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Artemisinin Publications

Note: The Department of Bioengineering and University of Washington do not advocate the use of artemisinin to treat cancer. The US Food and Drug Administration does not currently approve the use of artemisinin for the treatment of any disease. Research on artemisinin and cancer is still in very early stages. Human use of artemisinin should be considered experimental and taking artemisinin or any other drug should be approached with extreme caution and responsibility. Always consult with your physician before beginning any new therapy or treatment.

Publications related to:

Effects of artemisinin and its analogs on cancer

Artemisinin pharmacology and pharmacokinetics

A comprehensive list

Publications Relating to Effects of Artemisinin and its Analogs on Cancer (posted 4/30/09):

  1. Al-Oqail, M.M., Galal, A.M., Ahmad, M.S., Al-Fishawi, A.M. & El-Feraly, F.S. New bioactive azaartemisinin derivatives. Molecules 8, 901-909 (2003).
  2. Anfosso, L., Efferth, T., Albini, A. & Pfeffer, U. Microarray expression profiles of angiogenesis-related genes predict tumor cell response to artemisinins. Pharmacogenomics Journal 6, 269-278 (2006).
  3. Beekman, A.C. et al. Artemisinin-derived sesquiterpene lactones as potential antitumor compounds. Cytotoxic action against bone marrow and tumor cells. Planta Medica 64, 615-619 (1998).
  4. Beekman, A.C., Woerdenbag, H.J., Kampinga, H.H. & Konings, A.W.T. Cytotoxicity of artemisinin, a dimer of dihydroartemisinin, artemisitene and eupatoriopicrin as evaluated by the MTT and clonogenic assay. Phytotherapy Research 10, 140-144 (1996).
  5. Beekman AC et al. Stereochemistry-dependent cytotoxicity of some artemisinin derivatives. J Nat Prod60, 325-330 (1997).
  6. Beekman, A.C. et al. Stability of artemisinin in aqueous environments: impact on its cytotoxic action to Ehrlich ascites tumour cells. The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 49, 1254-1258 (1997).
  7. Berger, T.G. et al. Artesunate in the treatment of metastatic uveal melanoma - first experiences. Oncology Reports 14, 1599-1603 (2005).
  8. Buommino E et al. Artemisinin reduces human melanoma cell migration by down-regulating alphaVbeta3 integrin and reducing metalloproteinase 2 production. Invest New Drugs 2008 Oct 28. [Epub ahead of print]
  9. Cao, P. & Wang, Z. Antitumor activities of artemisinin and its derivatives. Zhongliu Fangzhi Zazhi 11, 666-668 (2004).
  10. Chadwick, J., Mercer, A.E., Park, B.K., Cosstick, R. & O'Neill, P.M. Synthesis and biological evaluation of extraordinarily potent C-10 carba artemisinin dimers against P. falciparum malaria parasites and HL-60 cancer cells. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 17, 1325-1338 (2009).
  11. Chen, H., Sun, B., Pan, S., Jiang, H. & Sun, X. Dihydroartemisinin inhibits growth of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Anti-Cancer Drugs 20, 131-140 (2009).
  12. Chen, H. & Zhou, H. Inhibitory effects of artesunate on angiogenesis. Yaoxue Xuebao 39, 29-33 (2004).
  13. Chen, H.-H., Zhou, H.-J. & Fang, X. Inhibition of human cancer cell line growth and human umbilical vein endothelial cell angiogenesis by artemisinin derivatives in vitro. Pharmacological Research 48, 231-236 (2003).
  14. Chen, H.-H., Zhou, H.-J., Wu, G.-D. & Lou, X.-E. Inhibitory effects of artesunate on angiogenesis and on expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor and VEGF receptor KDR/flk-1. Pharmacology 71, 1-9 (2004).
  15. Chen T et al. Dihydroartemisinin induces apoptosis and sensitizes human ovarian cancer cells to carboplatin therapy. J Cell Mol Med. 2008 May 2 [Epub ahead of print].
  16. Cho, S., Oh, S., Um, Y., Jung, J.H., Ham, J., Shin, W.S. & Lee, S. Synthesis of 10-substituted triazolyl artemisinins possessing anticancer activity via Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cylcoaddition. Bioorg Med Chem Lett19, 382-385 (2009).
  17. Chung, S.Y. et al. Effect of natural compounds on P-glycoprotein activity in human uterine sarcoma cells. Yakche Hakhoechi 35, 249-254 (2005).
  18. Chung, S.Y. et al. Inhibition of P-glycoprotein by natural products in human breast cancer cells. Archives of Pharmacal Research 28, 823-828 (2005).
  19. Cui, C. et al. Influence of artesunate and oxymatrine on immunosuppressive effect of mouse colon-rectal carcinoma cell line. Xiandai Mianyixue 26, 152-156 (2006).
  20. D'Alessandro S., Gelati M., Basilico N., Parati E.A., Haynes R.K & Taramelli D. Differential effects on angiogenesis of two antimalarial compounds, dihydroartemisinin and artemisone: implications for embryotoxicity. Toxicology 241, 66-74 (2007).
  21. Dell'Eva, R. et al. Inhibition of angiogenesis in vivo and growth of Kaposi's sarcoma xenograft tumors by the anti-malarial artesunate. Biochemical Pharmacology 68, 2359-2366 (2004).
  22. Deng, X.-R., Yu, H.-P., Wang, K.-Q. & Li, X.-M. Inhibitory effect of artemisinin on hepatoma H22 cells. Shiyong Linchuang Yixue 8, 1-3, 7 (2007).
  23. Disbrow, G.L. et al. Dihydroartemisinin is cytotoxic to papillomavirus-expressing epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Research 65, 10854-10861 (2005).
  24. Du, J.-H., Ma, Z.-J., Li, J.-X. & Zhang, H.-D. An oncosis-like cell death of pancreatic cancer Panc-1 cells induced by artesunate is related to generation of reactive oxygen species. Zhongguo Aizheng Zazhi 18, 410-414 (2008).
  25. Efferth, T. Mechanistic perspectives for 1,2,4-trioxanes in anti-cancer therapy. Drug Resistance Updates 8, 85-97 (2005).
  26. Efferth, T. Molecular pharmacology and pharmacogenomics of artemisinin and its derivatives in cancer cells. Current Drug Targets 7, 407-421 (2006).
  27. Efferth, T. Willmar Schwabe Award 2006: antiplasmodial and antitumor activity of artemisinin - from bench to bedside. Planta Medica 73, 299-309 (2007).
  28. Efferth, T. et al. Enhancement of cytotoxicity of artemisinins toward cancer cells by ferrous iron. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 37, 998-1009 (2004).
  29. Efferth, T., Briehl, M.M. & Tome, M.E. Role of antioxidant genes for the activity of artesunate against tumor cells. International Journal of Oncology 23, 1231-1235 (2003).
  30. Efferth, T. et al. Activity of drugs from traditional Chinese medicine toward sensitive and MDR1- or MRP1-overexpressing multidrug-resistant human CCRF-CEM leukemia cells. Blood cells, Molecules & Diseases 28, 160-168 (2002).
  31. Efferth, T., Dunstan, H., Sauerbrey, A., Miyachi, H. & Chitambar, C.R. The anti-malarial artesunate is also active against cancer. International Journal of Oncology 18, 767-773 (2001).
  32. Efferth, T., Giaisi, M., Merling, A., Krammer Peter, H. & Li-Weber, M. Artesunate induces ROS-mediated apoptosis in doxorubicin-resistant T leukemia cells. PLoS ONE 2, e693 (2007).
  33. Efferth, T. et al. Prediction of broad spectrum resistance of tumors towards anticancer drugs. Clinical Cancer Research 14, 2405-2412 (2008).
  34. Efferth, T., Li, P.C.H., Konkimalla, V.S.B. & Kaina, B. From traditional Chinese medicine to traditional cancer therapy. Trends in Molecular Medicine 13, 353-361 (2007).
  35. Efferth, T. & Oesch, F. Oxidative stress response of tumor cells: microarray-based comparison between artemisinins and anthracyclines. Biochemical Pharmacology 68, 3-10 (2004).
  36. Efferth, T., Olbrich, A. & Bauer, R. mRNA expression profiles for the response of human tumor cell lines to the antimalarial drugs artesunate, arteether, and artemether. Biochemical Pharmacology 64, 617-623 (2002).
  37. Efferth, T., Ramirez, T., Gebhart, E. & Halatsch, M.-E. Combination treatment of glioblastoma multiforme cell lines with the anti-malarial artesunate and the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor OSI-774. Biochemical Pharmacology 67, 1689-1700 (2004).
  38. Efferth, T. et al. Molecular modes of action of artesunate in tumor cell lines. Molecular Pharmacology 64, 382-394 (2003).
  39. Efferth, T. & Volm, M. Glutathione-related enzymes contribute to resistance of tumor cells and low toxicity in normal organs to artesunate. In Vivo 19, 225-232 (2005).
  40. Fan, Y., Zheng, S. & Zhao, G. Effects of artesunate on anoikis resistance in human breast cancer cell MCF-7. Zhongguo Bingli Shengli Zazhi 22, 748-751 (2006).
  41. Fujita, T. et al. Human fortilin is a molecular target of dihydroartemisinin. FEBS Letters 582, 1055-1060 (2008).
  42. Galal A.M. et al. Deoxyartemisinin derivatives from photooxygenation of anhydrodeoxydihydroartemisinin and their cytotoxic evaluation. Journal of Natural Products 65, 184-188 (2002).
  43. Galal, A.M. et al. Synthesis and evaluation of dihydroartemisinin and dihydroartemisitene acetal dimers showing anticancer and antiprotozoal activity. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 17, 741-751 (2009).
  44. Hosoya, K. et al. Biological activity of dihydroartemisinin in canine osteosarcoma cells lines. American Journal of Veterinary Research 69, 519-526 (2008).
  45. Hou, J., Wang, D., Zhang, R. & Wang, H. Experimental therapy of hepatoma with artemisinin and its derivatives: in vitro and in vivo activity, chemosensitization, and mechanisms of action. Clinical Cancer Research 14, 5519-5530 (2008).
  46. Hu YQ et al. Apoptosis in human hepatoma cell line SMMC-7721 induced by water-soluble macromolecular components of Artemisia capillaris Thunberg. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research  91, 113-117 (2000).
  47. Huan-Huan C et al. Artesunate reduces chicken chorioallantoic membrane neovascularisation and exhibits antiangiogenic and apoptotic activity on human microvascular dermal endothelial cell. Cancer Letters 211,163-173 (2004).
  48. Huang, X.-F., Yuan, D., Zhang, C.-C. & Zhang, X.-P. Artesunate induces human prostate cancer cell line PC-3 differentiation and cell cycle arrest. Zhongxiyi Jiehe Xuebao 6, 591-594 (2008).
  49. Huang, X.-J. et al. Dihydroartemisinin Potentiates the Cytotoxic Effect of Temozolomide in Rat C6 Glioma Cells. Pharmacology 82, 1-9 (2008).
  50. Huang, X.-J., Ma, Z.-Q., Zhang, W.-P., Lu, Y.-B. & Wei, E.-Q. Dihydroartemisinin exerts cytotoxic effects and inhibits hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha activation in C6 glioma cells. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 59, 849-856 (2007).
  51. Jansen, F.H. & Soomro, S.A. Chemical instability determines the biological action of the artemisinins. Current Medicinal Chemistry 14, 3243-3259 (2007).
  52. Jeyadevan, J.P. et al. Antimalarial and Antitumor Evaluation of Novel C-10 Non-Acetal Dimers of beta -(2-Hydroxyethyl) deoxoartemisinin. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 47, 1290-1298 (2004).
  53. Jiao, Y. et al. Dihydroartemisinin is an inhibitor of ovarian cancer cell growth. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 28, 1045-1056 (2007).
  54. Jones, M., Mercer, A.E., Stocks, P.A., La Pensée, L.J., Cosstick, R., Park, B.K., Kennedy, M.E., Piantanida, I., Ward, S.A., Davies, J., Bray, P.G., Rawe, S.L., Baird, J., Charidza, T., Janneh, O., O'Neill, P.M. Antitumour and antimalarial activity of artemisinin-acridine hybrids. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 19:2033-2037 (2009).
  55. Jung, M., Tak, J., Chung, W.-Y. & Park, K.-K. Antiangiogenic activity of deoxoartemisinin derivatives on chorioallantoic membrane. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 16, 1227-1230 (2006).
  56. Kelter, G. et al. Role of transferrin receptor and the ABC transporters ABCB6 and ABCB7 for resistance and differentiation of tumor cells towards artesunate. PLoS One 2, (2007).
  57. Kim, S.H., Chun, S.-Y. & Kim, T.S. Interferon-alpha enhances artemisinin-induced differentiation of HL-60 leukemia cells via a PKCalpha /ERK pathway. European Journal of Pharmacology 587, 65-72 (2008).
  58. Kim S.H. et al. Differential involvement of protein kinase C in human promyelocytic leukemia cell differentiation enhanced by artemisinin. European Journal of Pharmacology 482, 67-76 (2003).
  59. Kim, S.J. et al. Dihydroartemisinin enhances radiosensitivity of human glioma cells in vitro. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 132, 129-135 (2006).
  60. Konkimalla, V.B. et al. Effect of artemisinins and other endoperoxides on nitric oxide-related signaling pathway in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells. Nitric Oxide 19, 184-191 (2008).
  61. Konkimalla, V.B., McCubrey James, A. & Efferth, T. The role of downstream signaling pathways of the epidermal growth factor receptor for Artesunate's activity in cancer cells. Current Cancer Drug Targets 9, 72-80 (2009).
  62. Krishna, S., Bustamante, L., Haynes, R.K. & Staines, H.M. Artemisinins: their growing importance in medicine. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 29, 520-527 (2008).
  63. Lai, H. & Singh, N.P. Selective cancer cell cytotoxicity from exposure to dihydroartemisinin and holotransferrin. Cancer Letters 91, 41-46 (1995).
  64. Lai, H., Sasaki, T. & Singh, N.P. Targeted treatment of cancer with artemisinin and artemisinin-tagged iron-carrying compounds. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets 9, 995-1007 (2005).
  65. Lai, H., Sasaki, T., Singh, N.P. & Messay, A. Effects of artemisinin-tagged holotransferrin on cancer cells. Life Sciences 76, 1267-1279 (2005).
  66. Lai, H. & Singh, N.P. Oral artemisinin prevents and delays the development of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast cancer in the rat. Cancer Letters 231, 43-48 (2006).
  67. Lee, C.-H. et al. NMR studies on novel antitumor drug candidates, deoxoartemisinin and carboxypropyldeoxoartemisinin. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 274, 359-369 (2000).
  68. Lee J. et al. Dihydroartemisinin down-regulates vascular endothelial growth factor expression and induces apoptosis in chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cells. CancerChemother Pharmacol 57, 213-220 (2006).
  69. Li J and Zhou HJ. Dihydroartemisinin inhibits the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in K562 cells. Yao Xue Xue Bao 240, 1041-1045 (2005).
  70. Li, L.-N. et al. Artesunate attenuates the growth of human colorectal carcinoma and inhibits hyperactive Wnt/beta -catenin pathway. International Journal of Cancer 121, 1360-1365 (2007).
  71. Li, L.-N. et al. Differential sensitivity of colorectal cancer cell lines to artesunate is associated with expression of beta-catenin and E-cadherin. European Journal of Pharmacology 588, 1-8 (2008).
  72. Li, P., Wang, G. & Zhang, Y. Advances in pharmacological action of artesunate. Jishengchongbing Yu Ganranxingjibing 6, 109-111 (2008).
  73. Li, P.C.H. et al. Artesunate derived from traditional Chinese medicine induces DNA damage and repair. Cancer Research 68, 4347-4351 (2008).
  74. Li, S., Pan, L. & Xue, F. Effects of artesunate on myeloma cell line SP2/0 and its mechanism. Zhonghua Zhongliu Zazhi 30, 16-20 (2008).
  75. Li, S.-H. & Pan, L. Research advances in antitumor mechanism of artemisinin and its derivatives. Zhongchengyao 29, 561-562 (2007).
  76. Li, S.-H., Pan, L. & Xue, F. Strong suppression of SP2/0 myeloma cell proliferation and enhanced apoptosis by artesunate. Zhongchengyao 29, 434-435 (2007).
  77. Li W et al. Yeast model uncovers dual roles of mitochondria in action of artemisinin. PLoS Genet1(3), e36 (2005).
  78. Li, X., Ling, V. & Li Paul, C.H. Same-single-cell analysis for the study of drug efflux modulation of multidrug resistant cells using a microfluidic chip. Analytical chemistry 80, 4095-4102 (2008).
  79. Li Y et al. Novel antitumor artemisinin derivatives targeting G1 phase of the cell cycle. Bioorg Med Chem Lett11, 5-8 (2001).
  80. Lin, F., Qian, Z., Xue, H., Ding, J. & Lin, L. Comparison of inhibitory effects between artemisinin and artemisunate on proliferation of MCF-7 cells in vitro. Zhongcaoyao 34, 347-349 (2003).
  81. Liu, L., Wang, J., Liu, J., Guo, J. & Zuo, L. Inhibitory effect of artesunate on human esophageal squamous carcinoma and its related mechanism. Zhongguo Yike Daxue Xuebao 37, 529-531 (2008).
  82. Liu, X. et al. Artesunate reverses immunosuppression of l929 tumor cells. Zhongguo Mianyixue Zazhi 23, 985-988 (2007).
  83. Liu, Y., Wong, V.K.-W., Ko, B.C.-B., Wong, M.-K. & Che, C.-M. Synthesis and cytotoxicity studies of artemisinin derivatives containing lipophilic alkyl carbon chains. Organic Letters 7, 1561-1564 (2005).
  84. Lu, Y.Y., Chen, T.S., Qu, J.L., Pan, W.L., Sun, L. & Wei, X.B. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) induces caspase-3-dependent apoptosis in human lung adenocarcinoma ASTC-a-1 cells. J Biomed Sci. 16(1):16 (2009).
  85. Ma J, Chen L, Liao R, Xu S, Li M, Xu D, Li W. Effects of artemether and dihydroarteannuin on mouse model of scleroderma. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 34, 204-207 (2009).
  86. McCarty, M.F. Turning an 'Achilles' Heel' into an asset - activation of HIF-1-alpha during angiostatic therapy will increase tumor sensitivity to iron-catalyzed oxidative damage. Medical Hypotheses 61, 509-511 (2003).
  87. Meng, Y., Li, Y., Liu, B. & Wu, J. Inhibitory effect of pair of hydrogen artemisinin on HeP-2 cells of throat cancer. Disi Junyi Daxue Xuebao 25, 2270-2272 (2004).
  88. Mercer, A.E. et al. Evidence for the involvement of carbon-centered radicals in the induction of apoptotic cell death by artemisinin compounds. Journal of Biological Chemistry 282, 9372-9382 (2007).
  89. Moore, J.C., Lai, H., Li, J.R., Ren, R.L., McDougall, J.A., Singh, N.P. & Chou, C.K.   Oral administration of dihydroartemisinin and ferrous sulfate retarded implanted fibrosarcoma growth in the rat. Cancer Letters 98, 83-87 (1995).
  90. Mu, D. et al. Calcium and survivin are involved in the induction of apoptosis by dihydroartemisinin in human lung cancer SPC-A-1 cells. Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology 29, 33-38 (2007).
  91. Mu, D. et al. The role of calcium, P38 MAPK in dihydroartemisinin-induced apoptosis of lung cancer PC-14 cells. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 61, 639-645 (2008).
  92. Mukanganyama, S., Widersten, M., Naik, Y.S., Mannervik, B. & Hasler, J.A. Inhibition of glutathione S-transferases by antimalarial drugs possible implications for circumventing anticancer drug resistance. International Journal of Cancer 97, 700-705 (2002).
  93. Nakase, I., Gallis, B., Takatani-Nakase, T., Oh, S., Lacoste E., Singh, N.P., Goodlet, D.R., Tanaka, S., Futaki, S., Lai, H. & Sasaki, T.Transferrin receptor-dependent cytotoxicity of artemisinin-transferrin conjugates on prostate cancer cells and induction of apoptosis. Cancer Letters 274, 290-298 (2009).
  94. Nakase, I., Lai, H., Singh, N.P. & Sasaki, T. Anticancer properties of artemisinin derivatives and their targeted delivery by transferrin conjugation. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 354, 28-33 (2008).
  95. Nam, W. et al. Effects of artemisinin and its derivatives on growth inhibition and apoptosis of oral cancer cells. Head & Neck 29, 335-340 (2007).
  96. Oh, S. et al. Growth inhibition activity of thioacetal artemisinin derivatives against human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 13, 3665-3668 (2003).
  97. Oh, S. et al. Synthesis and antiangiogenic activity of thioacetal artemisinin derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem. 12, 3783-3790 (2004).
  98. Oh, S., Kim, B.J., Singh, N.P., Lai, H. & Sasaki, T. Synthesis and anti-cancer activity of covalent conjugates of artemisinin and a transferrin-receptor targeting peptide. Cancer Letters 274, 33-39 (2009).
  99. Opsenica, D., Kyle, D.E., Milhous, W.K. & Solaja, B.A. Antimalarial, antimycobacterial and antiproliferative activity of phenyl substituted mixed tetraoxanes. Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 68, 291-302 (2003).
  100. Opsenica, D. et al. Cholic Acid Derivatives as 1,2,4,5-tetraoxane carriers: structure and antimalarial and antiproliferative activity. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 43, 3274-3282 (2000).
  101. Paik, I.-H. et al. Second generation, orally active, antimalarial, artemisinin-derived trioxane dimers with high stability, efficacy, and anticancer activity. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 49, 2731-2734 (2006).
  102. Payne Anthony, G. Exploiting intracellular iron and iron-rich compounds to effect tumor cell lysis. Medical Hypotheses 61, 206-209 (2003).
  103. Posner G. H. et al. New chemical and biological aspects of artemisinin-derived trioxane dimers. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry 10, 227-232 (2002).
  104. Posner, G.H. et al. Anticancer and antimalarial efficacy and safety of artemisinin-derived trioxane dimers in rodents. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 47, 1299-1301 (2004).
  105. Posner, G.H. et al. Orally active, antimalarial, anticancer, artemisinin-derived trioxane dimers with high stability and efficacy. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 46, 1060-1065 (2003).
  106. Posner, G.H. et al. Antimalarial, antiproliferative, and antitumor activities of artemisinin-derived, chemically robust, trioxane dimers. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 42, 4275-4280 (1999).
  107. Potawale, S.E. et al. Research and medicinal potential of Artemisia annua: a review. Pharmacology Online, 220-235 (2008).
  108. Quetin-Leclercq, J. Potential anticancer and antiparasitic indole alkaloids. Journal de Pharmacie de Belgique 49, 181-192 (1994).
  109. Reungpatthanaphong, P. & Mankhetkorn, S. Modulation of multidrug resistance by artemisinin, artesunate and dihydroartemisinin in K562/adr and GLC4/adr resistant cell lines. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 25, 1555-1561 (2002).
  110. Riganti, C., Doublier, S., Viarisio, D., Miraglia, E., Pescarmona, G., Ghigo, D., Bosia, A. Artemisinin induces doxorubicin resistance in human colon cancer cells via calcium-dependent activation of HIF-1alpha and P-glycoprotein overexpression. British Journal of Pharmacology2009 Mar 9. [Epub ahead of print]
  111. Rinner, B. et al. Activity of novel plant extracts against medullary thyroid carcinoma cells. Anticancer research 24, 495-500 (2004).
  112. Rosenthal, A.S. et al. Malaria-infected mice are cured by a single oral dose of new dimeric trioxane sulfones which are also selectively and powerfully cytotoxic to cancer cells. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 52, 1198-1203 (2009).
  113. Sadava, D., Phillips, T., Lin, C. & Kane, S.E. Transferrin overcomes drug resistance to artemisinin in human small-cell lung carcinoma cells. Cancer Letters 179, 151-156 (2002).
  114. Singh, N.P. & Lai, H. Selective toxicity of dihydroartemisinin and holotransferrin toward human breast cancer cells. Life Sciences 70, 49-56 (2001).
  115. Singh, N.P. & Verma, K.B. Case report of a laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma treated with artesunate. Arch Oncol 10, 279-280 (2002).
  116. Singh, N.P. & Lai, H.C. Artemisinin induces apoptosis in human cancer cells. Anticancer Research 24, 2277-2280 (2004).
  117. Singh, N.P. & Lai, H.C. Synergistic cytotoxicity of artemisinin and sodium butyrate on human cancer cells. Anticancer Research 25, 4325-4331 (2005).
  118. Singh N P. & Panwar V.K. Case report of a pituitary macroadenoma treated with artemether. Integrative Cancer Therapies 5, 391-394 (2006).
  119. Sohn, T.A., Bansal, R., Su, G.H., Murphy, K.M. & Kern, S.E. High-throughput measurement of the Tp53 response to anticancer drugs and random compounds using a stably integrated. Carcinogenesis 23, 949-957 (2002).
  120. Sun, W., Han, J., Yang, W., Deng, D. & Yue, X. Antitumor activities of 4 derivatives of artemisic acid and artemisinin B in vitro. Zhongguo Yaoli Xuebao 13, 541-543 (1992).
  121. Sundar, S.N., Marconett, C.N., Doan, V.B., Willoughby, J.A., Sr. & Firestone, G.L. Artemisinin selectively decreases functional levels of estrogen receptor-alpha and ablates estrogen-induced proliferation in human breast cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 29, 2252-2258 (2008).
  122. Tan, X., Plouet, J., Lang, J., Wu, M. & Shen, K. Effects of dihydroartemisinin on proliferation and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase in epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines. Zhonghua Fuchanke Zazhi 43, 662-665 (2008).
  123. Utzinger, J., Xiao, S.-H., Tanner, M. & Keiser, J. Artemisinins for schistosomiasis and beyond. Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs 8, 105-116 (2007).
  124. Wang, J., Guo, Y. & Chen, Z. Anti-tumor effect of artemisinin and its derivants. Yiyao Daobao 25, 1042-1044 (2006).
  125. Wang, J. et al. The inhibitory effect of artesunate on human esophageal carcinoma associated with modulation of CDC25A and TGFbeta. Zhongliu 27, 272-276 (2007).
  126. Wang, J. et al. Inhibitory effect of artesunate on human esophageal carcinoma associated with CDC25A modulation. Di-San Junyi Daxue Xuebao 29, 428-431 (2007).
  127. Wang, J. et al. Artemisinin inhibits tumor lymphangiogenesis by suppression of vascular endothelial growth factor C. Pharmacology 82, 148-155 (2008).
  128. Wang J et al. Induction of apoptosis and inhibition of cell migration and tube-like formation by dihydroartemisinin in murine lymphatic endothelial cells. Pharmacology 80, 207-218 (2007).
  129. Wang JX et al. Investigation of the immunosuppressive activity of artemether on T-cell activation and proliferation. British Journal of Pharmacology 150, 652-661 (2007).
  130. Wang JX et al. Suppressive effect of a novel water-soluble artemisinin derivative SM905 on T cell activation and proliferation in vitro and in vivo. European Journal of Pharmacology 564, 211-218 (2007).
  131. Wang, L., Zhang, Y. & Sun, W. Influence of compatibility of artemisinin and mitomycin sera on proliferation of sarcoma A549 in vitro. Zhongguo Yaoye 17, 8-9 (2008).
  132. Wang, Q., Wu, L., Li, A., Zhao, Y. & Wang, N. Antitumor effect of artesunate on liver cancer. Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 26, 707-708, 720 (2001).
  133. Wang, Q., Wu, L., Zhao, Y., Zhang, X. & Wang, N. Anticancer effect of artesunate and its mechanism. Yaoxue Xuebao 37, 477-478 (2002).
  134. Wang, W., Zhou, H. & Wang, M. Inhibition of artesunate on angiogenesis of deciduoma and marrow in pseudopregnant rats. Zhongguo Linchuang Yaoxue Zazhi 14, 375-377 (2005).
  135. Wang, Y., Zhu, K., Cui, X., Huang, J. & Song, X. Induction of apoptosis of human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells by artesunate. Zhonghua Shiyan Waike Zazhi 24, 121-122 (2007).
  136. Wang, Z., Zhou, H.J., Li, A. & Zhang, J.L. The effect of dihydroartemisinin on TfR and VEGF expression in iron overload human myeloid leukemia K562 cells. Leukemia Research 2009 Feb 18. [Epub ahead of print]
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Artemisinin Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics

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