URBAN ISSUES LIBRARY DATABASE (PLAIN TEXT VERSION) (6-24-02) Document Number: ABB-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Timothy B. Abbe, David R. Montgomery Year of Publication: 1996 Title: Large Woody Debris Jams, Channel Hydraulics and Habitat Formation in Large Rivers Source: Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 12: 201-221. Authors Abstract: Field surveys document the accumulation of large woody debris (LWD) into structurally distinctive jam types in the alluvial channel of the Queets River on the Olympic Peninsula of northwest Washington. Calculations, field observations and historical evidence show that these jams can form stable structures controlling local channel hydraulics and providing refugia for riparian forest development over decades and possibly centuries. Distinctive spatial patterns of LWD, pools, b3lrs and forested islands form in association with particular jam types. The deposition of 'key member' logs initiates the formation of stable bar apex and meander jams that alter the local flow hydraulics and thereby the spatial characteristics of scour and deposition leading to pool and bar formation. Historical evidence and the age structure of forest patches documents the temporal development of alluvial topography associated with these jam types. Bar apex jams, for example, are associated with a crescentic pool, an upstream arcuate bar and a downstream central bar that is the focus of forest patch development. Experimental and empirical studies in hydraulic engineering accurately predict channel scour associated with jams. Individual jams can be remarkably stable, providing long-term bank protection that creates local refugia for mature forest patches within a valley floor environment characterized by rapid channel migration and frequent disturbance. Processes controlling the formation, structure and stability of naturally occurring LWD jams are fundamental to the dynamics of forested river ecosystems and provide insights into the design of both habitat restoration structures and ecosystem-based watershed management. Review: This article provides good information regarding the influence of large woody debris on river hydraulics, bar stabilization and pool formation. Naturally occurring LWD jams are an essential part of habitat formation for fish. Field investigations from the Queets River (WRIA 21) were used. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Harvest, Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): Forestry, Geomorphology, LWD, Riparian Geographic Area: Olympic Peninsula Water Body Name: Queets River WRIA: 21 1 Document Number: ACE-002 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Year of Publication: 1994 Title: Public notice of application for permit by Weyerhaeuser Company. Source: 7 June 1994, Reference No. 94-4-00040, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District, Washington. 8 p. Review: This public notice was submitted for the replacement of an existing culvert in Boise Creek, near Enumclaw, Washington with a bottomless arch culvert. The notice contains examples of site plans and engineering detail. The project purpose is to improve and enhance fish habitat. The information in this notice is provided as part of a submittal for a Section 404 permit under the Clean Water Act. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use, Restoration/Recovery, Regulations, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Culverts Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Boise Creek WRIA: 09 2 Document Number: ACE-003 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Year of Publication: 1991 Title: Public notice of application for permit. Source: 31 January 1991, Reference No. OYB-4-00930, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District, Washington. 18 p. Review: This document includes permit requirements for a 5-year, regional permit for the placement of fill material associated with fish habitat enhancement and/or stream channel restoration by the Region 6, US Forest Service. Included in this application are sketches of typical instream project designs for the placement of boulders, deflectors, and check dams. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery, Regulations Secondary Keyword(s): Instream Geographic Area: Washington state Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 3 Document Number: ACE-004 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Year of Publication: 1997 Title: Reconnaissance report, Green-Duwamish River ecosystem restoration general investigation. Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District, Washington. Review: This document contains a history of the Duwamish/Green River Basin and an investigation of ecosystem restoration opportunities. The report contains seven chapters and several maps, figures, and appendices. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use, Restoration/Recovery Secondary Keyword(s): Watershed Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Green River, Duwamish River WRIA: 09 4 Document Number: ACE-006 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Year of Publication: 1992 Title: Commencement Bay cumulative impact study. Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District, Washington. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. Primary Keyword(s): Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Development, Estuary Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Commencement Bay WRIA: 10 5 Document Number: ACE-007 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Year of Publication: 1993 Title: Commencement Bay cumulative impact study restoration options, Volume II. Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District, Washington. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. Primary Keyword(s): Restoration/Recovery, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Commencement Bay WRIA: 10 6 Document Number: ACE-008 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Year of Publication: 1991 Title: Commencement Bay cumulative impact study, historic review of special aquatic sites, Volume 1. Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District, Washington. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. Primary Keyword(s): Restoration/Recovery, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Commencement Bay WRIA: 10 7 Document Number: AFS-002 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): American Fisheries Society. Year of Publication: 1988 Title: Stream rehabilitation manual, emphasizing project design, construction, and evaluation. Source: R. House, J. Anderson, P. Boehne, and J. Suther (eds.), Participant manual, presented by the Oregon Chapter of the American Fisheries Society, February 9 and 10, 1988, Ashland, Oregon. Partial Abstract: This training manual is intended for field managers who plan and develop habitat rehabilitation projects. The manual shows approaches and methods which have been field tested and found suitable for stream rehabilitation. Review: Although this manual was developed prior to the listing of Puget Sound salmon species under the Endangered Species Act, it still provides some basic guidelines and techniques for instream rehabilitation of fish habitat. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Cost/Benefit, Methods Geographic Area: Oregon Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 8 Document Number: AIT-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Aitkin, J.K. Year of Publication: 1998 Title: The importance of estuarine habitats to anadromous salmonids of the Pacific Northwest: a literature review. Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. See KCO-001 in this database. This review of the literature includes documents on the importance of estuaries to anadromous salmonids that have been published since Myer's 1979 review. Summary points from this review include: juvenile chinook and chum salmon are the most estuarine-dependent anadromous salmonids in the Pacific Northwest; estuaries are important to adult salmon for staging and physiological transition; and estuaries provide juvenile salmon important prey, a range of water salinities in which to transition from fresh to salt water, and refuge from predators. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary, Marine Geographic Area: Pacific Northwest Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 9 Document Number: ALL-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Allen, R. L., J. E. Seeb, and D. D. King. Year of Publication: 1981 Title: A preliminary assessment of field operations with a salmon-spawning gravel cleaning machine. Source: Proceedings from the conference, Salmon-spawning gravel: a renewable resource in the Pacific Northwest?, State of Washington Water Research Center, Washington State University, and the University of Washington, Report No. 39, Pullman, Washington. Review: A prototype machine for removing fine sediment materials from salmon spawning gravels was field tested. Preliminary results of these tests indicated the machine effectively removed fine sands and sediments to a depth of 25-40cm. The use of this or similar methods should be evaluated within a watershed context so that short-term and long-term benefits are compared. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Gravel, Sediment Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Kennedy Creek WRIA: 99 10 Document Number: ALP-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Alpha Engineering Group, Inc. and Shapiro & Associates, Inc. Year of Publication: 1994 Title: N.E. 124th Street 132 Place N.E. to SR 202, stream special study report. Source: Preliminary draft report prepared for King County Department of Public Works, Roads Division, Seattle, Washington. Pages 55 -71. Review: This report focuses on the impacts of roadway improvements on aquatic habitat for individual, unnamed streams in the project area (King County, Sammamish River drainage). Particular habitat concerns for each stream are detailed, including riparian zone widths and vegetation content. Also included is a discussion of proposed mitigation measures for the streams. This document is site specific to the project streams, but is an example of the type of habitat restoration work implemented by King County. This is a standard document used in 1994 for describing stream conditions, potential impacts, and mitigation. The analysis includes and discusses flood plain issues, water quality, fisheries, and habitat. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use, Restoration/Recovery, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): County, Floodplain, Roads Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Sammamish River, Streams 95B& 95E, unnamed streams WRIA: 08 11 Document Number: AND-002 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Andrew, F. J. Year of Publication: 1981 Title: Gravel cleaning to increase salmon production in rivers and spawning channels. Source: Proceedings from the conference, Salmon-spawning gravel: a renewable resource in the Pacific Northwest?, State of Washington Water Research Center, Washington State University, and the University of Washington, Report No. 39, Pullman, Washington. Review: This article evaluates several methods to remove sediments from spawning areas. The air/water injection methods had technical problems while a sieve bucket system removed fines. Salmon did not show preference for cleaned sediments. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Gravel, Sediment Geographic Area: British Columbia Water Body Name: Fraser River WRIA: 99 12 Document Number: APW-001 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Holz, T. W. Year of Publication: 1998 Title: Re: Salmon in the city, May 20-21, 1998. Source: Letter from Thomas Holz, American Public Works Association, to 'Salmon in the City' conference participants, September 24, 1998. Review: The purpose of this letter (3 pages) is to consolidate and restate the implications and recommendations brought out in the "Salmon in the City" conference. Issues discussed focus on the impacts of urbanization on salmon in the Northwest landscape, including protection of wild salmon. Refer to the "Salmon in the City" conference proceedings (APW-002) for further information. Primary Keyword(s): Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): City, Conservation, Development, Urbanization Geographic Area: Pacific Northwest Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 13 Document Number: APW-002 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): American Public Works Association, Washington Chapter. Year of Publication: 1998 Title: Abstracts, salmon in the city, May 20-21, 1998. Source: Abstracts from the "Salmon in the City" conference, May 20-21, 1998, Mount Vernon, Washington, American Public Works Association, Washington Chapter. Review: This is a collection of some of the abstracts presented at the Salmon in the City conference in Mount Vernon on May 20-21, 1998. The theme of this conference was the impact of urbanization on salmon habitat; individual topics of presentation vary on this theme. The causes and extent of the damage of urbanization on fish habitat in small lowland streams in the Puget Sound basin and British Columbia are described. Included are papers on: anadromous salmonids and their habitat in the Puget Sound basin; trends in growth management; needs of salmon in the city; riparian vegetation effectiveness; restoring life in running waters; Lake Washington fisheries impact and opportunities; watershed urbanization and the decline of salmon in Puget Sound streams; are wild salmon runs sustainable in rehabilitated urban streams; traditional detention methods; results from forest hydrology studies; beyond innovative development; and legal and institutional changes to allow low impact development. Included is an article by D. Booth outlining limiting factors to sustainable salmon runs in urban areas. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids, Water Quality, Water Use Secondary Keyword(s): City, Conservation, Development, Urbanization, Watershed Geographic Area: Pacific Northwest Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 14 Document Number: APW-003 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): American Public Works Association. Year of Publication: 1992 Title: Salmon in the City: Effects of urbanization on fish habitat. Source: Symposium proceedings March 11-13, 1992, Eatonville, Washington, sponsored by American Public Works Association, Chicago, Illinois. Review: This document includes abstracts and proceedings from eight sessions, which are titled: Session 1: Fish and their habitat needs Session 2: Physical and water quality impacts of urbanization Session 3: Physical and water quality impacts of urbanization cont. Session 4: Case studies Session 5: Predictive tools - algorithms and thresholds Session 6: Monitoring/Adaptive management Session 7: How to mitigate/ How much bang for your BMP? Session 8: Panel discussion and summary. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use, Salmonids, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Urbanization Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 15 Document Number: ARK-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Mary R. Arkoosh, Edmundo Casillas, Ethan Clemons, Bruce McCain, and Usha Varanasi Year of Publication: 1991 Title: Suppression of immunological memory in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from an urban estuary Source: Fish and Shellfish Immunology 1:261-277. Authors Abstract: In this present study, juvenile chinook salmon were collected from a contaminated urban estuary, the Duwamish Waterway, as well as from a non-urban estuary, the Nisqually River estuary, to determine if exposure to toxic chemicals affects immunocompetency. Juvenile chinook salmon were also sampled from the two hatcheries that release salmon into these estuaries. The ability of anterior kidney (AK) and splenic (SP) leucocytes from primed and unprimed juvenile salmon from the Duwamish Waterway, Nisqually River estuary, and their respective hatcheries to produce a primary and secondary in vitro plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to the hapten, trinitrophenyl (TNP) was examined. Trinitrophenyl-keyhole limpet haemocyanin (TNP-KLH) was added in vitro to AK leucocytes or as TNP-lipopolysaccharide (TNP-LPS) to both AK and SP leucocytes. The primary AK and SP plaque-forming cell response to TNP in salmon from the estuaries or hatcheries was not significantly different. Primed AK leucocytes from salmon collected from the hatcheries and the non-urban estuary were able to produce a heightened secondary response to TNP-KLH; in contrast, primed AK leucocytes from salmon collected from the urban estuary were unable to produce a secondary PFC response to TNP-KLH. Anterior kidney leucocytes from salmon collected from all four areas were able to produce a heightened secondary PFC response to TNP-LPS. However, the AK's plaque-forming cell response generated in primed chinook salmon collected from the urban estuary to TNP-LPS was significantly lower than that produced in salmon from the hatchery. This suppressed PFC response in primed AK cells to TNP-LPS was not observed in primed AK leucocytes from salmon collected from the non-urban estuary and its hatchery. These results suggest that the cells involved in generating immunological memory to TNP-KLH and TNP-LPS were affected in salmon exposed to contaminants in the urban estuary, with cells which generate memory to TNP-KLH being more affected. The PFC responses of primed SP leucocytes from salmon collected from the Duwamish Waterway and Nisqually River estuaries, stimulated in vitro with TNP-LPS were not signifi- cantly different. The consequence of suppressed immunological memory in disease resistance of juvenile salmon is currently unknown. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Hatcheries, Salmonids, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Chinook, Disease, Estuary, Genetics, Pollution, Toxicity Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Duwamish Waterway, Nisqually River WR2 Resource Consultants, Inc. 16 17 Document Number: ARK-002 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Mary Arkoosh, Ed Casillas, Paul Huffman, Ethan Clemons, Joy Evered, John E. Stein, Usha Varanasi Year of Publication: 1998 Title: . Increased Susceptibility of Juvenile Chinook Salmon from a Contaminated Estuary to Vibrio anguillarum Source: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 127: 360-374. Authors Abstract: Previous studies have shown that juvenile chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from a contaminated estuary of Puget Sound, Washington, are immunosuppressed. Immunosup- pressed fish may be more susceptible to disease and ultimately experience an increase in mortality. To evaluate this possibility, differences in susceptibility to a marine pathogen in outmigrating juvenile chinook salmon from an urban estuary and a nonurban estuary in Puget Sound were assessed. Juvenile chinook salmon were sampled from hatcheries before their release and subsequently from their respective estuaries as the population outmigrated from freshwater to the saltwater environment during the springs of 1993 and 1994. The study was repeated during a 3-month period to assess the duration of the effect after the fish were removed from the source of contaminants and was replicated during a 2-year period to examine interannual variation. Bile, liver, and stomach contents were collected from fish after capture to determine exposure to organic chemical pollutants. Examination of these tissues demonstrated that juvenile salmon from the urban estuary were exposed to higher concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls than juveniles from the nonurban estuary or hatcheries. Juvenile salmon were challenged with serial doses of a marine pathogen. Vibrio anguillarum (serotype 1575), and mortality was measured daily for 7 d. In both years, salmon from the urban estuary challenged with V. anguillarum exhibited a higher cumulative mortality after exposure to the pathogen than salmon from the hatcheries or the nonurban estuary. Our results together with our previous findings support the hypothesis that contaminant-associated immunodysfunction in juvenile chinook salmon may lead to increased susceptibility to infection by a virulent marine bacterium. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Salmonids, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Chinook, Disease, Estuary, Genetics, Marine, Mortality, Pollution, Toxicity Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Nisqually Estuary, Duwamish Waterway WRIA: 09, 11 18 Document Number: ARM-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Bisson, P. A., J. L. Nielsen, R. A. Palmason, and L. E. Grove. Year of Publication: 1982 Title: A system of naming habitat types in small streams, with examples of habitat utilization by salmonids during low streamflow. Source: Pages 62-73 in: N. B. Armantrout (ed.), Acquisition and utilization of aquatic habitat inventory information. Proceedings of a symposium held 28-30 October, 1981, Western Division, American Fisheries Society, Portland, Oregon. Partial Abstract: Fish habitat in small streams is classified into a number of types according to location within the channel, pattern of water flow, and nature of flow controlling structures. Riffles are divided into three habitat types: low gradient riffles, rapids, and cascades. Pools are divided into six types: secondary channel pools, backwater pools, trench pools, plunge pools, lateral scour pools, and dammed pools. Glides, the last habitat type, are intermediate in many characteristics between riffles and pools. Habitat utilized by salmonids was studied during summer low streamflow conditions in four western Washington streams. Most age 0+ coho salmon reared in pools, particularly backwaters, and preferred cover provided by rootwads. A few large coho occupied riffles and sought the cover of overhanging terrestrial vegetation and undercut banks. Age 0+ steelhead trout selected riffles with large wood debris, while age 1+ steelhead preferred plunge, trench, and lateral scour pools with wood debris and undercut banks. The largest individuals of both steelhead age classes were found in swiftly flowing riffle habitats. Age 0+ cutthroat trout preferred low gradient riffles but switched to glides and plunge pools when steelhead and coho were present, thus suggesting that they had been competitively displaced from a preferred habitat. Age 1+ and 2+ cutthroat preferred backwater pools when coho were absent but avoided them when coho were present. Cutthroat of all age classes generally favored cover provided by wood debris in both pool and riffle habitat. Review: This classification system has been widely used in stream surveys throughout the Pacific Northwest. The paper provides clear definitions and drawings of each habitat type. The fish surveys were conducted by isolating individual habitat types with block nets and electrofishing. Sculpins were also captured during this study but these results are not included. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Non-Salmonids, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Coho, Competition, Cutthroat, Distribution, Geomorphology, Instream, LWD, Methods, Monitoring, Non-Salmonid Fish, Steelhead Geographic Area: Western Washington Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 19 Document Number: ARM-002 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Armour, C. L., K. P. Burnham, and W. S. Platts. Year of Publication: 1983 Title: Field methods and statistical analyses for monitoring small salmonid streams. Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. This is a comprehensive technical text on evaluating the effect of management on fish and fisheries habitat. It's specific to small western salmonid streams. While its authors intended it for use with grazing and timber impacts and management, the basic methods are valid for use in urban and urbanizing environments. The text includes the following: Chapter 1) Introduction; Chapter 2) Land use impacts and variables to measure: chapter includes adverse impacts of land uses and selection of variables to measure; Chapter 3) Measurement techniques: chapter includes key habitat variables, key fish variables, and secondary variables; Chapter 4) Basic statistical and study design concepts: chapter includes basic terms, descriptive features, frequency distributions, statistical testing, parametric and nonparametric tests, study design, and confounding factors; and Chapter 5) Statistical tests for evaluating response in management activities: chapter includes determination of the data distribution pattern, test for homogeneity of variance, and statistical tests for comparing differences between data sets. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Agricultural, Forestry, Methods, Monitoring Geographic Area: Western U. S. Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 20 Document Number: ARM-003 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Armstrong, J. Year of Publication: 1994 Title: Marine monitoring programs in the border areas of Washington and British Columbia. Source: Report prepared for Puget Sound/Georgia Basin International Task Force and British Columbia/Washington Cooperation Council. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. See KCO-001 in this database. This document reports on monitoring programs that gather environmental information with repeated sampling over time, normally at the same location. Monitoring programs described in this report include national, state, provincial and local government, university and other nonprofit organization's programs, discharge monitoring, aquaculture monitoring, and other miscellaneous monitoring. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Marine, Monitoring Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Puget Sound WRIA: 99 21 Document Number: AUL-001 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Von Aulock, S. and P. D. Rhay. Year of Publication: 1998 Title: Creek water quality restoration program. Source: Prepared by Seattle Public Utilities, City of Seattle, Washington. 5 p. Partial Abstract: As part of its environmental commitment, Seattle Public Utilities (SPU) is currently working on a creek restoration program funded by Washington State Dept. of Ecology's Centennial Clean Water Fund. The overall goal of this program is to improve water quality through minimizing the impact of urbanization on Seattle's creeks. The restoration program has three phases: 1) Creek Identification and Documentation; 2) Physical and Habitat Assessments; and 3) Creek Restoration Plan Development and Implementation. Analysis of these data and establishing prioritized project plans would come in the final phase as an overall urban creek restoration plan is developed. Implementation of creek restoration projects could include: in-stream rehabilitation, bank and bed stabilization, revegetation of riparian corridors, water quality controls, and community education and involvement. Review: This short paper (5 pages) outlines the stream restoration program developed by Seattle Public Utilities. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Stormwater, Urbanization Geographic Area: Seattle Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 08 22 Document Number: AZO-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Azous, A. L. and R. R. Horner. Year of Publication: 1997 Title: Wetlands and urbanization, implications for the future. Source: Washington State Department of Ecology, Final report of the Puget Sound Wetlands and Stormwater Management Research Program, Olympia, Washington. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. Primary Keyword(s): Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Development, Urbanization, Wetland Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 23 Document Number: BAI-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Bain, M. B., J. T. Finn, and H. E. Booke. Year of Publication: 1985 Title: Quantifying stream substrate for habitat analysis studies. Source: North American Journal of Fisheries Management 5:499-500. Review: A 2-m, lead-core rope divided into 10-cm sections alternately painted orange and white is used to assess substrate conditions. The rope is stretched across the stream substrate and the dominant substrate by category under each 10-cm segment is recorded to obtain 20 coded observations. A mean (index of coarseness) and standard deviation (index of heterogeneity) is computed. This method avoids the problems associated with the percentage composition method. This offers a method more rigorous than the percent composition method but less rigorous than the Wolman pebble count method. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat Secondary Keyword(s): Freshwater, Gravel, Instream, Methods, Monitoring, Sediment Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 24 Document Number: BAI-002 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Bain, M. B., T. C. Hughes, and K. K. Arend. Year of Publication: 1999 Title: Trends in methods for assessing freshwater habitats. Source: Fisheries 24(4):16-21. Authors Abstract: Habitat assessment is an important form of management for species conservation, mitigation planning, environmental regulation, and impact assessment. As part of an American Fisheries Society and US Fish and Wildlife Service project, we surveyed state, provincial, federal, and private organizations to obtain documentation about methods being used to assess aquatic habitats in the inland waters of North America. We then used this information to characterize attributes of established methods. We found that most methods target habitats associated with flowing waters, but a significant number of methods deal exclusively with lakes and reservoirs. The survey showed that the dominant purpose for having an established method was to standardize measurements and data collection techniques. Methods for stream habitats included a wide array of measurements emphasizing channel structure, water movement, substrate, cover, and riparian zones. The lentic habitat analyses were primarily numerical summaries and calculations of descriptive statistics usually presented using databases. Assessment methods focused on aquatic environmental quality - more so than fishery resource evaluations - although methods associated with fishery investigations remain prominent. The overall characteristics of currently used methods suggest that many or most agencies are actively advancing their practices, and rapid change can be expected in most methods. Review: This journal article provides an overview of different types of habitat assessment methods used throughout the country. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat Secondary Keyword(s): Methods Geographic Area: North America Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 25 Document Number: BAI-003 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Bailey, G. C. Year of Publication: 1981 Title: Environmental considerations in gravel rehabilitation operations. Source: Proceedings from the conference, Salmon-spawning gravel: a renewable resource in the Pacific Northwest?, State of Washington Water Research Center, Washington State University, and the University of Washington, Report No. 39, Pullman, Washington. Review: This paper discusses general environmental impacts of mechanically removing sediments from salmon spawning gravels. This document assumes that gravel cleaning will become a common fisheries management technique. Issues of concern are direct effects on fish, food chain distribution, turbidity effects, and the resuspension of toxic materials. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Gravel Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 26 Document Number: BAI-004 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Bailey, A., E. Lanzer, and T.F. Mumford. Year of Publication: 1995 Title: Field survey and classification of Puget Sound nearshore habitat. Source: Proceedings from 1995 Puget Sound Research. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. See KCO-001 in this database. This paper discusses the methods and results of the first large scale application of Dethier's classification to field surveys conducted for the Department of Natural Resource's Nearshore Habitat Inventory. Data collected included: vegetation, species, and abundance, macro-invertebrate species, substrate type, beach slope, and tidal zone. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary, Marine, Shoreline Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Puget Sound WRIA: 99 27 Document Number: BAI-005 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Howard C. Bailey, Linda Deanovic, Emilie Reyes, Tom Kimball, Karen Larson, Kristi Cortright, Valerie Conner, David E. Hinton Year of Publication: 2000 Title: Diazinon and chlorpyrifos in urban waterways in northern California, USA Source: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19(1): 82-87. Authors Abstract: Samples collected from urban streams in the cities of Sacramento and Stockton, California, USA, during the precipitation season were analyzed for diazinon and chlorpyrifos. Concentrations were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays specific for each pesticide. Two hundred thirty-one samples from the two cities were analyzed for diazinon: 85% exceeded California Department of Fish and Game water-quality criteria for this pesticide. Chlorpyrifos was measured in 90 of the samples collected from Sacramento and Stockton: 80% exceeded the California Department of Fish and Game criterion for this pesticide. Thirty-six of 47 samples (76.6%) tested for toxicity produced total mortality within 72 h with Ceriodaphnia dubia. Toxicity identification evaluations on selected samples confirmed that toxicity was primarily due to one or both of these pesticides. Uses of diazinon and chlorpyrifos in urban areas include dormant sprays on fruit trees, professional landscape and maintenance uses, and structural pest control. Pesticide concentrations were lower in a catchment favoring commercial and industrial activities compared with a catchment receiving largely residential inputs. Aerial drift from agricultural applications may play a role in storm-water concentrations. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Pollution, Stormwater, Toxicity, Urbanization Geographic Area: Northern California Water Body Name: American River, Sacramento River, San Joaquin River WRIA: 28 Document Number: BAR-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): L Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Barbour, M.T., J. L. Plafkin, B. P. Bradley, C. G. Graves, and R. W. Wisseman. Year of Publication: 1992 Title: Evaluation of EPA's rapid bioassessment benthic metrics: metric redundancy and variability among reference stream sites. Source: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 11:437-449. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. The review in this journal article is summarized in the 1996 revision to the Environmental Protection Agency's RBP and assessment methods (see document EPA-006 in this database). Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Regulations, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Invertebrates Geographic Area: United States Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 29 Document Number: BAR-002 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: Yes Author(s): Michael T. Barbour, Jeroen Gerritsen, Blaine D. Snyder, James B. Stribling Year of Publication: 1999 Title: Rapid Bioassessment protocols for use in Streams and wadable rivers: periphyton, benthic macroinvertebrates and fish. (2nd Ed.) Source: EPA 841-B-99-002 Authors Abstract: In December 1986, U.S. EPA's Assistant Administrator for Water initiated a major study of the Agency's surface water monitoring activities. The resulting report, entitled "Surface Water Monitoring: A Framework for Change" (U.S. EPA 1987), emphasizes the restructuring of existing monitoring programs to better address the Agency's current priorities, e.g., toxics, nonpoint source impacts, and documentation of "environmental results." The study also provides specific recommendations on effecting the necessary changes. Principal among these are: 1. To issue guidance on cost-effective approaches to problem identification and trend assessment. 2. To accelerate the development and application of promising biological monitoring techniques. In response to these recommendations, the Assessment and Watershed Protection Division developed the rapid bioassessment protocols (RBPs) designed to provide basic aquatic life data for water quality management purposes such as problem screening, site ranking, and trend monitoring, and produced a document in 1989 (Plafkin et al. 1989). Although none of the protocols were meant to provide the rigor of fully comprehensive studies, each was designed to supply pertinent, cost-effective information when applied in the appropriate context. As the technical guidance for biocriteria has been developed by EPA, states have found these protocols useful as a framework for their monitoring programs. This document was meant to have a self-corrective process as the science advances; the implementation by state water resource agencies hascontributed to refinement of the original RBPs for regional specificity. This revision reflects the advancement in bioassessment methods since 1989 and provides an updated compilation of the most cost-effective and scientifically valid approaches. Review: This document exists as a .pdf file at the Center for Urban Water Resources Management. The document provides valuable information regarding methods and protocols that can be used for quick assessments of stream habitat and biological conditions. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat Secondary Keyword(s): Cost/Benefit, Methods, Monitoring Geographic Area: Water Body Name: WR2 Resource Consultants, Inc. 30 31 Document Number: BAR-003 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: Yes Author(s): Michael T. Barbour, William F. Swietlik, Susan K. Jackson, David L. Courtemanch, Susan P. Davies, Chris O. Yoder Year of Publication: 2000 Title: Measuring the attainment of biological integrity in the USA: a critical element of ecological integrity. Source: Hydrobiologia 422: 453-464. Authors Abstract: The concept of ecological integrity has become a worldwide phenomenon and is firmly entrenched into the regulatory structure of environmental law in the United States of America (USA). The attainment of ecological integrity requires the attainment of its three elements: physical, chemical, and biological integrity. In the USA, measures of chemical integrity were implemented first into monitoring programs and were effective in reducing pollutant loadings to the nation's surface waters. Because biological communities integrate the effects of different stressors such as reduced oxygen, excess nutrients, toxic chemicals, increased temperature, excessive sediment loading, and habitat degradation, the advent of bioassessment in regulatory programs has provided a more comprehensive and effective monitoring and assessment strategy. Measures of biological integrity clearly have become a priority in the USA. The development of biological criteria (biocriteria) within regulatory programs to serve as thresholds by which to judge the attainment of designated aquatic life conditions of surface waters is a major focus of states and Indian tribes within the USA. The derivation of reference conditions for the nation's surface waters (i.e., streams, rivers, lakes, wetlands, estuaries, and marine waters) across different physiographic regions is a critical element in the design of biocriteria and is currently a primary initiative in the USA. Nearly all state water resource agencies have developed bioassessment approaches for streams; 1600 to 75000 km of streams require assessment in each state. Bioassessment development for other water body types is not as advanced to date. The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has produced technical guidance for developing effective bioassessment programs; they include crucial elements such as defining objectives, classifying water bodies according to expected biological attributes, deriving the reference condition of the site classes, developing standardized protocols for sampling and data analysis, and implementing a quality assurance plan. Approaches to bioassessment in the USA follow a basic design of incorporating various attributes of the elements and processes of the aquatic community, which is either an aggregation into a multimetric index or a series of multivariate analyses using the attributes as input variables. The Clean Water Act of 1972 and its subsequent amendments mandate maintaining, restoring, and protecting the ecological integrity of surface waters. Through use of robust bioassessments and other measures of ecological integrity, the USA has developed a strategic plan to establish priorities to meet this goal. Review: This article is available as a photocopy or as a .pdf. The article provides a conceptual framework for selecting biological criteria and making bioassessments in the United States. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Indicators, Methods, Monitoring Geographic Area: 32 W WRIA: 33 Document Number: BAT-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Bates, K. Year of Publication: 1992 Title: Fishway design guidelines for Pacific salmon, working paper. Source: Washington Department of Fisheries, Olympia, Washington. 72 p. Review: This paper describes practical guidelines for the design of fish passage facilities for anadromous fish that are migrating upstream. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Culverts, Passage Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 34 Document Number: BAU-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Bauer, S. B. and S. C. Ralph. Year of Publication: 1999 Title: Aquatic habitat indicators and their application to water quality objectives within the Clean Water Act. Source: EPA-910-R-99-014, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10, Seattle, Washington. Review: This report references a large bibliography which is available on the internet at www.epa.gov/r10earth/. The report concludes that habitat variables may be best suited as diagnostic indicators of beneficial use support and as performance measures of nonpoint source controls, in contrast to their use as compliance indicators. To be useful in a water quality context, habitat variables need to be measured with a known degree of precision and accuracy. This report is a useful summary regarding the application of aquatic habitat indictors to Clean Water Act programs. The authors identified only a limited set of useful habitat variables that have been calibrated at the local or ecoregional scale, including large woody debris, pool frequency, and residual pool depth. The authors recommend an interagency and international effort to: 1) evaluate landscape classification of aquatic areas; 2) identify and measure reference area condition at ecoregional scales; and 3) develop a systematic approach for habitat indicator quantification. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Federal, Freshwater Geographic Area: Pacific Northwest Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 35 Document Number: BAX-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Bax, N.J. Year of Publication: 1983 Title: Early marine mortality of marked juvenile chum salmon released into Hood Canal, Puget Sound, Washington in 1980. Source: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 40(4). Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. See KCO-001 in this database. This paper discusses the results of a study on the average daily loss from a group of fluroescently marked, hatchery-reared juvenile chum salmon remaining in the nearshore zone following their release from the hatchery. The loss was estimated at 38-49 percent. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Life History, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Chum, Estuary Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Hood Canal WRIA: 99 36 Document Number: BEA-004 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Beauchamp, D., Shepard, and G. Pauley. Year of Publication: 1983 Title: Species profiles: life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates - chinook salmon. Source: Report prepared for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District, Seattle, Washington. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. See KCO-001 in this database. This report is one of a series of species profiles designed to provide coastal managers, engineers and biologists with a brief comprehensive sketch of the biological characteristics and environmental requirements of the species and to describe how populations of the species may be expected to react to environmental changes caused by coastal development. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Fish Life History, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Chinook Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 37 Document Number: BEC-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): R. W. Beck and Associates. Year of Publication: 1992 Title: Covington master drainage plan. Source: Final report prepared for the King County Department of Public Works, Surface Water Management Division, Seattle, Washington. Partial Abstract: The Master Drainage Plan is a major supplemental planning element to the Soos Creek Basin Plan, a comprehensive watershed management plan to protect stream, fish, and wetlands resources, and to prevent flooding and water quality degradation. Review: This brief report describes environmental recommendations associated with the 1,237 acre Covington Master Drainage Plan. Some hydraulic data are included. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Development Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Soos Creek WRIA: 09 38 Document Number: BEE-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Beechie, T., E. Beamer, and L. Wasserman. Year of Publication: 1994 Title: Estimating coho salmon rearing habitat and smolt production losses in a large river basin, and implication for habitat restoration. Source: North American Journal of Fisheries Management 14:797-811. Partial Abstract: To develop a habitat restoration strategy for the 8,270-km2 Skagit River basin, we estimated changes in smolt production of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, since European settlement began in the basin, based on changes in summer and winter rearing habitat areas. The largest proportion of summer non-main-stem habitat losses has occurred in side-channel sloughs (41%), followed by small tributaries (31%) and distributary sloughs (29%). The largest loss of winter habitats has occurred in side channel sloughs (52%), followed by losses in distributary slough (37%), and small tributaries (11%). By type of impact, hydromodification (diking, ditching, dredging) associated with agricultural and urban lands accounts for 73% of summer habitat losses and 91% of winter habitat losses. Blocking culverts on small tributaries account for 13% of the decrease in summer habitat and 6% of the decrease in winter habitat. Forestry activities account for 9% of summer habitat losses and 3% of winter habitat losses. Limitations of the analysis and implications for developing a habitat restoration strategy are discussed. Review: This paper represents a detailed analysis of basinwide losses of side-channel, distributary slough, and small stream rearing habitat for coho salmon. The authors' method of estimating historical and current levels of coho salmon smolt production provides a basis for prioritizing habitat protection and restoration efforts. In this way it provides a type of cost/benefit analysis for restoration efforts. Additionally this method can be used to estimate total basin production of coho salmon if all restoration measures were to be implemented. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Fish Life History, Land Use, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Coho, Cost/Benefit, Culverts, Floodplain, Freshwater, Geomorphology, Instream, Methods, Passage, Population, Production, Rearing, Shoreline, Urbanization, Watershed Geographic Area: Skagit County Water Body Name: Skagit River WRIA: 03, 04 39 Document Number: BEE-002 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Beechie, T. J. and T. H. Sibley. Year of Publication: 1997 Title: Relationships between channel characteristics, woody debris, and fish habitat in northwestern Washington streams. Source: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 126:217-229. Partial Abstract: Relationships between large woody debris (LWD) and pool area or pool spacing varied with channel slope and channel width for streams in second-growth forests in northwest Washington. Pool spacing decreased as the number of LWD increased in both moderate-slope and low-slope channels, but the relationship was stronger in moderate-slope channels. Percent pool was also more strongly correlated with woody debris volume in moderate-slope channels than in low-slope channels. Review: This study describes the interactive influences of channel slope, channel size, and the abundance of LWD on pool formation and sediment retention as indicated by the abundance of gravel-sized sediment in stream in second-growth forests of the North Cascades of Washington State. The paper discuses the probable effects of changes in LWD abundance or size of pools and spawning gravel in small streams. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat Secondary Keyword(s): Instream, LWD, Riparian Geographic Area: Northwestern Washington Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 40 Document Number: BEE-003 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Beechie, T. and S. Bolton. Year of Publication: 1999 Title: An approach to restoring salmonid habitat-forming processes in Pacific Northwest watersheds. Source: Fisheries 24(4):6-15. Authors Abstract: We present an approach to diagnosing salmonid habitat degradation and restoring habitat-forming processes that is focused on causes of habitat degradation rather than on effects of degradation. The approach is based on the understanding that salmonid stocks are adapted to local freshwater conditions and that their environments are naturally temporally dynamic. In this context, we define a goal of restoring the natural rates and magnitudes of habitat-forming processes, and we allow for locally defined restoration priorities. The goal requires that historical reconstruction focus on diagnosing disruptions to processes rather than conditions. Historical reconstruction defines the suite of restoration tasks, which then may be prioritized based on local biological objectives. We illustrate the use of this approach for two habitat-forming processes: sediment supply and stream shading. We also briefly contrast this approach to several others that may be used as components of a restoration strategy. Review: The strategy discussed in this paper focuses analyses on causes of habitat degradation rather than on habitats or biota. A two-tiered approach is used, first diagnosing altered habitat-forming processes and then prioritizing restoration actions. Five steps are identified: 1) estimate natural rates of habitat-forming processes; 2) assess changes in rate of habitat-forming processes due to land use; 3) identify actions required to restore processes; 4) evaluate probable improvement; and 5) prioritize actions based on costs and potential improvements. This method aims to fill an information gap between in-stream diagnostics of habitat degradation and large-scale assessments of disturbance patterns on a landscape. This method may be more suitable for forest lands than for agricultural or urban areas because forest lands typically have fewer potential causes of degradation. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Land Use, Restoration/Recovery Secondary Keyword(s): Forestry, Watershed Geographic Area: Pacific Northwest Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 41 Document Number: BEE-004 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Timothy J. Beechie, Brian D. Collins, George R. Pess Year of Publication: 2001 Title: Halocene and Recent Geomorphic Processes, Land Use, and Salmonid Habitat in two North Puget Sound Basins. 2001. Geomorphic Processes and Riverine Habitat Source: Water Science and Application 4: 453-464. Authors Abstract: The quantity, quality, and distribution of salmonid habitats in the Skagit and Stillaguamish River basins have changed dramatically in response to post-glacial landscape evolution and volcanism over the last 16,000 years, and the more recent history of land use (approximately 150 years). After retreat of the Cordilleran ice sheet about 16,000 years ago, streams incised rapidly into valley-filling glacial sediments, lowering valley floors and creating terraces. Mainstems and floodplain sloughs on valley floors provided the majority of habitat, but moderate-gradient tributaries on terraces provided additional habitat for some salmonids. Channels in bedrock terrain were too steep to support anadromous salmonids and remain so today. Voluminous lahars from Glacier Peak approximately 5,500 years before present created an extensive low-gradient delta on the Skagit River, which then developed abundant habitats in wetlands and distributary channels. Since non-Native American settlers arrived in the mid-1800s, removal of beaver ponds, diking, ditching, and dredging of streams on the floodplains and deltas has isolated or obliterated approximately 50% of the coho salmon winter rearing habitat in both basins. These losses are associated mainly with agricultural practices, which occupy the same landforms as the majority of historical coho salmon habitat. Forestry activities are concentrated on the steeper slopes of the glacial sediments and bedrock. terrain, and contribute to habitat losses by increasing sediment supplies and reducing wood abundance. Understanding the interplay of Holocene landscape evolution, geomorphic processes, land use, and salmonid habitat provides a context for developing habitat restoration programs. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Floodplain, Forestry, Geomorphology, Riparian, Sediment Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Stillaguamish River, Skagit River WRIA: 03, 04, 05 42 Document Number: BEL-001 Document Type: Book Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Bell, M. C. Year of Publication: 1984 Title: Fisheries handbook of engineering requirements and biological criteria. Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, North Pacific Division, Contract No. DACW57-79-M1594, Portland, Oregon. Review: This handbook is for use by engineers and biologists employed in design problems on fish facilities and in the operation of existing facilities. Relevant chapters include habitat requirements, measurement and effect of silt and turbidity, artificial spawning channels, and channel changes in relation to fish habitat. More recent editions of this handbook are also available. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Salmonids, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Disease, Sediment, Temperature, Toxicity Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 43 Document Number: BEN-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Benson, B., E. Gower, L. Cowan, G. Johnson, and J. Lenzi. Year of Publication: 1997 Title: Thurston County barrier culvert inventory. Source: Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Lands and Restoration Services Program, Salmonid Screening, Habitat Enhancement and Restoration (SSHEAR) Division, Olympia, Washington. 30+ p. Review: The Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife conducted a survey of Thurston County road crossings to identify barriers to fish passage, evaluate passage up to each barrier, and to assess the quantity and quality of habitat to be gained by correction. The product of this inventory is an index used to prioritize barrier correction efforts. This inventory targeted culverts 24 inches and greater in diameter on Thurston County Roads. Out of 4,217 culverts of all sizes identified from the County Road Inventory System database (CRIS), 560 target culverts were located and plotted on a map over detailed stream and road layers, Additional crossings which did not meet the initial 24" criteria but did potentially involve fish-bearing streams were also identified. The available habitat assessed was limited by city boundaries. For tracking and mapping purposes, the exact position of each culvert was recorded using the global positioning system (GPS). The report does not provide specifics on criteria used to assess passibility. However, a method of determining if the barrier blocks significant habitat is provided and a useful priority index is described. Significant habitat was determined based on the amount of anadromous habitat downstream of the culvert, and potential habitat gains upstream of the barrier. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Land Use, Restoration/Recovery, Regulations, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Cost/Benefit, County, Culverts, Distribution, Freshwater, Methods, Migration, Passage, Roads, State, Urbanization Geographic Area: Thurston County Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 44 Document Number: BEN-002 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): L. Benda, T. J. Beechie, R.C. Wissmar, A. Johnson Year of Publication: 1992 Title: Morphology and Evolution of Salmonid Habitats in a Recently Deglaciated River Basin, Washington State, USA Source: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49: 1246-1256. Authors Abstract: Morphology and distribution of salmonid habitats were related to the geomorphology of a river basin at three spatial scales including reach (102-11 CP m2), subbasin (2-26 km-"), and the watershed (240 km2). Stream reaches on a young fluvial terrace (1700 yr old) adjacent to the main river contain the most extensive areas of rearing and spawning habitats. In tributary subbasins, the area of spawning habitat varies according to discharge rates and channel gradients. The most extensive salmonid habitats are located along wide glacial deposits in geologically unconstrained areas of the main valley floor. During the early Holocene (~10 000 - 12 000 years before present (B.p.)), the recently deglaciated watershed of the South Fork Stillaguamish River was extremely erosive and vegetated by alpine forest. Fish habitats then were less suitable for salmonid rearing and spawning. A much lower erosion rate after 8000 yr B.P., and the advent of old growth conifer forests after 6000 yr B.P., indicates that stream habitats attained their present-day morphology between 8000 and 6000 yr ago. Although habitats increased in quality with increasing watershed stability and evolution of forests, they decreased in quantity after 7000 yr B.P. as landforms changed because of continuous river incision into glacial deposits. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Salmonids, Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): Coho, Geomorphology, Gravel, Sediment Geographic Area: Cascades Water Body Name: Stillaguamish River WRIA: 05 45 Document Number: BEV-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Bevenger, G. S. and R. M. King. Year of Publication: 1995 Title: A pebble count procedure for assessing watershed cumulative effects. Source: Research Paper RM-RP-319. Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 17 p. Authors Abstract: Land management activities can result in the delivery of fine sediment to streams. Over time, such delivery can lead to cumulative impacts to the aquatic ecosystem. Because numerous laws require Federal land managers to analyze watershed cumulative effects, field personnel need simple monitoring procedures that can be used directly and consistently. One approach to such monitoring is described. The approach involves sampling a longitudinal reach of stream channel several hundred feet long using a zigzag pebble count procedure that crosses all habitat features within a stream channel. The approach accommodates reference (nonimpacted) and study (impacted) reaches so that impacts comparisons can be made. Case studies show how the procedure is applied. Review: This report describes a commonly used technique for assessing stream substrate composition. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Gravel, Instream, Methods, Sediment, Watershed Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 46 Document Number: BIL-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Robert E. Bilby, Brian R. Fransen, Peter A. Bissonq Year of Publication: 1996 Title: Incorporation of Nitrogen and Carbon from Spawning Coho Salmon into the Trophic System of Small Streams: Evidence from Stable Isotopes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53: 164-173 Source: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53: 164-173. Authors Abstract: Epilithic organic matter, all aquatic macroinvertebrates except shredders, and fish were significantly enriched with 'SN and 13C in streams (western Washington state, U.S.A.) where spawning coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were present. Riparian vegetation adjacent to salmon-bearing streams and shredding macroinvertebrates were enriched with "N but not 13C The highest levels of enrichment of the stream biota with the heavier isotopes occurred in the early spring, shortly after carcasses had decomposed. Following spawning, age-O coho salmon exhibited a doubling in rate of growth. Age-0 cutthroat trout in a nearby stream without salmon exhibited no change in growth rate during the winter. Salmon-derived organic matter was incorporated into the stream biota through direct consumption of eggs, carcasses, and fry and by sorption onto the streambed substrate of dissolved organic matter released by decomposing carcasses. Autotrophic uptake was not an important avenue of incorporation. The proportion of nitrogen contributed by spawning salmon varied among trophic categories, ranging from about 17% in collector-gatherers to more than 30% in juvenile coho salmon. Carbon contributed by spawning salmon ranged from 0% in the foliage of riparian plants and shredders to 34% in juvenile coho salmon. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Salmonids, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Coho, Nutrients, Production, Reproduction Geographic Area: Western Washington Water Body Name: Snoqualmie River WRIA: 07 47 Document Number: BIL-002 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Robert E. Bilby, Brian R. Fransen, Jason K. Walter, C. Jeff Cederholm, Warren J. Scarlett Year of Publication: 2001 Title: Preliminary evaluation of the use of nitrogen stable isotope ratios to establish escapement levels for pacific salmon Source: Fisheries Research 26(1): 6-14. Authors Abstract: Research over the last decade has established the ecological significance of the nutrients and organic matter deposited by Pacific salmon in the freshwater habitats where they spawn. A large proportion of the nitrogen in plants and animals in streams where salmon are abundant may be derived from spawning fish, and juvenile salmonids exhibit higher growth rates at locations where carcasses are available. Currently, no method is available to establish salmon escapement goals that meet the nutritional needs of streams. We examined the relationship between the abundance of spawning coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and the nitrogen stable isotope ratio of coho salmon parr to determine whether a saturation level for salmon-derived nitrogen could be identified. Coho parr were collected from 26 sites in western Washington in late winter. The isotope ratio in the coho parr was related to the abundance of salmon spawning at that site the previous autumn. The amount of carcass-derived nitrogen increased with increasing abundance of carcass tissue up to 0.15 kg of carcass/ m2 of streambed area but exhibited no increase above this level. These 'preliminary data suggest that relationships between stable isotope values and carcass abundance may provide a useful supplement to traditional methods of establishing escapement goals for Pacific salmon. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Salmonids, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Coho, Escapement, Methods, Nutrients Geographic Area: Western Washington Water Body Name: Chehalis, Deschutes, Hoko, Clallam, Skagit, Skykomish, Snoqualmie, Dickey, Bogachiel, Soleduck, Hoh, Willapa WRIA: 23, 13, 03, 04, 07, 22 48 Document Number: BIN-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Binns, N. A. Year of Publication: 1986 Title: Stabilizing eroding stream banks in Wyoming, a guide to controlling bank erosion in streams. Source: Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Cheyenne, Wyoming. 42 p. Partial Abstract: This guidebook summarizes some key principles of river mechanics and details bank stabilization methods used on Wyoming streams. Comprehensive coverage of the subject is beyond the scope of this report, but landowners should be able to accomplish effective bank stabilization work using the methods outlined in this guidebook. Review: Proper and improper methods of stabilizing eroding stream banks are discussed in this report. Case studies of bank stabilization activities resulting in changes in trout density are also reviewed. This report describes Wyoming streams, but the information contained could be useful for other areas. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Riparian Geographic Area: Wyoming Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 49 Document Number: BIN-002 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Binns, N. and F. M. Eiserman. Year of Publication: 1979 Title: Quantification of fluvial trout habitat in Wyoming. Source: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 108(3): 215-227. Authors Abstract: A Habitat Quality Index (HQI) was developed to predict trout standing crop in Wyoming streams. Measurements of trout habitat were collected from 36 streams that ranged in elevation from 1,146 to 3,042 m. Average late summer stream width varied from 1.4 to 44 m, while average daily flow was between 0.6 and 1.46 m3/second. Stream gradient ranged from 0.1% to 10%. A multiple regression analysis indicated those habitat measurements best related to trout standing crop in the study streams. Predictive models were built from these measurements. The best HQI model explained 96% of the variation in trout standing crop (multiple regression correlation coefficient R=0.983), suggesting a close relationship between HQI predictions and flows, annual stream flow variation, water velocity, trout cover, stream width, eroding stream banks, stream substrate, nitrate nitrogen concentrations, and maximum summer stream temperature. Review: A comprehensive review of this method is provided in Fausch et al. (1988) (see FAU-001 in this database). That review notes that interpretation of this model is difficult because each variable is rated from 0 (worst) to 4 (best) and some ratings are multiplied together to form an index, and because both dependent and independent variables (the ratings) are transformed to logarithms. Additionally one stream with a very large standing crop inflated the coefficient of determination. Nonetheless, the method has many useful components and is commonly used by fisheries biologists. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Salmonids, Water Quality, Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): Cutthroat, Freshwater, Indicators, Methods, Nutrients, Other Salmonids, Population Geographic Area: Wyoming Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 50 Document Number: BIS-001 Document Type: Book Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Bisson, P. A. and D. R. Montgomery. Year of Publication: 1996 Title: Valley segments, stream reaches, and channel units. Source: Pages 23-52 in: F. R. Hauer and G. Lamberti (eds.), Methods in stream ecology, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, CA. Review: This textbook chapter describes the reasons for classifying and measuring valley segments, stream reaches, and channel geomorphic units and provides a summary of classification methods. This provides a good general overview of channel classification systems and a method for identifying reaches. The goal of the chapter is to provide a classification system, and quantitative assessment procedure that permit accurate and repeatable descriptions about biophysical processes responsible for the development of current geomorphic watershed conditions. Classification systems for valley segments, stream reaches and channel units are provided. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat Secondary Keyword(s): Floodplain, Freshwater, Geomorphology, Instream, Methods, Riparian, Watershed Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 51 Document Number: BLA-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Black, P. E. Year of Publication: 1997 Title: Watershed functions. Source: Journal of the American Water Resources Association 33(1):1-11. Partial Abstract: Watershed functions that dominate the hydrologic environment are identified and discussed. Hydrological and ecological functions are considered in relation to the storm and annual hydrographs, and to water quality. Two integrative watershed responses to these functions are also presented. Review: The purpose of this paper is to provide a framework for understanding and managing the growing move to "restore watersheds". A brief synthesis of previous work on the analysis of watershed processes is provided, as is the author's more detailed description of how a watershed operates. The paper focuses primarily on hydrology. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat Secondary Keyword(s): Geomorphology, Watershed Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 52 Document Number: BLE-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Bledsoe, L.J., D.A. Somerton, and C.M. Lynde. Year of Publication: 1989 Title: The Puget Sound runs of salmon: an examination of the changes in run size since 1896. Source: University of Washington, School of Fisheries, Seattle, Washington. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. See KCO-001 in this database. This reports concludes that the 1896 and 1975 wild runs of chinook and coho salmon in Puget Sound were substantially different. Primary Keyword(s): Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Chinook, Coho Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Puget Sound WRIA: 99 53 Document Number: BLE-002 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Brian P. Bledsoe, Chester C. Watson Year of Publication: 2001 Title: Effects of Urbanization on Channel Stability Source: Journal of the American Water Resources Association 37(2): 255-270 Authors Abstract: Channel instability and aquatic ecosystem degradation have been linked to watershed imperviousness in humid regions of the U.S. In an effort to provide a more process-based linkage between observed thresholds of aquatic ecosystem degradation and urbanization, standard single event approaches (U.S. Geological Survey Flood Regression Equations and rational) and continuous hydrologic models (HSPF and CASC2D) were used to examine potential changes in flow regime associated with varying levels of watershed imperviousness. The predicted changes in flow parameters were then interpreted in concert with risk-based mod- els of channel form and instability. Although low levels of imperviousness (10 to 20 percent) clearly have the potential to destabilize streams, changes in discharge, and thus stream power, associated with increased impervious area are highly variable and dependent upon watershed-specific conditions. In addition to the storage characteristics of the pre-development watershed, the magnitude of change is sensitive to the connectivity and conveyance of impervious areas as well as the specific characteristics of the receiving channels. Different stream types are likely to exhibit varying degrees and types of instability, depending on entrenchment, relative credibility of bed and banks, riparian condition, mode of sediment transport (bedload versus suspended load), and proximity to geomorphic thresholds. Nonetheless, simple risk-based analyses of the potential impacts of land use change on aquatic ecosystems have the potential to redirect and improve the effectiveness of watershed management strategies by facilitating the identification of channels that may be most sensitive to changes in stream power. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Land Use, Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): Development, Geomorphology, Impervious, Instream Flow, Sediment, Urbanization Geographic Area: Water Body Name: WRIA: 54 Document Number: BLE-003 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Brian P. Bledsoe, Chester C. Watson Year of Publication: 2001 Title: Logistic Analysis of channel pattern thresholds: meandering, braiding and incising Source: Geomorphology 38(3-4): 281-300 Authors Abstract: A large and geographically diverse data set consisting of meandering, braiding, incising, and post-incision equilibrium streams was used in conjunction with logistic regression analysis to develop a probabilistic approach to predicting thresholds (it channel pattern and instability. An energy-based index was developed for estimating the risk of channel instability associated with specific stream power relative to sedimentary characteristics. The strong significance of the 74 statistical models examined suggests that logistic regression analysis is an appropriate and effective technique for associating basic hydraulic data with various channel forms. The probabilistic diagrams resulting from these analyses depict a more realistic assessment of the uncertainty associated with previously identified thresholds of channel form and instability and provide a means of gauging channel sensitivity to changes in controlling variables. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): Geomorphology, Gravel, Instream Flow, Methods, Roads Geographic Area: Water Body Name: WRIA: 55 Document Number: BON-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Bonar, S. A., M. Divens, and B. Bolding. Year of Publication: 1997 Title: Methods for sampling the distribution and abundances of bull trout/Dolly Varden. Source: Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Report # RAD97-05, Olympia, Washington. 48 p. Review: The report compares methods for determining the distribution and abundance of bull trout and Dolly Varden. For detecting the presence of adult and juvenile bull trout/Dolly Varden, night snorkeling was the most effective technique followed by electrofishing and angling/foot surveys. The authors recommend first conducting informal surveys in preferred bull trout spawning or initial rearing habitat within a patch. They define "patch" as a stream reach or group of reaches separated from others by thermal or geographic barriers to their migration. If the species is not found, and if a specified degree of confidence is wanted for lower detection limits, a statistically rigorous survey is described. This document provides a standardized method for detecting bull trout presence and assessing populations in Washington State. In addition, it identifies other methods currently being used to monitor bull trout distribution and abundance, and it examines the precision and accuracy of these techniques. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Fish Life History, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Bull trout, Distribution, Freshwater, Instream, Methods, Monitoring, Population, Rearing, Reproduction Geographic Area: Washington State Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 56 Document Number: BOO-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Booth, D. B. Year of Publication: 1990 Title: Stream-channel incision following drainage-basin urbanization. Source: Water Resources Bulletin 26(3):407-417. Partial Abstract: Urbanization of a drainage basin results in pervasive hydrologic changes that in turn initiate long-term changes in stream channels. Increases in peak discharges and in durations of high flows result in either quasi-equilibrium channel expansion, where cross-section area increases in near-proportion to the discharge increase, or catastrophic channel incision, where changes occur far out of proportion to the discharge increases that initiated them. Field data and hydrologic modeling of rapidly urbanizing basins in King County, Washington define conditions of flow, topography, geology, and channel roughness that identify streams susceptible to incision. Review: This paper represents one of the earlier studies evaluating the effects of urbanization in King County on channel shape. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use Secondary Keyword(s): Impervious, Instream, Retention/Detention, Stormwater, Urbanization, Watershed Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Bear Creek, Soos Creek WRIA: 08, 09 57 Document Number: BOO-002 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Booth, D. B. and C. R. Jackson. Year of Publication: 1997 Title: Urbanization of aquatic systems: degradation thresholds, stormwater detection, and the limits of mitigation. Source: Journal of the American Water Resources Association 33(5):1077-1090. Partial Abstract: Urbanization degrades the form and function of aquatic systems, causing changes that can occur rapidly and are very difficult to avoid or correct. Physical data from lowland streams in western Washington displays the onset of readily observable aquatic-system degradation at a remarkably consistent level of development, typically about 10% effective impervious area in a watershed. Even lower levels of urban development cause significant degradation in sensitive water bodies, and a reduced, but less well quantified, level of function through the system as a whole. Established methods of mitigating the downstream impacts of urban development may have only limited effectiveness. Continuous hydrologic modeling is used to evaluate detention ponds designed by conventional event methodologies, and the results demonstrate serious deficiencies in performance compared to design goals. Even with the best mitigation, the magnitude of development activities falling below a level of regulatory concern suggests that increased resource loss will invariable accompany development of a watershed. Without a better understanding of the critical processes that lead to degradation, some downstream aquatic-system damage is probably inevitable without limiting the extent of watershed development itself. Changes in upland runoff processes, particularly from a predominantly subsurface to a predominantly surface flow regime, alter not only the magnitude of discharges but the delivery of sediment to the stream network. Review: This study links demonstrable, and probably irreversible degradation of channel form and function in watersheds with approximately 10% effective impervious area. The report also includes a discussion on the limits of regulations to control conversion of watersheds to impervious areas. Specifically, mitigation requirements typically do not apply to small developments, however the cumulative impacts can be quite large. Stormwater ponds needed to mitigate for build-out conditions would be "lakes" and are unlikely to be built except in the most unusual of economic and social climates. Without discussing salmon specifically, the paper focuses on impact threshold for watershed development and impacts to aquatic resources. This paper is a good reference regarding development and degradation of the aquatic environment in the Pacific Northwest. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Land Use, Restoration/Recovery, Regulations Secondary Keyword(s): BMP, Flood Control, Geomorphology, Impervious, Indicators, Instream, Instream Flow, Retention/Detention, Stormwater, Watershed Geographic Area: Western Washington Water Body Name: Bear Cr, East Lake Sammamish, Issaquah Cr, Soos Cr, Soosette Cr, Hylebos Cr WRIA: 08, 09, 10 58 Document Number: BOO-004 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Booth, D. B. and seven co-authors. Year of Publication: 1994 Title: Eastern tributaries of the Lower Green River enhanced reconnaissance report. Source: King County Basin Planning Program, Surface Water Management Division, Department of Public Works, Seattle, Washington. Green River Watershed Management Program (94-1). November 1994. 57 p. Review: This report includes the results of a rapid but systematic inventory and analysis of conditions across the stream and drainage system, and it identifies the high-priority management needs for surface-water management. The study focuses on the eastern tributaries of the Lower Green River, a 5.8 square mile collection of relatively small streams that enter the Green River from the east between the cities of Auburn and Kent. The report is intended to provide basin-level planning for this area, and to provide a prototype for how such studies could be accomplished for similar watersheds in the future. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use Secondary Keyword(s): Watershed Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Green River WRIA: 09 59 Document Number: BOO-005 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Derek Booth, James Karr, Sally Schauman, Christopher Konrad, Sarah Morley, Marit Larson, Patricia Henshaw, Erin Nelson, Stephen Burges Year of Publication: 2001 Title: Urban Stream Rehabilitation in the Pacific Northwest: Final Report to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, grant no. R82-5284-010 Source: EPA grant R82-5284-010 Authors Abstract: Our goal in this project has been to develop a robust approach to urban stream rehabilitation, using examples from the Puget Lowland region of western Washington, that blends knowledge from the physical, biological, and social sciences by: documenting the consequences of urban development on urban streams; understanding the causes of the resulting ecological degradation; and using that understanding to evaluate rehabilitation strategies and techniques. Although stream conditions are not unambiguously correlated with urbanization, the multiple effects of urban development on stream systems make rehabilitation progressively more difficult at progressively greater levels of development. Rehabilitation success is most likely in those watersheds with relatively low levels of development that display paradoxically poor biological and/or physical conditions. However, two critical elements in the urban environment are commonly omitted in the pursuit of successful stream rehabilitation: Hydrologic changes, which are often ignored in both new development and in postdevelopment stream "rehabilitation." Even where drainage regulations apply to new development, they do not achieve genuine mitigation of urban-induced increases in runoff, because the mitigation is focused on hydrologic measures with little or no biological significance. In contrast, annual and inter-annual flow patterns are closely related to in-channel disturbance frequency and biological health and are largely unaffected by traditional hydrologic mitigation. The actions of people, which affect stream health at multiple scales, particularly via the local stream conditions that are overwhelmingly determined by the behavior of streamside neighbors. Their effects are so influential because of their proximity and because they commonly abut most of the length of an urban channel network. A consequence of our findings is an overall strategy for pursuing effective rehabilitation: Recognize and preserve high-quality, low-development watershed areas. Aggressively (and completely) rehabilitate streams where recovery of ecosystem elements and processes is possible, likely only in low-development areas with relatively low to moderate levels of ecological health. Rehabilitate selected elements of mid-range urban watersheds, where complete recovery is not feasible but where well-selected efforts may yield direct improvement. In general, however, there is little evidence that in-stream projects can reverse even the local expressions of watershed degradation in urban channels. Improve the most degraded streams by first analyzing the acute cause(s) of degradation, but recognize that the restoration potential for populations of original instream biota is minimal. In the most highly developed watersheds, education and/or community outreach is not just appropriate but crucial. Review: A copy of this document is available through the Center for Urban Water Resources Management. 60 P h H and Use, Water Qu Secondary Keyword(s): Development, Geomorphology, Impervious, Instream Flow, LWD, Methods, Sediment, Stormwater, Temperature, Urbanization Geographic Area: Pacific Northwest Water Body Name: Puget Sound Streams WRIA: 61 Document Number: BOR-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Bortelson, G. C., M. J. Chrizastowski, and P. Hickey. Year of Publication: 1980 Title: Historical changes of shoreline and wetland at 11 major deltas in the Puget Sound region, Washington. Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Tacoma, Washington. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. See KCO-001 in this database. This report divides nearshore habitat into intertidal wetlands and subtidal wetlands for the purpose of mapping historical changes in areas covered by deltaic wetlands in Puget Sound. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Puget Sound WRIA: 99 62 Document Number: BOV-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Bovee, K. Year of Publication: 1982 Title: A guide to stream habitat analysis using the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology. Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. The Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (IFIM) is a habitat-based tool used to evaluate the environmental consequences of various water and land use practices. IFIM and its computer software, Physical Habitat Simulation (PHABSIM), are designed to quantify changes in the amount of habitat available to different species and life stages of fish under various flow regimes. IFIM is generally thought of as a water resource management tool and is not an ecosystem model. The decision variable generated by the IFIM is total habitat area for fish or food organisms. Habitat, as computed by the IFIM, incorporates longitudinal changes in channel characteristics, streamflow, water quality and temperature. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Land Use, Water Quality, Water Quantity, Water Use Secondary Keyword(s): Cost/Benefit, Hydropower, Instream Flow, Methods, Temperature Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 63 Document Number: BOW-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Laura C. Bowling, Pascal Storck, Dennis P. Lettenmaier Year of Publication: 2000 Title: Hydrologic Effects of Logging in Western Washington, United States Source: Water Resources Research 36(11): 3223-3240. Authors Abstract: Possible changes in streamflow associated with logging were analyzed for 23 western Washington catchments with drainage areas from 14 to 1600 km2. Statistically significant trends in annual streamflow minima, uncorrected for climatic influences, are all decreasing and are apparently dominated by a regional climate signal associated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, rather than land cover change. Using paired catchment analysis, the number of statistically significant trends detected for the peak flow series is largely within the range of statistical noise. Only in the case of the annual minima were more trends detected than could be attributed to chance, owing in part to the lower relative variability, hence greater detectability of trends in low flows. Investigation of the effect of return period on peak flow changes shows an apparent increase in flood peaks for treatment relative to control catchments, the mean magnitude of which decreases with increasing return interval up to about the 10-year return period. In large part, owing to the small number of catchment pairs available, this analysis cannot be considered conclusive. An alternative approach to evaluating trends in peak flows based on time series residuals of observed flows from hydrology model predictions detected increasing trends in peak flow series, which were largely absent in the paired catchment analysis. This is attributed both to the ability of the model, which acts as the control, to filter out natural variability and to a larger trend "signal" in the residuals analysis resulting from the ability of the method to fix the vegetation condition in the model control. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Land Use, Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): Flood Control, Forestry, Instream Flow, Stormwater Geographic Area: Western Washington Water Body Name: WRIA: 64 Document Number: BOZ-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Bozek, M. A. and F. J. Rahel. Year of Publication: 1991 Title: Assessing habitat requirements of young Colorado River cutthroat trout by use of macrohabitat and microhabitat analyses. Source: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 120:571-581. Partial Abstract: We used both microhabitat and macrohabitat analyses to better assess habitat requirements of young Colorado River cutthroat trout. Microhabitat analyses revealed that among a range of stream types, young cutthroat trout consistently preferred slow water and depths over 3 cm. Macrohabitat analysis indicate that the density of young cutthroat trout was positively correlated with the abundance of spawning gravel and negatively correlated with stream depth. This relationship helped explain the absence of young cutthroat trout from some stream reaches that had suitable microhabitat but that lacked suitable spawning habitat. Review: A microhabitat analysis was used to determine where young Colorado River cutthroat trout would be located, based on preferences in stream reaches where they occurred. This analysis could be used to support the use of a more detailed approach in identifying habitat suitablities for salmon recovery efforts. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Distribution, Other Salmonids Geographic Area: Colorado Water Body Name: Colorado River WRIA: 99 65 Document Number: BRA-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): L Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Bradley, J. B. and P. J. Whiting. Year of Publication: 1992 Title: A process-based stream channel classification system for small streams in Washington. Source: Washington Department of Natural Resources Timber, Fish and Wildlife Project, TFW-SH11-91-001, Olympia, Washington. 70 p. Review: This report outlines a geomorphically process-based stream classification system for small forest streams, which takes into account the drainage's propensity for mass wasting and the channel's capacity for transporting material. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques Secondary Keyword(s): Geomorphology Geographic Area: Washington Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 66 Document Number: BRA-002 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Christian A. Braudrick, Gordon E. Grant Year of Publication: 2000 Title: When do logs move in rivers? Source: Water Resources Research 36(2):571-583 Authors Abstract: Large woody debris is an integral component of forested, fiuvial systems throughout the world, yet we know little about hydraulic thresholds for movement and transport of logs. We developed theoretical models of entrainment and performed flume experiments to examine thresholds for wood movement in streams. Both the model and the experiments indicate that log entrainment is primarily a function of the piece angle relative to flow direction, whether or not the log had a root wad, the density of the log, and the piece diameter. Stability increased if the pieces had root wads or were rotated parallel to flow. Although previously reported as the most important factor in piece stability, piece length did not significantly affect the threshold of movement in our experiments or our physically based model, for logs shorter than channel width. These physically based models offer a first-order approach to evaluating the stability of either naturally derived woody debris or material deliberately introduced to streams for various management objectives. Review: Although the article is not directly related to salmon recovery, by describing patterns of LWD movement in rivers it discusses a dynamic process related to habitat development and geomorphic function. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery, Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): Instream Flow, LWD Geographic Area: Water Body Name: WRIA: 67 Document Number: BRO-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Brown and Caldwell Consulting Engineers. Year of Publication: 1986 Title: Draft update of Kitsap Basin water pollution control and abatement plan for Gig Harbor Peninsula Area. Source: Report prepared for Pierce County Utilities Department, Tacoma, Washington. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. Primary Keyword(s): Restoration/Recovery, Regulations, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary, Pollution Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Gig Harbor WRIA: 15 68 Document Number: BRO-003 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Broadhurst, G. Year of Publication: 1998 Title: Nearshore habitat regulatory perspective. Source: Report prepared for the Puget Sound/Georgia Basin International Task Force. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. See KCO-001 in this database. This report provides background on threats and impacts to nearshore habitat, and gives a regulatory analysis of existing regulations governing the nearshore. Regulations discussed in this report include the Clean Water Act, the Hydraulics Code, the Shoreline Management Act (SMA), the Growth Management Act (GMA), and the State Environmental Policy Act (SEPA). The document includes an overview of 1995 changes to SEPA, SMA, and GMA. Primary Keyword(s): Regulations Secondary Keyword(s): Federal, State Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 69 Document Number: BRU-001 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Christopher C. Brueske Year of Publication: 2000 Title: Technology Review: Ultra-Urban Stormwater Treatment Technologies Source: University of Washington Thesis Authors Abstract: The following document was compiled to provide a review of "ultra-urban" stormwater treatment technologies. "Ultra-urban" technologies are designed to remove pollutants from wet weather runoff in highly developed areas where land values are high and available space is limited. These technologies differ from traditional stormwater treatment methods (e.g., water quality ponds and grass swales) in that they are extremely compact and can be retrofitted into existing stormwater collection systems. The technologies included in this review were developed primarily to remove suspended solids from urban runoff. Several of the units also include design features to remove oils and other floatable contaminants. Generally speaking, these technologies remove metals, nutrients, and other contaminants only to the extent that these contaminants are adsorbed to suspended solids. A notable exception to this is certain filtration systems, which can be operated with an adsorptive media specific to dissolved metals, organics, and nutrients. Review: This M.S. thesis is available through the Center for Urban Water Resources Management Primary Keyword(s): Restoration/Recovery, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): BMP, Impervious, Nutrients, Pollution, Stormwater, Urbanization Geographic Area: Western Washington Water Body Name: WRIA: 70 Document Number: BRY-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Bryant, M. D. Year of Publication: 1995 Title: Pulsed monitoring for watershed and stream restoration. Source: Fisheries 20(11):6-13. Partial Abstract: A monitoring program that provides sufficient information to evaluate the effectiveness of these efforts (watershed and stream habitat restoration) will be expensive. A pulsed monitoring strategy that consists of a series of short-term (3-5 years), high-intensity studies separated by longer periods (10-15 years) of low-density data collection can provide an effective means of implementing a long-term monitoring program with a reasonable degree of success and cost. Review: The purpose of this paper is to provide a general long-term, cost-effective monitoring strategy to evaluate large-scale restoration projects on watersheds. The focus is on habitat restoration projects, but the strategy may be applied to other monitoring projects. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery Secondary Keyword(s): Instream, Monitoring, Watershed Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 71 Document Number: BUL-001 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Bulthuis, D. A. Year of Publication: 1995 Title: Environmental requirements for eelgrass in Puget Sound. Source: Proceedings from 1995 Puget Sound Research. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. See KCO-001 in this database. This paper concluded that the major habitat requirements for eelgrass are sand and mud substrate, a mean low low water mark to -22 feet, wave energy, a temperature of 5 to 27 degrees C, salinity of 10 to 32 parts per thousand, nutrients and light. It also discusses anthropogenic activities that change these conditions. Light was found to be the most crucial requirement. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Puget Sound WRIA: 99 72 Document Number: BUR-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): L Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Burton, T. A. Year of Publication: 1997 Title: Effects of basin-scale timber harvest on water yield and peak streamflow. Source: Journal of the American Water Resources Association 33(6):1187-1196. Partial Abstract: Streamflow changes resulting from clear-cut harvest of lodgepole pine on a 2,145 hectare drainage basin are evaluated by the paired watershed technique. Increases in streamflow occurred primarily during the period of May through August with little or no change in wintertime streamflows. Results suggest that clearcutting conifers in relatively large watersheds may produce significant increases in water yield and flooding. Implications of altered streamflow regimes are important for assessing the future ecological integrity of stream ecosystems subject to large-scale timber harvest and other disturbances that remove a substantial proportion of the forest cover. Review: The results of this study, and evapotranspiration studies in general (as summarized in this report), indicate that large scale losses of pine forest cover, as a result of natural and man-caused disturbances, will likely lead to significant increases in streamflow. Such increases could have serious and potential long-term consequences for stream habitats, and related effects on aquatic ecosystem function and stability. Primary Keyword(s): Harvest, Land Use, Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): Forestry, Groundwater, Watershed Geographic Area: Utah Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 73 Document Number: BUR-002 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Burton, T. and nine co-authors. Year of Publication: 1992 Title: Integrated riparian evaluation guide, intermountain region. Source: Technical Riparian Work Group, USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain region, Ogden, Utah. Partial Abstract: This guide provides an integrated approach for: A. Stratifying and classifying riparian areas according to their natural inherent characteristics, and their respective existing or conditions. B. Data collection. C. Evaluation of riparian areas. D. Future development and linkage of a riparian data base. E. Preparation of a written narrative to interpret the data and suggest management applications. F. Providing a process to prioritize or rank riparian areas based on management objectives. G. Strengthening the riparian management implications of the Forest Land Management Plan. Review: This guide provides 3 levels of evaluation of riparian systems. Level I is an office procedure that results in 3 products: 1) delineation of riparian sub-areas, 2) identification of management categories, and 3) a prioritized list of riparian areas for which more detailed information is required. Level II is a field procedure that identifies and maps the boundaries of basic units of land. Level III involves more specific, quantitative data collection, and allows for project planning and design. Objectives, procedures, analysis, and instructions for completion are provided for each level. This guide is not site specific, and can be used to evaluate any riparian area. It is written for use by the Forest Service, and encourages multi-disciplinary use. The purpose of this report is primarily to provide a method to prioritize and rank riparian habitats. Aspects of this method are useful for prioritizing recovery efforts in the Tri-County area. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat Secondary Keyword(s): Conservation, Forestry, Riparian Geographic Area: Utah Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 74 Document Number: BUR-003 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Burges, S. J. et al. Year of Publication: 1998 Title: Hydrologic effects of land-use change in a zero-order catchment. Source: Journal of Hydrologic Engineering. Authors Abstract: Hydrologic Modeling and relatively simple monitoring were used to estimate the hydrologic balance for two geographically close and, in the undisturbed state, hydrologically similar, zero-order basins: one undeveloped forest and the other suburban. Both catchments were east of Lake Sammamish. Continuous precipitation and streamflow were measured in each basin; the model was used to estimate time series of evapotranspiration and ground-water recharge over a 40-year period. The suburban catchment was denuded of forest cover, soil thickness was reduced, and 30% of the area was covered with impervious surfaces. The amount of annual precipitation that becomes runoff ranged from 12 to 30% in the forested catchment and 44 to 48% in the suburban catchment where runoff from pervious areas accounts for 40-60% of the annual total. The peak flow rate per unit area for an approximate 24 hour, 50 year rainfall was more than 10 times higher from the pervious area at the suburban site than at the forested site. These findings emphasize the need to consider surface flow from all sources in the catchment when considering mitigation measures. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. The findings of this study point out the higher rate of runoff from suburban pervious areas such as lawns and gardens relative to the forested condition. This has significant implications for calculating and sizing stormwater BMPs since traditional design methods do not account for the increased runoff from lawns and gardens, the increase in total volume of runoff or the decrease in evapotranspiration. Thus, traditional BMPs are only partially effective. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use, Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): BMP, Development, Groundwater, Impervious, Monitoring, Stormwater, Urbanization, Watershed Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: East Lake Sammamish WRIA: 08 75 Document Number: BUR-004 Document Type: Book Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Burns, R. Year of Publication: 1985 Title: Puget Sound books: the shape and form of Puget Sound Source: University of Washington Sea Grant Program, Seattle, Washington. Review: A copy of this book was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this book was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. See KCO-001 in this database. This book contains background information on the physical properties of Puget Sound, the physical and chemical nature of its waters, and the interaction of these waters with the surrounding shorelines. Primary Keyword(s): Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary, Marine Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Puget Sound WRIA: 99 76 Document Number: BUS-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Busby, P. J., T. C. Wainwright, G. J. Bryant, L. Lierheimer, R. S. Waples, F. W. Waknitz, and I. V. Lagomarsino. Year of Publication: 1996 Title: Status review of west coast steelhead from Washington, Idaho, Oregon, and California. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NWFSC-27. 261 p. Partial Abstract: This report summarizes biological and environmental information considered by the Biological Review Team that conducted the west coast steelhead status review. Review: This document is an excellent source of information concerning steelhead stocks of the Pacific Northwest. Included is a discussion of life history, artificial propagation, stock determinations, and an assessment of possibility of extinction. It was written in response to the proposal to protect steelhead under the Endangered Species Act. The National Marine Fisheries Service has published similar documents for each of the Puget Sound salmonids proposed for or listed under the ESA. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Fish Life History, Harvest, Hatcheries, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Population, Production, Steelhead, Stocks Geographic Area: Pacific Northwest Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 77 Document Number: BUT-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Butkus, S. Year of Publication: 1997 Title: 1998 Washington State water quality assessment. Section 305(b) Report. Source: Washington State Department of Ecology. Publication No. 97-13. Olympia, Washington. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. Primary Keyword(s): Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): State Geographic Area: Washington State Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 78 Document Number: CAL-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Caldwell, J. E. Year of Publication: 1994 Title: Green River temperature investigation 1992. Source: Caldwell & Associates Environmental Consulting. Report prepared for the Muckleshoot Tribe, Fisheries Department, Auburn, Washington. 50 p. Review: Objectives of this study were to: 1) document summer and early fall water temperatures between RM 12 and RM 64.5 of the Green River; 2) describe the extent and duration of high summer temperatures (RM 12 - 41.5); and 3) investigate temperatures in deep pools and shallow stream margins in the river, (RM 35 to 41.5). This report also contains data collected by the Army Corps of Engineers and Tacoma Public Utilities. The report discusses temperature criteria for salmonids, and provides recommendations for further study or analysis. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Salmonids, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Instream, Temperature Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Green River WRIA: 09, 10 79 Document Number: CAM-001 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Jon William Cammermeyer Year of Publication: 2001 Title: The effects of Vegetation in Highway Drainage ditches on Flow Characteristics and Pollutant Removal Source: University of Washington Thesis Authors Abstract: In light of the renewed emphasis on preserving aquatic habitat in the central Puget Sound region, as well as promising findings from earlier studies, WSDOT has sought to investigate affordable, easy-to-maintain stormwater quality treatments for implementation throughout the State highway drainage system. This project was funded by WSDOT between July 1999 and November 2000 to evaluate current WSDOT operations within vegetated stormwater conveyance facilities. This thesis is based on the findings regarding the water quality impacts of maintenance practices within vegetated roadside ditches following routine ditch cleaning. Review: This M.S. Thesis is available through the Center for Urban Water Resources Management Primary Keyword(s): Land Use, Water Quality, Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): Instream Flow, Nutrients, Pollution, Roads, Stormwater, Urbanization Geographic Area: Coastal Washington Water Body Name: WRIA: 80 Document Number: CAR-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Carlisle, D. and D. Sullivan. Year of Publication: 1990 Title: AGC water quality manual - waste disposal & erosion/sediment control methods. Source: AGC of Washington, Seattle, in association with Seattle Master Builders, financed by proceeds from the Washington State Centennial Clean Water Fund and administered by the Puget Sound Water Quality Authority. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. Primary Keyword(s): Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Urbanization Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 81 Document Number: CBC-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): L Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Commencement Bay Cleanup Action Committee. Year of Publication: 1993 Title: A vision for Commencement Bay sustained economic and environmental health. Source: Adopted by the Commencement Bay Cleanup Action Committee, Commencement Bay, Washington. November 19, 1993. 35 p. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. Primary Keyword(s): Land Use, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Commencement Bay WRIA: 10 82 Document Number: CED-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): C.J. Cederholm, R.E. Bilby, P.A. Bisson, T.W. Bumstead, W. J. Scarlett, J. W. Ward Year of Publication: 1997 Title: Response of Juvenile Coho Salmon and Steelhead to Placement of Large Woody Debris in a Coastal Washington Stream Source: North American Journal of Fisheries Management 17: 947-963. Authors Abstract: Many fish habitats have been altered in Pacific Northwest streams and rivers over the past century by a variety of land use practices, including forestry, urbanization, agriculture, and channelization. There are research and management needs for evaluation of the effectiveness of rehabilitation projects intended to enhance stream fish habitat recovery. The response of populations of juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch and steelhead 0. mykiss to addition of large woody debris (LWD) was tested in North Fork Porter Creek (NFPC), a small coastal tributary of the Chehalis River, Washington. The NFPC was divided into three 500-m study sections; two sections were altered with two approaches (engineered and logger's choice) to adding LWD, and the third was kept as a reference site. Immediately after LWD addition, the abundance of LWD pieces was 7.9 times greater than the pretreatment level in the engineered site and 2.7 times greater in the logger's choice site; abundance was unchanged in the reference site. Subsequent winter storms brought additional LWD into all three study sites. In the years that followed, the amount of pool surface area increased significantly in both the engineered and logger's choice sites, while it decreased slightly in the reference site. After LWD addition, winter populations of juvenile coho salmon increased significantly in the engineered and logger's choice sites, while they remained the same in the reference site. There were no significant differences in the coho salmon populations during spring and autumn within the reference, engineered, or logger's choice sites. The coho salmon smolt yield from the engineered and logger's choice sites also increased significantly after LWD addition, while it decreased slightly in the reference site. After LWD addition, the reference site and the engineered site both exhibited increases in age-O steelhead populations; however, the population in the logger's choice site did not change. There was no difference in age-1 steelhead abundance among sites, or before and after enhancement during any season. Winter populations of juvenile coho salmon and age-O steelhead were related inversely to maximum and mean winter discharge. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Coho, LWD, Steelhead Geographic Area: Western Washington Water Body Name: Chehalis River - North Fork Porter Creek WRIA: 22, 23 83 84 Document Number: CEL-001 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): L Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Center for Environmental Law and Policy. Year of Publication: 1998 Title: Fish out of water, workshop on endangered salmon and instream flows. Source: Proceedings from a workshop presented by the Center for Environmental Law and Policy on September 30, 1998, Seattle, Washington. Review: Included in this document are four sections: 1) US Fish and Wildlife Service information on threatened and endangered species; 2) 1998 Washington State water quality assessment section 305(b) report; 3) ensuring adequate water in streams for fish from the draft statewide salmon recovery strategy water quantity core element; and 4) article entitled "Clean water is not enough" by James Karr. These documents focus on protecting stream water quantity and quality for biological values (salmon), not just for consumption. This information was assembled/prepared for a workshop, and is rather general in nature. Primary Keyword(s): Regulations, Water Quality, Water Quantity, Water Use Secondary Keyword(s): Freshwater, State Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 85 Document Number: CEN-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Center for Watershed Protection Year of Publication: 1994 Title: The Importance of Imperviousness Source: Watershed Protection Techniques 1(3): 100-111. Partial Abstract: The emerging field of urban watershed protection often lacks a unifying theme to guide the efforts of its many participants-planners, engineers, landscape architects, scientists, and local officials. The lack of a common theme has often made it difficult to achieve a consistent result at either the individual development site or cumulatively, at the watershed scale. In this article a unifying theme is proposed based on a physically defined unit: imperviousness. Impervious- ness here is defined as the sum of roads, parking lots, sidewalks, rooftops, and other impermeable surfaces of the urban landscape. This variable can be easily measured at all scales of development, as the percentage of area that is not "green." Imperviousness is a very useful indicator with which to measure the impacts of land development on aquatic systems. Reviewed here is the scientific evidence that relates imperviousness to specific changes in the hydrology, habitat structure, water quality and biodiversity of aquatic systems. This research, conducted in many geographic areas, concentrating on many different variables, and employing widely different methods, has yielded a surprisingly similar conclusion: stream degradation occurs at relatively low levels of imperviousness (~ 10%). Most importantly, imperviousness is one of the few variables that can be explicitly quantified, managed and controlled at each stage of land development. The remainder of this article details the relationship between imperviousness and stream quality. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Land Use, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Impervious, Instream Flow, Invertebrates, Nutrients, Pollution, Retention/Detention, Stormwater, Urbanization, Watershed Geographic Area: Water Body Name: WRIA: 86 Document Number: CEN-002 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Center for Watershed Protection Year of Publication: 1995 Title: The Architecture of Urban Stream Buffers Source: Wateshed Protection Techniques 1(4): 155-163. Partial Abstract: Headwater streams comprise as much as 75% of the total stream and river mileage in the contiguous United States (Leopold et al., 1964). These critical headwater streams are often se- verely degraded by the urbanization process (Schueler, 1995a). As a consequence, many communities have adopted stream buffer requirements as one element of an overall urban watershed protection strategy. Up to now, buffer requirements have been relatively simplis- tic - the "design" of a stream buffer often consists of no more than drawing a line of uniform width on a site plan. As Heraty (1993) notes, buffers designed in this manner often become invisible to contractors, property owners, and even local governments. As a result, many stream buffers fail to perform their intended function, and are subject to disturbance and encroachment. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Restoration/Recovery, Regulations, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Floodplain, Riparian, Stormwater Geographic Area: Water Body Name: WRIA: 87 Document Number: CEN-003 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Center for Watershed Protection Year of Publication: 1995 Title: Dry Weather Flow in Urban Streams Source: Watershed Protection Techniques 2(1): 284-287. Partial Abstract: Not only does impervious cover lead to greater flooding during storms, but it is also believed to cause water levels in urban streams to decline during dry periods. An increase in impervious cover prevents rainwater from infiltrating into the soil. Consequently, the water table beneath is not resupplied, the water having been flushed away downstream rather than infiltrating through pervious surfaces to the water table. If impervious cover significantly diminishes groundwater recharge, then not only do we have to deal with flooding and eroding of urban streams, but also the possibility that these same streams could experience severe decreases in water level in dry weather, with serious implications for habitat quality, especially for migrant species. Permanent streams may become intermittent and intermittent streams may disappear altogether. While flood damage can be mitigated by storm water detention practices, the problem of reduced dry-weather flows can only be approached from a whole-watershed perspective. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Land Use, Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): Flood Control, Groundwater, Impervious, Instream Flow, Urbanization Geographic Area: Water Body Name: WRIA: 88 Document Number: CEN-004 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Center for Watershed Protection Year of Publication: 1995 Title: Nutrient movement from the Lawn to the stream Source: Watershed Protection Techniques 2(1): 239-246. Authors Abstract: Are lawns a significant source of nutrients to urban streams? The answer to this frequently asked question appears to be "maybe". On the one hand, over-fertilization of home lawns has been frequently cited as an important and controllable nutrient source within urban watersheds, and has been a key element of many local outreach and pollution prevention campaigns. On the other, turfgrass researchers report that well-tended lawns produce minimal runoff and nutrient export. In this article, we explore the question of whether nutrients are moving from the lawn to the stream, by examining three areas: Trends in urban fertilizer use Research on the nutrient cycle in urban lawns Actual nutrient levels recorded in urban steams The article begins with an analysis of recent trends in lawn fertilization recommendations, and then summarizes what we know about actual fertilizer applications and behavior by the homeowner and lawn care companies. Next, the nutrient cycle of the lawn is described, including major inputs, storage components, and outputs of nitrogen and phosphorus. Potential nutrient inputs include fertilizer applications, atmospheric deposition, runoff from impervious areas such as rooftops, irrigation water with elevated nutrient content, fixation, and decomposition of clippings left on the lawn. Storage components include soil, thatch, and standing turf. Potential outputs include volatilization, denitrification, runoff, leaching, and clippings not left on the lawn. Lastly, the article reviews monitoring data from nearly 40 residential watersheds across the country to detect whether nutrient levels in urban streams are elevated during storm events, in relation to other land uses or nutrient sources. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Water Quality, Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): Nutrients, Stormwater, Urbanization Geographic Area: Water Body Name: WRIA: 89 Document Number: CEN-005 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Center for Watershed Protection Year of Publication: 1995 Title: Urban Pesticides: From the Lawn to the Stream Source: Watershed Protection Tecnhniques 2(1): 247-253. Partial Abstract: The fate of pesticides applied to our lawns remains somewhat of a mystery. Indeed, it seems to depend on whom one talks too. The fact that an enormous quantity of pesticides is being applied to our nation's lawns is beyond dispute. A key question is whether pesticides reach urban streams either by leaching into groundwater or in stormwater runoff. On one hand, turf researchers generally report very little runoff or leaching of pesticides from carefully controlled lawn test plots (see article 129). On the other hand, stream researchers frequently detect a relatively wide range of herbicides and insecticides in dry weather and storm runoff from residential watersheds, at the part per billion level. While this finding seems to demonstrate a clear link between the input of lawn pesticides and their delivery to streams, it fails to tell how they were delivered, or what environmental risk they may pose. In this article, the available research on the use, fate and environmental significance of urban pesticides are reviewed. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Land Use, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Nutrients, Pollution, Riparian, Stormwater, Urbanization Geographic Area: Water Body Name: WRIA: 90 Document Number: CEN-006 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Center for Watershed Protection Year of Publication: 1996 Title: Stream Channel Geometry Used to Assess Land Use Impacts in the Northwest Source: Watershed Protection Techniques 2(2):345-348. Partial Abstract: Many urban watershed programs fail to fully consider the implications of past, present, or future geometry of the stream system. In many instances, historical data can be used to correlate stream geometry with land use changes and watershed protection efforts. Results from efforts in other watersheds can be extrapolated to predict changes in similar stream systems. As discovered in the Pacific Northwest, the effectiveness of earlier stormwater treatment practices can be assessed by examining current stream channel stability. The observed alterations to stream channel geometry can be linked to changes in land use patterns and, therefore, can provide practical guidelines for predicting and preventing degradation in similar stream systems. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Land Use Secondary Keyword(s): Geomorphology, Instream Flow, Methods, Monitoring, Stormwater Geographic Area: Pacific Northwest Water Body Name: WRIA: 91 Document Number: CEN-007 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Center for Watershed Protection Year of Publication: 1999 Title: Microbes in Urban Watersheds: Concentrations, Sources and Pathways Source: Watershed Protection Techniques 3(1):554-565. Authors Abstract: Microbes are problematic. They are small and include hundreds of groups, species, biotypes and strains. They are ubiquitous in the environment, found on nearly every surface of the earth. They exist within us, on us, on plants, soils and in surface waters. They grow rapidly, die off, survive or multiply depending on a changing set of environmental conditions. Some microbes are beneficial to humans, while others exert no impact at all. Other microbes cause illness or disease, and a few can even kill you. The presence of some types of microbes indicates a potential risk for water contamination, while other microbes are pathogens themselves (i.e., they are known to cause disease). Microbes are nearly always present in high concentrations in stormwater, but are notoriously variable. They are produced from a variety of watershed sources, such as sewer lines, septic systems, livestock, wildlife, waterfowl, pets, soils and plants, and even the urban stormdrain system itself. It is little wonder that many watershed managers are thoroughly confused by the microbial world. This article seeks to provide enough background to help a watershed manager assess bacteria problems. It contains a national review and analysis of microbial concentrations, sources, and pathways in urban watersheds. The major focus is on fecal coliform bacteria, for which the most urban watershed data is available, but reference is also made to protozoa, such as Cryptosporidium and Giardia. The article begins with a field guide to the bacteria found in urban waters. It compares the frequency of detection, origin, indicator status and measurement units of different microbes. The next section presents a national assessment of bacteria levels in urban storm water. The last section profiles the many different human and nonhuman bacteria sources that can poten- tially occur in an urban watershed. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Land Use, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Stormwater, Urbanization Geographic Area: Water Body Name: WRIA: 92 Document Number: CEN-008 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Center for Watershed Protection Year of Publication: 2000 Title: Housing Density and Urban Land Use as Indicators of Stream Quality Source: Watershed Protection Techniques 3(1): 735-739. Partial Abstract: A large number of indicators exist to measure the amount of urbanization in a watershed, and in turn, predict stream quality. Impervious cover has traditionally been the primary indicator of watershed urbanization, but two recent studies from Ohio and Illinois focus on housing density, urban land use, and population density as indicators of urbanization. These studies provide some of the first real data on relationships between urbanization and stream quality in the Midwest. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Land Use, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Indicators, Invertebrates, Stormwater, Urbanization Geographic Area: Water Body Name: WRIA: 93 Document Number: CEN-009 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Center for Watershed Protection Year of Publication: 2000 Title: The compaction of urban soils Source: Watershed Protection Techniques 3(2): 661-665. Partial Abstract: Many professionals have an interest in the compaction of urban soils. For example, a structural engineer may need to increase compaction to provide a stable foundation for a road or building. Conversely, an urban forester or landscaper may want to decrease or prevent compaction in order to improve root growth and plant survival. A stormwater engineer must understand soil compaction to accurately model the runoff from lawns and landscaped areas, to identify suitable locations for stormwater treatment practices, or to stabilize an embankment or slope. Soil compaction is also an important issue for managers involved in land conservation, erosion and sediment control, watershed education and watershed planning. In this note, we examine how soil compaction increases in response to watershed development and the implications it has for watershed professionals. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Land Use, Water Quality, Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): Geomorphology, Sediment, Stormwater, Urbanization Geographic Area: Water Body Name: WRIA: 94 Document Number: CEN-010 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Center for Watershed Protection Year of Publication: 2000 Title: Can Urban Soil Compaction be Reversed Source: Watershed Protection Techniques 3(2): 666-669. Partial Abstract: Soil compaction appears to be an inevitable result of current construction practices (see Technical Note 107). The key question is whether it is possible to reverse soil compaction. Numerous soil scientists have evaluated practices that can avoid compaction during construction or reverse it after it occurs (Table 108.1 ). These practices include selective grading, special construction equipment, reforestation, mechanical loosening, and the use of soil amendments. This note reviews what is currently known about how well these practices work and evaluates their potential as a stormwater management strategy in urban watersheds. The consensus among soil scientists is that alleviating urban soil compaction is a very hard job. Indeed, Randrup (1998) notes that once a soil is compacted, it is extremely difficult to restore its original structure, particularly if the compaction extends several feet below the surface. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Land Use, Restoration/Recovery, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): BMP, Development, Urbanization Geographic Area: Water Body Name: WRIA: 95 Document Number: CEN-011 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Center for Watershed Protection Year of Publication: 2000 Title: The Impact of Stormwater on Puget Sound Wetlands Source: Watershed Protection Techniques 3(2) 670-675. Partial Abstract: Watershed managers have frequently questioned whether natural wetlands should be used for stormwater treatment. At the same time, wetland regulators have wondered whether upstream development and stormwater runoff might have a negative impact on the quality of natural wetlands. Until recently, these questions were largely theoretical, since very little research had been conducted on the influence of stormwater on wetlands. However, a series of recent research studies from the Pacific Northwest has shed new light on this topic. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Land Use, Water Quality, Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): Groundwater, Hyporheic, Stormwater, Urbanization Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: WRIA: 96 Document Number: CEN-012 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Center for Watershed Protection Year of Publication: 2000 Title: The Dynamics of Urban Stream Channel Enlargement Source: Watershed Protection Techniques 3(3): 729-734. Authors Abstract: IIt is widely accepted that urbanization can alter the geometry and stability of stream channels. Both anecdotal evidence and field research support the notion that the larger and more frequent discharges that accompany watershed development cause downstream channels to enlarge, whether by widening, downcutting, or a combination of both. Channel enlargement severely degrades the quality of instream habitat structure and sharply increases the annual sediment yield From the watershed. These tw6 factors, in turn, are thought to be responsible for the sharp drop in aquatic diversity frequently observed in urban streams (EPA, 1997 and Technical Note 72). Despite the large body of research available, many questions about the channel enlargement process in urban streams remain to be answered. For example, exactly how much will a channel enlarge, and how many years will it take to do so? Can the degree of enlargement be predicted by watershed indicators, such as impervious cover, age of development, geology or stream gradient? Finally, what stormwater management strategies can engineers use to mitigate the amount of future channel enlargement? In this technical note, we review past research on channel enlargement processes in urban streams and explore how long it takes streams to reach a "new equilibrium once watershed development is completed. These concepts are illustrated with some recent and historical geomorphological data drawn from Watts Branch, an urban stream in the Maryland Piedmont that has been the subject of considerable development and study for more than 40 years. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Land Use Secondary Keyword(s): Geomorphology, Impervious, Sediment, Urbanization Geographic Area: Water Body Name: WRIA: 97 Document Number: CHA-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): L Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Chapman, D. W. Year of Publication: 1981 Title: Pristine production of anadromous salmonids - Green River. Source: Final report prepared for the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Portland, Oregon. 27 p. Review: This report discusses a hydraulic simulation model for an instream flow study. Velocity, substrate, and probability-of-use curves are presented. The study site is not described except for in the title of the report. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Instream Flow Geographic Area: Unknown Water Body Name: Green River WRIA: 99 98 Document Number: CHA-005 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Chapman, D. W. Year of Publication: 1995 Title: Efficacy of structural manipulations of instream habitat in the Columbia River Basin. Source: Rivers 5(4):279-293. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery Secondary Keyword(s): Instream Geographic Area: Columbia River Water Body Name: Columbia River WRIA: 99 99 Document Number: CHA-006 Document Type: Book Document Relevance (L,M,H): L Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Chasan, D.J. Year of Publication: 1985 Title: Puget Sound books: the water link: a history of Puget Sound as a resource. Source: University of Washington Sea Grant Program, Seattle, Washington. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. See KCO-001 in this database. This book discusses the history of the transport of people and goods over the waters of Puget Sound and the pursuit of recreational and esthetic fulfillment. Primary Keyword(s): Water Use Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary, Marine Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Puget Sound WRIA: 99 100 Document Number: CHE-001 Document Type: Book Document Relevance (L,M,H): L Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Cheney, D. P. And T. F. Mumford. Year of Publication: 1986 Title: Puget Sound books: shellfish and seaweed harvest of Puget Sound. Source: University of Washington Sea Grant Program, Seattle, Washington. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. See KCO-001 in this database. This book contains a description of shellfish and seaweed capture, fisheries, and aquaculture. The discussion focuses on the commercial sector and the research, development, and political activities that have influenced these industries. Primary Keyword(s): Harvest, Non-Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary, Invertebrates, Marine Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Puget Sound WRIA: 99 101 Document Number: CHE-002 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Cheyenne, D., R. Eastman, G. Volkhardt, and J. Getz. Year of Publication: 1994 Title: Creation of rocky intertidal and shallow subtidal habitats to mitigate for the construction of a large marina in Puget Sound. Source: Bulletin of Marine Science. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. See KCO-001 in this database. This report includes an analysis of the mitigation approach used to offset the development of a 1200-slip marina and a discussion of the preliminary results of a monitoring program established to assess the use of the mitigation zone by juvenile salmon. Results of the study reveal that the mitigation habitat provided interstitial refuge for epibenthic organisms and structure for the attachment of algae, and that the original mitigation goal to replace in-kind food resource production on intertidal and subtidal cobble and gravel habitats lost due to marine construction appears to be feasible, at least in the short term. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Restoration/Recovery Secondary Keyword(s): Development, Estuary Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Puget Sound WRIA: 99 102 Document Number: CHM-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): CH2M Hill. Year of Publication: 1994 Title: Soosette Creek conceptual plan, SR 18 SE 312th Way to SE 304th Street Interchange, Volume I. Source: Report prepared for the Washington State Department of Transportation. Partial Abstract: This document presents a conceptual plan for restoring fish habitat when a culvert that conveys Soosette Creek under SR 18 is removed and replaced with an overhead bridge and open channel. Review: This report provides modeling data on the hydraulic characteristics of the stream channel. Information on habitat characteristics near the stream crossing is also provided. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids, Water Use Secondary Keyword(s): Culverts, Instream Flow, Passage Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Soosette Creek WRIA: 09 103 Document Number: CHM-002 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): CH2M Hill and Watershed Dynamics. Year of Publication: 1992 Title: SR 520 - Bear Creek relocation project alternative mitigation and restoration concepts, draft. Source: Report prepared for Washington Department of Transportation, and SR 520 Technical Advisory Committee. 23 p. Partial Abstract: This report presents five conceptual alternatives for relocating 1,630 feet of lower Bear Creek in order to accommodate highway expansion of SR 520. The report also presents stream enhancement alternatives for four of the alternatives. Review: This document provides examples of habitat enhancement and restoration alternatives that may be useful for other urban stream systems. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use, Restoration/Recovery, Water Use Secondary Keyword(s): Roads Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Bear Creek WRIA: 08 104 Document Number: CHM-003 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): CH2M Hill. Year of Publication: 1998 Title: Lakepointe development SEIS major issues: fisheries resources, updated fisheries analysis. Source: Report prepared for King County, Department of Development and Environmental Services, Bellevue, Washington. 25 p. Review: This technical report represents an independent review of the fisheries issues associated with the Lakepointe Development in support of the Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (SEIS). The report includes a good summary of past fisheries research that was conducted on Lake Washington. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use, Salmonids, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Other Salmonids, Sockeye Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Lake Washington, Sammamish River, Lake Sammamish WRIA: 08 105 Document Number: CHR-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: Yes Author(s): Michael Chrzastowski Year of Publication: 1983 Title: Historical Changes to Lake Washington and route of the Lake Washington Ship Canal, King County, Washington Source: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigation Partial Abstract: The accompanying map depicts the earliest recorded information about shorelines, streams, vegetation, and land uses fringing the lake and canal route, compiled from historical surveys and maps that predate the canal project. This historical information has been overprinted on a base map comprising the most current U.S. Geological Survey 1:24,000-scale topographic maps, so as to provide a direct comparison of the former and present-day conditions. The following text, table and figures describe (1) the lake and canal route in its present day setting, (2) the natural conditions preceding the canal project, and (3) a brief history of the canal project. Also discussed are several planning implications derived from the historical and present-day comparison. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Land Use, Restoration/Recovery, Water Quality, Water Use Secondary Keyword(s): Development, Monitoring, Nutrients, Pollution, Population, Shoreline, Urbanization, Watershed Geographic Area: Puget Sound Region Water Body Name: Lake Washington WRIA: 08 106 Document Number: CLA-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Claytor, R. A. and R. L. Ohrel. Year of Publication: 1995 Title: Environmental indicators to assess the effectiveness of municipal and industrial stormwater control programs, indicator profile sheets. Source: Draft report prepared by the Center for Watershed Protection for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Review: This document is organized as a toolbox that outlines chemical, physical, and biological indicators of stormwater impacts to aquatic systems and the potential tools available to measure the indicators. The report includes brief descriptions of the indicators, and the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Water Quality, Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): Methods, Monitoring, Stormwater Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 107 Document Number: COC-001 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Coccoli, H. A. Year of Publication: 1996 Title: Effects of springtime flow alteration on side channel habitat in the Green River. Source: M.S. thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. 77 p. Review: This thesis examined the hydraulic response of side and point bar back-channels to historic and planned water storage and diversion in the Green River, Washington. The effects of four alternative reservoir refill and diversion policies on springtime instream flow and habitat connectivity were modeled. Comparison of different refill strategies indicated that those using a longer refill period and a constant capture rate would reduce negative effects on habitat connectivity, but would result in a failure to meet specific storage objectives in 50% of water years. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Salmonids, Water Quantity, Water Use Secondary Keyword(s): Chinook, Chum, Coho, Instream Flow, Steelhead Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Green River WRIA: 09 108 Document Number: COE-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Coenen, N. L. and B. Cortright. Year of Publication: 1979 Title: Mitigation in the Oregon coastal management program. Source: Pages 103-107 in: G. A. Swanson (ed.), The mitigation symposium: a national workshop on mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitats, U.S. Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-65, Fort Collins, Colorado. Review: This paper discusses Oregon's requirement for mitigation through creation and restoration of estuarine areas to compensate for adverse impacts. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery, Regulations, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary Geographic Area: Oregon Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 109 Document Number: COE-002 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: Yes Author(s): City of Everett. Year of Publication: 1997 Title: Snohomish Estuary wetlands integration plan. Source: Cooperative effort between City of Everett, Department of Planning and Community Development, Washington Department of Ecology, and the Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10. Review: The Snohomish Estuary Wetland Integration Plan is a proposal to integrate the wetland regulatory frameworks of federal, state and local agencies into one process on the basis of an agreed-upon plan. The document includes a description of the natural resources in the estuary, as well as data used to assess estuarine conditions. The results of this assessment are used to identify restoration and enhancement opportunities in the estuary. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use, Regulations, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary, Wetland Geographic Area: City of Everett Water Body Name: Snohomish River WRIA: 07 110 Document Number: COI-001 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Perkins Coie LLP. Year of Publication: 1998 Title: A local government workshop on the Endangered Species Act. Source: Perkins Coie LLP, Washington State Offices. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. This document contains a collection of articles and proceedings relevant to legal aspects of the Endangered Species Act. Primary Keyword(s): Regulations Secondary Keyword(s): Federal Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 111 Document Number: COI-002 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): City of Issaquah. Year of Publication: 1991 Title: Issaquah natural resource lands and critical areas report. Source: Draft report, City of Issaquah, Development Review Department, Issaquah, Washington. 24 p. Partial Abstract: The Growth Management Act requires the City of Issaquah to classify and designate resource lands and critical areas and adopt development regulations before September 1, 1991. In fulfillment of this requirement, this report describes each of the natural resource lands and critical areas which has been classified and designated within the City of Issaquah. Included herein are the definitions of the areas mapped, the methodology used to classify and map the resource land or critical area, the limitations of the information provided, and a summary of the pertinent development regulations which have been enacted by the City. Review: This copy of the draft report does not include the appendices, which contain the Issaquah Critical Areas Ordinance and other rules and regulations related to the protection of sensitive areas. The included report contains description of each rule and the methods used for designating and identifying sensitive areas. Primary Keyword(s): Land Use, Restoration/Recovery Secondary Keyword(s): Development Geographic Area: City of Issaquah Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 08 112 Document Number: COL-002 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Collins, B. D. and G. R. Pess. Year of Publication: 1997 Title: Critique of Washington's watershed analysis program. Source: Journal of the American Water Resources Association 33(5):997-1010. Review: This report evaluates Washington's program of watershed analysis with respect to its goals as providing methods for cumulative effects assessment, adaptive management, and restoration. The report is a review of the first 20 watershed analyses completed in Washington State. The watershed analysis method of regulation and management will likely be used for the development of future salmon management strategies in Washington. However, the usefulness of this method for the recovery of salmon in the urban and urbanizing area is unknown. This document includes recommendations to strengthen the existing watershed analysis method, including the monitoring component. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat Secondary Keyword(s): Forestry, Methods, Riparian, Roads, Watershed Geographic Area: Washington Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 113 Document Number: COL-003 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Collings, M. R. Year of Publication: 1974 Title: Generalization of spawning and rearing discharges for several Pacific salmon species in western Washington. Source: USGS Open-file Report., prepared in cooperation with the Washington Department of Fisheries, Tacoma, Washington. 39 p. Partial Abstract: The objective of this study was to develop equations that can be used to estimate stream discharges desirable for spawning and rearing by fall chinook, spring chinook, sockeye, coho, pink, and chum salmon at sites utilized by these salmon species on streams in western Washington. For the purpose of this study two spawning discharges were selected, as follows: (1) preferred spawning discharge, the discharge that will provide the maximum area for salmon spawning and (2) spawning sustaining discharge, reduced so the percentage reduction in spawnable area equals the percentage reduction in discharge. Rearing discharges were based on the shape of the stream channel. Review: This report includes some historical data on spawning use in streams in the Tri-County area and throughout western Washington. The method used for the identification of suitable flows for salmon spawning is somewhat outdated, and should be interpreted cautiously. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Salmonids, Water Quantity, Water Use Secondary Keyword(s): Chinook, Chum, Coho, Freshwater, Instream, Instream Flow, Rearing Geographic Area: Western Washington Water Body Name: Bear Creek, Issaquah Creek, Cedar River, Green River WRIA: 08, 09, 10 114 Document Number: COL-004 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: Yes Author(s): City of Olympia and Washington Department of Ecology. Year of Publication: 1994 Title: Impervious surface reduction study, draft report. Source: City of Olympia, Public Works Department, Water Resources Program and the Washington Department of Ecology, Olympia, Washington. 12 p. Review: This draft report includes only the executive summary. Included in this report are recommendations for managing and reducing the effects of impervious surfaces. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use, Restoration/Recovery, Regulations, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Stormwater, Urbanization Geographic Area: Washington Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 115 Document Number: COL-005 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Collier, T. K., L. L. Johnson, M. S. Myers, C. M. Syeher, M. M. Krahn, and J. E. Stein. Year of Publication: 1998 Title: Fish injury in the Hylebos Waterway in Commencement Bay, Washington. Source: U.S. Department Commerce, NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NWFSC-36, 576 p. Review: This document is available on the web through the National Marine Fisheries Service web page (www.nwr.noaa.gov). The report includes results from the Hylebos Waterway fish injury assessment investigation, the juvenile salmon injury study, the flatfish toxicopathic injury study, and the flatfish reproductive injury study. The report contains data regarding chemical concentrations, biological indicators, chemical risk factors, and comparisons with historical data. Primary Keyword(s): Non-Salmonids, Salmonids, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary, Pollution Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Commencement Bay, Hylebos WRIA: 10 116 Document Number: COL-006 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Shanti R. Colwell Year of Publication: 2000 Title: Characterization of Performance Predictors and Evaluation of Mowing Practices in Biofiltration Swales Source: University of Washington M.S. Thesis Authors Abstract: Identifying the practices and characteristics that influence biofiltration swale performance is important to modifying current practices to alternatives that could provide greater benefit. Determining the real value, if any, of mowing for vegetation cover and pollutant removal could save much time, money and effort without compromising swale performance. In addition, being able to quickly evaluate a swale's current performance based on a few readily measurable features could focus retrofitting efforts on the sites that are likely performing the worst. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Restoration/Recovery Secondary Keyword(s): Cost/Benefit, Pollution, Retention/Detention, Riparian, Stormwater Geographic Area: Water Body Name: WRIA: 117 Document Number: COM-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): K. Comings, H. Wachter, T. Garrido, D. Booth Year of Publication: 2000 Title: 1998-1999 Facilities and Resources Monitoring Report for Blakely and Redmond Ridge Urban Planned Developments Source: Prepared for King County, Dept. of natural Resources, Water and Land Resources Division, Seattle, Washington Authors Abstract: Two developments, Blakely Ridge and Redmond Ridge, are being monitored under this project and are located to the northeast of the city of Redmond (Figure 1.0-1). King County, Water and Land Resources Division (WLRD) is responsible for carrying out the urban planned development (UPD) ecological monitoring. To facilitate this, WLRD has contracted with the Center for Urban Water Resources Management (CUWRM) at the University of Washington to carry out portions of the monitoring. In general, data collection for facilities, wetlands, and lake will be done by WLRD, analysis of WLRDs data along with stream monitoring is conducted by CUWRM, and groundwater data for Redmond Ridge are currently being collected by the consulting firm Associated Earth Sciences, Inc. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Land Use, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Development, Geomorphology, Gravel, Indicators, Invertebrates, Methods, Monitoring, Stormwater Geographic Area: Greater Puget Sound Region Water Body Name: WRIA: 118 Document Number: CON-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Conroy, S. C. Year of Publication: 1997 Title: Habitat lost and found, part 2. Source: Washington Trout Report 7(1):15-22. Review: This article discusses the importance of fish passage and the proper placement of culverts in regards to available habitat for salmon and trout. Also included is a discussion of the successes of Washington Trout to rectify improperly functioning culverts. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Culverts, Passage Geographic Area: Washington Water Body Name: Tolt River WRIA: 07 119 Document Number: CON-003 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): L Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Convisser, M. Year of Publication: 1979 Title: Mitigation of transportation impacts. Source: Pages 71-74 in: G. A. Swanson (ed.), The mitigation symposium: a national workshop on mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitats, U.S. Forest Service, General Tech. Report RM-65, Fort Collins, Colorado. Review: This brief paper discusses the U.S. Department of Transportation's policies and actions regarding the avoidance and mitigation of adverse environmental impacts, particularly impacts on fish and wildlife. The brevity of the discussion during this 1979 conference provides an historical context to salmon protection and recovery. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use, Restoration/Recovery Secondary Keyword(s): Roads Geographic Area: United States Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 120 Document Number: COO-001 Document Type: Book Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Cuplin, P. Year of Publication: 1986 Title: Streams. Source: Pages 225-236 in: Cooperrider, A. Y., R. J. Boyd and M. R. Stuart (eds.), Inventory and monitoring of wildlife habitat, U. S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Service Center, Denver, Colorado. 858 p. Review: This chapter provides managers at the Bureau of Land Management with an overview of common stream habitat terms and common stream habitat assessment methods. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat Secondary Keyword(s): Cost/Benefit, Methods, Monitoring Geographic Area: United States Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 121 Document Number: COO-001 Document Type: Book Document Relevance (L,M,H): L Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Cuplin, P. Year of Publication: 1986 Title: Fish. Source: Pages 237-266 in: Cooperrider, A. Y., R. J. Boyd and M. R. Stuart (eds.), Inventory and monitoring of wildlife habitat, U. S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Service Center, Denver, Colorado. 858 p. Review: This chapter provides a brief overview of stream habitat components important to fish, as well as a limited description of common fish found in western states. The chapter also provides four pages on different methods used to assess fish populations in streams including methods to determine fish presence, fish relative abundance, and fish community structure. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Life History Secondary Keyword(s): Cost/Benefit, Distribution, Methods, Monitoring, Population Geographic Area: United States Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 122 Document Number: COO-001 Document Type: Book Document Relevance (L,M,H): L Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Wagoner, O. Year of Publication: 1986 Title: Literature review. Source: Pages 29-47 in: Cooperrider, A. Y., R. J. Boyd and M. R. Stuart (eds.), Inventory and monitoring of wildlife habitat. U. S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Service Center, Denver, Colorado. 858 p. Review: This chapter provides a table of fish and wildlife information databases available through the Bureau of Land Management library. Primary Keyword(s): Non-Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Wildlife Geographic Area: United States Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 123 Document Number: COO-002 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Coots, R. (ed.) Year of Publication: 1995 Title: Guidance for conducting water quality assessments and watershed characterizations under the Nonpoint Rule (Chapter 400-12 WAC). Source: Washington State Department of Ecology, Publication No. 95-307, Olympia, Washington. 76 p. Review: The report includes tables that: 1) specify the pollutants that are useful to sample depending on the suspected pollutant sources; 2) database file specifications; and 3) sample data files formatted for standardized data reporting regarding watershed action plans pursuant to the Nonpoint Rule (Chapter 400-12 of the WAC). Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Regulations, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Pollution Geographic Area: Washington State Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 124 Document Number: COR-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: Yes Author(s): City of Renton. Year of Publication: 1998 Title: Proposed May Creek basin action plan. Source: King County Department of Public Works, Surface Water Management Division, Seattle, Washington. Review: This document outlines an action plan for correcting adverse conditions in the May Creek basin, King County. It focuses on realistic projects that can be completed in the next three to five years within the limits of available funding. Actions recommended include stream restoration, zoning restrictions, and longer-term solutions. Possible restoration sites are outlined and funding sources discussed. This is a recent basin plan developed to protect and enhance conditions in May Creek. It includes existing conditions, regulations, presents recommendations, and concludes with management expectations. ESA listings are recognized in the plan included in the discussion. The appendix includes limnological data for several lakes in King County. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use, Restoration/Recovery, Regulations, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Conservation, Methods, Urbanization, Watershed Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: May Creek WRIA: 08 125 Document Number: COR-002 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Cordell, J. R., L. M. Tear, C. A. Simenstad, and W. G. Hood. Year of Publication: 1996 Title: Duwamish River coastal America restoration and reference sites: results from 1995 monitoring studies. Source: University of Washington, School of Fisheries, Seattle, Washington. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. See KCO-001 in this database. The purpose of this study was to conduct post-restoration sampling of three wetland restoration sites in the Duwamish River estuary. Overall objectives included: 1) conducting systematic biological sampling of long-term reference and restored sites; 2) enumerating attribute species and important non-attribute species at restoration and reference sites in order to make between-site comparisons, and 3) evaluating future sampling options based on the above results. Primary Keyword(s): Restoration/Recovery Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Duwamish estuary WRIA: 09 126 Document Number: COS-002 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): City of Seattle. Year of Publication: 1998 Title: Draft Cedar River watershed habitat conservation plan. Source: City of Seattle, Seattle Public Utilities, Seattle, Washington. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. Primary Keyword(s): Land Use, Salmonids, Water Quality, Water Quantity, Water Use Secondary Keyword(s): Conservation, Cost/Benefit, Dams, Monitoring Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Cedar River WRIA: 08 127 Document Number: COW-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): L Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Cowardin, L. M., V. Carter, F. C. Golet, and E. T. LaRoe. Year of Publication: 1979 Title: Classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States. Source: USFWS, Washington D.C. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques Secondary Keyword(s): Wetland Geographic Area: United States Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 128 Document Number: CRA-002 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Cramer, S. P. and seven co-authors. Year of Publication: 1999 Title: Status of chinook salmon and habitat in Puget Sound, Volume 2, Final Report. Source: Final Report prepared by S.P.Cramer and Associates, Inc. Gresham, Oregon; prepared for Coalition of Puget Sound Businesses. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. The document is available on the website of S.P.Cramer & Associates at www.spcramer.com/. This report contains information on Puget Sound chinook salmon that is directly relevant to recovery efforts in the Tri-County region. Chapters include: Chapter 1 - Introduction; Chapter 2 - Chinook Distribution and Life History; Chapter 3 - Chinook Abundance Trends; Chapter 4 - Impacts of Ocean and Climate Cycles; Chapter 5 - Harvest Impacts; Chapter 6 - Hatchery Production and Impacts; Chapter 7 - Types of Impacts from Water and Land Development; and Chapter 8 - Synthesis of Driving Factors. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Harvest, Hatcheries, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Chinook, Dams, Escapement, Hydropower, Mortality, Population, Stocks Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Puget Sound and adjoining watersheds WRIA: 03, 04, 05, 07, 08, 09, 10, 11, 12, 15 129 Document Number: CRU-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Crumpacker, D. W. Year of Publication: 1985 Title: The Boulder Creek corridor projects: riparian ecosystem management in an urban setting. Source: Pages 389-392 in: USFS General technical report RM-120, Riparian ecosystems and their management: reconciling conflicting uses, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Authors Abstract: Protection of the riparian corridor of Boulder Creek is a major priority of the citizens of Boulder, Colorado. A description of how this is being accomplished and how the corridor will be managed for the benefit of the community is presented. Review: This paper provides detailed site specific project descriptions for 4 riparian projects being undertaken on Boulder Creek, Colorado. Also included is a discussion of the community involvement in the projects, and how the projects will benefit the community of Boulder, Colorado. Measures discussed may be applicable to other streams that have been urbanized or are undergoing urbanization. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use, Restoration/Recovery Secondary Keyword(s): Conservation, Riparian, Urbanization Geographic Area: Colorado Water Body Name: Boulder Creek WRIA: 99 130 Document Number: CUL-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Peter W. Cullen, Richard H. Norris, Vincent H. Resh, Trefor B. Reynoldson, David M. Rosenberg, Michael T. Barbour Year of Publication: 1999 Title: Collaboration in scientific research: a critical need for freshwater ecology Source: Freshwater Biology Authors Abstract: 1. Collaboration means actively working together to achieve things which could not be done alone. This article attempts to provide an overall, unified, guiding framework for collaboration in freshwater ecology by discussing aspects of collaboration at individual and organizational levels, and addressing international linkages. 2. The essential elements of collaboration are communication and trust, and effective project management. Barriers to effective collaboration include competition, organizational cultures and organizational instabilities. 3. The success of collaboration can be measured by tangible benefits such as increased numbers of peer-reviewed publications, the production of working models and a number of intangible benefits. 4. Interactions between individuals lie at the heart of an effective collaboration; organizational arrangements should facilitate this interaction. Some governments are encouraging collaboration to increase cost efficiency and allocate accountability. This trend should continue on an international level. 5. Collaboration is a key to future research in freshwater ecology. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Restoration/Recovery Secondary Keyword(s): Cost/Benefit Geographic Area: Water Body Name: WRIA: 131 Document Number: CUP-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Cupp, C. E. Year of Publication: 1989 Title: Valley segment type classification for forested lands of Washington. Source: Timber, Fish and Wildlife Ambient Monitoring Program. TFW-AM-89-001. Olympia, Washington. Review: Stream and valley forms are categorized to provide a means to extrapolate data collected on one stream reach to another of similar character. The categories are specific to Washington streams and combine in-channel characteristics with valley landform. The basic classification unit used to identify stream reaches is a valley segment type (modified from Frissell et al. 1986). Valley segments are defined by five general groups of diagnostic features: valley bottom longitudinal slope, side-slope gradient, ratio of valley bottom width to active channel width, channel pattern, and channel adjacent geomorphic surfaces. This method of classifying stream form has been used locally for watershed analyses. It is specific to forested watersheds in Washington, and has relevancy to forested streams that are undergoing urbanization. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat Secondary Keyword(s): Floodplain, Freshwater, Geomorphology, Instream, Watershed Geographic Area: Washington State Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 132 Document Number: CWP-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: Yes Author(s): Center for Watershed Protection. Year of Publication: 1998 Title: Consensus agreement on model development principles to protect our streams, lakes and wetlands. Source: Report prepared by the Site Planning Roundtable, Center for Watershed Protection, Ellicott City, Maryland. 10 p. Review: The members of the Site Planning Roundtable have developed a set of twenty-two model development principles for consideration by local planners, developers, lenders and environmental groups. This group contends that better development can only be achieved if we fundamentally change the way that land is developed - by reducing impervious cover, conserving natural areas, and preventing stormwater pollution. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use, Restoration/Recovery Secondary Keyword(s): Impervious, Stormwater, Urbanization Geographic Area: United States Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 133 Document Number: DAM-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Dames & Moore, Inc. and Biosonics. Year of Publication: 1994 Title: Salmon migration study, Manchester Naval fuel pier, Manchester, Washington, March 1993 to June 1993. Source: Report prepared for the United States Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Poulsbo, Washington. 51 p. Review: This report provides information needed to understand the migratory patterns of juvenile salmonids in relation to the new Manchester Naval Fuel Pier in Puget Sound, Washington, which was completed March 25, 1993 to replace an old existing fuel pier. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Fish Life History, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Chum, Estuary Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: West shore of Puget Sound WRIA: 15 134 Document Number: DEN-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Dennison, W. C. And six others. Year of Publication: 1993 Title: Assessing water quality with submersed aquatic vegetation: habitat requirements as barometers of Chesapeake Bay health. Source: BioScience 43(2). Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. See KCO-001 in this database. This study used habitat requirements of submersed aquatic vegetation to characterize the water quality of Chesapeake Bay. The goal of the study was to synthesize information leading to the establishment of quantitative levels of relevant water quality parameters necessary to support submersed aquatic vegetation. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary Geographic Area: Chesapeake Bay Water Body Name: Chesapeake Bay WRIA: 99 135 Document Number: DET-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Dethier, M. N. Year of Publication: 1990 Title: A marine and estuarine habitat classification system for Washington State. Source: Washington Natural Heritage Program, Department of Natural Resources. Olympia, Washington. 56 p. Review: A classification system for marine and estuarine habitat types in Washington State is described in this report. Estuarine habitat classifications are defined by depth, substratum type, energy level, and some modifiers. An extensive bibliography is appended. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary, Marine Geographic Area: Washington State Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 136 Document Number: DEV-001 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Paul DeVries Year of Publication: 2000 Title: Scour in Low Gradient Gravel Bed Streams: Patterns, Processes, and Implications for the Survival of Salmonid Embryos Source: University of Washington M. S. thesis Authors Abstract: A field investigation of scour depth in eleven gravel bed stream reaches between approximately 100 and 300 m long, with slopes between 0.001 and 0.01, showed that scour assessments need to consider two distinct bedload transport mechanisms. Substrate disturbance is caused by (i) bedload layer motion, and (ii) spatial and temporal imbalances in sediment transport rate. This work evaluates both mechanisms in the context of predicting scour depth and salmonid intragravel survival. Measurements of the maximum depth of substrate disturbed by a moving bedload layer ranged between approximately 1.5 times the 50th (D50) and twice the 90th (D90) percentile particle sizes of the streambed grain size distribution. The upper bound was also approximately equal to 1.5 times the competent grain size, and became independent of flow strength once the largest particles present were mobilized. Disturbance depth did not increase with bedload transport rate because of large stresses needed to mobilize two or more layers of the bed; surface particles may instead move faster to effect a greater transport rate. Reach-average disturbance depth increases with shear stress primarily because a greater bed area becomes active. Larger magnitude scour depths resulted from three forms of sediment transport rate imbalances. They are, in order of increasing spatial scale: (i) scour and fill of transient, finer grained bedforms located downstream of partial flow obstructions causing differential mobility; (ii) at the pool and riffle scale, where scour depth depends on inter-riffle distances and riffle deposit size and morphology; and (iii) at the reach scale in response to temporal and spatial variability in sediment supply to the channel. Salmonids may have adapted to these processes by burying eggs greater than 2 to 2.5D90 deep, and by constructing redds in locations of the channel least likely to experience significant sediment transport rate imbalances. Adverse effects of floods on intragravel survival may occur indirectly through scour-related fine sediment intrusion, rather than directly through redd scour. The findings suggest that scour depth in spawning beds is controlled strongly by the size and quantity of gravel and cobble in a reach, and weakly by flood magnitude and duration. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Salmonids, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Geomorphology, Gravel, Other Salmonids, Sediment Geographic Area: Puget Sound Region Water Body Name: Creeks within Stillaguamish, Snoqualmie, and Willapa watersheds WRIA: 05, 07 137 138 Document Number: DEW-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): David R. DeWalle, Bryan R. Swistock, Thomas E. Johnson, Kevin J. McGuire Year of Publication: 2000 Title: Potential Effects of Climate Change and Urbanization on Mean Annual Streamflow in The Unities States Source: Water Resources Research 36(9): 2655-2664 Authors Abstract: Estimates of the impacts of climate change on streamflow generally have not included concurrent effects of urbanization. A statistical analysis of historical streamflow, climate, and population data for 39 urbanizing and 21 nearby rural basins in four regions of the United States was used to estimate the future effects of climate change and urbanization on mean annual streamflow. Basins were located generally at lower elevations where streamflow was dominated by rainfall rather than snowmelt. Rural basins showed predicted average changes in mean annual streamflow ranging between +24 and -49% for the specific climate change scenarios tested (precipitation changes -20 to +20%, temperature changes 0C to +4 C). Urbanization increased mean annual streamflow in rough proportion to average cumulative changes in population density on the basins, equivalent to an average flow increase of 103% with complete watershed urbanization. Urbanization also appeared to reduce the sensitivity of mean annual streamflow to temperature changes compared to mean flow response on rural basins. No significant regional differences in mean flow response to climate change and urbanization were found. Despite the uncertainty in predicting future streamflow with models based upon past records, urbanization appears potentially capable of significantly offsetting flow declines or augmenting flow increases caused by climate change. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): Instream Flow, Urbanization Geographic Area: Water Body Name: WRIA: 139 Document Number: DFW-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife and Western Washington Treaty Indian Tribes. Year of Publication: 1994 Title: 1992 Washington state salmon and steelhead stock inventory. Appendix One, Puget Sound stocks. South Puget Sound Volume. Source: Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Life History, Hatcheries, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Escapement, Monitoring, Population Geographic Area: Washington State Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 140 Document Number: DFW-002 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Year of Publication: 1997 Title: Final environmental impact statement for the Wild Salmonid Policy. Source: Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington. 133 p. Review: This document describes the state of Washington's Wild Salmonid Policy, which was adopted in 1997. The policy addresses salmonid habitat needs, protection and maintenance of populations, conservation of genetic and life history characteristics of the wild salmonids and other factors affecting the survival and production of wild salmonids in Washington. Data provided includes summaries of salmon and steelhead stock status by species. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): State, Tribal Geographic Area: Washington State Water Body Name: Not Applicable WRIA: 99 141 Document Number: DFW-003 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Puyallup Indian Tribe, and Muckleshoot Indian Tribe. Year of Publication: 1996 Title: Recovery plan for White River Spring chinook salmon. Source: Muckleshoot Indian Tribe, Puyallup Tribe of Indians, and the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 81 p. Review: The initial goal of this recovery plan is to restore White River spring chinook to the White River watershed. The White River and its fisheries have undergone pronounced changes since the beginning of European settlement, including diversion of the channel, dam construction and operation, flood control, harvest, and hatcheries. The report contains data regarding stock status, habitat, and harvest. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Chinook, Dams, Flood Control, Hydropower, Production Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: White River, Puyallup River, Commencement Bay WRIA: 10 142 Document Number: DFW-004 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Year of Publication: 1994 Title: Explanatory statement of modifications to the Hydraulic Code rule proposal. Source: Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington. 36 p. Review: The Hydraulic Code rules (Chapter 220-110 WAC) were modified in 1994 in response to public testimony. Explanations of these revisions and the full rule are provided in this document. Primary Keyword(s): Restoration/Recovery, Regulations, Water Use Secondary Keyword(s): State Geographic Area: Washington State Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 143 Document Number: DNR-003 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): L Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Washington State Department of Natural Resources. Year of Publication: 1990 Title: Nisqually resource management plan. Source: Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Enumclaw, Washington, Final report. 69 p. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. Primary Keyword(s): Regulations Secondary Keyword(s): State Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Nisqually WRIA: 11 144 Document Number: DNR-004 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Washington State Department of Natural Resources. Year of Publication: 1998 Title: Our Changing nature: natural resource trends in Washington State. Source: Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, Washington. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. See KCO-001 in this database. This report includes a description of habitat characteristics of Puget Sound species and potential threats to their habitat. It also includes an overview of habitat value and function, existing programs, and conclusions and recommendations. Primary Keyword(s): Land Use, Regulations Secondary Keyword(s): Forestry, Shoreline, State, Watershed Geographic Area: Washington State Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 145 Document Number: DNR-005 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): King County Department of Natural Resources. Year of Publication: 1994 Title: Marine water quality assessment: analysisi and summary of water quality programs and regulation of King County's marine waters. Source: King County Department of Natural Resources, Seattle, Washington. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. See KCO-001 in this database. This report summarizes and analyzes water quality programs that directly or indirectly impact marine water quality in the waters of King County and parts of Kitsap, Pierce, and Snohomish counties. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Marine Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Puget Sound WRIA: 07, 08, 09 146 Document Number: DNR-006 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): King County Department of Natural Resources. Year of Publication: 1997 Title: Beach assessment program 1995-1996 - using volunteers to survey marine shorelines in King County. Source: King County Department of Natural Resources, Seattle, Washington. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. See KCO-001 in this database. This report was prepared to provide information about the marine life of King County beaches and to provide information to assist volunteer beach assessment programs. The report provides information on the status of plant and animal life in the intertidal area with an emphasis on invertebrates, clams, and seaweed. The report also contains observations on destructive beach uses. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques Secondary Keyword(s): Marine, Shoreline Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Puget Sound WRIA: 07, 08, 09 147 Document Number: DOB-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Craig P. Doberstein, James R. Karr, Loveday L. Conquest Year of Publication: 2000 Title: The effect of fixed-count subsampling on macroinvertebrate biomonitoring in small streams Source: Freshwater Biology 44(2): 355-371. Authors Abstract: 1. When rigorous standards of collecting and analyzing data are maintained, biological monitoring adds valuable information to water resource assessments. Decisions, from study design and field methods to laboratory procedures and data analysis, affect assessment quality. Subsampling - a laboratory procedure in which researchers count and identify a random subset of field samples - is widespread yet controversial. What are the consequences of subsampling? 2. To explore this question, random subsamples were computer generated for subsample sizes ranging from 100 to 1000 individuals as compared with the results of counting whole samples. The study was done on benthic invertebrate samples collected from five Puget Sound lowland streams near Seattle, WA, USA. For each replicate subsample, values for 10 biological attributes (e.g. total number of taxa) and for the IO-metric benthic index of biological integrity (B-IBI) were computed. 3. Variance of each metric and B-IBI for each subsample size was compared with variance associated with fully counted samples generated using the bootstrap algorithm. From the measures of variance, we computed the maximum number of distinguishable classes of stream condition as a function of sample size for each metric and for B-IBI. 4. Subsampling significantly decreased the maximum number of distinguishable stream classes for B-IBI, from 8.2 for fully counted samples to 2.8 classes for 100-organism subsamples. For subsamples containing 100-300 individuals, discriminatory power was low enough to mislead water resource decision makers. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Indicators, Invertebrates Geographic Area: Puget Sound Region Water Body Name: Rock Creek, Carey Creek, Little Bear Creek, North Creek, Thornton Creek WRIA: 08 148 Document Number: DOE-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Washington Department of Ecology. Year of Publication: 1994 Title: Management options for unstable coastal bluffs. Source: Washington Department of Ecology, Olympia, Washington. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. See KCO-001 in this database. This report provides a review of alternatives to armoring structures for Puget Sound shorelines. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat Secondary Keyword(s): Marine, Shoreline Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Puget Sound WRIA: 99 149 Document Number: DOE-002 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Washington Department of Ecology Year of Publication: 1994 Title: Regional approaches to address coastal erosion management. Source: Washington Department of Ecology, Olympia, Washington. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. See KCO-001 in this database. Marine shoreline erosion is a concern to both coastal property owners and the users and managers of coastal public resources. Shoreline owners typically react to incidents of erosion by constructing concrete structures, which have an adverse impact on habitats supporting fish and other biological resources. This report is intended to provide specific models that can be recommended as amendments to local Shoreline Master Programs. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat Secondary Keyword(s): Marine, Shoreline Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Puget Sound WRIA: 99 150 Document Number: DOE-003 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Washington Department of Ecology. Year of Publication: 1994 Title: Policy alternatives for coastal erosion management. Source: Washington Department of Ecology, Olympia, Washington. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. See KCO-001 in this database. This report presents an overview of the current policy framework used in Puget Sound to address coastal erosion. The report provides a critical evaluation of alternative erosion management policies, strategies, and policy support tools that may enhance the framework. The report also includes a review of relevant policies and support tools being used by other states that may be appropriate to Puget Sound. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat Secondary Keyword(s): Marine, Shoreline Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Puget Sound WRIA: 99 151 Document Number: DOI-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Barrett, H. and eight co-authors. Year of Publication: 1995 Title: Riparian area management, process for assessing proper functioning condition. Source: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. Technical reference 1737-9, Denver, Colorado. 60 p. Authors Abstract: This technical reference outlines the Bureau of Land Management's (BLM's) process for assessing the functioning condition of riparian areas on public lands. Emphasis is placed on the interaction of vegetation, landform/soils, and hydrology in defining capability and potential of an area. The importance of using an interdisciplinary team is also stressed. The document describes four categories of functioning condition - proper functioning condition, functional - at risk, nonfunctional, and unknown, and discusses management strategies for each. Review: This document is supplemented by TR 1737-11 (see DOI-002 in this database). Included in this report is a discussion of the assessment process, discussion of implementing the assessment process, examples of riparian-wetlands, process checklist, and reporting table. Although this method was developed for Bureau of Land Management public lands, the document provides an alternative method and objectives that contribute to the overall context for salmonid recovery. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques Secondary Keyword(s): Riparian, Watershed, Wetland Geographic Area: United States Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 152 Document Number: DOI-002 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Bridges, C., W. Hagenbuck, R. Krapf, S. Leonard, and D. Pritchard. Year of Publication: 1994 Title: Riparian area management, process for assessing proper functioning condition for lentic riparian-wetland areas. Source: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Technical Reference 1737-11, Denver, Colorado. Authors Abstract: This technical reference outlines the BLM's (Bureau of Land Management) process for assessing the functioning condition of lentic riparian-wetland areas on public lands. Emphasis is placed on the interaction of vegetation, landform/soils, and hydrology in defining capability and potential of an area. The importance of using an interdisciplinary team is also stressed. Review: This document supplements Technical Reference 1737-9 (see DOI-001 in this database), which was principally designed for lotic riparian-wetland areas. The purpose of this document is to provide a thorough process for assessing PFC (properly functioning condition) for lentic riparian-wetland areas on BLM-managed lands. The process for assessing PFC is outlined, problem wetlands discussed, and an appendix of examples and a checklist is included in the document. The process itself involves reviewing existing literature, analyzing the definition of functionality, and assessing functionality (including vegetation, hydrogeomorphology soils, water quality and biotic condition). While this method is not used in the Tri-County area, the document provides an alternative method and objectives that contribute to the overall context for salmonid recovery. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques Secondary Keyword(s): Methods, Monitoring, Riparian, Watershed, Wetland Geographic Area: United States Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 153 Document Number: DOL-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Dolloff, C. A., D. G. Hankin, and G. H. Reeves. Year of Publication: 1992 Title: Draft basinwide estimation of habitat and fish populations in streams. Source: (date is approximate) unpublished paper, USDA Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Blacksburg, Virginia. Review: Three methods are described to inventory habitat and fish populations. These include: 1) comprehensive surveys where all habitats are measured and all fish counted; 2) representative reaches where findings at the reach level are extrapolated to the watershed scale; and 3) basinwide estimations based on Hankin and Reeves (1988). The basinwide estimation requires visual notes on every reach within the study area and actual measurements at preselected intervals. The visual estimations and actual measurements are used to compute calibration ratios to correct for observer biases. Because actual measurements should be taken on a minimum of 10 units for each habitat type, costs are lower if the sampling team identifies only a few habitat types. Surveys of large streams also often take less time than smaller ones, because they consist of fewer but larger habitat units for any length. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat Secondary Keyword(s): Population Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 154 Document Number: DOU-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Doughty, K., J. E. Caldwell, and K. Sullivan. Year of Publication: 1991 Title: T/F/W stream temperature method: user's manual. Source: TFW-WQ4-91-002, Timber, Fish and Wildlife CMER Water Quality Steering Committee and Washington Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, Washington. 44 p. Partial Abstract: The methods described in this manual include both a graphical temperature screen for identifying stream temperature categories and a computer model. Review: The manual presents a step-by-step method for determining shade levels necessary to meet Washington state water quality criteria. The temperature screen is a tool to predict temperature based on site elevation and stream shading. The authors' stress that as with all models, predications and classifications obtained using this method must be interpreted with professional judgement, common sense, and a knowledge of local conditions. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Salmonids, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Temperature Geographic Area: Washington state Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 155 Document Number: DOW-001 Document Type: Book Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Downing, J. D. Year of Publication: 1983 Title: The coast of Puget Sound: its processes and development. Source: University of Washington Sea Grant Program, Seattle, Washington. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. See KCO-001 in this database. This book contains an overview of the basic principles of sediment transport and wave effects on Puget Sound beaches. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary, Sediment, Shoreline Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Puget Sound WRIA: 99 156 Document Number: DRO-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): L Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Drost, B. W. Year of Publication: 1982 Title: Water resources of the Gig Harbor Peninsula and adjacent areas, Washington. Source: Report prepared in cooperation with the Pierce County Planning Department, USGS Water Resources Investigations Open-File Report 81-1021, Tacoma, Washington. 148 p. plus map. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. This report defines movement, quantity and quality of groundwater, surface water and lakes in the Gig Harbor Peninsula. The report further develops a database of this information and identifies problem areas that may need further study. No information specific to fish habitat is included. Primary Keyword(s): Water Quality, Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): Groundwater Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Gig Harbor WRIA: 15 157 Document Number: DUD-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Dudley, S. J. and J. C. Fischenich, and S. R. Abt. Year of Publication: 1998 Title: Effect of woody debris entrapment on flow resistance. Source: Journal of the American Water Resources Association 34(5):1189-1197. Authors Abstract: Recent environmental concerns in floodplain management have stimulated research of the effect vegetation and debris have on flow conveyance, and their function in a productive riparian ecosystem. Although the effect of stable, in-channel woody debris formation on flow resistance has been noted by several authors, studies concerning entrapment of detrital debris in vegetation are lacking. Logs, limbs, branches, leaves and other debris transported during flooding often become lodged against bridges, hydraulic structures, trees and vegetation, and other obstacles, particularly in and near the overbank areas. Hydraulic measurements obtained in a channel prior to and following the removal of woody debris indicated that the average Manning's n value was 39 percent greater when woody debris was present. An examination of the drag-velocity relation for vegetation indicated that an increase in the frontal area of debris and/or vegetation results in a nearly proportional increase in Manning's n. The influence of debris on flow resistance decreased as flow depth increased. Review: This investigation focused on the role of vegetation and large woody debris in streams and the effect on the Manning's n value. The study provides concise information for use within the levels of flow studied (up to 0.6 m). The importance of large woody debris and vegetation has been recognized for salmon habitat. This study defines large woody debris and vegetation's role in flow retention. Findings of the field study are presented in which flow measurements were conducted in a man-made channel with natural vegetation and debris prior to and following the removal of woody debris. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Water Use Secondary Keyword(s): Flood Control, Floodplain, Instream Flow, LWD, Riparian Geographic Area: Oklahoma Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 158 Document Number: DUF-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Duff, D. A., M. Gnehm, T. Shrader, and L. Howard. Year of Publication: 1986 Title: Indexed bibliography on stream habitat improvement. Source: U.S. Forest Service and U.S. Department of Agriculture. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. This bibliography contains 1106 references from 1933 to 1985. While this is an excellent source of information on habitat enhancement and restoration before 1985, additional research has been completed since this time. Some references presented may be useful for evaluating restoration options in urban streams. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Life History, Non-Salmonids, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Cost/Benefit, Culverts, Passage Geographic Area: Worldwide Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 159 Document Number: DUK-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Duke, D. L. and M. M. Kihara. Year of Publication: 1998 Title: Water quality concerns and regulatory controls for nonstorm water discharges to storm drains. Source: Journal of the American Water Resources Association 34(3):661-676. Partial Abstract: Nonstorm water discharges to municipal separate storm sewer systems are notable for spatial and temporal variability in volume, pollutant type, pollutant concentration, and activity of origin. The objective of this paper was to determine whether current technical knowledge and existing U.S. policy support an improved regulatory approach. Review: This report focuses on evaluating discharges from industrial facilities. The discussion presents regulatory and policy foundations for control of pollutants in nonstorm water discharges, and the occurrence of this type of discharge. The results of this study provide valuable data that can be used to support modifications to existing discharge regulations in urban and urbanizing areas. Primary Keyword(s): Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Pollution, Stormwater, Urbanization Geographic Area: California Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 160 Document Number: EAT-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Eaton, C. M. and P. A. Dinnel. Year of Publication: 1993 Title: Development of trawl-based criteria for assessment of demersal fauna (macroinvertebrates and fishes): pilot study in Puget Sound, Washington. Source: Report prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 84 p. Partial Abstract: The demersal fauna (marine fishes and macroinvertebrates) were sampled in two different paired locations (contaminated vs. reference) using research-sized beam and otter trawls during the last two weeks of June, 1993. Review: This study resulted in catches of juvenile pink and chinook salmon in the estuarine waters, but the focus of the study was on flatfish and Pacific tomcod. The appendices contain data on water quality, fish catch, fish sizes, and health indices. Primary Keyword(s): Non-Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Pollution, Sediment Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Hylebos Waterway, Blair Waterway, Blakely Harbor, Eagle Harbor WRIA: 99 161 Document Number: ECO-001 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Horner, R. R. and seven co-authors. Year of Publication: 1996 Title: Wetlands and urbanization, implications for the future. Source: Proceedings of a conference sponsored by the Puget Sound Wetlands and Stormwater Management Research Program, Lake Washington Technical College, Kirkland, Washington. Review: These proceedings were compiled for a conference on wetlands and urbanization. Sections include: 1) an overview of the Puget Sound Wetlands and Stormwater Management Research Program; 2) descriptive ecology of freshwater wetlands in the central Puget Sound basin; 3) functional aspects of freshwater wetlands in the central Puget Sound basin; and 4) management of freshwater wetlands in the central Puget Sound basin. Also included is a list of conference participants. The document contains useful information on the wetland ecosystems within the Tri-County area, including some components that influence salmon habitat. Primary Keyword(s): Land Use, Restoration/Recovery, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Urbanization, Wetland Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 162 Document Number: ECO-002 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Washington State Department of Ecology. Year of Publication: 1989 Title: Proposed plan for Commencement Bay nearshore/tideflats Superfund site. Source: Washington State Department of Ecology, Olympia, Washington. Prepared under requirements of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986, Sec. 117. (89-9) February 1989. 11 p. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. Primary Keyword(s): Restoration/Recovery Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Commencement Bay WRIA: 10 163 Document Number: ECO-003 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Washington State Department of Ecology. Year of Publication: 1992 Title: North Creek watershed management plan draft technical supplement. Source: Washington State Department of Ecology, Olympia, Washington and Snohomish County Public Works Surface Water Management, June 1992. 220 p. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. Primary Keyword(s): Regulations Secondary Keyword(s): County, Watershed Geographic Area: Snohomish County Water Body Name: North Creek WRIA: 08 164 Document Number: ECO-004 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Cusimano, R. F. Year of Publication: 1994 Title: Technical guidance for assessing the quality of aquatic environments. Source: Washington State Department of Ecology, Report 91-78 (revised), Olympia, Washington. Authors Abstract: The Watershed Assessments Section of Ecology prepared this guidance manual which discusses developing water quality assessment programs and technical methods for conducting water quality studies. The manual provides a brief overview of water quality and ecological concepts with respect to Washington State regulations. The manual also describes survey planning, study design, report writing, and data management activities, as well as assessment techniques for water, biota, and sediment quality. In addition, the manual provides an annotated bibliography and extensive reference section of water quality-related publications. This manual is written for those interested in improving their understanding of the water quality assessment process., including persons interested in meeting Ecology grant program requirements. Review: This report will aid in the understanding of water quality assessment procedures applicable to urban and urbanizing systems. Survey and study plans are outlined, including fish surveys. Basic ecological concepts are also discussed. The provided annotated bibliography is a good resource for further detailed information. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Regulations, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Monitoring, Sediment Geographic Area: Washington State Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 165 Document Number: ECO-006 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Washington State Department of Ecology. Year of Publication: 1996 Title: Port of Everett Piers 1 and 3 sediments and medium-draft nearshore confined disposal facility. Source: Prepared by the Washington State Department of Ecology, Northwest Regional Office, Bellevue, Washington. Review: This report includes some detailed bathymetric maps of the study area. The report focuses on sediment contaminants and restoration options. Primary Keyword(s): Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary, Sediment Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Port of Everett WRIA: 07 166 Document Number: ECO-007 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Washington State Department of Ecology. Year of Publication: 1990 Title: Final Environmental Impact Statement for the Washington State sediment management standards: Chapter 173-204 WAC. Source: Washington State Department of Ecology, Olympia, Washington. Partial Abstract: This final EIS covers the portion of the rule concerned with adoption of statewide sediment management standards for source control and cleanup activities, including detailed requirements for establishing sediment impact zones and a cleanup decision process. Review: This document is relevant to restoration efforts in the urban estuarine areas. The partial copy of this document in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library does not include every chapter. Primary Keyword(s): Regulations, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Sediment Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Puget Sound WRIA: 99 167 Document Number: EGG-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Eggers, D. M. and six co-authors. Year of Publication: 1978 Title: The Lake Washington ecosystem: the perspective from the fish community production and forage base. Source: Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 35: 1553-1571. Partial Abstract: This paper presents the Lake Washington ecosystem from the perspective of total fish community production and the respective contributions of forage base groups of zooplankton, mysids, benthos, and fish to this production. The objective is to provide insight into the response of ecosystem components to changes in lake trophic state and into the determinants of fish community structure. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Predation, Production Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Lake Washington WRIA: 08 168 Document Number: ELL-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Elliott, S. and P. K. Mason. Year of Publication: 1985 Title: Salmon run. Source: Landscape Architecture 75(3). Partial Abstract: Collaboration in a Bothell, Washington, industrial park reclaims a ditch for a special user group - generations of salmon. Review: This article describes an industrial park project (Koll project) that integrated the reclamation of a ditch for salmon habitat into its design. The document outlines the project, and follows the rehabilitation process step by step. A discussion of the riparian habitat to be created and in-channel spawning conditions is also discussed. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use, Restoration/Recovery Secondary Keyword(s): City, Conservation, Riparian, Urbanization Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: North Creek WRIA: 08 169 Document Number: ELM-001 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): S.E. Elmer Year of Publication: 2001 Title: Spatially Explicit Modeling of Impervious Surface Within Land Uses. Source: Master of Urban Planning Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Authors Abstract: Development and urbanization have greatly altered conditions of the environment. One area of major ecological change is the natural hydrological process, in both the amount and type of runoff that occurs due to development. Once soil has been compacted or covered with impervious surface, it reaches surface saturation more quickly and more frequently, causing the introduction of overland flows, in areas where subsurface flow processes would naturally exist. These changes, along with the introduction of highly efficient artificial drainage systems, cause higher amounts of rainfall to become runoff that occurs much faster than pre-development. Studying the effects of impervious surface and the role of its spatial configuration on our aquatic ecosystems is important because it is a factor that could be managed in planning regulations. Current methods of modeling urban runoff do not consider the spatial configuration of impervious surface within land uses. I propose that a better understanding of the relationship between total and effective impervious surface in different land uses is critical to develop specific regulations that minimize impacts of urban development on the hydrological system. Using GIS, orthophoto analysis, and visual assessment, I analyzed the relationship between amount and configuration of impervious surface across land uses. A relationship between the total amount and pattern of impervious surface was found, and the relationship varies across land uses. Therefore, it is imperative that planners consider the spatial configuration of impervious surface within land uses when regulating development both at the watershed and parcel levels. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Land Use, Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): Development, Impervious, Instream Flow, Population, Stormwater, Urbanization Geographic Area: Water Body Name: WRIA: 170 Document Number: EMB-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: Yes Author(s): Embrey, S. S. Year of Publication: 1991 Title: Available habitat for salmon and steelhead trout in the lower Puyallup, White, and Carbon Rivers in western Washington. Source: USGS, Water Resources Investigations Report 89-4125, Tacoma, Washington. 62 p. Partial Abstract: The Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (IFIM) was used to determine available habitat for anadromous fish in 1984 and 1985 in the lower Puyallup, White, and Carbon rivers in western Washington. Computer simulated stream discharge-habitat relations were used to identify maximum habitat and corresponding discharge for different life stages and species of fish. Habitat available during median discharge for each month that a particular fish is present in the river at a study site was identified. These habitat areas at median discharges were averaged for the period of time fish were present at a site, and were used to rank the six sites from greatest average habitat through least average habitat. Review: An IFIM was conducted in 1984 and 1985 in the Puyallup, White, and Carbon rivers. Water-surface elevation, total stream discharge, and water depths and velocities were measured. Methods used for these measurements followed USGS procedures. Substrate was measured once at each habitat cross section. Habitats were subsequently quantified and estimated for a range of flows. This document describes the application of the IFIM and provides useful information on habitat-flow relationships in these urbanizing rivers. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Fish Life History, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Instream Flow, Watershed Geographic Area: Pierce County Water Body Name: Puyallup River, White River, Carbon River WRIA: 10 171 Document Number: EMB-002 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Sandra S. Embrey Year of Publication: 2001 Title: Microbiological Quality of Puget Sound Basin Streams and Identification of Contaminant Sources Source: Journal of the American Water Resources Association 37(2): 407-421 Authors Abstract: Fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci, and somatic coliphages were detected in samples from 31 sites on streams draining urban and agricultural regions of the Puget Sound Basin Lowlands. Densities of bacteria in 48 and 71 percent of the samples exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's freshwater recreation criteria for Escherichia coli and enterococci, respectively, and 81 percent exceeded Washington State fecal coliform standards. Male-specific coliphages were detected in samples from 15 sites. Male-specific F+RNA coliphages isolated from samples taken at South Fork Thornton and Longfellow Creeks were serotyped as Group II, implicating humans as potential contaminant sources. These two sites are located in residential, urban areas. F+RNA coliphages in samples from 10 other sites, mostly in agricultural or rural areas, were serotyped as Group I, implicating non-human animals as likely sources. Chemicals common to wastewater, including fecal sterols, were detected in samples from several urban streams, and also implicate humans, at least in part, as possible sources of fecal bacteria and viruses to the streams. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Land Use, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Instream, Monitoring, Pollution, Stormwater, Urbanization, Wastewater Geographic Area: Puget Sound Region Water Body Name: Thornton Creek, Longfellow Creek WRIA: 08, 09 172 Document Number: EMM-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Emmett, K. Year of Publication: 1995 Title: Watershed approach to water quality management - needs assessment for the South Puget Sound watershed. Source: Washington State Department of Ecology, Water Quality Program Southwest Regional Office, Olympia, Washington. June 1995. WQ-95-64. 42 p. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. Primary Keyword(s): Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Watershed Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Puget Sound WRIA: 99 173 Document Number: EMM-002 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): L Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Emmerling-DiNovo, C. Year of Publication: 1995 Title: Stormwater detention basins and residential locational decisions. Source: Journal of the American Water Resources Association 31(3):515. Authors Abstract: Residents of seven subdivisions with wet and dry stormwater basins were questioned about the role the basin played in their decision to purchase their home. They were asked to estimate the impact of such basins on the image of residential developments and on lot values. Respondents believed that wet basins contributed positively to subdivision image and that lots in developments with wet basins were more valuable than comparable lots in dry basin subdivisions. Lots adjacent to wet basins were perceived as the most valuable, while those adjacent to dry basins were considered the least valuable. Review: Public involvement in the salmon recovery may benefit from results that show improved image or value of property with stormwater detention basins and other facilities used for salmon recovery. Identification of public involvement and potential benefits should factor in the selection of engineering designs. Survey data are presented. Primary Keyword(s): Water Quality, Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): Retention/Detention Geographic Area: Illinois Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 174 Document Number: ENS-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): L Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): ENSR Consulting and Engineering. Year of Publication: 1993 Title: Preliminary non-point source pollution assessment. Source: Prepared by ENSR Consulting and Engineering, prepared for United States Army Directorate of Engineering and Housing, Fort Lewis, Washington, November 1993, Document Number 6583-092-300. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. Primary Keyword(s): Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Pollution, Stormwater Geographic Area: Pierce County Water Body Name: unknown WRIA: 99 175 Document Number: ENT-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Entranco Engineers. Year of Publication: 1989 Title: Lake Sammamish water quality management project, technical report. Source: Chapter 3 prepared by Entranco Engineers, Inc. for the Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle, King County, and the Cities of Bellevue, Redmond, and Issaquah. Partial Abstract: The purpose of this chapter is to identify, based on available information, both structural and nonstructural techniques for the removal of phosphorus from surface water runoff. Review: The control of phosphorus loading from urbanizing lands is a water quality concern for Lake Sammamish, Washington. This chapter discusses a variety of available structural and non-structural control methods to remove phosphorus from urban stormwater. Primary Keyword(s): Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Nutrients, Pollution Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Lake Sammamish WRIA: 08 176 Document Number: ENT-002 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Entranco Engineers. Year of Publication: 1994 Title: Bear, Evans, Cottage Lake, and Mackey Creeks, habitat problems, prioritization, and solution development - technical memorandum. Source: Report prepared for King County Surface Water Management Division, Seattle, Washington. Review: The purpose of this report is to provide a single reference document for Bear Creek which includes the basis for stream habitat problem definition, the basis for stream reach problem prioritization, planning level solutions, planning level costs for stream improvement, and guidance on implementing solutions that will aid this capital improvement project and future stewardship efforts. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery Secondary Keyword(s): Cost/Benefit Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Bear, Evans, Cottage Lake, and Mackey Creeks WRIA: 08 177 Document Number: ENT-003 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Entranco Engineers, Taylor Associates, and Envirovision. Year of Publication: 1997 Title: Riverton Creek stormwater quality management plan, water quality, stream habitat, and flood control. Source: Report prepared for the City of Tukwila, Washington. Partial Abstract: This report identifies a variety of capital facilities and other nonstructural management measures recommended to protect, enhance, and restore the functions and values of Riverton Creek. Review: A stream special study, including photos and data, is included in this report. Other data contained in this report include estimated annual pollutant loading at the mouth of the creek. This is a comprehensive overview of a severely altered stream and potential restoration options. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Flood Control Geographic Area: City of Tukwila Water Body Name: Riverton Creek WRIA: 09 178 Document Number: EPA-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): L Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Plafkin, J. L., M. T. Barbour, K. D. Porter, S. K. Gross, and R. M. Hughes. Year of Publication: 1989 Title: Rapid bioassessment protocols for use in streams and rivers: benthic macroinvertebrates and fish. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, EPA/440/4-89/001, Washington D.C. Review: This document has been superceded by a 1996 document (see EPA-006 in this database). Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Non-Salmonids, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Invertebrates, Monitoring Geographic Area: United States Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 179 Document Number: EPA-002 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Year of Publication: 1995 Title: Ecological restoration: a tool to manage stream quality. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, EPA 841-F-95-007, Washington, D.C. Review: This document focuses on restoration as it applies to water quality and as it provides natural options for meeting the Clean Water Act (CWA). Included are cost-effectiveness assessments of restoration in comparison to traditional water quality management tools. Chapter 6 provides seven case studies to demonstrate the effectiveness of using restoration techniques to achieve water quality goals. This is a generalized document useful for planners. It also contains a useful annotated bibliography on restoration. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Cost/Benefit, Freshwater Geographic Area: United States Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 180 Document Number: EPA-005 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): L Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Macy-Marcy, S. K. (editor). Year of Publication: 1990 Title: Biological criteria. National program guidance for surface waters. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria and Standards Division, EPA-440/5-90-004, Washington D. C. Partial Abstract The Clean Water Act (Act) directs the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to develop programs that will evaluate, restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation's waters. In response, States and EPA implemented chemically based water quality programs that successfully addressed significant water quality problems. To create a more comprehensive program, EPA is setting a new priority for the development of biological water quality criteria. This will help States and EPA achieve objectives in Section 101 of the Act and comply with statutory requirements under Sections 303 and 304. This document provides guidance for the development and implementation of biological criteria and to promote national consistency in application. Biological criteria are valuable because they directly measure the condition of the resource at risk, detect problems that other methods may miss or underestimate, and provide a systematic process for measuring progress resulting from the implementation of water quality programs. To develop values for biological criteria, States should: 1) identify unimpaired reference waterbodies to establish the reference condition; and 2) characterize the aquatic communities inhabiting reference surface waters. The biological integrity of reference sites must be evaluated using quantifiable biological surveys. A quality biological survey will include multiple community components (e.g., fish, macroinvertebrates, algae) and may be measured using a variety of metrics. When implemented, biological criteria will expand and improve water quality standards programs, help identify impairment of beneficial uses, and help set program priorities. Review: This document describes some of the initial efforts at incorporating biological criteria into existing chemically-based water quality standards. A more recent document regarding this topic is Bauer and Ralph 1999 (see BAU-001 in this database). Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Non-Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Freshwater, Invertebrates, Methods, Monitoring, Non-Salmonid Fish Geographic Area: United States Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 181 Document Number: EPA-006 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Year of Publication: 1996 Title: Draft revision to rapid bioassessment protocols for use in streams and rivers: periphyton, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fish. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Assessment and Watershed Protection Division, October 30, 1996. Review: This revision provides an updated compilation of the most cost-effective and scientifically valid biological monitoring approaches available for streams and rivers. The benthic macroinvertebrate monitoring method has been adopted by many agencies in the Pacific Northwest, including some agencies in the Tri-County area. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Cost/Benefit, Freshwater, Indicators, Instream, Invertebrates, Methods, Monitoring Geographic Area: United States Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 182 Document Number: EVS-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Gibbons, W. N., M. D. Munn, and M. D. Paine. Year of Publication: 1993 Title: Guidelines for monitoring benthos in freshwater environments. Source: Report prepared by EVS Consultants for Environment Canada, North Vancouver, B.C. Review: This report provides guidelines that are the product of a technically-based workshop on benthic invertebrate monitoring. The workshop attempted to develop standardized guidelines for conducting benthos monitoring in freshwater environments. Ideas, opinions, and consensus identified during the workshop are summarized in the report. The guidelines include chapters devoted to: QA/QC, definition of objectives, study design, field sampling, sample processing, data analysis, and reporting. Some chapters are more detailed than others, but each contains basic steps or major areas that should be addressed to complete a successful monitoring program. Each chapter is also well-referenced. The guidelines provide a useful framework for anyone interested in benthic invertebrate monitoring of disturbed or pristine freshwater habitats, and are applicable to urban and urbanizing stream systems. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Non-Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Indicators, Invertebrates, Methods, Monitoring Geographic Area: British Columbia Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 183 Document Number: EVS-002 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): EVS Environmental and Adolfson Associates. Year of Publication: 1996 Title: Marine water quality assessment: water quality/biota data analysis. Source: Report prepared for King County Department of Natural Resources, Seattle, Washington. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. See KCO-001 in this database. This issue paper assesses the physical, biological, and chemical conditions of the marine waters of King County; identifies sources of pollution and water quality conditions that threaten marine waters of King County; identifies habitats or resources that are negatively impacted by water or sediment quality; and compiles information on known or possible resource and habitat stress resulting from poor water quality. Primary Keyword(s): Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary, Marine Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Puget Sound WRIA: 07, 08, 09 184 Document Number: FAI-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Peter G. Fairweather Year of Publication: 1999 Title: Determining the 'health' of Estuaries: Prioritites for Ecological Research Source: Australian Journal of Ecology 24: 441-451 Authors Abstract: 'Ecosystem health' is a relatively new concept for environmental science and management. Although at least two international journals use the term in their titles, there have been few applications of it for estuaries and soft-sediment habitats around the world. In this paper 1: (i) introduce the ideas behind ecosystem health, and assess their relation with other usage such as 'integrity' or 'quality'; (ii) sketch the sorts of multidisciplinary studies that could contribute to an assessment of health of an estuary and how these must be approached in developing useful indicators) and (iii) make a case for including measurements of the rates of ecological processes in such an assessment. These rate measurements, termed 'ecoassays', focus on important processes such as decomposition, recruitment) predator-prey interactions, and the like. A case study is introduced wherein these processes were assessed in mangrove stands of estuaries around Sydney) New South Wales, by explicitly comparing the rates of herbivory and decomposition of mangrove leaves) attack of fallen wood by shipworms, and colonization of pneumatophores by algae, as well as with more traditional estimates of 'standing stocks'. Not surprisingly, the different measures retrieved various patterns and the challenge now is to integrate these into a scheme that indicates something of value. The potential utility of such measures is discussed in relation to the various scientific and managerial requirements of environmental monitoring. Review: This article provides general concepts regarding the assessment of estuarine health. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary, Indicators, Methods, Monitoring Geographic Area: Water Body Name: WRIA: 185 Document Number: FAU-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Fausch, K. D., C. L. Hawkes, and M. G. Parsons. Year of Publication: 1988 Title: Models that predict standing crop of stream fish from habitat variables: 1950-1985. Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, General Technical Report PNW-GTR-213, Portland, Oregon. Partial Abstract: We reviewed mathematical models that predict standing crop of stream fish (number or biomass per unit area or length of stream) from measurable habitat variables and classified them by the types of independent habitat variables found significant, by mathematical structure, and by model quality. We grouped the 99 reviewed models into (a) primarily drainage basin (5 models), (B) primarily channel morphometry and flow (16 models), (C) primarily habitat structure, biological, physical, and chemical (25 models), (D) a combination of several types of variables (39 models), and (E) tests of weighted usable area as a habitat model (14 models). We found that sound statistical procedures were often overlooked or were minimized during development of many models. Frequent problems were too small a sample size, possible bias caused by error in measuring habitat variables, using poor methods for choosing the best model, not testing models, using models based on observational data to predict standing crop, and making unrealistic assumptions about capture probabilities when estimating standing crop. The major biological assumption - that the fish population was limited by habitat rather than fishing mortality, interspecific competition, or predation - usually was not addressed. We found five main ways stream-fish-habitat models are used in fishery management. To be useful for analyzing land management alternatives, models must include variables affected by management and be specific for a homogenous area of land. Review: The authors concluded that most relatively precise models stem from data collected over relatively short periods (often only one season of one year), or over relatively small geographic areas (often a single stream or watershed), or both, and thus lack generality. These models can not be assumed to be valid across years or in areas beyond the defined population. This paper provides a valuable review of the most common problems with model development and use, and is a useful reference when considering model development for evaluating urban and urbanizing streams. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat Secondary Keyword(s): Freshwater, Indicators, Methods, Population Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 186 Document Number: FIN-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Finney, D. E. Year of Publication: 1981 Title: Status report: current fisheries resource and management of the White River drainage. Source: L. D. Burnstad, and J. A. Doyle (eds.), Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Washington. 29 p. plus appendices. Partial Abstract: The objective of this report is to inform U.S. Forest Service personnel of the current management situation for anadromous fisheries in the White River portion of the Puyallup River system. Review: This document contains summarized and historical information on the White River system, which flows into the Puyallup River. Of most interest are the summaries of agency and tribal interactions regarding management of salmon in the river. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Salmonids, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Federal, Instream Flow, State, Tribal Geographic Area: Pierce County Water Body Name: White River WRIA: 10 187 Document Number: FIN-002 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): J.K. Finkenbine, J. W. Atwater, D.S. Mavinic Year of Publication: 2000 Title: Stream Health after Urbanization Source: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 36(5): 1149-1160 Authors Abstract: Urban development has compromised the quality of physical elements of fish habitat in low-order spawning and rearing streams. In order to identify where priorities should he in stream rehabilitation, field surveys of a number of streams were conducted near Vancouver, British Columbia. All of the streams were located in watersheds which were urbanized approximately 20 years earlier. The study watersheds ranged from 5 to 77 percent total impervious area (percent TIA). The urban streambeds were found to have less fine material and slightly higher values of intragravel dissolved oxygen than in rural streams. This improved gravel quality is attributed to the higher peak flows generated by impervious areas, and the reduced recruitment of fine material in the urban watersheds. Summer base flow was uniformly low when imperviousness was above 40 percent, evidenced by a decrease in velocity rather than water depth. Large woody debris (LWD) was scarce in all streams with > 20 percent TIA. A healthy buffer zone and abundant LWD were found to stabilize streambanks. The introduction of LWD is considered the most important strategy for stream rehabilitation. Stormwater detention ponds, in contrast, are concluded to have few hydrological benefits if constructed after a stream has reached its urban equilibrium. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Land Use, Water Quality, Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): Development, Geomorphology, Gravel, Impervious, Instream Flow, LWD, Sediment, Stormwater, Urbanization Geographic Area: Vancouver, British Columbia Water Body Name: North Vancouver watersheds, Fraser lowland WRIA: 188 Document Number: FIR-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Forrest, C. L. Year of Publication: 1998 Title: Cutting edge developments for storm water management: new tools and strategies for the 21st century. Source: Report prepared by Woodward-Clyde Consultants for the International Erosion Control Association, 29th Annual Conference and Trade Exposition, Reno, Nevada, February 17, 1998. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. Primary Keyword(s): Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Impervious, Pollution, Stormwater Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 189 Document Number: FIS-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): FishPro, Inc. Year of Publication: 1990 Title: Port of Tacoma Slip 1 baseline monitoring program. Source: FishPro, Inc., Port Orchard, Washington. 37 p. plus appendices. Review: The Slip 1 mitigation beach was created by the Port of Tacoma in 1984 to mitigate for losses of intertidal feeding habitat for outmigrating juvenile salmonids. This document was completed as part of a study to investigate the use of this area as a nearshore disposal site for contaminated sediment. Information presented in this report are baseline data regarding primary productivity, epibenthic zooplankton, and juvenile salmonid use. Primary Keyword(s): Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary Geographic Area: Port of Tacoma Water Body Name: Blair Waterway WRIA: 09 190 Document Number: FLO-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Flosi, G. and five co-authors. Year of Publication: 1998 Title: California salmonid stream habitat restoration manual. Source: Third edition, California Department of Fish and Game, Inland fisheries division, Sacramento. Partial Abstract: This manual formally explains and describes the California Dept. of Fish and Game ground level approach to restoration of fishery resources, and standardizes our descriptive terminology and technical methods. Principal emphasis is on salmon, steelhead, and trout; therefore this manual is principally intended to be used to assist in restoration efforts for those species in California. Although the process of habitat evaluation and basic restoration techniques are generally similar for California salmonids, their habitat preferences are frequently dissimilar. Therefore, applications must be selected that are suitable for the specific target species and life stage. The basic habitat assessment techniques are applicable for any fluvial fish species. Review: This document contains a wealth of information concerning habitat restoration for California salmonids, much of which is general information applicable to urban and urbanizing streams in the Tri-County area. The third edition contains numerous additions and edits since the first printing. Chapters include preliminary watershed assessment, habitat inventory methods, fish sampling methods, working with the data, project planning and organization, project implementation, and project evaluation and monitoring. The numerous appendices contain useful background information and references. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Fish Life History, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Chinook, Chum, Coho, Conservation, State, Steelhead Geographic Area: California Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 191 Document Number: FON-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): L Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): R.W. Fonda Year of Publication: 2001 Title: Postfire Response of Red Alder, Black Cottonwood, and Bigleaf Maple to the Whatcom Creek Fire, Bellingham, Washington. 2001 Source: Northwest Science 75(1): 25-36 Authors Abstract: The June 1999 pipeline leak and subsequent explosion in Whatcom Creek resulted in a fire that scorched about 10 ha of conifer riparian forest in Bellingham. Washington. This fire provided an opportunity to study the postfire responses of red alder, black cottonwood, and bigleaf maple in the 3.2-ha scorched riparian zone. Bigleaf maple endures all but the most intense fires, responding vigorously after fire. Red alder and black cottonwood are known resprouters that may survive low intensity fires, but data at their responses to fire are sparse. The postfire status of every tree in the burn zone was evaluated immediately after the fire in June 1999. and during the first postfire growing season in May 2000. Tree response, in relation to trunk diameter, percent crown scorch and percent bark scorch, was categorized as 1) alive with a new leafy crown: 2) topkilled and resprouted; or 3) dead. Fire intensity was higher on the left bank (left side of the creek when facing downstream), where trees experienced greater mortality. More than half the 854 trees in the burn zone survived the fire, 57% by forming new leafy crowns and 43% by resprouting. Red alder, black cottonwood. and bigleaf maple demonstrated abilities to survive a disturbance to which they are not ordinarily subjected. All three species resisted low intensity fire and reformed leafy- crowns on the right bank, and they endured moderate to high intensity fire by resprouting after topkill on the left bank. On the left bank, probabilities of surviving 100% crown scorch were 0.24 for red alder, 0.66 for black cottonwood, and 0.68 for bigleaf maple: probabilities of surviving 100% bark scorch were 0.09 for red alder, 0.66 for black cottonwood, and 0.6 for bigleaf maple. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Restoration/Recovery Secondary Keyword(s): Floodplain, Forestry, Mortality, Riparian Geographic Area: Bellingham, Washington Water Body Name: Whatcom Creek WRIA: 192 Document Number: FOR-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Fore, L. S., J. R. Karr, and R. W. Wisseman. Year of Publication: 1996 Title: Assessing invertebrate responses to human activities: evaluating alternative approaches. Source: North American Journal of the Benthological Society 15(2):212-231. Partial Abstract: In this study we linked human activities across landscapes to specific changes in assemblages of benthic macroinvertebrates in streams that drain those landscapes. Second to 4th-order streams in southwestern Oregon were tested for macroinvertebrate responses to several common human actions, especially logging and associated road construction. Ten attributes of macroinvertebrate assemblages were reliable indicators of disturbance. Subsequent data confirmed those results. A multimetric index (benthic index of biological integrity, or B-IBI) was developed from component metrics that distinguished disturbed stream sites from minimally disturbed sites. Using an independent data set, we found that B-IBI scores were significantly lower for streams whose watersheds were more degraded by human activities. We also tested rapid bioassessment protocol (RBP) III as modified by Oregon Department of Environmental Quality. RBP III failed to detect differences among sites that B-IBI did detect. Because biologists continue to debate the relative merits of a multimetric vs. a multivariate approach for interpreting biomonitoring data, we also used principal components analysis (PCA) to explore patterns in our multidimensional data. We chose PCA based on species abundance because it has been the most common technique used by state and federal agency biologists to interpret biomonitoring data. PCA failed to detect clear differences in our data set (e.g., between most and least disturbed sites). We suggest that multivariate statistical analyses are most appropriate for exploratory analysis when the investigator has limited knowledge of an ecological system and wants to generate testable hypotheses. The components of a good multimetric index are founded on tested hypotheses and thus provide a sound scientific assessment of a stream site. A method that incorporates ecological information is more suitable for biomonitoring than one relying on statistical algorithms. Review: The invertebrate metrics included in the B-IBI include: total number of taxa, Ephemeroptera taxa, Plecoptera taxa, Pteronarcys species, Tricoptera taxa, intolerant taxa, sediment intolerant taxa, % tolerant, % sediment tolerant, % dominance (3 taxa), and abundance. This B-IBI has been modified and applied to a variety of streams in the Tri-County area. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Land Use, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Forestry, Freshwater, Indicators, Invertebrates Geographic Area: Oregon Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 193 Document Number: FRE-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: Yes Author(s): Kurt L. Fresh Year of Publication: 1994 Title: Lake Washington Fish: A Historical Perspective Source: Lake and Reservoir Management 9(1): 52-55 Authors Abstract: Located in the middle of the Seattle metropolitan area is Lake Washington, one of the largest natural lakes in Washington. It is a system that we know a great deal about ecologically and limnologically (e.g., Eggersetal. 1978; Edmondson 1991). Much of this information has been generated studying the lake's unique perturbation history that began with the construction of the Government Locks and Ship Canal in the early 1900's. In this paper, I provide a brief historical perspective on several of the most important fish of Lake Washington. I will focus primarily on salmon and trout species, particularly sockeye salmon, because these are the most important species economically. Review: This article is available as a photocopy and as a .pdf. Primary Keyword(s): Land Use, Non-Salmonids, Salmonids, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Development, Diversity, Sockeye Geographic Area: Puget Sound Region Water Body Name: Lake washington WRIA: 08 194 Document Number: FRI-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Frissell, C. A., W. J. Liss, C. E. Warren, M. D. Hurley. Year of Publication: 1986 Title: A hierarchical framework for stream habitat classification: viewing streams in a watershed context. Source: Environmental Management 10(2):199-214. Authors Abstract: Classification of streams and stream habitats is useful for research involving establishment of monitoring stations, determination of local impacts of land-use practices, generalization from site-specific data, and assessment of basin-wide, cumulative impacts of human activities on streams and their biota. This article presents a framework for a hierarchical classification system, entailing an organized view of spatial and temporal variation among and within stream systems. Stream habitat systems, defined and classified on several spatiotemporal scales, are associated with watershed geomorphic features and events. Variables selected for classification define relative long-term capacities of systems, not simply short-term states. Streams and their watershed environments are classified within the context of a regional biogeoclimatic landscape classification. The framework is a perspective that should allow more systematic interpretation and description of watershed-stream relationships. Review: A copy of this report is not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. Many common stream assessment methods are based on concepts developed in this paper. This paper describes the classification of streams into successively lower levels from stream segment, reach, pool/riffle, to microhabitat subsystems. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques Secondary Keyword(s): Freshwater, Geomorphology, Instream Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 195 Document Number: FRI-002 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Frith, H.R. Year of Publication: 1997 Title: Development and application of a geographic information system (GIS) methodology to monitor estuarine habitat loss in the Strait of Georgia using aerial photos. Source: Report prepared for the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans, British Columbia, Canada. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. See KCO-001 in this database. This report is a summary of what is presently known about mapping estuarine and similar habitat types using aerial photography and alternative remote sensing technologies. This information was used to select an appropriate GIS method for assessing habitat area change in estuaries of the Strait of Georgia. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary Geographic Area: Strait of Georgia Water Body Name: Strait of Georgia WRIA: 99 196 Document Number: FUE-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: Yes Author(s): R. J. Fuerstenberg, Kristen Nelson, Bob Blomquist Year of Publication: 1996 Title: Ecological Conditions and Limitations to Salmonid Diversity in the Green River Source: King County Deparment of Natural Resources, Surface Water Management Division, Seattle, WA Authors Abstract: The Green River (also the Green-Duwamish River) Valley was among the first areas of Puget Sound extensively settled by Euro-American immigrants. As early as 1850, homesteads and settlements were appearing in the lower valley near the Black River, and near present-day Tukwila and Kent; these settlers encountered a vigorous native culture that had lived m the valley and along the shores of the estuary for centuries, fishing, hunting, cultivating and gathering foodstuffs, These new visitors immediately set about altering the landscape to fit their particular needs. The results of those alterations (many of which continue today) loom large in the present life of the river. Much of the river's estuary was filled by the mid-1940s; levees had been constructed for many miles upstream from Puget Sound by 1906; in that same year, the White River was diverted from the Green into the Puyallup, followed 10 years later by the loss of the Black River (as Lake Washington was lowered because of the ship canal and lock construction) and the subsequent diversion of the Cedar River from the Duwamish into Lake Washington to provide water for lock operation; in 1918, the City of Tacoma Diversion Dam was built at Palmer; and in 1963, the Howard H. Hanson Dam at Eagle Gorge was completed as one part of an extensive flood control program. Today, 97% of the Green River estuary has been filled, 70% of the area of the former Green River watershed has been diverted out of the river, and about 90% of the once-extensive floodplain of the Green River is no longer inundated on a regular basis. In this paper, we examine many of these alterations and their implications for the ecology of the Green River, particularly the implications for the ecology of salmonids and the formation of their habitats. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Dams, Development, Diversity, Estuary, Flood Control, Floodplain, Gravel, Riparian, Sediment Geographic Area: Puget Sound Region Water Body Name: Green River WRIA: 09 197 Document Number: FWS-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Year of Publication: 1998 Title: Bull trout interim conservation guidance. Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 47 p. Partial Abstract: The bull trout interim conservation guidance was developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as a tool to be used by Service biologists in bull trout conservation and recovery. It is not intended to provide site specific land management prescriptions, but to provide recommended actions that may be adapted and modified to benefit bull trout in a particular locale. Review: This document discusses habitat needs (temperature, habitat complexity, connectivity, substrate composition and stability), and land management issues (roads, floodplain and riparian protection) related to bull trout conservation and recovery. Puget Sound bull trout are listed as threatened under the ESA. This document provides information about bull trout that is relevant to urban and urbanized streams that presently or historically contained bull trout. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use Secondary Keyword(s): BMP, Bull trout, Conservation, Population, Roads Geographic Area: United States Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 198 Document Number: FWS-002 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): David Evans and Associates, Inc. Year of Publication: 1995 Title: Commencement Bay restoration plan and programmatic environmental impact statement. Source: Report prepared by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, in cooperation with the Muckleshoot Indian Tribe, Puyallup Tribe of Indians, Wash. State Department Of Ecology, U.S. EPA, and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Review: The Tri-County Urban Issue document library contains only a copy of the introduction and Section 1 of this document. Section 1 provides background and the reasons for preparing the restoration plan and environmental impact statement including a list of restoration principles that will be used in the planning process. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Commencement Bay WRIA: 10 199 Document Number: FWS-003 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Aitkin, J. K. Year of Publication: 1998 Title: The importance of estuarine habitats to anadromous salmonids of the Pacific Northwest: a literature review. Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Aquatic Resources Division, in cooperation with Puget Sound Program. Lacey, Washington. 23 p. Partial Abstract: The purpose of this report is to provide information on anadromous salmonid utilization of estuaries in the Pacific Northwest. This report reviews the literature produced from 1979 to present. Review: Although over ten years old, this literature review contains useful summaries of the relationships among estuarine habitats and salmonids in Puget Sound and Pacific Northwest. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary Geographic Area: Pacific Northwest Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 200 Document Number: FWS-005 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Commencement Bay Natural Resource Trustees. Year of Publication: 1997 Title: Commencement Bay natural resource damage assessment restoration plan. Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for the Commencement Bay Natural Resource Trustees and Cooperating Agencies, Olympia and Seattle, Washington. Partial Abstract: The Commencement Bay Conceptual Restoration Plan provides a framework for translating the Preferred Alternative of the Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement into on-the-ground restoration projects. Review: This document contains a good summary of estuarine habitat conditions in Commencement Bay and potential restoration options. Primary Keyword(s): Land Use, Restoration/Recovery Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Commencement Bay WRIA: 10 201 Document Number: FWS-006 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Commencement Bay Natural Resource Trustees. Year of Publication: 1997 Title: Commencement Bay natural resource damage assessment restoration plan and final programmatic environmental impact statement. Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for the Commencement Bay Natural Resource Trustees and Cooperating Agencies. Partial Abstract: The Commencement Bay Natural Resource Trustees are conducting restoration planning to determine the best approach to restoring, replacing, rehabilitating, and/or acquiring the equivalent natural resources and/or services injured as a result of the release of hazardous substances or a discharge of oil to the Commencement Bay environment. Review: This document contains a good summary of estuarine habitat conditions in Commencement Bay and potential restoration options. Primary Keyword(s): Land Use, Restoration/Recovery Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Commencement Bay WRIA: 10 202 Document Number: FWS-007 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Year of Publication: 1980 Title: Habitat as a basis for environmental assessment. Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Ecological Services, Report 101 ESM. Partial Abstract: The purpose of this document is to describe the concepts behind, and rationale in support of, a habitat-based impact assessment methodology currently available for use in certain aspects of fish and wildlife resource management. The document does not, however, conclude that habitat is the only basis for environmental assessments. Several assessment methods are discussed and compared to selected criteria in reaching the conclusion that a habitat approach is most appropriate within the current legal and institutional constraints on the USFWS. The document begins with a discussion of the legal mandates for impact assessments, progresses through a description of the ecological basis for impact assessments, and concludes with the identification of an assessment technique which has evolved within the USFWS under the selective pressures of legal mandates and accepted ecological principles. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Land Use Secondary Keyword(s): Cost/Benefit, Forestry, Freshwater, Indicators, Methods, Monitoring, Wildlife Geographic Area: United States Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 203 Document Number: FWS-008 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: Yes Author(s): U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Year of Publication: 1996 Title: Evaluation of Coho Salmon and Steelhead Smolt Travel Time through Howard Hanson Reservoir with Generalized Linear Models Source: USFWS Western Washington Fishery Resource Office, Olympia, WA Authors Abstract: The effects of various environmental and physiological factors on the travel time of hatchery coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and steelhead salmon (O. mykiss) smolts in Howard Hanson Reservoir were analyzed using generalized linear models (GLM). The ratio of outflow to inflow and refill rate of the reservoir were the most important variables followed by fish weight and outflow turbidity in explaining travel tines when release group (low, mid, and full pool releases) was not used as a potential predictor variable in building a model. Smolt travel time was inversely related to the ratio of outflow to inflow and fish weight. This model had an R2 value of 0.47. When release group was used as a factor, it was the most important variable in explaining travel time, followed by average inflow and one of these variables: ATPase level, forklength, fish weight, and species. Smolt travel time was inversely related to inflow, ATPase level, forklength, and fish weight. Both coho and steelhead salmon smolt travel times were longer for the mid pool release group than for low and high pool release groups, and when species was used as a predictor variable in a model containing release group and inflow, coho salmon had longer predicted travel times than steelhead. The models developed with release group as a factor had R2 values ranging from 0.83 to 0.84. Other undetermined factors, which may include time spent in river, and predator and prey abundance, have likely caused models with release group to better explain travel times than models without release group. Given the variables that were used to develop the above models and likely unrecorded differences in experimental conditions between the pool levels, we are not confident in predicting travel time under the proposed additional reservoir storage. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Salmonids, Water Quantity, Water Use Secondary Keyword(s): Coho, Dams, Development, Instream Flow, Steelhead Geographic Area: Puget Sound Region Water Body Name: Green River WRIA: 09 204 Document Number: GAL-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): L Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): P. Galli,G. Crosa, L. Mariniello, M. Ortis, and S. D'Amelio Year of Publication: 2001 Title: Water Quality as a Determinant of the Composition of Fish Parasite Communities Source: Hydrobiologia 452: 173-179 Authors Abstract: To investigate the relationship between fish parasite communities and water quality level, metazoan parasites were examined in 157 specimens of chub (Leuciscus cephalus L.), sampled in four lowland water courses (northern Italy): Ticino river (unpolluted), Naviglio Pavese Canal (slightly polluted), Lambro river near the Merone village (polluted) and near Monza (severely polluted). Dactylogyrus vistulae, Paradiplowon ergensi, Bucephalus polymorphus, Acanthocephalus anguillae and larval stages of Tylodelphys clavata were found in all the sampled sites. The distribution of Lamproglenu pulcheila and Pomphorhynchus laevis was limited to the unpolluted and slightly polluted river sectors, while Asymphylodora tincae, glochidia, along with larval stages of Diplostornun spathaceum, were absent in the severely polluted site. The variability of the calculated infection indices (prevalence, mean abundance and mean intensity), the degree of interactivity among parasites, as well as parameters of species richness and diversity suggest that the structure of parasite communities are affected by the water contamination level. Review: Because this research came from Italy, therefore results may not be as applicable to the PNW, however it does offer information regarding a study of fish parasites in relation to water quality. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Life History, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Disease, Non-Salmonid Fish, Pollution Geographic Area: Italy Water Body Name: Ticino River, Naviglio Pavese Canal, Lambro River WRIA: 205 Document Number: GCI-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): L Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Gardner Consultants, Inc. Year of Publication: 1988 Title: The City of DuPont sanitary sewer comprehensive plan. Source: Report prepared for the City of DuPont, Washington, July 1988. 53 p. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. Primary Keyword(s): Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Wastewater Geographic Area: City of DuPont Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 206 Document Number: GLA-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Glass, S. Year of Publication: 1987 Title: Rebirth of a river. Source: Restoration and Management Notes 5(1). Review: This document describes a project regarding the restoration of the Kissimmee River, Florida. It is a detailed account of the restoration plan, and current conditions of the river. Information contained is specific to the Kissimmee River, but is a good case study of river restoration. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery Secondary Keyword(s): Conservation, State, Urbanization Geographic Area: Florida Water Body Name: Kissimmee River WRIA: 99 207 Document Number: GOL-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Goldstein, L. S. Year of Publication: 1982 Title: Soos Creek stream resource inventory. Source: Report prepared by La Terre Environmental Consultants for the Metro Water Quality Division, Technical Report WR-82-7, Seattle, Washington. Partial Abstract: The purpose of this report is twofold: 1) to synthesize available information on the present condition and use of Soos Creek and its tributaries; and 2) to evaluate the suitability of the creeks to support various uses, i.e., fish and wildlife habitat, water supplies, and recreation. Review: This document contains a quantitative and qualitative evaluation of stream conditions in the Soos Creek system. Included are data regarding hatchery stocking, fish populations, invertebrates, periphyton, water use, and water quality. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids, Water Use Secondary Keyword(s): Monitoring Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Soos Creek WRIA: 09 208 Document Number: GON-001 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): L Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Gonor, J. J. Year of Publication: 1979 Title: An evaluation of the ecological basis of mitigation requirements in Oregon statewide estuarine resources planning. Source: Pages 93-102 in: G. A. Swanson (ed.), The mitigation symposium: a national workshop on mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitats, U.S. Forest Service, General Tech. Report, RM-65, Fort Collins, Colorado. Review: This paper is a critical assessment of the ecological basis for the original mitigation provisions in the Oregon estuarine planning goal and its guidelines as adopted in January, 1977. It provides an historical context of estuarine mitigation requirements in Oregon, which is useful when considering mitigation measures in estuarine systems within the Tri-County area. Primary Keyword(s): Restoration/Recovery Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary Geographic Area: Oregon Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 209 Document Number: GOR-001 Document Type: Book Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Gore, J. A. Year of Publication: 1985 Title: The restoration of rivers and streams theories and experience. Source: Butterworth Publishers, Ann Arbor Science Book. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. This is a general text on restoring rivers and streams. It is not restricted to fisheries restoration or to salmonid systems, therefore information must be sorted to identify specific information regarding salmon restoration in urban environments. Chapter 5 discusses general habitat components of salmonids (including water quality, food-producing areas, spawning-egg incubation areas, and cover). Additionally, there is an extensive discussion on evaluating the effects of channel modification on habitat. The main habitat reclamation treatments discussed include: stream flow regulation, watershed improvement and land use regulation, riparian management, channel enhancement, stream bank stability, removal of obstructions, water quality, and construction of spawning facilities and in-stream structures. Chapter 4 discusses many factors influencing the macroinvertebrate community. Chapter 6 is largely devoted to monitoring methods to evaluate the biotic health of stream systems. While Chapter 9 discusses urban stream issues, it is largely a case study in Denver, CO. The book is a good general text regarding stream restoration and enhancement. However, specific information relative to salmon and urban areas in western Washington is lacking. All chapters have good reference sections. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Land Use, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids, Water Quality, Water Use Secondary Keyword(s): BMP, Floodplain, Geomorphology, Gravel, Instream, Invertebrates, LWD, Methods, Riparian, Sediment, Watershed, Wetland Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 210 Document Number: GPO-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): L Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Gray and Osborne, Inc. P.S. Consulting Engineers. Year of Publication: 1980 Title: City of Puyallup comprehensive trunk storm drainage plan. Source: Report prepared for the City of Puyallup, Washington. 101 p. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. Primary Keyword(s): Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Stormwater Geographic Area: Puyallup Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 211 Document Number: GRA-001 Document Type: Book Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Grava, S. Year of Publication: 1969 Title: Urban planning aspects of water pollution control. Source: Columbia University Press, New York, New York. 147 p. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. Primary Keyword(s): Land Use, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Impervious, Pollution, Retention/Detention, Stormwater Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 212 Document Number: GRE-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Greenberg, E. G. and T. H. Sibley. Year of Publication: 1994 Title: Annotated bibliography of the Lake Washington drainage. Source: Fisheries Research Institute, School of Fisheries, FRI-UW-9407, University of Washington, Seattle. Review: This bibliography contains references for 693 documents that pertain to the ecology of the Lake Washington drainage basin. This document is based on the 1972 bibliography compiled by Wydoski although it does not include some of the terrestrial and unpublished reports that were in this original bibliography. This bibliography contains an index to keywords that is useful for finding locally relevant documents on fish and habitat in the Lake Washington system. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Fish Life History, Harvest, Hatcheries, Land Use, Non-Salmonids, Salmonids, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Chinook, Chum, Coho, Cutthroat, Disease, Distribution, Diversity, Escapement, Freshwater, Invertebrates, Lamprey, Non-Native, Non-Salmonid Fish, Nutrients, Other Salmonids, Pollution, Sockeye, Steelhead, Stormwater, Temperature, Urbanization, Wetland Geographic Area: Lake Washington Water Body Name: Lake Washington WRIA: 08 213 Document Number: GRE-002 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): L Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Gregory, S. V., F. J. Sanson, W. A. McKee, and K. W. Cummins. Year of Publication: 1991 Title: An ecosystem perspective of riparian zones, focus on links between land and water. Source: BioScience 41(8):540-551. Review: This article proposes a conceptual model of riparian zones that integrates the physical processes that shape valley-floor landscapes, the succession of terrestrial plant communities on these geomorphic surfaces, the formation of habitat, and the production of nutritional resources for aquatic ecosystems. This perspective is based primarily on the Pacific Northwest, but can be applied to other ecosystems. An ecosystem perspective such as this can aid in identifying riparian management objectives, evaluating current land-use practices, and developing future resource alternatives. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques Secondary Keyword(s): Forestry, Geomorphology, Riparian, Watershed Geographic Area: Pacific Northwest Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 214 Document Number: GRE-003 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): L Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Anonymous. Year of Publication: 1989 Title: Practical approaches to riparian resource management, an educational workshop. Source: Sponsored by the American Fisheries Society, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Forest Service, Society for Range Management, Montana riparian Association and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Land Use, Restoration/Recovery Secondary Keyword(s): Riparian Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 215 Document Number: GRE-004 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Ted Gresh, Jim Lichatowich, Peter Schoonmaker Year of Publication: 2000 Title: An estimation of historic and current levels of salmon production in the Northeast Pacific ecosystem: Evidence of a nutrient deficit in the freshwater systems of the Pacific Northwest Source: Fisheries Habitat 25 (1): 15-21 Authors Abstract: We used historical cannery records and current escapement and harvest records to estimate historical and current salmon escapement to western North American river systems, in order to determine the biomass and marine-derived nitrogen and phosphorous levels delivered by adult salmon and the deficits corresponding to the diminished returns of adult salmon over the past century. We have estimated the historic biomass of salmon returning to the Pacific Northwest (Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and California) to be 160-226 million kg. The number of fish now returning to these rivers has a biomass of 11.8-13.7 million kg. These numbers indicate that just 6-7% of the marine-derived nitrogen and phosphorous once delivered to the rivers of the Pacific Northwest is currently reaching those streams. This nutrient deficit may be one indication of ecosystem failure that has contributed to the downward spiral of salmonid abundance and diversity in general, further diminishing the possibility of salmon population recovery to self-sustaining levels. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Fish Life History, Harvest, Restoration/Recovery Secondary Keyword(s): Distribution, Diversity, Escapement, Nutrients, Population Geographic Area: Pacific Northwest Water Body Name: WRIA: 216 Document Number: GUS-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Gustafson, R. G. and five co-authors. Year of Publication: 1997 Title: Status review of sockeye salmon from Washington and Oregon. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NWFSC-33. 282 p. Partial Abstract: In September 1994, in response to a petition seeking protection for Baker Lake (Washington) sockeye salmon under the ESA, NMFS initiated a coastwide status review of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) (Walbaum, 1792) in Washington, Oregon, and California, and formed a Biological Review Team (BRT) to conduct the review. This report summarizes biological and environmental information gathered in that process. Review: This document is an excellent source of information concerning sockeye salmon stocks of the Pacific Northwest. Included is a discussion of life history, artificial propagation, stock determinations, and an assessment of possibility of extinction. It was written in response to the proposal to protect sockeye salmon under the Endangered Species Act. The National Marine Fisheries Service has published similar documents for each of the Puget Sound salmonids proposed for or listed under the ESA. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Fish Life History, Harvest, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Population, Production, Sockeye, Stocks Geographic Area: Pacific Northwest Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 217 Document Number: HAM-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Kenneth D. Ham, Todd N. Pearsons Year of Publication: 2001 Title: A practical approach for containing ecological risks associated with fish stocking programs Source: Fisheries 26 (4): 15-23. Authors Abstract: The costs and benefits of fish stocking programs can be more favorably balanced if undesirable risks can be contained. Risk assessment identifies potential undesirable outcomes, but there is often uncertainty about the actual risks of a given stocking program. Uncertainty requires greater precaution to assure undesirable outcomes do not occur, possibly at the expense of some or all of the benefits of a stocking program. It may be possible to reduce risk or uncertainty and increase the likelihood of an acceptable outcome by taking additional steps to detect and limit impacts. In this article, we describe a practical approach for containing ecological risks of fish stocking. This approach consists of six tasks that are arranged into a stepwise decision framework: (1) determine whether risk containment is necessary; (2) determine whether important impacts are detectable; (3) determine if practical measures to contain impacts are available; (4) monitor to detect impacts; (5) act to contain impacts if necessary; (6) reassess risks and uncertainty to plan the next cycle. Tasks 1-3 are completed before stocking and, if stocking is the chosen alternative, tasks 4-6 occur during and after stocking. These tasks build upon risk assessment, risk minimization, and uncertainty resolution that establish the level of risk and uncertainty prior to stocking. The approach is an iterative process of detection, containment, and reassessment of risk that limits the probability of impacts exceeding acceptable limits. In addition to the potential of limiting impacts, the information gathered during risk containment monitoring can clarify risk and resolve uncertainties, and may help identify a better balance of costs and benefits. Specific examples of the risk containment approach are described for salmon supplementation in the Yakima Basin, Washington. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Fish Life History, Harvest, Hatcheries, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Cost/Benefit, Other Salmonids, Population, Production, Reproduction, Stocks Geographic Area: Eastern Washington Water Body Name: Yakima Basin WRIA: 218 Document Number: HAN-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Hankin, D. G. and G. H. Reeves. Year of Publication: 1988 Title: Estimating total fish abundance and total habitat areas in small streams based on visual estimation methods. Source: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45:834-844. Review: This paper presents sampling designs for estimating total habitat areas and total fish numbers in small streams based on visual estimation. The authors consider the practical application of these sampling designs in the field, and they discuss procedures for construction of confidence intervals around calculated estimates. In addition to providing estimates of total habitat areas and fish abundance, use of these sampling designs can produce detailed maps showing the size, sequence of occurrence, and location of all stream habitat units. Data generated using these procedures may be used for identification of limiting factors and for inventory and monitoring purposes. This paper is potentially useful for the recovery of listed fish species that occur within the urban and urbanizing environment, because it provides a method to predict basin-wide conditions based on observations at representative reaches. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Cost/Benefit, Freshwater, Methods, Monitoring, Population, Watershed Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 219 Document Number: HAN-002 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Morgan J. Hannaford, Michael T. Barbour, Vincent H. Resh Year of Publication: 1997 Title: Training reduces observer variability in visual-based assessments of stream habitat Source: Journal Of The North American Benthological Society 16 (4): 853-860. Authors Abstract: Habitat assessments are an important component of most water quality evaluations in the USA. Habitat assessments are often based on an observer rating the habitat quality of a site by matching specific habitat features to written descriptions. We examined the effect that training has on reducing observer variability by using 2 separate groups of observers to assess lhe habitat quality at the same sites. One group received training on habitat assessments; the 2nd group conducted the assessment using the written descriptions but without training. The trained group's assessments were less variable than those of the untrained group of observers. We attribute this difference to a greater disparity among untrained observers in the interpretation of individual habitat features. However, after equal training and experience variability of both groups' habitat assessments was not significantly different at a 2nd stream site. Finally, the variability of the habitat assessments at the 2 sites was not equal, indicating that training at I site does not necessarily prepare the observers lo evaluate all sites. Thus, training in a range of habitat types is a crucial part of implementing visual-based habitat assessments. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat Secondary Keyword(s): Riparian Geographic Area: Northern California Water Body Name: Fox Creek, Strawberry Creek WRIA: 220 Document Number: HAR-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Hard, J .J. and five co-authors. Year of Publication: 1996 Title: Status review of pink salmon from Washington, Oregon, and California. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-MWFSC-25. 131 p. Partial Abstract: In March 1994, in response to a petition seeking protection under the ESA for two populations of pink salmon in Washington State, NMFS initiated a status review of pink salmon in Washington, Oregon, and California, and formed a Biological Review Team (BRT) to conduct the review. This report summarizes biological and environmental information gathered in that process. Review: This document is an excellent source of information concerning the pink salmon stocks of the Pacific Northwest. Included is a discussion of life history, artificial propagation, stock determinations, and an assessment of possibility of extinction. It was written in response to the proposal to protect pink salmon under the Endangered Species Act. The National Marine Fisheries Service has published similar documents for each of the Puget Sound salmonids proposed for or listed under the ESA. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Fish Life History, Harvest, Hatcheries, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Pink, Population, Production, Stocks Geographic Area: Pacific Northwest Water Body Name: No applicable WRIA: 99 221 Document Number: HAR-002 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): L Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Harman, R., J. Serwold, and R. Sylvester. Year of Publication: 1976 Title: Subtidal sediments and benthic organisms. Source: Pages 92-107 in: A. C. Duxbury (ed.), a Washington sea grant report, Puget Sound Studies, report prepared by University of Washington, Division of Marine Resources for the Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle, Washington. Review: Shoreline Community College representatives studied the distribution, properties, and the microbiological components of bottom sediment, and the macrofauna in the central basin of Puget Sound. The study design focused on identifying potential impacts of the West Point sewage discharge. Although good maps are provided, the report is rather cursory. Primary Keyword(s): Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Invertebrates, Sediment, Wastewater, WWTP Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Puget Sound WRIA: 99 222 Document Number: HAR-003 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Harrelson, C. C., C. L. Rawlins, and J. P. Potyondy. Year of Publication: 1994 Title: Stream channel reference sites: an illustrated guide to field technique. Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-245, Fort Collins, CO. 61 p. Authors Abstract: This document is a guide to establishing permanent reference sites for gathering data about the physical characteristics of streams and rivers. The minimum procedure consists of the following: (1) select a site, (2) map the site and location, (3) measure the channel cross-section, (4) survey a longitudinal profile of the channel, (5) measure stream flow, (6) measure bed material, and (7) permanently file the information with the Vigil network. The document includes basic surveying techniques, provides guidelines for identifying bankfull indicators and measuring other important stream characteristics. The object is to establish the baseline of existing physical conditions of the stream channel. With this foundation, changes in the character of streams can be quantified for monitoring purposes or to support other management decisions. Review: The methods described in this document provide useful field surveying techniques to quantify the existing physical characteristics of stream channels. Chapters include surveying basics, measuring discharge, bed and bank characterization, and equipment lists. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat Secondary Keyword(s): Methods, Monitoring Geographic Area: Western U.S. Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 223 Document Number: HAR-004 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): L Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): HartCrowser. Year of Publication: 1997 Title: Technical memorandum remedial action alternative 5A Thea Foss and Wheeler-Osgood waterways pre-remedial design. Source: Report No. J-4072-16 prepared for City of Tacoma, Washington. Review: The copy in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library contains only a few chapters from this document that focus on habitat assessment modeling and evaluation. Good summary descriptions of estuarine habitat characteristics and their ecological functions are presented. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Commencement Bay WRIA: 10 224 Document Number: HAS-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Judith K. Haschenburger Year of Publication: 1999 Title: A probability Model of scour and fill depths in gravel-bed channels Source: Water Resources Research 35(9): 2857-2869. Authors Abstract: The exponential density function was fitted to frequency distributions of scour and fill depths derived from six single-threaded gravel-bed channels. Scour chains and monitors were used to record the depth of bed activity in the 6 to 20m wide channels. Goodness-of-fit analyses indicate that the exponential function is a plausible model. Introduction of dimensionless shear stress (T*) collapses model parameters and the active proportion of the streambed of individual rivers into general trends. An exponential relation between model parameters and T* suggests a means to derive scour and fill depths to a first approximation based only on flow and channel characteristics. Exponentially distributed depths require over 400 observations to estimate the mean to within 10% with 95% confidence. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): Geomorphology, Gravel, Instream Flow, Retention/Detention, Sediment, Stormwater Geographic Area: Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada Water Body Name: Carnation Creek WRIA: 225 Document Number: HAY-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Hayslip, G. A. Year of Publication: 1993 Title: EPA Region 10 in-stream biological monitoring handbook (for wadable streams in the Pacific Northwest). Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Report 910/9-92-013, Seattle, Washington. 75 p. Partial Abstract: This handbook provides a reference for those interested in conducting biological assessments of wadable streams in EPA Region 10. It is intended as a supplement to the Rapid Bioassessment Protocols (RBPs) developed by EPA. To conduct a complete biological assessment of a stream, it is recommended that macroinvertebrate, fish, water column and habitat information be collected. Review: This document is a good source of information concerning commonly used monitoring protocols, and contains a large reference section. The stated objectives of the handbook are to : 1) Supplement the RBPs, showing how the Region 10 states and others have cooperated to adapt these protocols to the Northwest; 2) Define the minimum components necessary to conduct a bioassessment (and provide additional levels of resolution); 3) Encourage consistency of sampling methods between states and others to facilitate sharing of data; 4) List Region 10 biological assessment activities, including objectives and methods, and; 5) Increase the amount and consistency of bioassessment activities by providing regional methods. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Instream, Methods, Monitoring Geographic Area: Pacific Northwest Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 226 Document Number: HEA-001 Document Type: Book Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Healey, M. C. Year of Publication: 1991 Title: Life history of chinook salmon. Source: Pages 311-394 in Groot, C. and L. Margolis (eds.). Pacific salmon life histories. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, B.C. Review: A copy of this book was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this chapter and the entire book were identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Life History Secondary Keyword(s): Chinook, Chum, Coho, Pink, Sockeye Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 227 Document Number: HEA-002 Document Type: Book Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Heard, W. R. Year of Publication: 1991 Title: Life history of pink salmon. Source: Pages 119-230 in Groot, C. and L. Margolis (eds.). Pacific salmon life histories. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, B.C. Review: A copy of this book was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this chapter and the entire book were identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Life History Secondary Keyword(s): Chinook, Chum, Coho, Pink, Sockeye Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 228 Document Number: HEA-003 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): James P. Heaney, Leonard Wright, David Sample Year of Publication: 1999 Title: Research Needs in Urban Wet Weather Flows Source: Water Environment Research. 71: 241-250 Authors Abstract: The results of a national assessment of research needs in urban wet weather flow management are presented. Three interrelated categories of urban wet weather flow management are discussed: combined sewer overflows, sanitary sewer overflows, and urban stormwater discharges. The initial compilation of wet weather flow research needs totaled 154 research projects, which was later reduced to 69 higher-priority research projects for which detailed literature reviews were compiled. From this group, 26 topics were selected as priority research topics. Within this paper, the results of the assessment were organized into the following ten categories: (1) sources and monitoring; (2) receiving water effects; (3) other effects; (4) management; (5) models and decision support systems; (6) watershed management linkages: (7) regulatory policies and financial aspects; (8) source controls; (9) collection system controls; and (10) storage/treatment systems. A summary of the authors' views on research needs within each category is provided. An expenditure of an estimated $20 to $40 million per year in the U.S. is needed to address the identified research needs. Review: This article provides a literature review for the topic and outlines future research needs in the area. Primary Keyword(s): Regulations, Water Quality, Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): Instream Flow, Pollution, Stormwater, Urbanization, Wastewater Geographic Area: Water Body Name: WRIA: 229 Document Number: HEI-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Heiser, D. W. and E. L. Finn. Year of Publication: 1970 Title: Observations of juvenile chum and pink salmon in marina and bulkhead areas. Source: Washington Dept. of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington 28 p. Review: Using above-water observations, this report describes the behavior of chum and pink salmon fry within and adjacent to different types of marina structures located throughout Puget Sound. The report also includes temperature, DO, pH, salinity, and Secchi transparency data measured within and adjacent to the different marinas. The qualitative study describes the behavior of chum and pink salmon fry as they migrate along breakwaters and bulkheads and through marinas. The relative distribution of fry in natural shoreline areas and within adjacent marinas is also compared. Ancillary observations of fish condition and predation on the migrating fry within and outside of the marinas are included. The various breakwater and bulkhead patterns that were encountered were evaluated from a fisheries standpoint and characteristics of the most fish-friendly designs are identified. The report provides information relevant to developers considering marina, bulkhead, or pier construction. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Fish Life History, Salmonids, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Chum, Distribution, Estuary, Migration, Pink, Predation, Shoreline Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 230 Document Number: HEL-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Helm. W. T. Year of Publication: 1985 Title: Aquatic habitat inventory, glossary and standard methods. Source: Helm. W. T. (ed.), Habitat Inventory Committee, Western Division American Fisheries Society, Utah State University, Logan, Utah. 34 p. Review: This report provides a glossary of aquatic habitat terms. Standardized terms, definitions and methods related to habitat evaluation and development could simplify interpretation of data when exchanges between agencies and/or regions within agencies occur. The definitions provided in the report are basic and useful. It is a useful reference document for understanding commonly applied, but often confusing scientific terms used in describing aquatic habitats. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat Secondary Keyword(s): Freshwater, Geomorphology, Gravel, Instream, Methods Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 231 Document Number: HEL-002 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): James M. Helfield and Robert J. Naiman Year of Publication: 2001 Title: Effects of salmon-derived nitrogen on riparian forest growth and implications for stream productivity Source: Ecology 82 (9): 2403-2409. Authors Abstract: Anadromous Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) transport marine-derived nitrogen (MDN) to the rivers in which they reproduce. Isotopic analyses indicate that trees and shrubs near spawning streams derive ~ 22-24% of their foliar nitrogen (N) from spawning salmon. As a consequence of this nutrient subsidy, growth rates are significantly increased in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) near spawning streams. As riparian forests affect the quality of instream habitat through Shading, sediment and nutrient filtration, and production of large woody debris (LWD), this fertilization process serves not only to enhance riparian production, but may also act as a positive feedback: mechanism by which salmon-borne nutrients improve spawning and rearing habitat for subsequent salmon generations and maintain the long-term productivity of river corridors along the Pacific coast of North America. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Fish Life History, Salmonids, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Nutrients, Other Salmonids, Riparian Geographic Area: Chichagof Island, southeast Alaska Water Body Name: Kadashan River, Indian River WRIA: 232 Document Number: HEN-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Heng, H. H. and N. P. Nikolaidis. Year of Publication: 1998 Title: Modeling nonpoint source pollution of nitrogen at the watershed scale. Source: Journal of the American Water Resources Association 34(2)359-374. Partial Abstract: The objective of this research was to develop a physically based, distributed parameter mathematical model, the Watershed-Nutrient Transport and Transformation (NTT-Watershed) model that can simulate the hydrology and nitrogen dynamics of a multiple land-use watershed and apply the model to the Muddy Brook watershed located in northeastern Connecticut, USA. Review: Although this model was applied to a watershed in the eastern United States, nonpoint-source pollution is also a large concern for salmon recovery in the urban environment. This model can be used by planners to develop strategies of best management practices to maximize reductions of nitrogen export from watersheds. Primary Keyword(s): Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Nutrients Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 233 Document Number: HEN-002 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Patricia C. Henshaw, Derek B. Booth Year of Publication: 2000 Title: Natural Restabilization of stream channels in Urban Watersheds Source: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 36(6): 1219-1236 Authors Abstract: Stream channels are known to change their form as a result of watershed urbanization, but do they restabilize under subsequent conditions of constant urban land use? Streams in seven developed and developing watersheds (drainage areas 5-35 km2) in the Puget Sound lowlands were evaluated for their channel stability and degree of urbanization, using field and historical data. Protocols for determining channel stability by visual assessment, calculated bed mobility at bankfull flows, and resurveyed cross-sections were compared and yielded nearly identical results. We found that channel restabilization generally does occur within one or two decades of constant watershed land use, but it is not universal. When (or if) an individual stream will restabilize depends on specific hydrologic and geomorphic characteristics of the channel and its watershed; observed stability is not well predicted by simply the magnitude of urban development or the rate of ongoing land-use change. The tendency for channel restabilization suggests that management efforts focused primarily on maintaining stability, particularly in a still-urbanizing watershed, may not always be necessary. Yet physical stability alone is not a sufficient condition for a biologically healthy stream, and additional rehabilitation measures will almost certainly be required to restore biological conditions in urban systems. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery, Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): Geomorphology, Gravel, Instream Flow, Sediment, Stormwater, Urbanization Geographic Area: Puget Sound Lowlands Water Body Name: puget sound lowland streams WRIA: 08, 09 234 Document Number: HES-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Amanda J. Hess, Peggy A. Johnson Year of Publication: 2001 Title: A systematic analysis of the constraints to urban stream enhancements Source: Journal of the American Water Resources Association 37 (1): 213-221. Authors Abstract: The environment surrounding urban streams impose constraints upon stream enhancement projects. Constraints include bridges, culverts, highways, sewer and water lines, lack of easements, and other floodplain structures. The consequences of failure of these infrastructure constraints can be significant and should be considered in the design process. Fault tree analysis provides a systematic technique for analyzing the interactions of events that could lead to infrastructure failure. A case study of a stream in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, shows that fault tree analysis can effectively model the interactions between the stream system and the infrastructure constraints and predict the most likely modes of failure. In addition, the relative success of alternative designs and failure mitigation techniques can be assessed using this analysis too lending insight into the urban stream enhancement design process. The method could also provide justification in the design permitting process and input for risk assessment. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery, Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): Culverts, Instream Flow, Urbanization Geographic Area: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Water Body Name: Nine Mile Run Watershed WRIA: 235 Document Number: HIL-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Hilsenhoff, W. L. Year of Publication: 1982 Title: Using a biotic index to evaluate water quality in streams. Source: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Technical Bulletin No. 132, Madison, Wisconsin. 22 p. Review: The efficiency and accuracy of the 1977 biotic index was assessed. The author evaluated alternative sampling techniques and made substantial changes to many of the tolerance values. The time required to collect, sort, identify to genus, and calculate a biotic index for each stream was only slightly more than one hour. To calculate an index based on species takes 21 or more minutes longer. Sampling biases were found in sorting organisms out from each sample. However, these biases were usually not significant and did not affect the evaluation of the stream. A sample size of 100 organisms was determined to be sufficient to evaluate the biotic index. Problems identified included a need to develop reliable seasonal, temperature, and current correction factors and a need for species keys. This report is widely referenced for assessments of stream health using benthic macroinvertebrates. Although this is not the most recent or most locally relevant document regarding benthic invertebrate indices, it is still useful for the discussions on alternative methods and the included tolerance values are still widely used even in the Puget Sound area. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Non-Salmonids, Salmonids, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Freshwater, Indicators, Instream, Invertebrates, Methods, Pollution Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 236 Document Number: HIL-002 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Kristina Hill, Erik Botsford, Derek B. Booth Year of Publication: 2000 Title: A rapid land cover classification method for use in urban watershed analysis Source: Center for Urban Water Resources Management Newsletter - October 6th, 2000. http://depts.washington.edu/curwrm Review: The land cover classification is designed to represent the potential watershed impacts of urbanization. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Land Use Secondary Keyword(s): Urbanization, Watershed Geographic Area: Puget Sound Region Water Body Name: WRIA: 237 Document Number: HIN-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): S.R. Hinkle, J.H. Duff, F.J. Triska, A. Laenen, E.B. Gates, K.E. Bencala, D.A. Wentz, S.R. Silva Year of Publication: 2001 Title: Linking Hyporheic Flow and Nitrogen Cycling Near the Willamette River - a Large River in Oregon, USA Source: Journal of Hydrology 244: 157-180. Authors Abstract: Several approaches were used to characterize ground water/surface water interactions near the Willamette River - a large (ninth order) river in Oregon, USA. A series of potentiometric surface maps demonstrated the presence of highly dynamic hydraulic gradients between rivers and the adjacent aquifer. Hyporheic zone gradients extended on the order of hundreds of meters. River gains and losses at the river stretch scale (tens of kilometers) were consistent with fluxes implied by the potentiometric surface maps, and apparently reflect regional ground water/surface water interaction. Gains and losses of up to 5-10 percent of streamflow were observed at this scale. On the river reach scale (1-2 km), gains and losses on the order of 5% of streamflow were interpreted as representing primarily local hyporheic exchange. Isotopic and chemical data collected from shallow hyporheic zone wells demonstrated interaction between regional ground water and river-water. The origin of sampled hyporheic zone water ranged from a mixture dominated by regional groundwater to water containing 100% river water. The common assumption that ground and river water mix primarily in the river channel is not applicable in this system. Isotopic and chemical data also indicated that significant (nearly complete) vegetative nitrate uptake and/or nitrate reduction occurred in water from 4 of 12 hyporheic zone sites. In these cases, it was primarily nitrate transported to the hyporheic zone in regional ground water that was removed from solution. Isotopes of water and nitrate indicated that hyporheic zone water sampled at two sites was composed of water originating as river water and demonstrated that significant vegetative nitrate uptake and nitrate reduction occurred along these hyporheic zone flowpaths. Thus, the hyporheic zone may, in some instances, serve to remove nitrate from river water. Additional investigation with chemical tools and microbial enzyme assays were conducted at one hyporheic site. A strong vertical redox gradient was observed, with nitrate-limited denitrification potential in deeper sediment and both nitrification and denitrification potential in shallower sediment. Since nitrogen cycling is strongly affected by redox conditions, nitrogen cycling in the hyporheic zone of this large-river system likely is affected by dynamics of ground water/surface water interactions that control fluxes of nitrogen and other redox species to hyporheic zone sediment. Keywords . Nitrogen cycling, hyporheic zone, ground water/surface water interactions, isotope hydrology, Willamette basin, river reach Review: Primary Keyword(s): Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Floodplain, Groundwater, Hyporheic, Nutrients Geographic Area: Oregon WR2 Resource Consultants, Inc. 238 WRIA: 239 Document Number: HOA-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): William S. Hoar Year of Publication: 1958 Title: The Evolution of Migratory Behaviour among Juvenile Salmon of the Genus Oncorhynchus Source: J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 15(3): 391-428 Authors Abstract: The discussion is based on a detailed ethological comparison of four species of juvenile Oncorhynchus-coho, chum, sockeye and pink salmon. Their behaviour is described in terms of five fixed behaviour patterns-hiding under stones, occupying territories, schooling, feeding and escaping predators. These are performed in relation to five directive factors - light, temperature current, salinity and objects in the environment. Behaviour patterns and directing factors are associated with characteristic appetitive behaviour. The internal motivation seems to have an endocrinological basis. The coho fry, because of its river habitat, territorial behaviour, low nocturnal activity and smolt transformation, is considered to show behaviour nearest to that of the parental type of the genus. The pink fry has the mort highly specialized sea-going behaviour. Three major developments are evident in the evolution of obligatory pelagic and ocean dwelling species (a) early smolt transformation (b) increased nocturnal activity and (c) schooling. Some possible evolutionary sequences are considered. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Chum, Coho, Development, Pink, Reproduction, Sockeye Geographic Area: Water Body Name: WRIA: 240 Document Number: HOE-001 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Hoenig, E. and J. Carr. Year of Publication: 1990 Title: Olympia, Lacey, Tumwater, and Thurston County stream team: a volunteer's handbook. Source: City of Olympia and Washington State Department of Ecology, Olympia, Washington. 39 p. Review: This handbook is designed to help residents and businesses become involved in the protection and enhancement of local water resources. The report provides a summary of aquatic ecology and a guide to local agencies and organizations working on salmon conservation and recovery. These efforts will provide citizens, local governments, and other resource management and regulatory agencies with information that helps improve the management of fish habitat in the urban and urbanizing areas. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery Secondary Keyword(s): Conservation Geographic Area: Thurston County Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 241 Document Number: HOF-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Ryan S. Hoffman, Paul D. Capel, Steven J. Larson Year of Publication: 2000 Title: Comparison of pesticides in eight US urban streams. Source: Environmental Toxicology And Chemistry 19 (9): 2249-2258. Authors Abstract: Little is known of the occurrence of pesticides in urban streams compared to streams draining agricultural areas. Water samples from eight urban streams from across the United States were analyzed for 75 pesticides and seven transformation products. For six of the eight urban streams, paired agricultural streams were used for comparisons. The herbicides detected most frequently in the urban streams were prometon, simazine, atrazine, tebuthiuron, and metolachlor. and the insecticides detected most frequently were diazinon, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, and malathion. In contrast to similar-sized agricultural streams, total insecticide concentrations commonly exceeded total herbicide concentrations in these urban streams. In general, the temporal concentration patterns in the urban streams were consistent with the characteristics of the local growing season. The insecticides carbaryl and diazinon exceeded criteria for the protection of aquatic life in many of the urban streams in the spring and summer. When the country as a whole is considered, the estimated mass of herbicides contributed by urban areas to streams is dwarfed by the estimated contribution from agricultural areas, but for insecticides, contributions from urban and agricultural areas may be similar. The results of this study suggest that urban areas should not be overlooked when assessing sources and monitoring the occurrence of pesticides in surface waters. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Restoration/Recovery, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Instream, Nutrients, Pollution, Urbanization Geographic Area: United States Water Body Name: WRIA: 242 Document Number: HOR-001 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Horner, R. R., D. B. Booth, A. Azous, and C. W. May. Year of Publication: 1996 Title: Watershed determinants of ecosystem functioning. Source: Proceedings of an Engineering Foundation Conference, L. A. Roesner (ed.), Effects of watershed development and management on aquatic ecosystems. American Society of Civil Engineers, Snowbird, Utah. Partial Abstract: The rapid pace of development in the Puget Sound Basin of Washington State stimulated research to define the linkages among stream and wetland habitat structure, conditions in the surrounding landscapes, and the associated biological responses. One project monitored watershed and riparian zone conditions, flow, physical habitat characteristics, water quality, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fish in 31 reaches on 19 low-order streams representing a gradient of urbanization, over a three-year period, A second project followed 19 palustrine wetlands during an eight year period when urbanization began or increased in the watersheds of about half, while the remaining were essentially unchanged. The results agree that the steepest rates of decline in biological functions occur as urbanization increases total impervious land cover from 0 to about 6 percent, unless mitigated by extensive riparian protection, management efforts, or both. The results suggest that management concentrate on preservation through land use controls where resource values are high, and on prevention of further degradation and enhancement, especially directed at riparian zones, where functioning is impaired but not lost. Review: The research results presented are especially relevant to the Tri-County area, because they were based on stream and watershed conditions in King County, an area that is undergoing widespread development. This paper is a summary of several theses, King County Surface Water Management studies, and published reports. Biological responses were measured with macroinvertebrates, as well as observations of amphibians, and coho salmon and cutthroat trout. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Land Use, Non-Salmonids, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Coho, Cutthroat, Development, Diversity, Freshwater, Geomorphology, Impervious, Indicators, Instream, Invertebrates, LWD, Monitoring, Other Salmonids, Pollution, Riparian, Stormwater, Toxicity, Urbanization, Watershed Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 08 243 Document Number: HOU-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): House, R. A. and P. L. Boehne. Year of Publication: 1985 Title: Evaluation of instream enhancement structures for salmonid spawning and rearing in a coastal Oregon stream. Source: North American Journal of Fisheries Management 5:283-295. Partial Abstract: East Fork Lobster Creek, Oregon is an example of a stream that lost much of its productivity as an anadromous salmonid stream following logging activities, intensive stream cleaning, and flooding. The stream in the study area was almost devoid of instream structures, resulting in a nearly total lack of spawning gravel and rearing habitat. Stream enhancement structures installed in the East Fork Lobster Creek were successful and functional after two winters with usual freshets. The structures dramatically increased the diversity of the stream bed, trapped gravel, and created shallow gravel bars and deep, covered pools. Review: This article provides a detailed study of the physical and biological changes in stream environments and salmonid populations produced by habitat enhancement projects. Brief results/summaries of other habitat enhancements projects are also provided. Overall, this study shows that similar degraded streams can be rehabilitated by properly designed enhancement programs. Topics covered include structure installation, fish sampling, stability and performance of structures, and site selection. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Coho, Instream, LWD, Methods, Steelhead Geographic Area: Oregon Water Body Name: East Fork Lobster Creek WRIA: 99 244 Document Number: HUL-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Hulsman, S. G., W. A. Palsson, and G. J. Hueckel. Year of Publication: 1986 Title: An annotated bibliography of Puget Sound nearshore habitat and marine fish life history studies. Source: Washington State Department of Fisheries, Technical Report No. 91, Olympia, Washington. Authors Abstract: Bibliographic citations are compiled and annotated for 188 studies conducted in the marine waters of Washington State. The literature reviewed dates primarily from 1960 to 1985. The entries are listed alphabetically by author and indexed by subject. Review: Although the bibliography is over ten years old, it contains summaries of many references relevant to salmonid use of estuarine habitats within Puget Sound. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Fish Life History Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Puget Sound WRIA: 99 245 Document Number: HYA-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Timothy L. Hyatt, Robert J. Naiman Year of Publication: 2001 Title: . The Residence Time of Large Woody Debris in the Queets River, Washington, USA Source: Ecological Applications 11(1): 191-202. Authors Abstract: Instream large woody debris (LWD) provides several critical functions in riverine ecosystems, including sediment and nutrient retention, salmonid habitat enhancement, and stable colonization sites for incipient floodplain vegetation. In this study, the size and species composition of LWD in the Queets River, Washington, USA. were examined and compared with the size and species composition of forest trees from which they originated, in order to determine a depletion rate for LWD in the active channel. Increment cores from instream LWD were crossdated against cores from riparian conifers to estimate the year each LWD piece was recruited to the river channel. Debris pieces that were decayed or otherwise incompetent to provide cores were dated using standard 'JC techniques. Hardwood species (Alnus rubra, Populus trichocarpa, and Acer macrophyllum) were better represented among riparian forests than among instream LWD, and conifers (Picea sitchensis, Tsuga heterophylla, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Thuja plicata) were better represented among LWD than in the adjacent riparian forest, suggesting that hardwoods were depleted from the channel faster than conifers. The depletion rate of coniferous LWD from the channel followed an exponential decay curve in which 80% of LWD pieces were <50 yr old, although some pieces have remained for up to 1400 yr. Although most wood is depleted from the channel within 50 yr, some wood is apparently buried in the floodplain and exhumed centuries later by lateral channel migration. The calculated depletion constant of 0.030 is equivalent to a half-life of ~ 20 yr, meaning that virtually all of the wood will have disappeared within 50 yr. This rapid depletion suggests that harvesting large conifers from the riparian zones of large streams could have adverse impacts within three to five decades. Key words: dendrochronology: large woody debris (LWD): Queets River watershed, Washington, USA; riparian ecosystem. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat Secondary Keyword(s): Floodplain, Forestry, LWD, Riparian Geographic Area: Olympic Peninsula Water Body Name: Queets River WRIA: 21 246 Document Number: IEC-001 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): International Erosion Control Association. Year of Publication: 1996 Title: Erosion control technology bring it home. Source: Proceedings of an International Erosion Control Association Conference XXVII February 27 - March 1, 1996, Seattle, Washington. 548 p. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this compilation of proceedings was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. Primary Keyword(s): Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Development, Sediment, Stormwater Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 247 Document Number: IMH-002 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Imhof, J. G., R. J. Planck, F. M. Johnson, and L. C. Halyk. Year of Publication: 1991 Title: Watershed urbanization and managing stream habitat for fish. Source: Pages 269-285 in Transactions of the 56th North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference. Review: This paper provides a brief overview of the mechanisms of degradation of streams and rivers, discusses some concepts that should be considered in the rehabilitation of urban and urbanizing streams and watersheds, and suggests a process that incorporates an ecosystems management approach on a watershed basis. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use, Restoration/Recovery Secondary Keyword(s): Urbanization, Watershed Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 248 Document Number: ING-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): C. G. Ingerstoll, D. MacDonald, N. Wang, J. Crane, L. Field, P. Haverland, N. Kemble, R. Lindskoog, C. Severn, and D. Smorong Year of Publication: 2001 Title: Predictions of Sediment Toxicity Using Consensus-Based Freshwater Sediment Quality Guidelines Source: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicity 41: 8-21. Authors Abstract: The objectives of this study were to compare approaches for evaluating the combined effects of chemical mixtures on the toxicity in field-collected sediments and to evaluate the ability of consensus-based probable effect concentrations (PECs) to predict toxicity in a freshwater database on both a national and regional geographic basis. A database was developed from 92 published reports, which included a total of 1,657 samples with high-quality matching sediment toxicity and chemistry data from across North America. The database was comprised primarily of 10- to 14-day or 28- to 42-day toxicity tests with the amphipod Hyalella azteca (designated as the HAIO or HA28 tests) and 10- to 14-day toxicity tests with the midges Chironomus tentans or C. riparius (designated as the CSIO test). Mean PEG quotients were calculated to provide an overall measure of chemical contamination and to support an evaluation of the combined effects of multiple contaminants in sediments. There was an overall increase in the incidence of toxicity with an increase in the mean quotients in all three tests. A consistent increase in the toxicity in all three tests occurred at a mean quotient > 0.5, however, the overall incidence of toxicity was greater in the HA28 test compared to the short-term tests. The longer-term tests, in which survival and growth are measured, tend to be more sensitive than the shorter-term tests, with acute to chronic ratios on the order of six indicated for H. 0.7.UCO.. Different patterns were observed among the various procedures used to calculate mean quotients. For example, in the HA28 test, a relatively abrupt increase in toxicity was associated with elevated polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) alone or with elevated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) alone, compared to the pattern of a gradual increase in toxicity observed with quotients calculated using a combination of metals, PAHs, and PCBs. These analyses indicate that the different patterns in toxicity may be the result of unique chemical signals associated with individual contaminants in samples. Though mean quotients can be used to classify samples as toxic or nontoxic, individual quotients might be useful in helping identify substances that may be causing or substantially contributing to the observed toxicity. An increase in the incidence of toxicity was observed with increasing mean quotients within most of the regions, basins, and areas in North America for all three toxicity tests. The results of these analyses indicate that the consensus-based PECs can be used to reliably predict toxicity of sediments on both a regional and national basis. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat Secondary Keyword(s): Geomorphology, Gravel, Instream, Sediment Geographic Area: North America WR2 Resource Consultants, Inc. 249 WRIA: 250 Document Number: INK-001 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Inkpen, E. L. and S. S. Embrey. Year of Publication: 1998 Title: Nutrient transport in the major rivers and streams of the Puget Sound Basin, Washington. Source: U.S. Department of the Interior, USGS Fact Sheet 009-98, March 1998, Tacoma, Washington. 4 p. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. Primary Keyword(s): Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Nutrients Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 251 Document Number: JOH-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Johnson, G. and nine co-authors. Year of Publication: 1997 Title: Fish passage program Department of Transportation inventory final report. Source: Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Lands and Restoration Services Program, Salmonid Screening, Habitat Enhancement and Restoration (SSHEAR) Division, Olympia, Washington. Review: Washington Department of Transportation and the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife identified 1,585 fish-bearing stream-crossings (culverts) on state routes. Of these, 509 culverts were identified for further evaluation and of those, 268 required correction to provide significant fish habitat gains. The report does not provide specifics on criteria used to assess passibility. However, a method of determining if the barrier blocks significant habitat is provided and a useful priority index described. Significant habitat was determined based on the amount of anadromous habitat downstream of the culvert, and potential habitat gains upstream of the barrier. Fish passage barriers from road crossings are a major habitat concern in the urban and urbanizing areas. This document provides a potentially useful method of prioritizing projects associated with passage correction. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Land Use, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Culverts, Methods, Passage, Roads Geographic Area: Washington State Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 252 Document Number: JOH-002 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Johnson, A. W. and J. M. Stypula. Year of Publication: 1993 Title: Guidelines for bank stabilization projects in the riverine environments of King County. Source: King County Department of Public Works, Surface Water Management Division, Seattle, Washington. Partial Abstract: These guidelines have been developed to assist scientists and engineers with the design of bank stabilization projects for river and streambank protection in western Washington. This document includes several types of methods that use various materials such as rock, timbers, soil, plants and natural fabrics. Together, these materials create a complex matrix that join with the native bank materials to provide erosion protection. Review: This is a detailed guidebook to bank stabilization. Discussion includes modes and causes of bank failures, project planning, permits and policies, design guidelines, and construction procedures. This document was produced by several authors who have extensive experience in a variety of scientific fields. In doing so, the guidelines reflect the multidisciplinary team needed to analyze erosion problems and develop solutions. This guidebook is specific to King County. The appendix contains a brief description of major river systems in King County with notes on fish utilization and salmonid habitat requirements. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery Secondary Keyword(s): Floodplain, Methods, Riparian Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 07, 08, 09 253 Document Number: JOH-003 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Johnson, O. W. and five co-authors. Year of Publication: 1997 Title: Status review of chum salmon from Washington, Oregon and California. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memo, NMFS-NWFSC-32, 280 p. Partial Abstract: This document summarizes the conclusions of the NMFS Biological Review Team for the ESA status review of chum salmon. Review: This document is an excellent source of information concerning the chum salmon stocks of the Pacific Northwest. Included is a discussion of life history, artificial propagation, stock determinations, and an assessment of possibility of extinction. It was written in response to the proposal to protect chum salmon under the Endangered Species Act. The National Marine Fisheries Service has published similar documents for each of the Puget Sound salmonids proposed for or listed under the ESA. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Fish Life History, Harvest, Hatcheries, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Chum, Population, Production, Stocks Geographic Area: Pacific Northwest Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 254 Document Number: JOH-004 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Johnston, N. T. and P. A. Slaney. Year of Publication: 1996 Title: Fish habitat assessment procedures. Source: Watershed Restoration Program, British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks and Ministry of Forests. Watershed Restoration Technical Circular No. 8, Victoria. 67 p. plus appendices. Partial Abstract: The purpose of this circular is to assist local groups to develop and implement integrated, effective, cost-efficient projects at the watershed scale to rehabilitate or restore fishery resources that have been adversely-impacted by past forestry practices. The circular provides a standard framework for identifying the needs and opportunities for fish habitat restoration through systematic resource assessments, and for prescribing and implementing effective activities to improve fishery and aquatic resources. Review: This manual is part of a group of related documents concerning assessment procedures and guidelines for watershed habitat restoration in British Columbia. It provides a standard methodology for reviewing existing information, conducting field surveys at the reconnaissance level, and interpreting the results consistently. The procedure is based on that of the Washington State Forest Practices Board. It consists of four steps, including: 1) identification of fish species at risk in the watershed; 2) a quantitative description of fish habitat conditions; 3) evaluation of fish habitat conditions; and 4) identification of opportunities for effective fish habitat rehabilitation. The evaluation and description of fish habitat is accomplished in 3 levels; 1) an overview summary of existing information; 2) a field survey; and 3) a more-detailed, site-specific field survey to plan restoration work. The method focuses on the physical habitat requirements of specific salmon, rather than multispecies management. The overview results in salmonid distribution information, habitat concerns by stream reach, possible restoration opportunities, and an initial restoration strategy to guide future project planning. Results of the Level 1 survey provides information to identify and prioritize restoration options, identify the need for any Level 2 assessments, confirm or revise the amount of forest harvest impacts on fish habitat, and prepare initial budgets and schedules for restoration projects. The Level 2 survey identifies appropriate restoration options, and provides detailed site information needed to prepare rehabilitation prescriptions. The method is potentially useful for efforts in the Tri-County area, where assessments and recovery projects need to be efficient and prioritized across a large geographical region. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Harvest Secondary Keyword(s): Methods, Population Geographic Area: British Columbia Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 255 Document Number: JOH-008 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Johnson, R. W., C. Goepple, D. Jansen, and R. Paschal. Year of Publication: 1991 Title: The public trust doctrine and coastal zone management. Source: Washington Department of Ecology, Olympia, Washington. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. See KCO-001 in this database. This report examines the relationship of the public trust doctrine with legislatively promulgated coastal resource management laws in the State of Washington. The Shoreline Management Act and other state environmental statutes rely on a combination of the public trust doctrine and the state police or regulatory power that governs the use of private property. Primary Keyword(s): Regulations Secondary Keyword(s): State Geographic Area: Washington State Water Body Name: Washington State WRIA: 99 256 Document Number: JOH-009 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Peggy A. Johnson, Eric R. Brown Year of Publication: 2001 Title: Incorporating Uncertainty in the Design of Stream Channel Modifications Source: Journal of the American Water Resources Association 37(5): 1225-1236. Authors Abstract: The designs of stream channel naturalization, rehabilitation. and restoration projects are inherently fraught with uncertainty. Although a systematic approach to design can be described, the likelihood of success or failure of the design is unknown due to uncertainties within the design and implementation process. In this paper, a method for incorporating uncertainty in decision-making during the design phase is presented that uses a decision analysis method known as Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA). The approach is applied to a channel rehabilitation project in north-central Pennsylvania, FMEA considers risk in terms of the likelihood of a component failure, the consequences of failure, and the level of difficulty required to detect failure. Ratings developed as part of the FMEA can provide justification for decision-making in determining design components that require particular attention to prevent failure of the project and the appropriate compensating actions to be taken. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery Secondary Keyword(s): Instream Flow, Methods Geographic Area: Pennsylvania Water Body Name: Bentley Creek Watershed WRIA: 257 Document Number: JOH-010 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): J. G. Johnston, Jr. Year of Publication: 2002 Title: Riparian Canopy Cover in Northeastern Washington: Stream Temperature Response, Historical Reference Conditions, and Management Effects Source: M.S. Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Authors Abstract: Northeastern Washington riparian forests have undergone changes to species composition and structure as a result of land management. Changes to riparian forests are of interest due to stream and forest health concerns. Timber harvest can reduce canopy cover and increase stream temperatures, while fire suppression, combined with the effects of past harvest, can alter stand conditions, with associated insect, disease, and wildfire risks. Riparian timber harvests aimed at reducing forest health risks may be in conflict with current policies that limit harvest to protect aquatic resources. Understanding how timber harvest affects stream temperature, how riparian management alters stand conditions, and how riparian canopy cover was historically distributed across the landscape will aid in the selection of appropriate riparian treatments. The first objective, to evaluate relationships between stream temperature and timber harvest in the study area, was accomplished by comparing stream temperatures in adjacent harvested / non-harvested reach pairs, and by regressing canopy cover against stream temperature. Paired-reach results were not statistically significant but linear regression showed a statistically significant increase of maximum temperature with a decrease in canopy cover. The second objective, to evaluate historical to current changes in riparian forest species composition and structure, was accomplished by comparing riparian stand conditions recorded in historical and current land surveys. Results showed a decrease in fire-adapted tree species and decreased tree size. The third objective, to investigate the historical distribution of riparian canopy cover on northeastern Washington streams, was accomplished by measuring cover using historical (1930s and 1940s) aerial photography. Cover levels were compared to several landscape variables and to four unique biophysical settings. Basin area, valley bottom width, surficial geology, and flow direction exhibited the best relations with canopy cover; elevation was a poor predictor of cover.The final objective, to evaluate the influence of management on riparian cover, was assessed using canopy cover and land management type measured from historical and current (1994 and 2000) aerial photographs. Reaches impacted by recent (within past 10 years) timber harvest showed a decrease in cover levels between the historical and current periods. Reaches without recent active management (only fire suppression) had greater cover levels than in the historical condition. Results indicated that for mature, fire-suppressed stands, if no greater than approximately 15% canopy cover was removed during timber harvest, then cover levels were likely to be retained near historical levels. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Harvest, Land Use, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Disease, Riparian, Temperature, Watershed Geographic Area: Northeastern washington 258 W WRIA: 259 Document Number: JON-002 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): King County Department of Public Works. Year of Publication: 1992 Title: Draft environmental impact statement, volume 2, technical appendices, Juanita-Woodinville Way Northeast road widening project between Northeast 145th St. and Interstate 405. Source: King County Department of Public Works, Seattle, Washington. Partial Abstract: This study is presented at the conceptual level. Following approval by reviewing agencies, construction documents and specifications will be prepared. The need for the study arises from impacts on the upper portions of Juanita Creek associated with the proposed widening of Juanita-Woodinville Way Northeast and reconfiguration of the intersection of Juanita-Woodinville Way Northeast and 112th Avenue Northeast. Although three different action alternatives are presented for this proposed roadwork, the impacts on the stream reach to be relocated would be identical for each action alternative. Review: This report includes a discussion of existing conditions (physical and biological), the proposed project, the work plan, and impacts and mitigation. The project purpose is to relocate a part of Juanita Creek as part of a road-widening project. A figure is included that describes conceptual fish habitat enhancements. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use Secondary Keyword(s): Roads Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Juanita Creek WRIA: 08 260 Document Number: JON-003 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Jones & Stokes Associates. Year of Publication: 1990 Title: Gravel mitigation analysis, Blaine Harbor. Source: Report prepared for the Port of Bellingham, Bellingham, Washington. Review: This work was commissioned by the Port of Bellingham to assess physical, chemical and biological variables responsible for changes in the abundance of epibenthic animals. It focuses on mitigation habitat enhancement measures to improve the capabilities of intertidal substrates to support animals eaten by young salmon, and other fish and wildlife. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary Geographic Area: Bellingham Water Body Name: Puget Sound WRIA: 99 261 Document Number: JON-004 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): J.A. Jones Year of Publication: 2000 Title: Hydrologic Processes and Peak Discharge Response to Forest Removal, Regrowth, and Roads in 10 Small Experimental Basins, Western Cascades, Oregon Source: Water Resources Research 36(9): 2621-2642. Authors Abstract: The magnitude, seasonality, and duration of peak discharge responses to forest removal and regrowth and roads in 10 pairs of experimental basins in the western Cascade Range of Oregon are consistent with fundamental water balance and routing concepts in hydrology. Hypothesized effects of forestry treatments on evapotranspiration, cloud water interception, snowpack dynamics, and subsurface flow interception vary predictably by season, geographic setting, amount of forest canopy removal, stage of canopy regrowth, and arrangement of roads in the basin. Posttreatment responses of selected subpopulations of matched peak discharge events were examined over 10- to 34-year posttreatment periods in treated-control basin pairs in a range of geographic settings. Changes in evapotranspiration associated with forest canopy removal and regrowth apparently accounted for significant increases (31-116%) in peak discharges during the first postharvest decade in 8 of 10 treated basins, but the events that were affected were small (<0.22- or 0.28-year return periods) and occurred in the fall (September-November), when soils are in moisture deficit, rather than in spring (March-May), when soils are in moisture surplus. For a given amount of forest canopy removal, initial increases in small, fall events were greater in drier basins than wetter basins, and increases tended to disappear as forest canopies regrew. Changes in cloud water interception apparently offset changes in evapotranspiration in two partially cut basins. Changes in snowpack dynamics apparently accounted for significant increases (25-31%) in winter rain-on-snow events, but other types of winter events did not change, in four of five basins at the H. J. Andrews . Experimental Forest. Changes in subsurface flow interception apparently accounted for significant increases (13-36%) in large (>l-year return period) events in seven of eight basins with roads, and, controlling for geographic location, the magnitude of increases was related to the density of midslope roads. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Land Use, Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): Forestry, Geomorphology, Instream Flow, Retention/Detention, Roads Geographic Area: Oregon cascades Water Body Name: several mountain stream basins WRIA: 262 Document Number: JON-005 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: Yes Author(s): Jones and Jones Year of Publication: 1978 Title: Interim Report - A River of Green: A Study of the Green River and its Surroundings Source: Prepared for King County. Partial Abstract: This interim report describes some of the problems and opportunities found on the Green River, In King County, Washington. It is a discussion document meant to familiarize public agencies, groups, and individuals with the direction of the Green River and Environs Study, part of the intergovernmental Green River Basin Program. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Regulations, Water Quality, Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): County, Dams, Flood Control, Geomorphology, Gravel, Instream Flow, Stormwater, Wildlife Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Green River WRIA: 09 263 Document Number: KAP-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Kappesser, G. B. Year of Publication: 1993 Title: Riffle stability index: a procedure to evaluate stream reach and watershed equilibrium. Source: RFP RI-14-93-060, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Idaho Panhandle, 10 p. Review: This document describes a method to determine the degree of aggradation, degradation, or dynamic equilibrium of gravel and cobble stream channels. It provides a quantitative determination of the existing balance of water and sediment in a stream channel. It is a cumulative effects and monitoring tool, which allows land managers to detect changes in channel stability over time. Further, these changes can be linked to hillslope processes and to changes in fish habitat components such as residual pool volume. This method is built on the Wolman (1954) pebble count and Rosgen's (1985) stream channel classification system. The resultant Riffle Stability Index yields cumulative particle size distribution curves that are useful for monitoring changes in substrate composition, which may be useful for monitoring the effects of urbanization on fish habitat. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery Secondary Keyword(s): Geomorphology, Gravel, Instream, Methods, Monitoring Geographic Area: Idaho Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 264 Document Number: KAR-002 Document Type: Book Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Karr, J. R. and E. W. Chu. Year of Publication: 1999 Title: Restoring life in running waters, better biological monitoring. Source: Island Press, Covelo, California. 206 p. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. This book discusses the utility and application of multimetric biological indices for monitoring freshwater ecosystems. The methods described have been used in many freshwater systems within the U.S. and have applicability in streams within the Tri-County region. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Indicators, Invertebrates, Methods, Monitoring, Stormwater, Urbanization, Wastewater Geographic Area: Not Applicable Water Body Name: Not Applicable WRIA: 99 265 Document Number: KAU-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): L Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Kaufman, M. M. Year of Publication: 1995 Title: Community response to stormwater pollution in an urbanized watershed. Source: Journal of the American Water Resources Association 31(3):491-504. Authors Abstract: A model is developed and tested to identify the factors influencing variation in community response to stormwater pollution. Basic constructs of the model use environmental hazard theory, integrated with analysis of community demographic and political forces affecting local government decision processes. Community stormwater response is measured by an index comprised of 12 response indicators. Selection criteria for the response indicators include their effectiveness, variability, and general representation of the spectrum of stormwater response activity. Observable activities are scored progressively based upon their relative ecosystem impacts. Weighted and unweighted indicator scores are computed, with a survey of stormwater experts providing the basis for the weights. Results indicate a wide variation in response levels among the selected communities. Regression analysis identifies four significant predictors of response at the watershed scale: the mean age of householder over 25, the total tax rate, community type (city or township), and the amount of green staff (presence of recycling coordinators, foresters, or environmental planners). This mix of predictors demonstrates the applicability of hazard theory to stormwater response, as community stormwater response is influenced by the capacity and economic means to effect change - two central constructs of hazard theory. Review: This paper discusses a method of identifying citizen response to environmental hazards, especially stormwater. The study is set in the Midwest which has regional differences from the Pacific Northwest. While the methods seem valid, there are distinct differences in the Northwest, due to ESA concerns. A modification of the method would be needed to help identify the best ways to maximize public involvement in implementing regulations related to salmon recovery. Primary Keyword(s): Land Use, Restoration/Recovery, Regulations, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Stormwater Geographic Area: Michigan Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 266 Document Number: KAU-002 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): L Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Kaufman, M. M. and M. Wurtz. Year of Publication: 1997 Title: Hydraulic and economic benefits of downspout diversion. Source: Journal of the American Water Resources Association 33(2):491-497. Authors Abstract: A downspout diversion program in an urban area is evaluated to assess the impacts on sanitary sewer flow volumes and cost effectiveness. Sanitary sewer flows and wastewater treatment cost data are compared for the five years before and 1.25 years after the downspout diversion was completed. In order to establish a cause and effect relationship between flow volumes and downspout diversion, measurements of precipitation, consumption patterns, and system loss (maintenance, fire flows, main ruptures) for the before and after time periods were obtained. The results indicate the downspout diversion contributed to a reduction of over 25 percent in the mean flow volumes within the sanitary sewer collection network during all rainfall events, with flow reductions ranging from 25 percent to 62 percent for rainfall depths between 6 mm (0.25 inches) and 25.4 mm (1.0 inches). Costs incurred for wastewater treatment were also reduced significantly, as overtime for overflow maintenance was eliminated. Downspout diversion is a viable nonstructural alternative for stormwater flow reduction in highly urbanized communities which may lack available space for large scale detention facilities. Review: This is a basic cost/benefit analysis of diverting some stormwater away from the municipal wastewater system. Because it is largely an analysis of an urban area with combined sewer systems, there is less applicability to the Pacific Northwest which has been aggressively converting to separate stormwater and municipal wastewater systems. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Land Use, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Cost/Benefit, Stormwater, Urbanization, Wastewater Geographic Area: Michigan Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 267 Document Number: KCO-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Anonymous. Year of Publication: 1999 Title: The nearshore environment of King County: the neglected link. Bibliography of resources related to the nearshore environment. Source: King County, Seattle, Washington. Review: This general reference list pertains to the nearshore environment, salmon, and other marine life. It is arranged topically and then alphabetized by author. It includes selected references up to 1998, and should be useful for identifying literature sources relevant to nearshore habitat function, loss, and restoration in urban and urbanizing areas. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery, Regulations, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary Geographic Area: Western Washington Water Body Name: Puget Sound WRIA: 99 268 Document Number: KCO-002 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): King County Surface Water Management Division. Year of Publication: 1993 Title: Cedar River current and future conditions report. Source: King County Department of Public Works, Surface Water Management Division, Seattle, Washington. Funded in part by the Washington State Department of Ecology Centennial Clean Water Fund. Review: This document contains a comprehensive summary of land use and aquatic habitat conditions in the Cedar River watershed downstream of the Landsburg Dam. The document contains hydraulic data and maps that describe land use, fish presence, areas of water quality concern, and restoration opportunities. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use, Restoration/Recovery, Regulations, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): BMP, County, Development Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Cedar River WRIA: 08 269 Document Number: KCO-003 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): The Watershed Company. Year of Publication: 1993 Title: Fish habitat assessment and anticipated fisheries-related impacts of the proposed Blakely Ridge master plan development. Source: Report prepared for Blackhawk Port Blakely Communities, Issaquah, WA. Partial Abstract: This report documents fish use and assesses fish habitat in streams originating on the Blakely Ridge site in unincorporated King County, Washington, northeast of the City of Redmond. Review: This document addresses concerns that development could threaten the productive fish habitat in the Bear Creek basin, Washington. Included in the report is extensive survey information on Colin Creek, a tributary to Bear Creek. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Land Use, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Development, Roads Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Bear Creek, Colin Creek, Adair Creek, Snoqualmie River WRIA: 07, 08 270 Document Number: KCO-004 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): King County Surface Water Management Division. Year of Publication: 1991 Title: Executive proposed basin plan, Hylebos Creek and Lower Puget Sound. Source: King County, Surface Water Management Division, Seattle, Washington. Review: This report is a basin plan that outlines construction projects and management tools to mitigate for urban development and loss of habitat within Hylebos Creek and Lower Puget Sound. Management tools include development standards, code enforcement, education and land use controls. Construction projects include detention ponds and channel stabilization. Habitat conditions listed include Hylebos Creek and Lower Puget Sound. The report includes basin-wide overviews of habitat problems including erosion, flooding, water quality and deposition. Data are summarized from the Current and Future Conditions Report, which were gathered during stream surveys conducted in 1986-87. Primary Keyword(s): Water Quality, Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): Development, Flood Control, Retention/Detention, Sediment, Stormwater, Urbanization, Watershed Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Hylebos Creek WRIA: 10 271 Document Number: KCO-005 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: Yes Author(s): City of Federal Way and King County Surface Water Management Division. Year of Publication: 1990 Title: Hylebos Creek and lower Puget Sound basins, current and future conditions report. Source: City of Federal Way and King County Surface Water Management Division, Seattle, Washington. Review: This report documents in detail, current (1990) conditions (geology, hydrology, flooding, groundwater, erosion and sedimentation, water quality and habitat) and predicts future conditions of the freshwater and marine systems in the basins (Hylebos Creek and Lower Puget Sound basins). The primary purpose of the report is to identify issues to be addressed in the basin plan. Habitat data were collected during stream surveys in 1986-7, with fish bearing streams re-surveyed in 1989. Information is presented on 3 different scales, basin-wide, subbasin wide, and in detail by river mile. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Water Quality, Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): Development, Estuary Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Hylebos Creek WRIA: 10 272 Document Number: KCO-006 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Entranco, Herrera Environmental, and Peter Moy and Associates. Year of Publication: 1996 Title: Lake Sammamish water quality management plan - 1996. Source: Report prepared for King County, and the cities of Bellevue, Redmond, and Issaquah, Washington. 21 p. Partial Abstract: The purpose of the Lake Sammamish Water Quality Management Plan is to identify a combination of phosphorus control practices that could be used to control phosphorus loading to the lake and protect the existing quality of Lake Sammamish for future generations. Review: This a plan addressing the water resources, past water quality problems, and current water quality issues for Lake Sammamish, a King County lake that is subjected to increasing urbanization. Primary Keyword(s): Land Use, Water Quality, Water Use Secondary Keyword(s): Nutrients Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Lake Sammamish WRIA: 08 273 Document Number: KCO-007 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): King County Surface Water Management Division. Year of Publication: 1990 Title: Proposed Soos Creek basin plan and final environmental impact statement. Source: King County Surface Water Management Division, Seattle, Washington. Partial Abstract: The Soos Creek Basin Plan was developed under the King County Surface Water Management Program. The plan covers the Soos, Jenkins, and Covington Creek Basins in south King County. Using field observations, the results of past studies, and computer modeling , the Soos Creek Basin Plan evaluates current stream flows, erosion, sediment deposition, stream habitat, and water quality. The plan then predicts how these conditions will change as the predominantly rural Soos Creek area develops to suburban and urban densities. Finally, the plan recommends ways to reduce future resource damage and repair current surface water-related problems. Review: This is a basin plan developed to protect and enhance conditions in Soos Creek. It includes current and future conditions, presents a recommended plan, alternative solutions, and impacts. However, the document is somewhat dated, and ESA listing are not recognized in the plan. The copy of this document in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library includes only the first 11 pages. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Conservation, Urbanization, Watershed Geographic Area: Western Washington Water Body Name: Soos Creek, Jenkins Creek, Covington Creek WRIA: 09 274 Document Number: KCO-008 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): King County Department of Natural Resources. Year of Publication: 1998 Title: Green/Duwamish early action habitat projects: recommended priorities for 1998-99. Source: King County Department of Natural Resources, Seattle, Washington. 21 p. Partial Abstract: This booklet describes 16 habitat improvement projects recommended for construction in 1998 and 1999 in the Green Duwamish watershed. This collection of projects reflects the priorities of a large group of local governments, resource agencies, and members of the public, and brings together funding from more than ten separate entities. The projects described represent important steps in restoring the habitat of this watershed. Review: This document provides detailed descriptions of 16 proposed habitat improvement projects in the Green/Duwamish watershed in response to the listing of Puget Sound chinook as threatened under the ESA. Costs and funding information are also provided. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery Secondary Keyword(s): Cost/Benefit, County, Estuary, Freshwater Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Green River, Duwamish River WRIA: 09 275 Document Number: KCO-009 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): King County Building and Land Development Division. Year of Publication: 1991 Title: Stream survey report criteria. Source: Memorandum, King County Building and Land Development Division, Bellevue, Washington. 3 p. Partial Abstract: The purpose of these guidelines is to improve the validity, consistency, and usefulness of fisheries information. The guidelines address the appropriate scope and methods of stream and fisheries studies, and recommend three progressive levels of detail based on stream system classification and fish utilization. Review: This 3 page memo describes the appropriate scope and methods of stream and fisheries studies conducted to provide information used in granting county permits. Three progressive levels of detail are described including a general site survey, a Level 1 basic stream survey, and a Level 2 intermediate stream survey. The Level 1 stream survey follows the recommendations of McCain et al. 1990 and Platts et al. 1987. The Level 2 stream survey requires determination of fish use. This a common method of habitat assessment used in many of the urban streams within the Tri-County area. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Regulations Secondary Keyword(s): Methods Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 07, 08, 09 276 Document Number: KCO-011 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Foster Wheeler Environmental Corp. Year of Publication: 1995 Title: May Creek current and future conditions report. Source: Report prepared for King County Surface Water Management Division and City of Renton Surface Water Utility. Review: This document contains a comprehensive summary of land use and aquatic habitat conditions in the May Creek basin. The document contains hydraulic data and maps that describe land use, fish presence, areas of water quality concern, and restoration opportunities. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use, Restoration/Recovery, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Cost/Benefit, County, Development Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: May Creek WRIA: 08 277 Document Number: KCO-012 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: Yes Author(s): King County Department of Public Works. Year of Publication: 1995 Title: Watershed Management Committee, Cedar River draft basin and nonpoint pollution action plan. Source: King County Department of Public Works, Surface Water Management Division and Cedar River Watershed Management Committee, Seattle, Washington. Partial Abstract: This document identifies the basin's water resource problems and outlines an overall, long-term strategy of watershed management. Recommendations in the plan fall into two categories: Programmatic, and Capital Improvement Projects. This document also proposes priorities for implementing its recommendations. Review: This document contains valuable summaries of identified degraded or threatened habitat in the Cedar River watershed downstream of the Landsburg Dam, and potential opportunities for restoration. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use, Restoration/Recovery, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Cost/Benefit, County, Development, Urbanization Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Cedar River WRIA: 08 278 Document Number: KCO-013 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): King County and Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle. Year of Publication: 1989 Title: Revised draft Green-Duwamish watershed nonpoint action plan. Source: Report prepared for the Washington Department of Ecology, Bellevue, Washington. Review: This document contains a physical description of the Green-Duwamish watershed, a report on initial watershed status, a description of existing federal, state, tribal and local programs and projects related to nonpoint pollution abatement, a discussion of existing and potential water quality problems, source control strategies for prevention and correction of these priority nonpoint pollution sources, and a long term implementation program identifying specific actions required and the responsibilities of each implementing agency or entity. This is a valuable source of information on fish habitat conditions and current and potential impacts on salmon recovery from effects of urbanization. Primary Keyword(s): Restoration/Recovery, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Pollution Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Green River, Duwamish River WRIA: 09 279 Document Number: KCO-014 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): King County Department of Public Works. Year of Publication: 1993 Title: Mill Creek water quality management plan. Source: King County Department of Public Works, Surface Water Management Division, Seattle, Washington. Review: The plan recommends watershed management actions designed to improve water quality and protect aquatic resources in the Mill Creek planning area, a system impacted by urban development. The appendices contain standard water quality data collected in the basin streams. Primary Keyword(s): Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Flood Control, Wetland Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Mill Creek, Midway Creek, Northeast Auburn Creek, Mullen Slough WRIA: 09 280 Document Number: KCO-015 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): King County Surface Water Management Division and KCM, Inc.. Year of Publication: 1995 Title: Lake Desire management plan. Source: Final plan, King County Surface Water Management Division and KCM, Inc., Seattle, Washington. Review: This plan contains a description of Lake Desire (in the Cedar River watershed, Washington), monitoring methods, nutrient and water budgets, and management suggestions for improving and protecting water quality in the lake. Juvenile coho salmon use the lake, and although sockeye and chinook salmon are not found in the lake they are found in the stream that drains the lake. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery, Water Quality, Water Use Secondary Keyword(s): Nutrients, Urbanization Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Lake Desire WRIA: 08 281 Document Number: KCO-017 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): King County Department of Natural Resources and City of Renton Surface Water Utility. Year of Publication: 1996 Title: Draft May Creek basin action plan. Source: King County Department of Natural Resources and City of Renton Surface Water Utility, Washington. Review: This plan uses a strategy that has been developed to address some of the most serious flooding, habitat, and water quality problems in the May Creek basin. The primary goals of the May Creek Basin Action Plan are to: 1) reduce the threat of flooding of homes where living areas have been adversely affected; 2) make infrastructure improvements that will facilitate stormflow conveyance, stabilize banks, and reduce erosion; 3) protect and enhance fish and wildlife habitat and surface and groundwater quality in the basin; and 4) take reasonable steps to prevent existing problems from worsening in the future. This plan directly addresses the effects of urbanization on salmon habitat. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use, Restoration/Recovery, Water Use Secondary Keyword(s): Nutrients, Sediment, Stormwater, Urbanization, Watershed Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: May Creek WRIA: 08 282 Document Number: KCO-018 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): King County Surface Water Management. Year of Publication: 1995 Title: Stormwater pollution control manual, best management practices for businesses. Source: Report prepared with assistance from Herrera Environmental Consultants, Resource Planning Associates, and R. W. Beck and Associates, King County Surface Water Management, Seattle, Washington. Review: This manual applies to commercial, industrial, governmental, and agricultural activities in unincorporated King County that have the potential to contribute pollutants to stormwater runoff or directly to receiving waters (single-family residential activities are covered in separate educational materials). Many of these best management practices have been adopted by jurisdictions in the Tri-County area. Primary Keyword(s): Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Pollution, Stormwater Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 283 Document Number: KCO-019 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): King County Surface Water Management Division. Year of Publication: 1994 Title: East Lake Sammamish Basin and nonpoint action plan. Source: King County, Surface Water Management Division, and Issaquah/East Lake Sammamish Watershed Management Committee, Washington. Review: This plan evaluates the water quality, aquatic resources, and surface-water problems for the East Lake Sammamish Basin under past, current, and future land-use conditions. It also defines a comprehensive surface-water management program for the basin. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Nutrients, Urbanization, Watershed Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: East Lake Sammamish streams WRIA: 08 284 Document Number: KCO-020 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): King County Surface Water Management Division. Year of Publication: 1993 Title: Sammamish River corridor conditions and enhancement opportunities. Source: King County Department of Public Works, King County Surface Water Management Division, Seattle, Washington. Review: This report describes historical single-objective (flood control) management, current multi-objective management alternatives, and existing conditions in the Sammamish River. Enhancement opportunities are also identified on a system-wide and reach-by-reach scale. Of particular interest is a section of the report that divides the Sammamish River into 13 reaches and describes land use and zoning, fish and wildlife habitat, and enhancement opportunities for fish and wildlife in each reach. Factors limiting fish production in each reach are also identified. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use, Non-Salmonids, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Chinook, Coho, Culverts, Cutthroat, Flood Control, Freshwater, Instream, LWD, Rearing, Riparian, Sockeye, Steelhead, Temperature, Wildlife Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Sammamish River WRIA: 08 285 Document Number: KCO-022 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): King County Department of Public Works Year of Publication: 1991 Title: Issaquah Creek basin current/future conditions and source identification report. Source: King County Surface Water Management Division, Seattle, Washington. Review: This report documents the condition of surface waters in the Issaquah Creek basin planning area, comprised of the Tibbetts Creek basin and the eight sub-basins of the Issaquah Creek basin. The report assesses current and future problems in the planning area's streams, wetlands, and, to a lesser extent, lakes. The report also predicts how surface water conditions may change in the planning area as changes in land use occur, particularly if those changes are allowed to take place in the absence of corrective actions. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use, Restoration/Recovery, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Flood Control, Groundwater Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Issaquah Creek basin WRIA: 08 286 Document Number: KCO-023 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): King County Endangered Species Act Policy Office. Year of Publication: 1999 Title: Return of the kings, strategies for the long-term conservation and recovery of the chinook salmon. Source: King County Endangered Species Act Policy Office, Seattle, Washington Review: This document is King County's response to the recent listing of Puget Sound chinook salmon as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. This report was submitted to the National Marine Fisheries Service on March 16, 1999. Current conservation efforts, and the status of salmon are discussed, as well as the proposed salmon conservation process. The information in this report is one part of the overall Tri-County response to the ESA. Similar documents specific to other Tri-County jurisdictions were also submitted to the National Marine Fisheries Service. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Conservation Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 07, 08, 09 287 Document Number: KCO-024 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): King County Surface Water Management, Snohomish County Surface Water Management, and City of Redmond Public Works. Year of Publication: 1989 Title: Bear Creek basin current and future conditions analysis. Source: King County Surface Water Management, Snohomish County Surface Water Management, and City of Redmond Public Works, Washington. Review: This report describes the current habitat conditions of the Bear Creek basin and the effects of urbanization. Anticipated future effects to stream habitat are also discussed. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Urbanization Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Bear Creek basin WRIA: 08 288 Document Number: KER-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Kerans, B. L. and J. R. Karr. Year of Publication: 1994 Title: A benthic index of biotic integrity (B-IBI) for rivers of the Tennessee Valley. Source: Ecological Applications 4(4):768-785. Partial Abstract: Invertebrate data from rivers in the Tennessee Valley were used to: 1) evaluate the utility of 18 characteristics of invertebrate assemblages (attributes) to assess the biological condition of streams; and 2) develop a comprehensive benthic invertebrate index that reflects important aspects of stream biology and responds to the effects of human society in detectable ways. Thirteen attributes were valuable in discriminating sites, exhibited concordance with other methods of assessment, and were relatively uncorrelated among themselves. The B-IBI has potential as an assessment tool for streams, although more testing and evaluation of both the attributes and the index are warranted. Review: This index was developed for Tennessee streams but the principles and statistical methods have since been adapted for Pacific Northwest streams (Fore et al. 1996; Kleindl 1996), including those undergoing urban development. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Land Use, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Freshwater, Indicators, Invertebrates Geographic Area: Tennessee Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 289 Document Number: KIN-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): King County Department of Public Works. Year of Publication: 1994 Title: Issaquah Creek Watershed Management Committee proposed basin and nonpoint action plan. Source: King County Department of Public Works, Surface Water Management Division, Seattle, Washington. Review: This plan evaluates the water quality, aquatic resources, and surface-water problems for the Issaquah Creek basin under past, current, and future land-use conditions. It also defines a comprehensive surface-water management program for the basin. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use, Restoration/Recovery, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Nutrients, Pollution, Sediment, Urbanization Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Issaquah Creek basin WRIA: 08 290 Document Number: KLE-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Klemm, D. J., Q. J. Stober, and J. M. Lazorchak. Year of Publication: 1993 Title: Fish field and laboratory methods for evaluating the biological integrity of surface waters. Source: Environmental Protection Agency report EPA/600/R-92/111, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio. Review: This manual contains biocriteria and describes guidelines and standardized methods for using fish in evaluating the health and biological integrity of surface waters, and for protecting the quality of water resources. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat Secondary Keyword(s): Methods Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 291 Document Number: KLE-002 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Kleindl, W. J. Year of Publication: 1995 Title: A benthic index of biotic integrity for Puget Lowland streams, Washington, USA. Source: M.S. thesis, University of Washington, Seattle. 65 p. Authors Abstract: Humans have a broad impact on the biotic health of stream systems. This study assesses the effect of human induced degradation on the macroinvertebrate communities of 19 second to third-order streams whose basins range in land use from rural to urban. Thirty eight biological attributes (or metrics) of macroinvertebrate assemblages were tested for responses to urbanization. Nine metrics were good indicators of the impacts of human degradation. The nine metrics were assembled into a multimetric index to assess the biotic integrity of these impacted streams. The benthic index of biotic integrity (B-IBI) examines the human impact on all streams compared to a minimally degraded system. Urbanization had more of an influence on the composition of the invertebrates than did natural variation within the sample site (p<.05). As the basins became more urban the number of taxa (richness) of most invertebrates, richness of intolerant taxa, and richness of predator taxa declined; the proportional richness and abundance of tolerant taxa increased. The B-IBI was tested with a second independent data set of Puget Sound lowland streams. This test showed the B-IBI to be sensitive to changes of biotic integrity between urban and rural streams (p<.05). Review: The Puget Sound lowland stream B-IBI was developed using nine metrics which included taxa richness, Ephemeroptera richness, Plecoptera richness, Trichoptera richness, intolerant taxa richness, long-lived taxa richness, % Planariidae and Amphipoda abundance, % tolerant taxa, and % predator richness. The B-IBI has been shown to be a useful tool for detecting aquatic ecosystem impairment resulting from urbanization. The copy of this document in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library does not include all of the sections and appendices. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Land Use, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Freshwater, Impervious, Indicators, Invertebrates, Urbanization Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 08, 09, 15 292 Document Number: KLE-003 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Klein, R. D. Year of Publication: 1979 Title: Urbanization and stream quality impairment. Source: Water Resources Bulletin 15(4):948-963. Authors Abstract: A study was conducted in the Piedmont province of Maryland to determine if a relationship exists between stream quality and the extent of watershed urbanization. During the first phase of the study 27 small watersheds, having similar characteristics but varied according to land use, were investigated. Using these controlled conditions, eliminating as many interferences as possible, this first phase was intended to determine if a definite relationship did exist between the two factors. Finding that the first phase was successful the second was initiated which consisted of a comparison of biological sampling data from other studies, with degree of watershed urbanization. The purpose of this second phase was to ascertain if the relationship between degrees of urbanization and decline in stream quality was linear as watershed area increased, and in stream quality impairment as first evidenced when watershed imperviousness reaches 12%, but does not become severe until imperviousness reaches 30%. Review: The specific parameters examined in this article were baseflow, benthic community structure, and fish populations. The report also contains a good review of relevant literature. The report concludes that: 1) generally, stream quality impairment can be prevented if watershed imperviousness does not exceed 15 %; and 2) for the more sensitive stream ecosystems, such as those that support self-sustaining trout populations, watershed imperviousness should not exceed 10%. Four options to reduce the adverse affects of urbanization on stream quality are identified including: 1) detention/retention systems to reduce velocity-scour; 2) infiltration, although the aquifer may become polluted; 3) treatment of storm water; and 4) limitations on watershed development. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Land Use, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Freshwater, Impervious, Instream, Retention/Detention, Stormwater, Urbanization Geographic Area: Maryland Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 293 Document Number: KLI-001 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Klingeman, P. C. Year of Publication: 1986 Title: Pre- and post-evaluation physical data needs for evaluation programs. Source: Panel discussion outline: stream habitat enhancement evaluation technical/training workshop, Water Resources Research Institute, Corvallis, Oregon. 8 p. Review: This panel discussion document provides a basic outline for evaluating instream projects. It lists the following ten items that need to be developed, completed, measured, or reviewed as part of the evaluation process: 1) project objectives; 2) criteria to use to evaluate success; 3) physical changes sought and devices used; 4) site visit completed at low flow; 5) review of as-built drawings; 6) drawings or photos, before and after; 7) before and after velocity patterns; 8) before and after bed contours; 9) before and after substrate sizes; and 10) performance rating. The document provides a useful outline that should be considered when designing habitat restoration projects. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat Secondary Keyword(s): Monitoring Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 294 Document Number: KLI-002 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Klingeman, P. C. Year of Publication: 1981 Title: Short-term considerations on river gravel supply. Source: Proceedings from the conference, Salmon-spawning gravel: a renewable resource in the Pacific Northwest?, State of Washington Water Research Center, Washington State University, and the University of Washington, Report No. 39, Pullman, Washington. Review: This article discusses the source, movement, fate, and dynamics of gravel sediments in river systems used by salmon. Important factors include sediment availability and flow capability for suspended load, bed load, and bed material. The article provides information that should be considered when designing instream habitat enhancement/restoration projects. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Gravel, Sediment Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 295 Document Number: KLI-003 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): J.D.Kline, R.J. Alig, and R.L. Johnson Year of Publication: 2000 Title: Forest owner incentives to protect riparian habitat Source: Ecological Economics 33 (1): 29-43 Authors Abstract: Private landowners increasingly are asked to cooperate with landscape-level management to protect or enhance ecological resources. We examine the willingness of nonindustrial private forest owners in the Pacific Northwest (USA) to forego harvesting within riparian areas to improve riparian habitat. An empirical model is developed describing owners' willingness to accept an economic incentive to adopt a 200-foot harvest buffer along streams as a function of their forest ownership objectives and socioeconomic characteristics. Results suggest that owners' willingness to forego harvest varies by their forest ownership objectives. Mean incentive payments necessary to induce owners to forego harvest in riparian areas are higher for owners possessing primarily timber objectives ($128-137/acre/year) than for owners possessing both timber and nontimber objectives ($54-69/acre/year) or primarily recreation objectives ($38-57/acre/year). Review: Primary Keyword(s): Restoration/Recovery, Regulations Secondary Keyword(s): Conservation, Development, Floodplain Geographic Area: Pacific Northwest Water Body Name: WRIA: 296 Document Number: KNU-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Knutson, K. L. and V. L. Naef. Year of Publication: 1997 Title: Management recommendations for Washington's priority habitats: riparian. Source: Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia. 181 p. Review: This document contains the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife's (WDFW) statewide riparian management recommendation based on the best available science. Nearly 1,500 pieces of literature on the importance of riparian areas to fish and wildlife were evaluated, leading to the development of land use recommendations designed to accommodate riparian-associated fish and wildlife. These recommendations consolidate existing scientific literature and provide information on the relationship of riparian habitat to fish and wildlife and to adjacent aquatic and upland ecosystems. These recommendations have been subject to numerous review processes. Recommended riparian habitat area (RHA) widths were developed and are presented in this document. However, WDFW notes it will defer to negotiated agreements regarding riparian management that may result from their participation in those planning processes. RHA widths detailed in this report are as follows: Type 1 and 2 streams - 250 ft; Type 3 streams > 5ft wide - 200 ft; Type 3 streams < 5ft wide - 150 ft; Type 4 and 5 streams with low mass wasting potential - 150 ft; and Type 4 and 5 streams with high mass wasting potential - 225 ft. The document provides a useful synthesis of the most relevant literature and contains sections on fish and wildlife use, impacts of land use, and management recommendations. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use, Restoration/Recovery, Regulations, Salmonids, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Agricultural, BMP, Dams, Floodplain, Forestry, LWD, Riparian, Roads, State, Temperature, Urbanization, Wildlife Geographic Area: Washington State Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 297 Document Number: KNU-002 Document Type: Book Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Knudsen, E., C. Steward, D. MacDonald, J. Williams, and D. Reiser (eds.). Year of Publication: 1999 Title: Sustainable fisheries management: Pacific salmon Source: Lewis Publishers, New York, New York. 724 p. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. This recently published book represents a compilation of manuscripts that are directly relevant to salmon recovery and protection efforts in the Tri-County region, and more broadly, to all geographic areas encompassing the current and historical distributions of anadromous salmonids. The book is organized into eight major sections including: Section 1 - Needs and Values for Sustainable Fisheries; Section 2 - Stock Status; Section 3 - Existing Management; Section 4 - Habitat Assessment; Section 5 - Artificial Production; Section 6 - Modeling Approaches; Section 7 - Habitat Protection and Restoration; and Section 8 - Toward Sustainability. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Fish Life History, Harvest, Hatcheries, Restoration/Recovery, Regulations, Salmonids, Water Quality, Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): Agricultural, Chinook, Chum, Coho, Commercial, Cost/Benefit, Cutthroat, Dams, Estuary, Forestry, Illegal, Instream, LWD, Monitoring, Pink, Population, Riparian, Sediment, Sockeye, Steelhead, Stocks, Urbanization, Watershed Geographic Area: Pacific Coast Water Body Name: Pacific Coast rivers and streams; Pacific Ocean WRIA: 99 298 Document Number: KNU-003 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): E. Eric Knudsen, and Stephen J. Dilley Year of Publication: 1987 Title: Effects of Riprap Bank Reinforcement on Juvenile Salmonids in Four Western Washington Streams Source: North American Journal of Fisheries Management 7: 351-356. Authors Abstract: Summer and fall juvenile salmonid populations in five pairs of stream sections were estimated shortly before and after construction of flood and erosion control projects. All five projects included bank reinforcement with rock riprap and three included streambed alterations. Juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch, juvenile steelhead Salmo gairdneri, and cutthroat trout Salmo clarki were apparently adversely affected by construction in the three smaller, and most severely altered, stream sections. Numbers of juvenile coho salmon and young-of-the-year trout were reduced somewhat, but those of yearling steelhead and cutthroat trout apparently increased, in the two newly riprapped sections of larger streams. Negative short-term effects of construction appeared to increase with severity of habitat alteration, to decrease with increase in stream size, and to decrease with increasing fish size. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Coho, Cutthroat, Geomorphology Geographic Area: Western Washington Water Body Name: Big Mission Creek, Deschutes River, Decker Creek, Beaver Creek, Chehalis River WRIA: 22, 23 299 Document Number: KON-001 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Koning, C. W. and E. R. Keeley. Year of Publication: 1997 Title: Salmonid biostandards for estimating production benefits of fish habitat rehabilitation techniques. Source: Chapter 3 in: Slaney, P. A. and D. Zaldokas (eds.). Fish habitat rehabilitation procedures. Watershed Restoration Technical Circular No. 9, Watershed Restoration Program, Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Vancouver, BC. Review: This chapter is contained within the document SLA-001 in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. This chapter provides biostandards for stream-rearing anadromous species (coho and chinook salmon and steelhead), non-stream rearing anadromous species (chum, pink and sockeye salmon), and resident trout and char (rainbow, cutthroat, brook, brown, and bull trout, and Dolly Varden). Estimates of fish survival are provided for each species and life stage and their relationships to rehabilitation techniques. Although developed in British Columbia, the information presented has applicability to Puget Sound streams, including those affected by urbanization. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Fish Life History, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Chinook, Chum, Coho, Cost/Benefit, Cutthroat, Freshwater, Instream, Mortality, Other Salmonids, Pink, Production, Sockeye, Steelhead Geographic Area: British Columbia Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 300 Document Number: KON-002 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Chris Konrad Year of Publication: 2000 Title: The frequency and extent of hydrologic disturbances in streams in the Puget Lowland, WA. Source: Ph. D. dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Authors Abstract: Hydrologic changes resulting from urban development degrade the biological conditions of stream ecosystems by modifying annual and inter-annual stream flow patterns. In urban streams, discharge is less than mean annual discharge on more days of the year, discharge exceeds the magnitude of frequent floods for a shorter duration of time, and the peak discharge rate of the annual maximum flood is less variable than in suburban streams. These hydrologic changes may cause increases in the frequency and extent of disturbances in urban streams. Floods and drought are common forms of disturbance in stream ecosystems. The biological effects of these hydrologic disturbances depend on their spatial extent and frequency. The extent of seasonal drought was documented in 59 Puget Lowland stream basins. Streams draining 1.2 km2 had a 50% probability of being dry during summer base flow conditions (ephemeral). The length (km) of perennial streams in a basin varied as a linear function of drainage area (km2), L = 0.4 A+0.8 with a root mean square error of 0.04 km. While urban development did not influence the extent of perennial streams in the basins, it may reduce the period of continuous flow during winter and spring in ephemeral streams. The spatial extent of bed material entrainment during floods was documented at seven gravel bars in three Puget Lowland streams using bed tags, which are metal washers placed in the stream bed. Partial entrainment (PEbar), which is the fraction of a bar's surface disturbed in a flood, was estimated by PEbar = 12.5(Tau 0 - 0.045) with a root means square error of 0.099, where Tau 0 is the total boundary shear stress applied by the flood divided by the product of the median of the particle-size distribution of the surface material on the gravel bar and its buoyant specific weight. Frequent and extensive flood disturbance is likely in urban and other gravel-bed streams where the magnitudes of floods are greater than the magnitude of longer-duration intermediate flows, represented by the discharge exceeded 5% of the time, that control the strength of the stream bed. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): Instream Flow, Retention/Detention, Stormwater Geographic Area: Puget Sound Region Water Body Name: Puget Sound Lowland Streams WRIA: 08, 09, 15 301 Document Number: KOZ-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Kozel, S. J. and W. A. Hubert. Year of Publication: 1989 Title: Testing of habitat assessment models for small trout streams in the Medicine Bow National Forest, Wyoming. Source: North American Journal of Fisheries Management 9:458-464. Review: Four habitat assessment models for small trout streams in the Medicine Bow National Forest, WY were tested. Among the habitat variables included in the models, those most highly correlated with trout standing stocks were width-to-depth ratio, abundance of overhead bank cover, average stream width, and level of late-summer streamflow. These are the identified habitat features that appear to drive the habitat models for small trout streams that have been minimally altered by disturbance in the central Rocky Mountains. Habitat model results were compared with standing stocks of brown and brook trout in National Forest land in southeastern Wyoming. The four models evaluated included the habitat quality index (HQI) of Binns and Eiserman (1979; a set of models developed by Wesche et al. (1980) that compute an index called the trout cover rating (TCR); and two models developed by Lanka et al. (1987). The HQI model predicts standing stock of trout by means of a multiple-regression equation based on nine habitat features. The Wesche et al. model incorporates instream cover, deep water and overhead bank cover to predict standing stock. The Lanka et al. model uses multiple-regression equations based on either stream habitat variables, or a mixture of stream habitat and geomorphic variables to predict populations. Results indicated that all model predictions of populations or ratings of trout cover were correlated with actual population estimates. However, predicted and measured standing stocks were not directly proportional, and not all model variables appeared to contribute to prediction or rating. The authors hypothesize that stream size and reach gradient have the most substantial influence on stream habitat and model performance in these relatively unaltered streams. Variables that these models do not adequately account for are fishing pressure and fluctuations in population size. Although developed in Wyoming for resident salmonids, the article contains useful information that is relevant to the development of habitat assessment methods in the Puget Sound area. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Freshwater, Geomorphology, Gravel, Instream, Instream Flow, Methods, Non-Native, Other Salmonids, Population, Riparian, Watershed Geographic Area: Wyoming Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 302 Document Number: KRA-002 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Kramer, Chin & Mayo, Inc. Year of Publication: 1986 Title: City of Tukwila, Fostoria drainage study. Source: Report prepared for the City of Tukwila, Washington. Review: This report provides the City of Tukwila with a coordinated plan for the management and improvement of the existing drainage system within the project area including alternatives for system improvements. Primary Keyword(s): Land Use, Water Use Secondary Keyword(s): Stormwater Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Fostoria basin WRIA: 09 303 Document Number: KRA-003 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Kramer, Chin & Mayo, Inc. Year of Publication: 1986 Title: City of Tukwila, Gilliam Creek drainage study. Source: Report prepared for King County Surface Water Management Division, Seattle, Washington. Review: This report provides the City of Tukwila with a coordinated plan for drainage system management in the Gilliam Creek project area, and it includes alternatives for system improvement. Primary Keyword(s): Land Use, Water Use Secondary Keyword(s): Stormwater Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Gilliam Creek WRIA: 09 304 Document Number: KRE-001 Document Type: Book Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Krenkel, P. A. and V. Novotny. Year of Publication: 1980 Title: Water quality management. Source: Academic Press, Inc., New York, New York. 297 p. Review: A copy of this book was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this book was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. Primary Keyword(s): Land Use, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Freshwater, Stormwater, Urbanization Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 305 Document Number: KRU-001 Document Type: Book Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Kruckeberg, A.R. Year of Publication: 1991 Title: The natural history of Puget Sound country. Source: University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. See KCO-001 in this database. This book contains an overview of the workings of natural systems in the Puget Sound basin, and it includes a chapter on marine life. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat Secondary Keyword(s): Marine, Watershed Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Puget Sound WRIA: 99 306 Document Number: KRU-002 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Carter G. Kruse and Wayne A. Hubert Year of Publication: 2001 Title: An Assessment of Headwater Isolation as a Conservation Strategy for Cutthroat Trout in the Absaroka Mountains of Wyoming Source: Northwest Science 75(1): 1-11. Authors Abstract: Isolation of native cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarki) populations in headwater tributaries (by means of human-made barriers that prevent upstream movement of exotic Salmonidae) has been used (as an approach) to preserve extant populations from hybridization and competition. We evaluated this conservation strategy for Yellowstone cutthroat trout (O. c. bouvieri) in the Absaroka Mountains of northwestern Wyoming. We surveyed four existing populations to assess the potential for isolating Yellowstone cutthroat trout populations in 23 individual headwater tributary streams. It appeared that 21 of the populations would be large enough to minimize demographic risks of extinction, but only seven populations may be large enough (effective population size > 500) to lower the risk. of extinction due to genetic limitations. Additionally, there is high potential for unpredictable environmental events to cause severe reductions in population size or local extinctions of Yellowstone cutthroat trout populations above barriers due to the unstable flow and habitat conditions. Isolation of Yellowstone cutthroat trout populations in headwater tributaries upstream from barriers appears to have a low probability of preserving sustainable populations of Yellowstone cutthroat trout in the Absaroka Mountains in the long term. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Conservation, Cutthroat, Population Geographic Area: Northeastern Wyoming Water Body Name: Bighorn River Drainage WRIA: 307 Document Number: LAM-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Mary Lammert and J. David Allen Year of Publication: 1999 Title: Assessing biotic integrity of streams: Effects of scale in measuring the influence of land use/cover and habitat structure on fish and macroinvertebrates Source: Environmental Management 23 (2): 257-270. Authors Abstract: Fish and macroinvertebrate assemblage composition, instream habitat features and surrounding land use were assessed in an agriculturally developed watershed to relate overall biotic condition to patterns of land use and channel structure. Six 10O-m reaches were sampled on each of three first-order warm-water tributaries of the River Raisin in southeastern Michigan. Comparisons among sites and tributaries showed considerable variability in fish assemblages measured with the index of biotic integrity, macroinvertebrate assemblages characterized with several diversity indexes, and both quantitative and qualitative measurements of instream habitat structure. Land use immediate to the tributaries predicted biotic condition better than regional land use, but was less important than local habitat variables in explaining the variability observed in fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages. Fish and macroinvertebrates appeared to respond differently to landscape configuration and habitat variables as well. Fish showed a stronger relationship to flow variability and immediate land use, while macroinvertebrates correlated most strongly with dominant substrate. Although significant, the relationships between instream habitat variables and immediate land use explained only a modest amount of the variability observed. A prior study of this watershed ascribed greater predictive power to land use, In comparison to our study design, this study covered a larger area, providing greater contrast among subcatchments. Differences in outcomes suggests that the scale of investigation influences the strength of predictive variables. Thus, we concluded that the importance of local habitat conditions is best revealed by comparisons at the within-subcatchment scale. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Land Use, Non-Salmonids, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Diversity, Indicators, Invertebrates, Non-Salmonid Fish Geographic Area: southeastern Michigan Water Body Name: River Raisin Watershed WRIA: 308 Document Number: LAR-001 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): LaRoe, E. T. Year of Publication: 1979 Title: The biological basis for estuarine ecosystem mitigation. Source: Pages 90-92 in: G. A. Swanson (ed.), The Mitigation Symposium: a national workshop on mitigating losses of fish and wildlife habitats, U.S. Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-65, Fort Collins, Colorado. Review: This article states that the objective of mitigation should be to protect and maintain the variety of benefits produced by the estuarine ecosystem. Mitigation efforts cannot be based on a single factor, such as productivity, but must incorporate comprehensive consideration of the critical processes and features of the ecosystem, including surface area, flushing, and biological diversity. The selection of appropriate mitigation actions must balance the resources and functions lost with those to be provided. Primary Keyword(s): Restoration/Recovery Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary Geographic Area: United States Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 309 Document Number: LAR-002 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Steven J. Larson, Robert J. Gilliom Year of Publication: 2001 Title: Regression Models for Estimating Herbicide Concentrations in U.S. Streams from Watershed Characteristics Source: Journal of the American Water Resources Association 37(5): 1349-1367. Authors Abstract: Regression models were developed for estimating stream concentrations of the herbicides alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, metolachlor, and trifluralin from use-intensity data and watershed characteristics. Concentrations were determined from samples collected from 45 streams throughout the United States during 1993 to 1995 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA). Separate regression models were developed for each of six percentiles (10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, 95th) of the annual distribution of stream concentrations and for the annual time-weighted mean concentration. Estimates for the individual percentiles can be combined to provide an estimate of the annual distribution of concentrations for a given stream. Agricultural use of the herbicide in the watershed was a significant predictor in nearly all of the models. Several hydrologic and soil parameters also were useful in explaining the variability in concentrations of herbicides among the streams. Most of the regression models developed for estimation of concentration percentiles and annual mean concentrations accounted for 50 percent to 90 percent of the variability among streams. Predicted concentrations were nearly always within an order of magnitude of the measured concentrations for the model-development streams, and predicted concentration distributions reasonably matched the actual distributions in most cases. Results from application of the models to streams not included in the model development data set are encouraging, but further validation of the regression approach described in this paper is needed. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Agricultural, Nutrients, Pollution, Stormwater Geographic Area: United States Water Body Name: WRIA: 310 Document Number: LAU-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Laufle, J. C., G. B. Pauley, and M. F. Shepard. Year of Publication: 1986 Title: Species profiles: life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (Pacific Northwest), Coho salmon. Source: Report 82(11.48) Prepared by the Washington Cooperative Fishery Research Unit, University of Washington for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Partial Abstract: This species profile of the coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) is designed to give background material on virtually all aspects of the fish's life history. Review: This report provides useful information about the life histories and habitat requirements of coho salmon. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Life History, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Coho, Migration Geographic Area: Pacific Northwest Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 311 Document Number: LAW-001 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Law, A. W. Year of Publication: 1994 Title: The effects of watershed urbanization on stream ecosystem integrity. Source: M.S. thesis. University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. 184 p. Review: This study uses a review of the literature and an analysis of stream flow and sediment dynamics to describe how watershed urbanization affects the biological components of the stream ecosystem. Gaining an understanding of why anadromous salmon fair poorly in the urban streams of western Washington was of particular interest in this study. Primary Keyword(s): Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Invertebrates, Urbanization Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Kelsey Cr., Issaquah Cr., Bear Cr., Soos Cr., Little Soos Cr., Newaukum Cr., Swamp Cr., Juanita Cr. WRIA: 08, 09 312 Document Number: LEB-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Robert T. LeBlanc,R.D. Brow, and J.E. FitzGibbon Year of Publication: 1997 Title: Modeling the effects of land use change on the water temperature in unregulated urban streams Source: Journal Of Environmental Management 49 (4): 445-469. Authors Abstract: Streams, in their natural state, are typically diverse and biologically productive environments. Streams subject to urbanization often experience degradation brought about by the cumulative effects of flow alteration, unsanitary discharge and channelization. One of the water quality parameters affected by urbanization is stream temperature. This study offers a model for predicting the impact of land use change on the temperature of non-regulated streams during extreme events. A stream temperature model was created by considering the gains and losses of thermal energy resulting from radiation, convection, conduction, evaporation and advection. A sensitivity analysis showed that out of 14 variables, shade/transmissivity of riparian vegetation, groundwater discharge, and stream width had the greatest influence on stream temperature. These same three variables are highly influenced by land use. Individual component models were developed to predict how urbanization changes stream width and baseflow discharge. Using 3-D computer modeling, a model was also developed to illustrate the effects of altering the extent and composition of riparian vegetation on streams with different orientations. By modeling these three variables as a function of urbanization, the results became inputs into the stream temperature model. The critical urban stream temperature model (CrUSTe), an aggregation of these four models, allows the prediction of stream temperature change as a result of amount, type and location of urbanization within a watershed. It has the potential to become a valuable tool for environmental managers. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Restoration/Recovery, Regulations, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Geomorphology, Instream Flow, Riparian, Temperature, Urbanization Geographic Area: Water Body Name: WRIA: 313 Document Number: LEE-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Lee, J. M., A. Nahajski, and S. Miller. Year of Publication: 1997 Title: Riverbank stabilization program. Source: Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 123(5): 292-4. Review: Erosion of riverbank property is a frequent occurrence along the dynamic river systems within Snohomish County. In the mid-1980s, the County established a legal mechanism that allowed the county to cost-share bank stabilization projects with private landowners, where the project could also be demonstrated to have a public benefit. Primary Keyword(s): Land Use, Restoration/Recovery, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Riparian Geographic Area: Snohomish County Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 07, 08 314 Document Number: LEO-001 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Leopold, L. B. and D. L. Rosgen. Year of Publication: 9999 Title: Applied fluvial geomorphology. Source: (date unknown), Course manual prepared by Wildland Hydrology Consultants, Pagosa Springs, CO. Review: Course content in this package includes information on geomorphology, sedimentation, prediction of hydrologic characteristics, stream classification and restoration, and management implications. The usefulness of the material in this collection is variable, but it does contain information useful to recovery efforts in the Tri-County area. Primary Keyword(s): Restoration/Recovery Secondary Keyword(s): Floodplain, Geomorphology Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 315 Document Number: LES-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Lestelle, L. C., L. E. Mobrand, J. A. Lichatowich, and T. S. Vogel. Year of Publication: 1996 Title: Ecosystem Diagnosis and Treatment (EDT), applied ecosystem analysis - a primer. Source: Mobrand Biometrics, Inc. Prepared for U.S. Department of Energy, Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, Oregon, BPA/2753A/1996. Review: The approach introduced in this report is detailed in Mobrand (1995) for a project in the Grande Ronde Basin in northeastern Oregon. The method provides an ecosystem perspective to natural resource management and focuses on one or more species. An indicator species (migratory salmon) is used, whose sensitivity to a wide variety of ecosystem conditions provides a surrogate for a multi-species analysis. The method provides a conceptual framework which includes a theory used to define the purposes of management, to formulate hypotheses, to design monitoring, and to assist adaptive management. The EDT is one method that is being applied to Northwest streams, including those in Puget Sound, to identify factors that may be controlling salmonid abundance, and to aid in developing options to address such factors. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Fish Life History, Harvest, Hatcheries, Land Use, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Monitoring, Production Geographic Area: Oregon Water Body Name: Columbia River WRIA: 99 316 Document Number: LEV-002 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Levings, C. D. Year of Publication: 1985 Title: Juvenile salmonid use of habitats altered by a coal port in the Fraser River estuary, British Columbia. Source: Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Fisheries Research Branch, Salmon Habitat Research Section, West Vancouver Laboratory, West Vancouver, B.C. Authors Abstract: Juvenile chinook, chum, and pink used habitats modified by a coal port at the Fraser estuary in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Recent construction for expansion of the ports has obliterated feeding areas, invertebrate communities, and possibly herring habitat from the local production system. Further studies are required to document recolonization of disrupted habitats and to investigate if present food webs are similar to those before construction. Juvenile salmon may be diverted by causeways and terminals and this also requires study. Review: This is a good study regarding impact to the near shore estuarine environment of juvenile salmonids. Included is basic information of the distribution of salmon in the area of the coal port, chinook diet, and residency. The paper includes good general feeding and behavior information on juvenile salmon around port facilities and specific impact information related to the coal port. The article contains information relevant to understanding impacts of nearshore developments in Puget Sound on salmon habitat and survival. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Fish Life History, Land Use, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Chinook, Chum, Estuary, Industry, Migration, Non-Salmonid Fish, Pink, Shoreline Geographic Area: British Columbia Water Body Name: Fraser River Estuary WRIA: 99 317 Document Number: LEV-003 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Levings, C. D., K. Conlin, and B. Raymond. Year of Publication: 1991 Title: Intertidal habitats used by juvenile chinook salmon rearing in the North Arm of the Fraser River estuary. Source: Report prepared for the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans, British Columbia, Canada. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. See KCO-001 in this database. This study presents results from surveys of juvenile chinook and their invertebrate food items in the North Arm of the Fraser River estuary. Evidence obtained from this study provides inference for giving the highest value to intertidal marshes when managing fish habitats in the North Arm of the Fraser and similar areas in the Tri-County area. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat Secondary Keyword(s): Chinook, Estuary Geographic Area: British Columbia Water Body Name: Fraser River WRIA: 99 318 Document Number: LEV-004 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Levings, C. D. and R. M. Thom. Year of Publication: 1994 Title: Habitat changes in Georgia basin: implications for resource management. Source: Proceedings of the British Columbia/Washington Symposium on the Marine Environment, January 13-14, 1994. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. See KCO-001 in this database. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary, Marine Geographic Area: British Columbi Water Body Name: Strait of Georgia WRIA: 99 319 Document Number: LIC-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Lichatowich, J., L. Mobrand, L. Lestelle, and T. Vogel. Year of Publication: 1995 Title: An approach to the diagnosis and treatment of depleted Pacific salmon populations in Pacific Northwest watersheds. Source: Fisheries 20(1):10-18. Authors Abstract: We propose an approach to the development of restoration programs for Pacific anadromous salmon that recognizes the importance of an ecosystem perspective. Important concepts such as habitat complexity and self-organizing capacity of the stock are reviewed. A planning process comprised of six steps is described, The approach includes a comparison of historic and current habitat complexity and connectivity and intrapopulation life history diversity. Uncertainties are incorporated into the planning process through assumptions that are clearly identified. Risk of project failure is determined through a qualitative or quantitative weighing of the critical uncertainties. We emphasize the concept that restoration planning is an interactive process that must be continued after implementation. Review: This paper describes an approach called the Patient-Template Analysis (PTA), which provides a comparison between the existing conditions and the healthy (historical) conditions. This comparison results in the identification of factors that may be limiting production and helps select the most effective and economical means restoring natural production. Information needed to complete this analysis includes 1) geography - the distribution and quality of salmon habitats in a watershed; 2) time - the seasonal pattern of use and connectivity of those habitats; and 3) biology - the biological function such as spawning, migration feeding, and escaping predators that takes place in those habitats. This method has been used and adapted into the Ecosystem Diagnosis and Treatment (EDT) method (Lestelle et al. 1996) (see LES-001 in this database). Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Fish Life History, Harvest, Hatcheries, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Production Geographic Area: Pacific Northwest Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 320 Document Number: LIC-002 Document Type: Book Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Lichatowich, J. Year of Publication: 1999 Title: Salmon without rivers, a history of the Pacific salmon crisis. Source: Island Press, Covelo, California. 317p. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. This recently published book provides an excellent overview of the events and conditions that have led up to the present day salmon crisis. As noted by the author, the book is divided into two principal parts: Chapters 1 and 2 describe the evolutionary history of the salmon and the development of the Northwest Indians' "gift economy" which was largely based on salmon; and Chapters 3 through 9 that describe the effects of the Euro-American industrial economy on salmon. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Fish Life History, Harvest, Hatcheries, Restoration/Recovery, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Chinook, Chum, Coho, Commercial, Conservation, Development, Flood Control, Forestry, Hydropower, Illegal, Instream, Mortality, Pink, Pollution, Population, Predation, Riparian, Roads, Sockeye, Steelhead, Toxicity, Treaty, Tribal, Urbanization Geographic Area: Pacific Coast Water Body Name: Pacific coastal rivers and streams; Pacific Ocean WRIA: 99 321 Document Number: LIJ-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Judith Li, A. Herlihy, W. Gerth, P. Kaufmann, S. Gregory, S. Urquhart, and D.P. Larsen Year of Publication: 2001 Title: Variability in stream macroinvertebrates at multiple spatial scales Source: Freshwater Biology 46 (1): 87-97. Authors Abstract: 1. We intensively sampled 16 western Oregon streams to characterize: (1) the variability in macroinvertebrate assemblages at seven spatial scales; and (2) the change in taxon richness with increasing sampling effort. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) model calculated spatial variance components for taxon richness, total density, percent individuals of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT), percent dominance and Shannon diversity. 2. At the landscape level, ecoregion and among-streams components dominated variance for most metrics, accounting for 43-72% of total variance. However, ecoregion accounted for very little variance in total density and 36% of the variance was attributable to differences between streams. For other metrics, variance components were more evenly divided between stream and ecoregion effects. 3. Within streams, approximately 70% of variance was associated with unstructured local spatial variation and not associated with habitat type or transect position. The remaining variance was typically split about evenly between habitat and transect. Sample position within a transect (left, centre or right) accounted for virtually none of the variance for any metric. 4. New taxa per stream increased rapidly with sampling effort with the first four to eight Surber samples (500-1000 individuals counted), then increased more gradually. After counting more than 50 samples, new taxa continued to be added in stream reaches that were 80 times as long as their mean wetted width. Thus taxon richness was highly dependent on sampling effort, and comparisons between sites or streams must be normalized for sampling effort. 5. Characterization of spatial variance structure is fundamental to designing sampling programmes where spatial comparisons range from local to regional scales. Differences in metric responses across spatial scales demonstrate the importance of designing sampling strategies and analyses capable of discerning differences at the scale of interest. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Restoration/Recovery, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Diversity, Indicators, Invertebrates, Monitoring Geographic Area: Willamette Valley and Cascade Mountains Water Body Name: Willamette Valley Streams and Cascade Mountain Streams WRIA: 322 Document Number: LIP-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Lipovshy, S. J. Year of Publication: 1985 Title: Port of Seattle Terminal 91, habitat mitigation monitoring study. Source: Report prepared for the Port of Seattle, Seattle, Washington. Review: This report provides background data needed for determining the future performances of the mitigation habitats to be created in conjunction with scheduled projects at the Port of Seattle. Primary Keyword(s): Land Use, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary Geographic Area: Seattle Water Body Name: Elliot Bay WRIA: 99 323 Document Number: LIS-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Thomas E. Lisle, Sue Hilton Year of Publication: 1999 Title: Fine bed material in pools of natural gravel bed channels Source: Water Resources Research 35: 1291-1304. Authors Abstract: Natural gravel bed channels commonly contain a fine mode of sand and fine gravel that fills voids of the bed framework of coarser gravel. If the supply of fine bed material exceeds the storage capacity of framework voids, excess fine material forms surficial patches, which can be voluminous in pools during low flow. Data collected in 34 natural channels in northern California and southern Oregon indicate the following. (1) Fine material on the bed surface can be readily winnowed and transported at high particle velocities, much of it in intermittent suspension. Fine material can dominate the bed material load in gravel bed channels, but its abundance on the bed surface is limited by its increasing mobility as hiding places among prominent particles are filled. (2) Fine material in pools is typically replaced many times per year. (3) The proportion V* of residual pool volume filled with fine bed material correlates with annual sediment yield in channels whose parent material produces abundant sandy sediment. (4) Temporal and spatial changes in V* appear to correspond to variations in the balance between sediment inputs and water discharge. These results suggest that V* can be used to monitor and evaluate the supply of excess fine material in gravel bed channels and that samples of fine material in pools can characterize the fine, mobile mode of bed material load. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use Secondary Keyword(s): Geomorphology, Gravel, Sediment Geographic Area: Northern California and Southern Oregon Water Body Name: Several streams within the geographic area: Grouse, Jacoby, North Fork Caspar, Redwood Creeks WRIA: 324 Document Number: LIT-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Littler, J. D., J. T. Aden, and A. F. Johnson. Year of Publication: 1981 Title: Survey of groundwater and surface water quality for the Chambers Creek/Clover Creek Drainage Basin, Pierce County, November 1980 - February 1981. Source: Washington State Department of Social and Health Services, Health Services Division, Water Supply and Waste Section, LD-11, Olympia, Washington. 103 p. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Groundwater Geographic Area: Pierce County Water Body Name: Chambers/Clover creeks WRIA: 12 325 Document Number: LIT-002 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Littler, J. D. and J. T. Aden. Year of Publication: 1980 Title: An evaluation of groundwater quality for the Chambers Creek/Clover Creek drainage basin - Pierce County. Source: Washington State Department of Social and Health Services, Health Services Division, Water Supply and Waste Section, Olympia, Washington. (LD-11) . 39 p. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. Primary Keyword(s): Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Groundwater Geographic Area: Pierce County Water Body Name: Chambers/Clover creeks WRIA: 12 326 Document Number: LOO-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Loomis, J. B. Year of Publication: 1998 Title: Estimating the public's values for instream flow: economic techniques and dollar values. Source: Journal of the American Water Resources Association 34(5):1007. Authors Abstract: Sound water resource management requires comparison of benefits and costs. Many of the perceived benefits of water relate to providing instream flow for recreation and endangered fish. These uses have value but no prices to guide resource allocation. Techniques to estimate the dollar values of environmental benefits are presented and illustrated with several case studies. The results of the case studies show that emphasis on minimum instream flow allocates far less than the economically optimum amount of water to instream uses. Studies in Idaho demonstrated that optimum flows that balance benefits and costs can be ten times greater than minimum flows. The economic benefits of preserving public trust resources outweighed the replacement cost of water and power by a factor of fifty in California. While it is important to incorporate public preferences in water resource management, these economic survey techniques provide water managers with information not just on preference but how much the public is willing to pay for as well. This facilitates comparison of the public costs and benefits of instream flows. Review: This is a policy discussion on estimating cost or the public's willingness to pay to preserve instream flows. It is an alternative method for resource managers to place a dollar amount on resources. With the listing of some salmon stocks as threatened, regulators in the Pacific northwest are dealing with the cost and benefits of salmon policy. The study provides a technique that can be valuable to salmon issues in the Pacific Northwest. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Restoration/Recovery, Water Use Secondary Keyword(s): Cost/Benefit, Instream Flow Geographic Area: California Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 327 Document Number: LOP-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Thomas J. Lopes, Edward T. Furlong Year of Publication: 2001 Title: Occurrence and potential adverse effects of semivolatile organic compounds in streambed sediment, United States, 1992-1995 Source: Environmental Toxicology And Chemistry; 20 (4): 727-737. Authors Abstract: The occurrence and potential adverse effects of select semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in streambed sediment were assessed at 536 sites in 20 major river basins across the United States from 1992 to 1995. Fifty-six SVOCs were detected at one or more sites, and one or more SVOCs were detected at 71% of sites. The northeastern and Great Lakes regions and large metropolitan areas have the highest SVOC concentrations. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were detected most frequently and at the highest concentrations. Concentrations of PAHs and phthalates were about 10 times higher at sites influenced by urban activities than at sites in other land-use areas. Semivolatile organic compounds were significantly (alpha = 0.05) correlated with land use and population density, and PAHs also correlated with physical/chemical properties. On the basis of sediment-quality guidelines, adverse effects are probable at 7.5% and possible at 16.2% of the sites. Most of the potential for adverse effects is due to PAH's. The median percentage of urban land use was 8% at sites with possible adverse effects and 16% at sites with probable adverse effects. Urbanization profoundly affects sediment quality, even though it comprised a small percentage of most drainage basins Review: Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Gravel, Instream, Pollution, Sediment Geographic Area: United States Water Body Name: WRIA: 328 Document Number: LOW-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Lowrie, K. W. and M. Greenberg. Year of Publication: 1997 Title: Promoting ground water pollution prevention in small businesses. Source: Journal of the American Water Resources Association 33(1):193. Authors Abstract: Although they have not been the focus of major regulations, small businesses can contribute pollutants to ground water through routine practices. Because strict regulation of millions of micro firms is not likely, water resource professionals face a challenge of how to reach small business operators with effective pollution prevention messages. The purpose of this study was to examine the factors that influence a small business operator to adopt measures that reduce potential ground water pollution. We looked at how information delivery, internal business characteristics, and external relationships are associated with voluntary preventive measures. Mail surveys from small businesses in New Jersey municipalities and interviews with business owners provided data about business characteristics and current pollution prevention activities. Findings suggested that businesses doing the most to prevent ground water pollution were generally more connected to external organizations and had more financial and technical resources. The study also discovered that small business owners fear government involvement in their affairs. The study concludes with recommendations to encourage more voluntary adoption of prevention measures by businesses. These center on separating assistance programs from enforcement and involving industry peer groups in an effort to make information available in a non-threatening manner. Review: Although this study was conducted in New Jersey, the method described could be used in the Tri-County area for identifying best public policies for implementing a salmon recovery plan. Compliance to policy can be a barrier that has not always been effectively addressed. Innovative methods, such as those described in this study are needed to identify important recovery issues, and provide ways to maximize compliance and success of regulation. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Restoration/Recovery, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Groundwater Geographic Area: New Jersey Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 329 Document Number: LPW-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Lower Puyallup Watershed Management Committee. Year of Publication: 1992 Title: Lower Puyallup watershed Phase 1 report - A report on nonpoint water pollution issues, goals, and objectives toward preparation of a Watershed Action Plan. Source: Prepared under the direction of the Lower Puyallup Watershed Management Committee. In conformance with Chapter 400-12 WAC, Local Planning and Management of Nonpoint Source Pollution, March 1992. Review: This report is primarily concerned with nonpoint water pollution. It contains a summary of the geology and soils of the Puyallup watershed, and a historical summary of the major river systems. The report also contains fish run/population information and water quality data. Water quality parameters, including nutrients, fecal coliform and heavy metals etc., are listed for the streams in the Hylebos, Clarks / Clear Creek, Lower White River and Middle Puyallup subwatersheds. Data are from the Dept. of Ecology water quality assessments. Primary Keyword(s): Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Pollution, Temperature, Toxicity, Wastewater, Watershed Geographic Area: Pierce County Water Body Name: Puyallup River, White River, Hylebos Creek, Clear/Clark's Creek, Commencement Bay WRIA: 10 330 Document Number: LPW-002 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Lower Puyallup Watershed Management Committee. Year of Publication: 1995 Title: Lower Puyallup watershed Action Plan, a plan containing nonpoint pollution source control and implementation strategies. Source: Prepared under the direction of the Lower Puyallup Watershed Management Committee. In conformance with Chapter 400-12 WAC, Local Planning and Management of Nonpoint Source Pollution, March 1992. Review: This plan includes information about the Puyallup watershed, existing watershed pollution problems, development of an action plan, and a program for implementation and monitoring. Primary Keyword(s): Restoration/Recovery, Water Quantity, Water Use Secondary Keyword(s): Pollution Geographic Area: Pierce County Water Body Name: Puyallup River WRIA: 10 331 Document Number: LSI-001 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Law Seminars International. Year of Publication: 1999 Title: The Endangered Species Act. Source: Conference proceedings, The Endangered Species Act, January 21, 1999, Seattle, Washington, Law Seminars International, Seattle, Washington. Review: This document is a collection of abstracts from the Law Seminars International symposium concerning the Endangered Species Act. Several of the included discussions are specific to the Tri-County area including a discussion of the City of Seattle's Cedar River Habitat Conservation Plan. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use, Regulations, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Federal Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Cedar River WRIA: 08 332 Document Number: LUC-001 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Lucchetti, G. L. Year of Publication: 1998 Title: Estimation of salmonid production potential and costs of fish habitat restoration opportunities in the Lower Cedar River. Source: (unpublished report) King County Department of Natural Resources, Seattle, Washington. Review: This unpublished report identifies 76 habitat opportunities in the Cedar River watershed downstream of the Landsburg Dam and assesses them for cost and salmonid production potential. Production potential is estimated for sockeye, coho, and chinook salmon, steelhead, and cutthroat trout. Restoration opportunities identified included mainstem, tributary, and off-channel habitats. Annual production potentials (APP) were determined based on habitat area multiplied by literature values for fry or smolt production per square meter. The document describes one approach for computing habitat-based salmonid production potential in urbanized and urbanizing streams within the Tri-County area. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Chinook, Coho, Cost/Benefit, County, Cutthroat, Freshwater, Instream, Production, Sockeye, Steelhead Geographic Area: Cedar River watershed Water Body Name: Cedar River WRIA: 08 333 Document Number: LUD-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: Yes Author(s): Ludwa, K., G. Lucchetti, K. L. Fresh, and K. Walter. Year of Publication: 1997 Title: Assessing stream-dwelling fishes in basins of the Lake Washington watershed, summer 1996. Source: King County Department of Natural Resources, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, and Muckleshoot Indian Tribe Fisheries Department. 25 p. Review: Several agencies involved in the Lake Washington watershed conducted a basin-wide assessment of juvenile fish utilization in wadeable streams. Specific objectives of this program were to:1) estimate the species composition, distribution, and relative abundance of stream-dwelling fish inhabiting major basins of the Lake Washington watershed; 2) compare data on stream fish populations to measurements of aquatic habitat and land use condition; and 3) provide an indicator of ecosystem condition, augmenting other measures such as benthic macroinvertebrate biomonitoring, habitat assessments, and water quality. This report presents the results of that investigation and represents one of the few comprehensive fish surveys in the basin. Primary Keyword(s): Non-Salmonids, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Distribution Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Lake Washington drainage WRIA: 08 334 Document Number: MAC-001 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): MacDonald, K. and F. Weinmann (eds.). Year of Publication: 1997 Title: Wetland and riparian restoration: taking a broader view. Source: Proceedings of a conference sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Report EPA 910-R097-007, Seattle, Washington. Partial Abstract: Wetland and riparian habitat restoration is rapidly moving beyond regulatory-driven mitigation projects into incentive-based, larger scale, watershed enhancement and habitat conservation planning programs. Review: Included in this document are two articles from the proceedings of the conference on wetland and riparian restoration. The first article, by the editors, focuses on the new direction wetland and riparian restoration is taking - one of a broader, basin-level plan. The article outlines the need for moving on from regulatory driven mitigation projects into incentive-based larger scale planning. The second article by K. Neal and M. Harenda focuses on prioritization of salmonid habitat problems and restoration projects. In particular, 14 miles of stream and riparian corridor in the Bear/Evans Creek watershed were identified and prioritized. Implementation of habitat restoration projects began in 1995 and will continue through 1997. These two papers are specific to the needs of and conditions within the Tri-County area. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Land Use, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Conservation, Riparian, Urbanization, Watershed, Wetland Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Bear Creek, Evans Creek WRIA: 08 335 Document Number: MAC-002 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): MacDonald, L. H., A. W. Smart, and R. C. Wissmar. Year of Publication: 1991 Title: Monitoring guidelines to evaluate effects of forestry activities on streams in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Report EPA/910/9-91-001, Seattle, Washington. 166 p. Partial Abstract: This document provides guidance for designing water quality monitoring projects and selecting monitoring parameters. Although the focus is on forest management and streams in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska, a broader perspective is taken, and much of the information is more widely applicable. Part I reviews the regulatory mechanisms for nonpoint source pollution and defines seven types of monitoring. Part II is a technical review of the parameters, which are grouped into six categories: physical and chemical constituents, flow, sediment, channel characteristics, riparian, and aquatic organisms. Review: The scope of the guidelines presented in this document is limited to forested areas in the Pacific Northwest. The tables included are a qualitative evaluation based on a combination of experience and published data, and therefore may not represent all opinions on the subject. However, the information provided is detailed and useful when considering monitoring programs targeted toward other activities, including urbanization. Numerous definitions and case studies related to monitoring plans are provided in this document. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Harvest, Land Use Secondary Keyword(s): Forestry, Instream, Methods, Monitoring, Riparian Geographic Area: Pacific Northwest and Alaska Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 336 Document Number: MAC-003 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Macdonald, J. S. and B. D. Chang. Year of Publication: 1993 Title: Seasonal use by fish of nearshore areas in an urbanized coastal inlet in southwestern British Columbia. Source: Northwest Science 67(2) :63-77. Authors Abstract: In this study, we examine the seasonal variation in fish assemblages at three nearshore marine sites on the north shore of outer Burrand Inlet, British Columbia. Monthly collections with beach seines were made to document changes in species abundance, fish size, and feeding activities over the period of one year. Collection sites represented the shallow sloping cobble beaches common to the Burrand Inlet area. Such beaches are frequently diked, filled or dredged for port facilities during urban development. A total of 29 species were caught, including juvenile salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.): chum salmon (O. keta) was the most abundant salmonid. Fish were caught throughout the year, but more individuals and species were present in the spring and summer than at other times. A size increase over time was noted for many of the species, and stomach analyses indicated that fish were feeding throughout the period they were present. Prey was plankton or epibenthic and in general originated from marine sources. Outer Burrand Inlet functions as a temporary early marine residence and/or nursery region for many local fish despite local urbanization pressure from metropolitan Vancouver. The destruction or degradation of such areas can have harmful effects on fisheries resources. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. The document presents a methodology for determining fish use of nearshore areas in urbanized environments. There is no attempt to make comparisons against reference sites or differing levels of disturbance. Methods presented have applicability to Puget Sound waters. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Land Use, Non-Salmonids, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Chinook, Chum, City, Coho, Development, Distribution, Marine, Methods, Monitoring, Non-Salmonid Fish, Other Salmonids, Pink, Rearing, Shoreline, Sockeye, Steelhead, Temperature, Urbanization Geographic Area: British Columbia Water Body Name: Burrand Inlet WRIA: 99 337 Document Number: MAC-004 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Macdonald, K., D. Simpson, B. Paulson, J. Cox, and J. Gendron. Year of Publication: 1994 Title: Shoreline armoring effects on physical coastal processes in Puget Sound. Source: Report prepared for Washington Department of Ecology, Olympia, Washington. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. See KCO-001 in this database. This report summarizes shoreline physical processes within Puget Sound and how they are impacted by the installation of shoreline protection structures. The aim of the report was to describe the fundamental processes that will enable prediction of consequences resulting from construction of shoreline protection devices. The report concludes that shoreline armoring typically results in the following adverse effects: 1) sediment supply to nearby beaches is cut off causing "starvation" of the beaches for sand and other fine grained materials; 2) energy is reflected back onto the beach and exacerbates beach erosion; 3) sandy beaches are transformed into gravel and cobble beaches; and 4) vegetation which shades the upper beach is eliminated, thus degrading the beach's value for spawning habitat. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery Secondary Keyword(s): Marine, Shoreline Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Puget Sound WRIA: 99 338 Document Number: MAC-005 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): D. D. MacDonald, C.G. Ingersoll, T. A. Berger Year of Publication: 2000 Title: Development and evaluation of consensus-based sediment quality guidelines for freshwater ecosystems Source: Archives Of Environmental Contamination And Toxicology 39 (1): 20-31. Numerical sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) for freshwater ecosystems have previously been developed using a variety of approaches. Each approach has certain advantages and limitations which influence their application in the sediment quality assessment process. In an effort to focus on the agreement among these various published SQGs, consensus-based SQGs were developed for 28 chemicals of concern in freshwater sediments (i.e., metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and pesticides). For each contaminant of concern, two SQGs were developed from the published SQGs, including a threshold effect concentration (TEC) and a probable effect concentration (PEG). The resultant SQGs for each chemical were evaluated for reliability using matching sediment chemistry and toxicity data from field studies conducted throughout the United States. The results of this evaluation indicated that most of the TECs (i.e., 21 of 28) provide an accurate basis for predicting the absence of sediment toxicity. Similarly, most of the PECs (i.e., 16 of 28) provide an accurate basis for predicting sediment toxicity. Mean PEG quotients were calculated to evaluate the combined effects of multiple contaminants in sediment. Results of the evaluation indicate that the incidence of toxicity is highly correlated to the mean PEG quotient (R2 = 0.98 for 347 samples). It was concluded that the consensus-based SQGs provide a reliable basis for assessing sediment quality conditions in freshwater ecosystems. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Freshwater, Geomorphology, Gravel, Instream, Marine, Sediment, Toxicity Geographic Area: Water Body Name: WRIA: 339 Document Number: MAR-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Maret, T. R., T. A. Burton, G. W. Harvey, and W. H. Clark. Year of Publication: 1993 Title: Field testing of new monitoring protocols to assess brown trout spawning habitat in an Idaho stream. Source: North American Journal of Fisheries Management 13:567-580. Partial Abstract: The effects of nonpoint source pollution on salmonid incubation and embryo survival to emergence were evaluated on Rock Creek in south-central Idaho. New monitoring protocols were applied to evaluate effects of sediments and associated pollutants on spawning and recruitment of brown trout, Salmo trutta. According to these new protocols, incubation success in artificial egg pockets is measured in terms of intragravel dissolved oxygen (IGDO), percent fine sediment (<2.0 mm) in the substrate, and survival of embryos and alevins to emergence. Significant positive relationships were found between IGDO saturation and survival to emergence (P<0.01). We found significant inverse relationships for percent fine sediment and survival (P<0.05). Review: Techniques are needed to assess conditions in the egg pockets of salmonid redds, because this environment controls salmonid incubation and emergence. This study used artificial egg baskets to characterize the quality of salmonid spawning habitat and to help create standards and criteria to protect streams from sedimentation. The authors found that sediment with more than 15% fines may reduce IGDO concentrations to unacceptable levels for survival during incubation. Other factors which may have contributed to low survival in artificial nests with high IGDO included predation by macroinvertebrates, disease, and handling damage. Another factor which may contribute to low IGDO is decaying eggs, especially in artificial redds with little or no survival. The use of artificial redds offers a way to assess survival in the natal stream. However, these protocols need to be validated with other species and over a broader geographic range. Additional studies are needed to compare the environment of the artificial redd and the natural redd. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Fish Life History, Salmonids, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Disease, Freshwater, Gravel, Instream, Invertebrates, Methods, Monitoring, Mortality, Non-Native, Other Salmonids, Reproduction, Sediment Geographic Area: Idaho Water Body Name: Rock Creek WRIA: 99 340 Document Number: MAS-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): L Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Maser, C., R. F. Tarrant, J. M. Trappe, and J. F. Franklin. Year of Publication: 1988 Title: From the forest to the sea: a story of fallen trees. Source: Pacific Northwest Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Portland, OR, General Technical Report PNW-GTR-229. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat Secondary Keyword(s): LWD Geographic Area: Pacific Northwest Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 341 Document Number: MAS-002 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Mastin, M. C. Year of Publication: 1998 Title: Flood potential of South Prairie Creek, Pierce County, Washington. Source: USGS, Water Resources Investigations Report 98-4009, Tacoma, Washington. 75 p. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. This report determined the 10, 50, 100 and 500 year flood flows at the South Prairie Creek gage to be 5,520; 7,910; 8,960; and 11,500 cfs using a Log Pearson Type III analysis. Water surface profiles were developed using a step-backwater model for these return intervals. The floodplain was delineated for the lower South Prairie Creek for the 100 and 500 year events with available topographic maps. The extent of forest clearing and road building was assessed with aerial photographs from 1965-1990. Analysis showed no significant change in flood flows due to road building and forest clearing. No stream specific fish habitat data are presented in the report. The report provides hydrologic data for South Prairie Creek that will be useful when considering habitat restoration projects in this system. Primary Keyword(s): Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): Floodplain, Instream Flow, Roads, Urbanization Geographic Area: Pierce County Water Body Name: South Prairie Creek WRIA: 10 342 Document Number: MAT-002 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): L Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Jon E. Mattoon, Inc. Year of Publication: 1993 Title: White River Ridge: draft environmental impact statement. Source: Report prepared for Pierce County Planning and Land Services, Tacoma, Washington. 114 p. plus appendices. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. Primary Keyword(s): Land Use Secondary Keyword(s): Development Geographic Area: Pierce County Water Body Name: White River WRIA: 10 343 Document Number: MAT-003 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): L Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Matthews, S. B. Year of Publication: 1984 Title: Variability of marine survival of Pacific salmonids: a review. Source: W. Pearcy (ed.), Workshop on influence of ocean conditions on production of salmonids in the North Pacific, Washington Sea Grant Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Authors Abstract: Time series of total marine survival rate estimates for a number of North American salmonid stocks were reviewed. Only species with extended fresh-water rearing phases were considered. Variability in marine survival tends to be quite variable, and such variability is largely unexplainable from smolt data such as mean smolt size, age composition, or abundance. The causes of such variability in the marine environment are poorly understood. The best correlation so far found between marine survival and a marine environmental factor (strength of ocean-upwelling) is for coho salmon originating from the Oregon coast and Columbia River. However, the biological mechanism even for this case is not known. Review: This review indicates little has been discovered on the variability of Pacific salmon survival. Additionally, if there are anthropogenic factors effecting salmon survival, they are international issues. The subject, while important to the survival of salmon, is not related to urban issues and may be better addressed at a national level. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Fish Life History, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Marine, Mortality Geographic Area: Pacific Northwest Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 344 Document Number: MAT-004 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Philip Mathur, P. Heisey, J. Skalski, and D. Kenney Year of Publication: 2000 Title: Salmonid Smolt Survival Relative to Turbine Efficiency and Entrainment Depth in Hydroelectric Power Generation Source: Journal of the American Water Resources Association 36(4): 737-747. Authors Abstract: The hypotheses that fish survival probabilities may be lower (1) at less than peak operating turbine efficiency; (2) at deeper entrainment depth; and (3) with the deployment of extended-length intake guidance screens, are not supported by results on yearling chinook salmon smolts (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) at Lower Granite Dam, Snake River, Washington. Estimated 96 h survival probabilities for the six test conditions ranged from 0.937 to 0.972, with the highest survival at turbine operating towards the lower end of its efficiency. A blanket recommendation to operate all Kaplan type turbines within I percent of their peak efficiency appears too restrictive. Cavitation mode survival (0.946) was comparable to that at peak operating efficiency mode (0.937), as was the survival between upper (0.947) and mid depths (0.937). Survival differed only slightly among three turbine intake bays at the same depth (0.937 to 0.954), most likely due to differential flow distribution. Extended-length intake fish guidance screens did not reduce survival. However, the sources of injury somewhat differed with depth; probable pressure and shear-related injuries were common on fish entrained at mid-depth, and mechanically-induced injuries were common at upper depth. Operating conditions that reduce turbulence within the turbine environment may enhance fish survival; however, controlled experiments that integrate turbine flow physics and geometry and the path entrained fish traverse are needed to develop specific guidance to further enhance fish passage survival. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Fish Life History, Land Use, Restoration/Recovery, Regulations, Salmonids, Water Use Secondary Keyword(s): Conservation, Dams, Hydropower, Passage Geographic Area: Almota, Washington Water Body Name: Snake River WRIA: 345 Document Number: MAY-001 Document Type: Other Document Releva