Moller-R. Covino-B-G. Cardiac electrophysiologic properties of bupivacaine and lidocaine compared with those of ropivacaine, a new amide local anesthetic. Anesthesiology. 1990 Feb. 72(2). P 322-9.

Ropivacaine is a new amino-amide local anesthetic whose anesthetic profile appears similar to that of bupivacaine. Moreover, in intact animals ropivacaine was reportedly less arrhythmogenic than bupivacaine. These experiments evaluated the cardiac transmembrane electrophysiologic effects of ropivacaine compared with those of lidocaine and bupivacaine in an isolated rabbit Purkinje fiberventricular muscle preparation. Only bupivacaine (3-5 micrograms/ml, 0.92- 1.5 x 10(-5) m) significantly decreased Purkinje fiber maximum diastolic potential. Action potential amplitude and maximal rate of depolarization (Vmax) were significantly decreased by all agents in the following order: bupivacaine, ropivacaine, lidocaine. High concentrations of bupivacaine and ropivacaine caused premature depolarizations during phase 3 in some preparations. In addition, bupivacaine altered the action potential configuration by producing "notching" not seen with either ropivacaine or lidocaine. This may reflect effects caused by changes in Ca2+, K+, or electrotonic effects. Ropivacaine and bupivacaine (30 micrograms/ml, 9.2 x 10(-5) m) and lidocaine (100 micrograms/ml, 3.74 x 10(-4) m) caused Purkinje fiber inexcitability and Purkinje fiber- ventricular muscle conduction block. However, the duration of PF inexcitability following exposure to ropivacaine and lidocaine was significantly shorter than in bupivacaine-treated preparation. Duration of PF-VM conduction block also tended to be shorter for ropivacaine than bupivacaine, but significantly longer than lidocaine. In general, ropivacaine is less potent than bupivacaine but more potent than lidocaine in terms of its depressant effect on cardiac excitation and conduction.