Gale Laboratory

Erickson, A., and Gale, M., Jr. (2008) Distinct signaling and hepatitis C virus suppressive properties of engineered, consensus interferon. Antiviral Therapy. In Press.

Saito T, Gale M Jr. (2008) Differential recognition of double-stranded RNA by RIG-I-like receptors in antiviral immunity. J Exp Med. 205:1523-1527.

Daffis S, Samuel MA, Suthar MS, Gale M Jr, Diamond MS. (2008) Toll-like receptor-3 has a protective role against West Nile virus infection. J Virol. Aug 20. [Epub ahead of print]

Saito T., Owen D.M., Jiang, F., Marcotrigiano, J., and Gale, M. Jr. (2008) Innate immunity induced by composition-dependent RIG-I recognition of hepatitis C virus RNA. Nature. 454:523-527.

Daffis S., Samuel M.A., Suthar M.S., Keller B.C., Gale, M. Jr, and Diamond M.S. (2008) Interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-7 induces the antiviral interferon (IFN)-a response and protects against lethal West Nile virus infection. J Virol. 82:8465-8475.

Erickson, A. K., and Gale, M., Jr. (2008) Regulation of interferon production and innate antiviral immunity through translational control of IRF-7. Cell Res. 18:433-435.

Davis A.M., Hagan K.A., Matthews L.A., Bajwa G., Gill M.A., Gale M. Jr, and Farrar J.D. Blockade of virus infection by human CD4+ T cells via a cytokine relay network. (2008) J Immunol. 180:6923-6932.

Takhasi, K., Yoneyama, M., Nishihori, T., Hirai, R., Kumeta, H., Narita, R., Inagaki, F., Gale, M., Jr., and Fujita, T. (2008) Non-self RNA-sensing mechanism of RIG-I helicase and activation of antiviral immune responses. Mol. Cell. 29: 1-13.

Lau, D. T.-Y., Fish, P.M., Sinha, M., Owen, D., Lemon, S. M, Gale, M., Jr. (2008) Patterns of IRF-3 activation, hepatic interferon-stimulated gene expression and immune cell infiltration in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 47: 799-809.

Saito, T., and M. Gale, Jr. (2008) Regulation of innate immunity against hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatol Res. [Epub ahead of print].

Fredericksen B., Keller, B., Fornek, J., Katze, M. G., and M. Gale Jr. (2008) Establishment and maintenance of the innate antiviral response to West Nile virus involves both RIG-I and MDA5 signaling through IPS-1. J. Virol. 82:609-616.

Loo, Y. M., J. Fornek, N. Crochet, G. Bajwa, O. Perwistasari, L. Martinez-Sobrido, S. Akira, M. Gill, A. Garcia-Sastre, M. G. Katze, and M. Gale Jr. (2008) Distinct RIG-I and MDA5 signaling by RNA viruses in innate immunity. J Virol. 82:335-345.

Loo, Y.-M., and M. Gale Jr. (2007) Viral regulation and evasion of the host response. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 316:295-313

Chung R. T., Gale M. Jr, Polyak S. J., Lemon S. M., Liang T. J., J. H. Hoofnagle. (2007) Mechanisms of action of interferon and ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C: Summary of a workshop. Hepatology. 47:306-320.

Keller BC, Johnson CL, Erickson AK, Gale M Jr. (2007) Innate immune evasion by hepatitis C virus and West Nile virus. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 5-6:535-44.

Daffis, S., Samuel, M.S., Keller, B., Taniguchi, T., Gale, M., Jr., and Diamond, M.S. (2007) Cell-specific IRF-3 responses protect against West Nile virus infection by IFN-dependent and independent mechanisms. PLoS Pathogens. 3:1-10.

Malathi, K., Dong, B., Gale, M., Jr., Silverman, R. (2007) Small self-RNA generated by RNase L amplifies antiviral innate immunity. Nature 448:816-819.

Huang H, Sun F, Owen DM, Li W, Chen Y, Gale M Jr, Ye J. (2007) Hepatitis C virus production by human hepatocytes dependent on assembly and secretion of very low-density lipoproteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. E Pub March 21; 104:5848-5853.

Johnson, C.L., Owen, D. and Gale, M., Jr. (2007) Functional and therapeutic analysis of hepatitis C virus NS3/4A protease control of antiviral immune defense. J Biol. Chem. 282:10792-10803.

Saito, T., Hirai, R.,Loo, Y.-M., Owen, D., Johnson, C.L., Sinha, S.C., Akira, S., Fujita, T., and Gale. M., Jr. (2007) Regulation of innate antiviral defenses through a shared repressor domain in RIG-I and LGP2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, U.S.A., 104:582-587.

Mibayashi, M., Marinez-Sobrido, L., Loo, Y.-M., Cardenas, W.B., Basler, C., Gale, M., Jr., and Garcia-Sastre, A. (2006) Inhibition of retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-mediated induction of interferon-b by the NS1 protein of influenza virus. J. Virol. 81:514-24.

Wagoner, J., Austin, M., Green, J., Imaizumi, T., Casola, A., Brasier, A., Cavar, K.S.A., Wakita, T., Gale, M., Jr., and Polyak, S.J. (2006) Regulation of CXCL-8 induction by dsRNA signaling pathways during hepatitis C virus infection. J. Virol 81:309-18.

Chien Y, Kim S, Bumeister R, Loo YM, Kwon SW, Johnson CL, Balakireva MG, Romeo Y, Kopelovich L, Gale M Jr, Yeaman C, Camonis JH, Zhao Y, White MA. (2006) RalB GTPase-mediated activation of the IkappaB family kinase TBK1 couples innate immune signaling to tumor cell survival. Cell. 127:157-70.

Keller, B., Fredericksen, B., Samuel, M., Mock, R., Mason, P., Diamond, M., Gale, M. Jr. (2006) Resistance to a/b interferon defines replication fitness and virulence of West Nile virus. J. Virol. 80:9424-34.

Samuel, M., Whitby, R., Keller, B., Marri, A., Barchet, W., Williams, B.R.G., Siliverman, R., Gale, M. Jr., and Diamond, M.S. (2006) PKR and RNase L contribute to protection against lethal West Nile virus infection by controlling early viral spread in the periphery and replication in neurons. J. Virol. 80:7009-19.

Cardenas, W., Loo, Y.-M., Gale, M. Jr., Hartman, A.L., Kimberlin, C.R., Sobrido, L.-M., Saphire, E.O., and Basler, C. (2006) The ebola virus VP35 protein binds double stranded RNA and inhibits alpha/beta interferon production induced by RIG-I signaling. J Virol. 80:5168-5178.

Loo, Y.-M., Owen, D.M., Li, K., Erickson, A. K., Johnson, C., Fish, P. M., Carney, D. S., Wang, T., Ishida, H., Yoneyama, M., Fujita, T., Saito, T., Lee, W. M., Hagedorn, C., Lau, T.-Y.D., Weinman, S. A., Lemons S. M., Gale, M. Jr. (2006) Viral and therapeutic control of IPS-1 function during hepatitis C virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 103:6001-6006.

Fredericksen, B., Gale M. Jr. (2006) West Nile virus evades activation of interferon regulatory 3 through RIG-I-dependent and independent pathways without antagonizing host defense signaling. J. Virol. 80:2913-2923.

Lee, W. M., Polson, J., Carney, D. S., Sahin, B., and Gale, M., Jr. (2005) Re-emergence of hepatitis C virus after 9 years in a patient with hypogammaglobulinemia: Evidence for an occult viral reservoir. J. Clin Invest. 192:1088-1092.

Gale M. Jr. and Foy, E. (2005) Evasion of intracellular host defense by hepatitis C virus. Nature 436: 939-945. (Peer reviewed)

Wang, C., Gale, M. Jr., Huang, H., Brown, M., Goldstein, J., and Ye, J. (2005) Identification of FBL2 as a geranylgeranylated cellular protein required for hepatitis C virus RNA replication. Mol. Cell 18: 425-434.

Yoneyama M, Kikuchi M, Matsumoto K, Imaizumi T, Miyagishi M, Taira K, Foy E, Loo YM, Gale M Jr, Akira S, Yonehara S, Kato A, Fujita T. (2005) Shared and unique functions of the DExD/H-box helicases RIG-I, MDA5, and LGP2 in antiviral innate immunity.
J Immunol. 175:2851-2858.

Li, K., Chen, Z., Foy, E., Ferron, J., Gale M. Jr., and Lemon, S. M. (2005) Sendai virus induction of type I interferon responses occurs via a TLR-, TRIF, and Myd88-independent, RIG-I-dependent intracellular antiviral signaling pathway in cultured human hepatocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 280:16739-16747.

Xiang, J., Martinez-Smith, C., Gale, M. Jr., Chang, Q., LaBrecque, D. R., Schmidt, W. N., and Stapleton, J. T. (2005) GB virus type C NS5A sequence polymorphisms: Association with interferon susceptibility and inhibition of PKR-mediated eIF-2 phosphorylation. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 25: 261-270.

Li, K., Ferron, Foy, E., Ferron, J., Nakamura, M., Ferron, A., Ikeda, M., Ray, S., Gale M. Jr., and Lemon, S. M. (2005) Immune evasion by the virus-mediated proteolysis of the TLR adaptor protein TRIF. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102:2992-2997.

Gimenez-Barcons, M., Wang, C., Chen, M., Sanchez-Tapias. Saiz, and Gale, M. Jr. (2005) The oncogenic potential of hepatitis C virus NS5A sequence variants associates with PKR regulation. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 25: 152-164.

Foy, E., Li, K., Sumpter, R., Loo, Y.-M., Johnson, C., Wang, C., Fish, P., Yoneyama, M., Fujita, T., Lemon, S. and Gale, M. J. Jr. (2005) Suppression of intracellular immune defense by hepatic C virus occurs through viral protease-dependent disruption of RIG-I signaling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102:2986-2991.

Sumpter, R., Loo, Y.-M., Foy, E., Li, K., Yoneyama, M., Fujita, T., Lemon, S. and Gale, M. J. Jr (2005) Regulating intracellular antiviral defense and permissiveness to hepatitis C virus RNA replication through a cellular RNA helicase, RIG-I. J. Virol. 79: 2689-2699.

Tan, S.-L., He, Y., Huan, Y. and Gale, M.Jr. (2004) Strategies for hepatitis C therapeutic intervention: now and next. Current Op. Pharm. 4:465-470.

Sumpter, R., Wang, C. Loo, Y.-M., and Gale, M. J. Jr (2004) Viral evolution and interferon resistance of hepatitis C virus in a cell culture model. J. Virol. 78: 11591-11604.

Miller, K., McArdle, S., Gale, M. J. Jr, Geller, D. A.,, Tenoever, B.,, Hiscott, J., Gretch, D. and Polyak, S. J. (2004) Effects of the hepatitis C virus core protein on innate cellular defense pathways. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 24:391-402.

Fredericksen, B., Smith, M., Katze, M.G., Shi, P-Y, and Gale, M. J. Jr. (2004) The host response to West Nile virus limits viral spread through the activation of the IRF-3 pathway. J. Virol. 78:7737-7747.

Ye, J., Wang, C., Sumpter R., Brown, M., Goldstein, J. and Gale, M J., Jr. (2003) Disruption of hepatitis C virus RNA replication through inhibition of host protein geranylgeranylation. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100:15868-15870.

Foy, E., C. Wang, R. Sumpter, M. Ikeda, K. L. S. M. Li, and Gale, M. J. Jr. (2003). Regulation of interferon regulatory factor-3 by the hepatitis C virus serine protease. Science, 300:1145-1148.

Gale, M.Jr. (2003) Effector genes of interferon action against hepatitis C virus. Hepatology 37:975-978.

Wang, C.-F., Pflugheber, J., Sumpter, R. Jr., Sodora, D., Hiu, D., Sen, G.C., and Gale, M.J. Jr. (2003). Alpha interferon induces distinct translational control programs to suppress hepatitis C virus RNA replication. J. Virol. 77:3898-3912.

He, Y., Yam, W., Li, Y., Gale M. Jr., and Katze, M. G. (2003) The regulation of hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site-mediated translation by hepatitis C virus replicons and nonstructural proteins. J. Gen. Virol. 84:535-543.

Gale, M.J. Jr., Blakely, C. M,. and Katze, M. G. (2002) Modulation of the PKR regulatory pathway: regulation of P58IPK and control of mRNA translation is mediated through a novel tetratricopeptide binding motif on P52rIPK. Biochemistry. 41:11878-87

Yan, W., Gale, M. J., Jr., Tan, S.-L., Katze, M G. (2002) Inactivation of the PKR protein kinase and stimulation of mRNA translation by the cellular co-chaperone P58IPK does not required J domain function. Biochemistry 41: 4938-4945.

Ladiges, W. Morton, J. Hopkins, H., Wilson, R., Filley, G., Ware, C., and Gale, M.J. Jr. (2002) Expression of human PKR protein kinase in transgenic mice. J. Interferon and Cytokine Res. 22:29-34

Fredericksen, B., Akkaraju, G., Foy, E., Wang, C., Pflugheber, J., Chen, Z., and Gale, M. Jr. (2002) Activation of the interferon-b promoter during hepatitis C virus RNA replication. Viral Immunol. 15: 29-40

Pflugheber, J., Fredericksen, B., Sumpter, R. Jr., Wang, C., Ware, F., Sodora, D. L., and Gale, M. Jr. (2002) Regulation of PKR and IRF-1 during hepatitis C virus RNA replication. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.. 99: 4650-4655.

Gale, M. J., Jr. and Beard, M. (2001) Molecular clones of hepatitis C virus: applications to animal models. ILAR J. 42: 135-147.

Ladiges, W., Morton, J., Blakely, C. M., and Gale, M.J. Jr. (2000) Increased expression of the PKR protein kinase in aging B6D2F1 mice. Mech Ageing Dev. 2000 114:123-32.

Gale, M.J. Jr., Kwieciszewski, B., Dossett, M., Nakao, H., and Katze, M. G. (1999) Anti-apoptotic and oncogenic potentials of hepatitis C virus are linked to interferon resistance through viral inhibition of the PKR protein kinase. J. Virol. 73:6506-6516.

Tang,N., Korth, M., Gale, M.J. Jr., Wambach, M., Der, S., Bandyopadhyay,S., Williams, B.R.G., and Katze, M.G. (1999) Inhibition of double-stranded RNA- and tumor necrosis factor-a-mediated apoptosis by the tetratricopeptide repeat protein and co-chaperone, P58IPK. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:4757-4765.

Polyak, S., Moradpour, D., Gale, M.J. Jr., and Gretch, D.R. (1999) Inducible expression of the hepatitis C virus nonstructural 5A protein in Hela cells provides viral resistance to interferon in trans. Hepatology. 29: 1262-1270.

Gale, M.J. Jr., Korth, M.J., and Katze, M.G. (1998) Repression of the PKR protein kinase by hepatitis C virus: a potential mechanism of interferon resistance. Clin. Diag. Virol. 10: 157-162.

Gale, M.J. Jr., Blakely, C. M, Kwieciszewski, B., Tan, S.-L., Dossett, M., Korth, M. J., Polyak, S. J., Gretch, D. R., and Katze, M. G. (1998) Control of the interferon-induced PKR protein kinase by the hepatitis C virus non-structural 5A protein: molecular mechanisms of kinase regulation. Mol. Cell. Biol 18: 5208-5218.

Tan, S.-L., Gale, M.J. Jr., and Katze, M. G. (1998) Double-stranded RNA-independent dimerization of interferon-induced protein kinase PKR and inhibition of dimerization by the cellular P58IPK inhibitor. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18: 2431-2443.

Gale, M.J. Jr., Blakely, C. M., Hopkins, D. A., Melville, M. W., Wambach, M., Romano, P. R., and Katze, M. G. (1998) Regulation of the interferon-induced protein kinase, PKR: modulation of P58IPK inhibitory function by a novel protein, P52rIPK. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18: 859-871.

Gale, M.J.Jr. and Katze, M.G. (1997) Molecular mechanisms of interferon resistance mediated by viral-directed inhibition of PKR, the interferon-induced protein kinase. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 78: 29-46.

Gale, M.J. Jr., Korth, M. J., Tang, M. T., Tan, S.-L., Hopkins, D. A., Dever, T. E., Polyak, S. J., Gretch, D. R. , and Katze, M. G. (1997) Evidence that hepatitis C virus resistance to interferon is mediated through repression of the PKR protein kinase by the nonstructural 5A protein. Virology 230: 345-356.

Gale, M.J. Jr., Tan, S.-L., Wambach, M., and Katze, M. G. (1996) Interaction of the interferon-induced PKR protein kinase with inhibitory proteins P58IPK and vaccinia virus K3L is mediated by unique domains: implications for kinase regulation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16: 4172-4181.

Das, A., Gale, M.J. Jr.., Carter, V., and Parsons, M. (1994) The protein phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid induces defects in cytokinesis and organellar genome segregation in Trypanosoma brucei. J. Cell Sci. 107: 3477-3483.

Gale, M.J. Jr, Carter, V., and Parsons, M. (1994) Translational control mediates the developmental regulation of the Trypanosoma brucei Nrk protein kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 31659-31665.

Gale M.J. Jr., Carter, V., and Parsons, M. (1994) Cell cycle specific induction of an 89 kDa serine/threonine protein kinase activity in Trypanosoma brucei. J. Cell Sci. 107:1825-1832

Gale M.J. Jr. and Parsons M. (1993). A Typanosoma brucei gene family encoding protein kinases with catalytic domains structurally related to Nek1 and NIMA. Mol.and Biochem. Parasitol. 59:111-122.

Agy M., Foy K., Gale M.J. Jr., Benveniste R., Clark E., and Katze M. (1991). Viral and cellular gene expression in CD4+ human lymphoid cell lines infected by the simian immunodefeciency virus SIV/Mne. J. Virol. 183:170-180.

Axberg I, Gale MJ Jr, Afar B, Clark EA. (1991) Characterization of T-cell subsets and T-cell receptor subgroups in pigtailed macaques using two- and three-color flow cytometry. J Clin Immunol. 11(4):193-204.

Gale M.J. Jr., Ledbetter J.A, Schieven G., Jonker M., Benveniste R., Morton W., and Clark E. (1990) CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from SIV-infected macaques have defective signalling responses after perturbation of either CD3 or CD2 receptors. J. Internat. Immunol. 2:839-850.

Willerford D., Gale M.J. Jr., Clark E., and Gallatin M. (1990) Simian immunodeficiency virus is restricted to a subset of blood CD4+ lymphocytes which includes memory T cells. J. Immunol. 144:3779-3783.

Gallatin M., Gale M.J. Jr., Hoffman P., Willerford D., Draves K., Benveniste R., Morton W., and Clark E. (1989) Selective replication of simian immunodefeciency virus in a subset of CD4+ lymphocytes. Proc. Nat. Adac. Sci. USA 86:3301-3305.

Kuller L, Morton WR, Benveniste RE, Tsai CC, Clark EA, Gale MJ, Hu SL, Thouless ME, Katze MG. (1989) Inoculation of Macaca fascicularis with simian immunodeficiency virus, SIVmne immunologic, serologic, and pathologic changes. J Med Primatol. 19(3-4):367-80.

Ginsberg AH, Gale MJ Jr, Rose LM, Clark EA. (1989) T-cell alterations in late postpoliomyelitis. Arch Neurol. 46:497-501.

Morton WR, Kuller L, Benveniste RE, Clark EA, Tsai CC, Gale MJ, Thouless ME, Overbaugh J, Katze MG. (1989) Transmission of the simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmne in macaques and baboons. J Med Primatol. 18:237-245.

Benveniste R., Morton W., Clark E., Tsai C., Ochs H., Ward J., Kuller L., Knott W., Hill R., Gale M.J. Jr., and Thouless M. (1988) Innoculation of baboons and macaques with simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIV/Mne, a primate lentivirus closely related to human immunodeficiency virus type 2. J. Virol. 62:2091-2101.

Gale, M.J. Jr, Carter, V., and Parsons, M. (1994) Translational control mediates the developmental regulation of the Trypanosoma brucei Nrk protein kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 31659-31665.

Gale M.J. Jr., Carter, V., and Parsons, M. (1994) Cell cycle specific induction of an 89 kDa serine/threonine protein kinase activity in Trypanosoma brucei. J. Cell Sci. 107:1825-1832

Gale M.J. Jr. and Parsons M. (1993). A Typanosoma brucei gene family encoding protein kinases with catalytic domains structurally related to Nek1 and NIMA. Mol.and Biochem. Parasitol. 59:111-122.

Ginsberg AH, Gale MJ Jr, Rose LM, Clark EA. (1989) T-cell alterations in late postpoliomyelitis. Arch Neurol. 46:497-501.