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Artemisinin Publications

Note: The Department of Bioengineering and University of Washington do not advocate the use of artemisinin to treat cancer. The US Food and Drug Administration does not currently approve the use of artemisinin for the treatment of any disease. Research on artemisinin and cancer is still in very early stages. Human use of artemisinin should be considered experimental and taking artemisinin or any other drug should be approached with extreme caution and responsibility. Always consult with your physician before beginning any new therapy or treatment.

Publications related to:

Effects of artemisinin and its analogs on cancer

Artemisinin pharmacokinetics

A comprehensive list

Publications Relating to Effects of Artemisinin and its Analogs on Cancer (9/24/10):

  1.       Al-Oqail, M.M., Galal, A.M., Ahmad, M.S., Al-Fishawi, A.M. & El-Feraly, F.S. New bioactive azaartemisinin derivatives. Molecules 8, 901-909 (2003).
  2.       Anfosso, L., Efferth, T., Albini, A. & Pfeffer, U. Microarray expression profiles of angiogenesis-related genes predict tumor cell response to artemisinins. Pharmacogenomics Journal 6, 269-278 (2006).
  3.       Beekman, A.C. et al. Artemisinin-derived sesquiterpene lactones as potential antitumor compounds. Cytotoxic action against bone marrow and tumor cells. Planta Medica 64, 615-619 (1998).
  4.       Beekman, A.C., Woerdenbag, H.J., Kampinga, H.H. & Konings, A.W.T. Cytotoxicity of artemisinin, a dimer of dihydroartemisinin, artemisitene and eupatoriopicrin as evaluated by the MTT and clonogenic assay. Phytotherapy Research 10, 140-144 (1996).
  5.       Beekman AC et al. Stereochemistry-dependent cytotoxicity of some artemisinin derivatives. J Nat Prod 60, 325-330 (1997).
  6.       Beekman, A.C. et al. Stability of artemisinin in aqueous environments: impact on its cytotoxic action to Ehrlich ascites tumour cells. The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 49, 1254-1258 (1997).
  7.       Berger, T.G. et al. Artesunate in the treatment of metastatic uveal melanoma - first experiences. Oncology Reports 14, 1599-1603 (2005).
  8.       Buommino E, Baroni A, Canozo N, Petrazzuolo M, Nicoletti R, Vozza A, Tufano MA.  Artemisinin reduces human melanoma cell migration by down-regulating alphaVbeta3 integrin and reducing metalloproteinase 2 production. Invest New Drugs 27, 412-418 (2009)
  9.       Cai HH, Cai J, Yang PH. Electrochemical activity of holotransferrin and its electrocatalysis-mediated process of artemisinin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 19, 863-866 (2009)
  10. Cao, P. & Wang, Z. Antitumor activities of artemisinin and its derivatives. Zhongliu Fangzhi Zazhi 11, 666-668 (2004).
  11. Chadwick, J., Mercer, A.E., Park, B.K., Cosstick, R. & O'Neill, P.M. Synthesis and biological evaluation of extraordinarily potent C-10 carba artemisinin dimers against P. falciparum malaria parasites and HL-60 cancer cells. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 17, 1325-1338 (2009).
  12. Chadwick J, Jones M, Mercer AE, Stocks PA, Ward SA, Park BK, O'Neill PM. Design, synthesis and antimalarial/anticancer evaluation of spermidine linked artemisinin conjugates designed to exploit polyamine transporters in Plasmodium falciparum and HL-60 cancer cell lines. Bioorg Med Chem. 18, 2586-597 (2010)
  13. Chen, H., Sun, B., Pan, S., Jiang, H. & Sun, X. Dihydroartemisinin inhibits growth of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Anti-Cancer Drugs 20, 131-140 (2009).
  14. Chen, H. & Zhou, H. Inhibitory effects of artesunate on angiogenesis. Yaoxue Xuebao 39, 29-33 (2004).
  15. Chen H, Sun B, Pan SH, Li J, Xue DB, Meng QH, Jiang HC. Study on anticancer effect of dihydroartemisinin on pancreatic cancer. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 47(13):1002-1005 (2009).
  16. Chen H, Sun B, Wang S, Pan S, Gao Y, Bai X, Xue D Growth inhibitory effects of dihydroartemisinin on pancreatic cancer cells: involvement of cell cycle arrest and inactivation of nuclear factor-kappaB. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 136, 897-903 (2010)
  17. Chen, H.-H., Zhou, H.-J. & Fang, X. Inhibition of human cancer cell line growth and human umbilical vein endothelial cell angiogenesis by artemisinin derivatives in vitro. Pharmacological Research 48, 231-236 (2003).
  18. Chen, H-H., Zhou, H-J., Wang, W.Q. & Wu, G.D. Antimalarial dihydroartemisinin also inhibits angiogenesis. Cancer Chemther Pharmacol 53:423-431 (2004)
  19. Chen, H.-H., Zhou, H.-J., Wu, G.-D. & Lou, X.-E. Inhibitory effects of artesunate on angiogenesis and on expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor and VEGF receptor KDR/flk-1. Pharmacology 71, 1-9 (2004).
  20. Chen T et al. Dihydroartemisinin induces apoptosis and sensitizes human ovarian cancer cells to carboplatin therapy. J Cell Mol Med. 2008 May 2 [Epub ahead of print].
  21. Chen, Y., Lin, X., Park, H. & Greever, R. Study of artemisinin nanocapsules as anticancer drug delivery systems. Nanomedicine. 2009 Jan 18. [Epub ahead of print]
  22. Cho, S., Oh, S., Um, Y., Jung, J.H., Ham, J., Shin, W.S. & Lee, S. Synthesis of 10-substituted triazolyl artemisinins possessing anticancer activity via Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cylcoaddition. Bioorg Med Chem Lett19, 382-385 (2009).
  23. Chung, S.Y. et al. Effect of natural compounds on P-glycoprotein activity in human uterine sarcoma cells. Yakche Hakhoechi 35, 249-254 (2005).
  24. Chung, S.Y. et al. Inhibition of P-glycoprotein by natural products in human breast cancer cells. Archives of Pharmacal Research 28, 823-828 (2005).
  25. Cui, C. et al. Influence of artesunate and oxymatrine on immunosuppressive effect of mouse colon-rectal carcinoma cell line. Xiandai Mianyixue 26, 152-156 (2006).
  26. D'Alessandro S., Gelati M., Basilico N., Parati E.A., Haynes R.K & Taramelli D. Differential effects on angiogenesis of two antimalarial compounds, dihydroartemisinin and artemisone: implications for embryotoxicity. Toxicology 241, 66-74 (2007).
  27. Dell'Eva, R. et al. Inhibition of angiogenesis in vivo and growth of Kaposi's sarcoma xenograft tumors by the anti-malarial artesunate. Biochemical Pharmacology 68, 2359-2366 (2004).
  28. Deng, D.A., Xu, C.H. & Cai, J.C. Derivatives of arteannuin B with antileukemia activity. Acta Pharmacetica Sinica 27(4): 317-320 (1992)
  29. Deng, X.-R., Yu, H.-P., Wang, K.-Q. & Li, X.-M. Inhibitory effect of artemisinin on hepatoma H22 cells. Shiyong Linchuang Yixue 8, 1-3, 7 (2007).
  30. Disbrow, G.L. et al. Dihydroartemisinin is cytotoxic to papillomavirus-expressing epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Research 65, 10854-10861 (2005).
  31. Du, J.-H., Ma, Z.-J., Li, J.-X. & Zhang, H.-D. An oncosis-like cell death of pancreatic cancer Panc-1 cells induced by artesunate is related to generation of reactive oxygen species. Zhongguo Aizheng Zazhi 18, 410-414 (2008).
  32. Du JH, Zhang HD, Ma ZJ, Ji KM. Artesunate induces oncosis-like cell death in vitro and has antitumor activity against pancreatic cancer xenografts in vivo. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 65(5): 895-902, 2010.
  33. Efferth, T. Mechanistic perspectives for 1,2,4-trioxanes in anti-cancer therapy. Drug Resistance Updates 8, 85-97 (2005).
  34. Efferth, T. Molecular pharmacology and pharmacogenomics of artemisinin and its derivatives in cancer cells. Current Drug Targets 7, 407-421 (2006).
  35. Efferth, T. Willmar Schwabe Award 2006: antiplasmodial and antitumor activity of artemisinin - from bench to bedside. Planta Medica 73, 299-309 (2007).
  36. Efferth, T. et al. Enhancement of cytotoxicity of artemisinins toward cancer cells by ferrous iron. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 37, 998-1009 (2004).
  37. Efferth, T., Briehl, M.M. & Tome, M.E. Role of antioxidant genes for the activity of artesunate against tumor cells. International Journal of Oncology 23, 1231-1235 (2003).
  38. Efferth, T. et al. Activity of drugs from traditional Chinese medicine toward sensitive and MDR1- or MRP1-overexpressing multidrug-resistant human CCRF-CEM leukemia cells. Blood cells, Molecules & Diseases 28, 160-168 (2002).
  39. Efferth, T., Dunstan, H., Sauerbrey, A., Miyachi, H. & Chitambar, C.R. The anti-malarial artesunate is also active against cancer. International Journal of Oncology 18, 767-773 (2001).
  40. Efferth, T., Giaisi, M., Merling, A., Krammer Peter, H. & Li-Weber, M. Artesunate induces ROS-mediated apoptosis in doxorubicin-resistant T leukemia cells. PLoS ONE 2, e693 (2007).
  41. Efferth, T. et al. Prediction of broad spectrum resistance of tumors towards anticancer drugs. Clinical Cancer Research 14, 2405-2412 (2008).
  42. Efferth, T., Li, P.C.H., Konkimalla, V.S.B. & Kaina, B. From traditional Chinese medicine to traditional cancer therapy. Trends in Molecular Medicine 13, 353-361 (2007).
  43. Efferth, T. & Oesch, F. Oxidative stress response of tumor cells: microarray-based comparison between artemisinins and anthracyclines. Biochemical Pharmacology 68, 3-10 (2004).
  44. Efferth, T., Olbrich, A. & Bauer, R. mRNA expression profiles for the response of human tumor cell lines to the antimalarial drugs artesunate, arteether, and artemether. Biochemical Pharmacology 64, 617-623 (2002).
  45. Efferth, T., Ramirez, T., Gebhart, E. & Halatsch, M.-E. Combination treatment of glioblastoma multiforme cell lines with the anti-malarial artesunate and the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor OSI-774. Biochemical Pharmacology 67, 1689-1700 (2004).
  46. Efferth, T. et al. Molecular modes of action of artesunate in tumor cell lines. Molecular Pharmacology 64, 382-394 (2003).
  47. Efferth, T. & Volm, M. Glutathione-related enzymes contribute to resistance of tumor cells and low toxicity in normal organs to artesunate. In Vivo 19, 225-232 (2005).
  48. Fan, Y., Zheng, S. & Zhao, G. Effects of artesunate on anoikis resistance in human breast cancer cell MCF-7. Zhongguo Bingli Shengli Zazhi 22, 748-751 (2006).
  49. Ferreira JF, Luthria DL, Sasaki T, Heyerick A. Flavonoids from Artemisia annua L. as Antioxidants and Their Potential Synergism with Artemisinin against Malaria and Cancer. Molecules. 15(5):3135-3170 (2010).
  50. Firestone GL, Sundar SN. Anticancer activities of artemisinin and its bioactive derivatives. Expert Rev Mol Med.11:e32 (2009).
  51. Fujita, T. et al. Human fortilin is a molecular target of dihydroartemisinin. FEBS Letters 582, 1055-1060 (2008).
  52. Galal A.M. et al. Deoxyartemisinin derivatives from photooxygenation of anhydrodeoxydihydroartemisinin and their cytotoxic evaluation. Journal of Natural Products 65, 184-188 (2002).
  53. Galal, A.M. et al. Synthesis and evaluation of dihydroartemisinin and dihydroartemisitene acetal dimers showing anticancer and antiprotozoal activity. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 17, 741-751 (2009).
  54. Ghantous A, Gali-Muhtasib H, Vuorela H, Saliba NA, Darwiche N. What made sesquiterpene lactones reach cancer clinical trials? Drug Discov Today.2010 Jun 8. [Epub ahead of print]
  55. Handrick R, Ontikatze T, Bauer KD, Freier F, Rübel A, Dürig J, Belka C, Jendrossek V. Dihydroartemisinin Induces Apoptosis by a Bak-dependent Intrinsic Pathway. Mol Cancer Ther. 2010 Jul 27. [Epub ahead of print]
  56. He RR, Zhou HJ. Progress in research on the anti-tumor effect of artesunate. Chin J Integr Med. 14(4):312-316 (2008).
  57. He Y, Fan J, Lin H, Yang X, Ye Y, Liang L, Zhan Z, Dong X, Sun L, Xu H. The anti-malaria agent artesunate inhibits expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha in human rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocyte. Rheumatol Int. 2009 Oct 27. [Epub ahead of print]
  58. Hosoya, K. et al. Biological activity of dihydroartemisinin in canine osteosarcoma cells lines. American Journal of Veterinary Research 69, 519-526 (2008).
  59. Hou, J., Wang, D., Zhang, R. & Wang, H. Experimental therapy of hepatoma with artemisinin and its derivatives: in vitro and in vivo activity, chemosensitization, and mechanisms of action. Clinical Cancer Research 14, 5519-5530 (2008).
  60. Hu YQ et al. Apoptosis in human hepatoma cell line SMMC-7721 induced by water-soluble macromolecular components of Artemisia capillaris Thunberg. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research  91, 113-117 (2000).
  61. Huan-Huan C et al. Artesunate reduces chicken chorioallantoic membrane neovascularisation and exhibits antiangiogenic and apoptotic activity on human microvascular dermal endothelial cell. Cancer Letters 211,163-173 (2004).
  62. Huang, X.-F., Yuan, D., Zhang, C.-C. & Zhang, X.-P. Artesunate induces human prostate cancer cell line PC-3 differentiation and cell cycle arrest. Zhongxiyi Jiehe Xuebao 6, 591-594 (2008).
  63. Huang, X.-J. et al. Dihydroartemisinin Potentiates the Cytotoxic Effect of Temozolomide in Rat C6 Glioma Cells. Pharmacology 82, 1-9 (2008).
  64. Huang, X.-J., Ma, Z.-Q., Zhang, W.-P., Lu, Y.-B. & Wei, E.-Q. Dihydroartemisinin exerts cytotoxic effects and inhibits hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha activation in C6 glioma cells. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 59, 849-856 (2007).
  65. Hwang YP, Yun HJ, Kim HG, Han EH, Lee GW, Jeong HG. Suppression of PMA-induced tumor cell invasion by dihydroartemisinin via inhibition of PKCalpha/Raf/MAPKs and NF-kappaB/AP-1-dependent mechanisms. Biochem Pharmacol. 2010 Feb 9. [Epub ahead of print]
  66. Jansen, F.H. & Soomro, S.A. Chemical instability determines the biological action of the artemisinins. Current Medicinal Chemistry 14, 3243-3259 (2007).
  67. Jeyadevan, J.P. et al. Antimalarial and Antitumor Evaluation of Novel C-10 Non-Acetal Dimers of beta -(2-Hydroxyethyl) deoxoartemisinin. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 47, 1290-1298 (2004).
  68. Jiao, Y. et al. Dihydroartemisinin is an inhibitor of ovarian cancer cell growth. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 28, 1045-1056 (2007).
  69. Jones, M., Mercer, A.E., Stocks, P.A., La Pensée, L.J., Cosstick, R., Park, B.K., Kennedy, M.E., Piantanida, I., Ward, S.A., Davies, J., Bray, P.G., Rawe, S.L., Baird, J., Charidza, T., Janneh, O., O'Neill, P.M. Antitumour and antimalarial activity of artemisinin-acridine hybrids. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 19:2033-2037 (2009).
  70. Jung, M., Tak, J., Chung, W.-Y. & Park, K.-K. Antiangiogenic activity of deoxoartemisinin derivatives on chorioallantoic membrane. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 16, 1227-1230 (2006).
  71. Kelter, G. et al. Role of transferrin receptor and the ABC transporters ABCB6 and ABCB7 for resistance and differentiation of tumor cells towards artesunate. PLoS One 2, (2007).
  72. Kim, S.H., Chun, S.-Y. & Kim, T.S. Interferon-alpha enhances artemisinin-induced differentiation of HL-60 leukemia cells via a PKCalpha /ERK pathway. European Journal of Pharmacology 587, 65-72 (2008).
  73. Kim S.H. et al. Differential involvement of protein kinase C in human promyelocytic leukemia cell differentiation enhanced by artemisinin. European Journal of Pharmacology 482, 67-76 (2003).
  74. Kim, S.J. et al. Dihydroartemisinin enhances radiosensitivity of human glioma cells in vitro. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 132, 129-135 (2006).
  75. Konkimalla, V.B. et al. Effect of artemisinins and other endoperoxides on nitric oxide-related signaling pathway in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells. Nitric Oxide 19, 184-191 (2008).
  76. Konkimalla, V.B., McCubrey James, A. & Efferth, T. The role of downstream signaling pathways of the epidermal growth factor receptor for Artesunate's activity in cancer cells. Current Cancer Drug Targets 9, 72-80 (2009).
  77. Krishna, S., Bustamante, L., Haynes, R.K. & Staines, H.M. Artemisinins: their growing importance in medicine. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 29, 520-527 (2008).
  78. Lai, H. & Singh, N.P. Selective cancer cell cytotoxicity from exposure to dihydroartemisinin and holotransferrin. Cancer Letters 91, 41-46 (1995).
  79. Lai, H., Sasaki, T. & Singh, N.P. Targeted treatment of cancer with artemisinin and artemisinin-tagged iron-carrying compounds. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets 9, 995-1007 (2005).
  80. Lai, H., Sasaki, T., Singh, N.P. & Messay, A. Effects of artemisinin-tagged holotransferrin on cancer cells. Life Sciences 76, 1267-1279 (2005).
  81. Lai, H. & Singh, N.P. Oral artemisinin prevents and delays the development of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast cancer in the rat. Cancer Letters 231, 43-48 (2006).
  82. Lai, H., Nakase I., Lacoste E., Singh N.P. & Sasaki, T. Artemisinin-transferrin conjugate retards growth of breast tumors in the rat. Anticancer Research 29, 3807-3810 (2009)
  83. Langroudi L, Hassan ZM, Ebtekar M, Mahdavi M, Pakravan N, Noori S. A comparison of low-dose cyclophosphamide treatment with artemisinin treatment in reducing the number of regulatory T cells in murine breast cancer model. Int Immunopharmacol. 2010 Jun 30. [Epub ahead of print]
  84. Lee, C.-H. et al. NMR studies on novel antitumor drug candidates, deoxoartemisinin and carboxypropyldeoxoartemisinin. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 274, 359-369 (2000).
  85. Lee J. et al. Dihydroartemisinin down-regulates vascular endothelial growth factor expression and induces apoptosis in chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 57, 213-220 (2006).
  86. Li J and Zhou HJ. Dihydroartemisinin inhibits the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in K562 cells. Yao Xue Xue Bao 240, 1041-1045 (2005).
  87. Li, L.-N. et al. Artesunate attenuates the growth of human colorectal carcinoma and inhibits hyperactive Wnt/beta -catenin pathway. International Journal of Cancer 121, 1360-1365 (2007).
  88. Li, L.-N. et al. Differential sensitivity of colorectal cancer cell lines to artesunate is associated with expression of beta-catenin and E-cadherin. European Journal of Pharmacology 588, 1-8 (2008).
  89. Li, P., Wang, G. & Zhang, Y. Advances in pharmacological action of artesunate. Jishengchongbing Yu Ganranxingjibing 6, 109-111 (2008).
  90. Li, P.C.H. et al. Artesunate derived from traditional Chinese medicine induces DNA damage and repair. Cancer Research 68, 4347-4351 (2008).
  91. Li, S., Pan, L. & Xue, F. Effects of artesunate on myeloma cell line SP2/0 and its mechanism. Zhonghua Zhongliu Zazhi 30, 16-20 (2008).
  92. Li, S.-H. & Pan, L. Research advances in antitumor mechanism of artemisinin and its derivatives. Zhongchengyao 29, 561-562 (2007).
  93. Li, S.-H., Pan, L. & Xue, F. Strong suppression of SP2/0 myeloma cell proliferation and enhanced apoptosis by artesunate. Zhongchengyao 29, 434-435 (2007).
  94. Li W et al. Yeast model uncovers dual roles of mitochondria in action of artemisinin. PLoS Genet 1(3), e36 (2005).
  95. Li, X., Ling, V. & Li Paul, C.H. Same-single-cell analysis for the study of drug efflux modulation of multidrug resistant cells using a microfluidic chip. Analytical chemistry 80, 4095-4102 (2008).
  96. Li Y et al. Novel antitumor artemisinin derivatives targeting G1 phase of the cell cycle. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 11, 5-8 (2001).
  97. Lin, F., Qian, Z., Xue, H., Ding, J. & Lin, L. Comparison of inhibitory effects between artemisinin and artemisunate on proliferation of MCF-7 cells in vitro. Zhongcaoyao 34, 347-349 (2003).
  98. Liu, L., Wang, J., Liu, J., Guo, J. & Zuo, L. Inhibitory effect of artesunate on human esophageal squamous carcinoma and its related mechanism. Zhongguo Yike Daxue Xuebao 37, 529-531 (2008).
  99. Liu, X. et al. Artesunate reverses immunosuppression of l929 tumor cells. Zhongguo Mianyixue Zazhi 23, 985-988 (2007).
  100. Liu, Y., Wong, V.K.-W., Ko, B.C.-B., Wong, M.-K. & Che, C.-M. Synthesis and cytotoxicity studies of artemisinin derivatives containing lipophilic alkyl carbon chains. Organic Letters 7, 1561-1564 (2005).
  101. Liu Y, Lok CN, Ko BC, Shum TY, Wong MK, Che CM. Subcellular localization of a fluorescent artemisinin derivative to endoplasmic reticulum. Org Lett. 12(7):1420-1423 (2010)
  102. Li-Weber M. Targeting apoptosis pathways in cancer by Chinese medicine. Cancer Lett. 2010 Aug 2. [Epub ahead of print]
  103. Lu JJ, Meng LH, Cai YJ, Chen Q, Tong LJ, Lin LP, Ding J. Dihydroartemisinin induces apoptosis in HL-60 leukemia cells dependent of iron and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation but independent of reactive oxygen species. Cancer Biol Ther. 7, 1017-1023 (2008)
  104. Lu, J.J., Meng, L.H., Shankavaram, U.T., Zhu, C.H., Tong, L.J., Chen, G., Lin, L.P., Weinstein, J.N., & Ding, J. Dihydroartemisinin accelerates c-MYC oncoprotein degradation and induces apoptosis in c-MYC-overexpressing tumor cells. Biochem Pharmacol. 2010 Mar 2. [Epub ahead of print]
  105. Lu JJ, Chen SM, Zhang XW, Ding J, Meng LH. The anti-cancer activity of dihydroartemisinin is associated with induction of iron-dependent endoplasmic reticulum stress in colorectal carcinoma HCT116 cells. Invest New Drugs. 2010 Jul 7. [Epub ahead of print]
  106. Lu, Y.Y., Chen, T.S., Qu, J.L., Pan, W.L., Sun, L. & Wei, X.B. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) induces caspase-3-dependent apoptosis in human lung adenocarcinoma ASTC-a-1 cells. J Biomed Sci. 16(1):16 (2009).
  107. Ma J, Chen L, Liao R, Xu S, Li M, Xu D, Li W. Effects of artemether and dihydroarteannuin on mouse model of scleroderma. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 34, 204-207 (2009).
  108. McCarty, M.F. Turning an 'Achilles' Heel' into an asset - activation of HIF-1-alpha during angiostatic therapy will increase tumor sensitivity to iron-catalyzed oxidative damage. Medical Hypotheses 61, 509-511 (2003).
  109. Meng, Y., Li, Y., Liu, B. & Wu, J. Inhibitory effect of pair of hydrogen artemisinin on HeP-2 cells of throat cancer. Disi Junyi Daxue Xuebao 25, 2270-2272 (2004).
  110. Mercer, A.E. et al. Evidence for the involvement of carbon-centered radicals in the induction of apoptotic cell death by artemisinin compounds. Journal of Biological Chemistry 282, 9372-9382 (2007).
  111. Michaelis M, Kleinschmidt MC, Barth S, Rothweiler F, Geiler J, Breitling R, Mayer B, Deubzer H, Witt O, Kreuter J, Doerr HW, Cinatl J, Cinatl J Jr. Anti-cancer effects of artesunate in a panel of chemoresistant neuroblastoma cell lines. Biochem Pharmacol. 2009 Aug 18. [Epub ahead of print]
  112. Moore, J.C., Lai, H., Li, J.R., Ren, R.L., McDougall, J.A., Singh, N.P. & Chou, C.K.   Oral administration of dihydroartemisinin and ferrous sulfate retarded implanted fibrosarcoma growth in the rat. Cancer Letters 98, 83-87 (1995).
  113. Morrissey C, Gallis B, Solazzi JW, Kim BJ, Gulati R, Vakar-Lopez F, Goodlett DR, Vessella RL, Sasaki T Effect of artemisinin derivatives on apoptosis and cell cycle in prostate cancer cells. Anticancer Drugs. 2010 Feb 2. [Epub ahead of print]
  114. Mu, D. et al. Calcium and survivin are involved in the induction of apoptosis by dihydroartemisinin in human lung cancer SPC-A-1 cells. Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology 29, 33-38 (2007).
  115. Mu, D. et al. The role of calcium, P38 MAPK in dihydroartemisinin-induced apoptosis of lung cancer PC-14 cells. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 61, 639-645 (2008).
  116. Mukanganyama, S., Widersten, M., Naik, Y.S., Mannervik, B. & Hasler, J.A. Inhibition of glutathione S-transferases by antimalarial drugs possible implications for circumventing anticancer drug resistance. International Journal of Cancer 97, 700-705 (2002).
  117. Nakase, I., Gallis, B., Takatani-Nakase, T., Oh, S., Lacoste E., Singh, N.P., Goodlet, D.R., Tanaka, S., Futaki, S., Lai, H. & Sasaki, T. Transferrin receptor-dependent cytotoxicity of artemisinin-transferrin conjugates on prostate cancer cells and induction of apoptosis. Cancer Letters 274, 290-298 (2009).
  118. Nakase, I., Lai, H., Singh, N.P., Sasaki, T. Anticancer properties of artemisinin derivatives and their targeted delivery by transferrin conjugation. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 354, 28-33 (2008).
  119. Nam, W. et al. Effects of artemisinin and its derivatives on growth inhibition and apoptosis of oral cancer cells. Head & Neck 29, 335-340 (2007).
  120. Noori S, Taghikhani M, Hassan ZM, Allameh A, Mostafaei A. Tehranolide could shift the immune response towards Th1 and modulate the intra-tumor infiltrated T regulatory cells. Iran J Immunol. 6(4):216-224, 2009.
  121. Noori S, Taghikhani M, Hassan ZM, Allameha A, Mostafaei A. Tehranolide molecule modulates the immune response, reduce regulatory T cell and inhibits tumor growth in vivo. Mol Immunol. 47(7-8):1579-1584, 2010.
  122. Noori S, Hassan Z, Taghikhani M, Rezaei B, Habibi Z. Dihydroartemisinin can inhibit calmodulin, calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterase activity and stimulate cellular immune responses. Int Immunopharmacol. 10, 213-217 (2010).
  123. Noori S, Taghikhani M, Hassan ZM, Allameha A, Mostafaei A. Tehranolide molecule modulates the immune response, reduce regulatory T cell and inhibits tumor growth in vivo. Mol Immunol. 2010 Feb 5. [Epub ahead of print]
  124. Oh S, Jeong IH, Shin WS, Lee S. Growth inhibition activity of thioacetal artemisinin derivatives against human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 13, 3665-3668 (2003).
  125. Oh S, Jeong IH, Ahn CM, Shin WS, Lee S. Synthesis and antiangiogenic activity of thioacetal artemisinin derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem. 12, 3783-3790 (2004).
  126. Oh S, Shin WS, Ham J, Lee S. Acid-catalyzed synthesis of 10-substituted triazolyl artemisinins and their growth inhibitory activity against various cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 20(14), 4112-4115 (2010)
  127. Oh, S., Kim, B.J., Singh, N.P., Lai, H. & Sasaki, T. Synthesis and anti-cancer activity of covalent conjugates of artemisinin and a transferrin-receptor targeting peptide. Cancer Letters 274, 33-39 (2009).
  128. Opsenica, D., Kyle, D.E., Milhous, W.K. & Solaja, B.A. Antimalarial, antimycobacterial and antiproliferative activity of phenyl substituted mixed tetraoxanes. Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 68, 291-302 (2003).
  129. Opsenica, D. et al. Cholic Acid Derivatives as 1,2,4,5-tetraoxane carriers: structure and antimalarial and antiproliferative activity. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 43, 3274-3282 (2000).
  130. Paik, I.-H. et al. Second generation, orally active, antimalarial, artemisinin-derived trioxane dimers with high stability, efficacy, and anticancer activity. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 49, 2731-2734 (2006).
  131. Payne Anthony, G. Exploiting intracellular iron and iron-rich compounds to effect tumor cell lysis. Medical Hypotheses 61, 206-209 (2003).
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Artemisinin Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics

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