510.50.0
Manteca, CA12.012.00.0
Harrisonburg, VA10.610.60.0
Lawton, OK9.49.40.0
Fort Collins, CO11.011.00.0
Yuba City, CA9.49.40.0
Columbus, IN8.68.60.0
Portsmouth, NH--ME8.98.90.0
Goldsboro, NC9.09.00.0
Lafayette, IN9.89.80.0
Lawrence, KS8.68.70.0
Carson City, NV11.211.20.0
Farmington, NM14.114.20.0
Brownsville, TX9.69.70.0
Visalia, CA9.59.6-0.1
Modesto, CA12.512.6-0.1
Porterville, CA8.58.6-0.1
Lee's Summit, MO8.88.9-0.1
St. Cloud, MN7.77.8-0.1
Iowa City, IA7.98.0-0.1
Alton, IL9.49.5-0.1
Decatur, AL9.29.3-0.1
Monroe, MI11.011.1-0.1
Ames, IA6.76.8-0.1
Albuquerque, NM14.314.4-0.1
Lady Lake, FL7.88.0-0.1
Rock Hill, SC8.68.8-0.2
Brooksville, FL8.68.8-0.2
Montgomery, AL9.59.8-0.3
DeKalb, IL7.67.9-0.3
Slidell, LA8.58.9-0.4
McAllen, TX9.39.7-0.4
Avondale, AZ10.811.3-0.5
Bangor, ME7.47.9-0.5
Elmira, NY7.17.6-0.5
Radcliff--Elizabethtown, KY8.28.7-0.6
St. Augustine, FL6.16.7-0.6
Indio--Cathedral City--Palm Springs, CA10.210.8-0.6
Hagerstown, MD--WV--PA10.310.9-0.7
Zephyrhills, FL8.09.1-1.1


Citation for these data:
LP Clark, DB Millet, JD Marshall, "National patterns in environmental injustice and inequality: outdoor NO2 air pollution in the United States," PLOS One, 9(4), e94431, (2014). Link.