Chapter 15: "Women and NAFTA: Challenging Socioeconomic Instability," Stacey Allene Stack

  1. U.S. State Department: Office of the Senior Coordinator for International Women's Issues <http://www.state.gov/www/global/women/index.html>
  2. Hale, Angela, "Trade Liberalization and Women Workers," The Ecologist. v32(4), 1997, page 88.
  3. Sen, Gita, "Gender, Markets, and States: A Selective Review and Research Agenda," World Development, v24(5), 1996, page 821.
  4. Scott, Joan, and Tilly, Louise, Women, Work, and Family, New York: Routledge, 1989, pages 104-105.
  5. Cagatay, Nilufer, "Gender and International Labor STandards in the World Economy," Review of Radical Political Economics, v28(3), 1996, page 96.
  6. Nauman, Ann, K., "The Integration of Women into the Mexican Labor Force Since NAFTA," American Behavioral Scientist, v40(7), 1997, page 952.
  7. ibid., page 953.
  8. ibid.
  9. Adamache, Robyn, and Culos, Claudia, and Otero, Gerardo, "Gender, Work, and Politics in Mexico's Maquiladora Industry," NAFTA in Transition, Stephen J. Randall and Herman W. Konrad, eds., University of Calgary Press, 1995, page 197.
  10. O'Connor, Anne-Marie, "Women Finding Freedom; Tijuana: Factories Offer Alternative in a Male-Dominated Society, But Low Pay and Sexual Harrassment are problems," Los Angeles Times, 27 January 1998, home edition, page A1.
  11. Adamache, Robyn, op. cit., page 197.
  12. Anderson, Joan, B., and Dimon, Denise, "The Impact of Opening Markets on Mexican Male/Female Wage and Occupational Differentials," Social Science Journal, v32(4), 1995, page 311.
  13. Kopinak, Kathryn, "Gender as a Vehicle for the Subordination of Women Maquiladora Workers in Mexico," Latin American Perspectives, v22(1) 1995, page 41.
  14. ibid., page 42: At the lowest level of seniority (0-9 months), about the same proportion of men (10 percent) as women (12 percent) has medium- and high-skilled jobs, whereas the highest level of seniority (33 or more months) men were more likely (41 percent) to have medium- or high-skilled jobs than women (18 percent.)
  15. ibid.
  16. Gonzalez, Julia, Quinones, "Testimonies - Trade Policy" From Vienna to Beijing - the Copenhagen Hearing on Economic Justice and Women's Human Rights, 1995, pages 29-34.
  17. Jefferson, laShawn, R., "Mexico: No Guarantees: Sex Discrimination in Mexico's Maquiladora Sector," Human Rights Watch: Women's Rights Watch Project, v8(6), 1996, pages 1-58.
  18. Adamache, Robyn, op. cit. page 199.
  19. The World's Women: Trends and Statistics 1995, New York: United Nations Publications, 1995, pages 137-8.
  20. ibid.
  21. Jefferson, LaShawn, op. cit.
  22. ibid.
  23. U.S. Bureau of the Census, "Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1997" (11th edition) Washington D.C., 1997, pages 389, 376.
  24. Sparke, Matthew, "Negotiating National Action: Free Trade, Constitution Debate and the Gendered Geopolitics of Canada," Political Geography, v15(6-7), 1996, page 625.
  25. Nadeau, Denise, "women Fighting BAck," Crossing the LIne, Jim Sinclair, ed.; Vancouver: New Star Books, 1992, page 160.
  26. ibid.
  27. Cohen, Marjorie, Griffin, "Macho Economics: Canadian Women Confront Free Trade," Dollars and Sense, (202), 1995, page 19.
  28. ibid.
  29. ibid.
  30. ibid, page 18.
  31. ibid.
  32. ibid, page 21.
  33. U.S. Bureau of the Census, "Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1997" (11th edition) Washington D.C., 1997, pages 389, 376.
  34. Susser, Ida, "The Flexible Woman," Critique of Anthropology, v17(4), 997, page 390.
  35. The National Organization for Women (NOW), Legislative Update: September 13, 1996, page 3. <http://www.now.org/issues/legislat/09-13-96.html#welfare> "In addition to massive funding cuts of $60 billion over six years in programs that would supply cash assistance and food stamps, the 'reform' plan ends the welfare entitlement... requires recipients to find work within two years... mandates a minimum of 30 work hours per week ... imposes a lifetime limit on receipt of aid [of five years], and rewards states with financial bonuses for reducing their caseloads."
  36. ibid., page 3.
  37. ibid.
  38. ibid.
  39. U.S. President Clinton, "Preamble," North American AGreement on Labor Cooperation Supplemental AGreement to the NAFTA, Washington: GPO, 1993, page 1.
  40. Jefferson, LaShawn, op. cit.: "Mexico's domestic law guarantees equality between men and women, prohibits sex discrimination, protects women workers during pregnancy... Article 3of the MExican federal labor code reads, in part: 'There shall not be established distinctions among workers for motives of race, sex, age, religious creed, political doctrine or social condition.'"
  41. World Development Report, Published for the World Bank: Oxford University Press, 1997, page 4.
  42. Connolly, Catherine, and Tennant-Burt, Julie, "The NAFTA Labor AGreement and U.S> Employment-Discrimination Law," Soaial Justice, v24(1), 1997, page 149.
  43. ibid.
  44. Nadeau, Denise, op. cit., page 163.
  45. ibid., page 165.
  46. ibid.