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Case 6: References

  1. Gulick RM, Mellors JW, Havlir D, et al. Treatment with indinavir, zidovudine, and lamivudine in adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection and prior antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:734-9.
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  2. Hammer SM, Squires KE, Hughes MD, et al. A controlled trial of two nucleoside analogues plus indinavir in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection and CD4 cell counts of 200 per cubic millimeter or less. AIDS Clinical Trials Group 320 Study Team. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:725-33.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  3. Squires K, Lazzarin A, Gatell JM, et al. Comparison of once-daily atazanavir with efavirenz, each in combination with fixed-dose zidovudine and lamivudine, as initial therapy for patients infected with HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004;36:1011-9.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  4. Sanne I, Piliero P, Squires K, Thiry A and Schnittman S. Results of a phase 2 clinical trial at 48 weeks (AI424-007): a dose-ranging, safety, and efficacy comparative trial of atazanavir at three doses in combination with didanosine and stavudine in antiretroviral-naive subjects. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2003;32:18-29.
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  5. Johnson M, Grinsztejn B, Rodriguez C, et al. Atazanavir plus ritonavir or saquinavir, and lopinavir/ritonavir in patients experiencing multiple virological failures. AIDS. 2005;19:685-94.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  6. Ward D, Curtin J, Richardson J, et al. Hyperbilirubinemia among patients in the HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS) receiving atazanavir. In: The 3rd IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2005. Abstract TuPe2.1B02. Available at:
    [The following link will open in a new window. International Aids Society - Accessed February 1, 2007]
  7. Rayner CR, Esch LD, Wynn HE and Eales R. Symptomatic hyperbilirubinemia with indinavir/ritonavir-containing regimen. Ann Pharmacother. 2001;35:1391-5.
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  8. Boffito M, Maitland D, Dickinson L, et al. Pharmacokinetics of saquinavir hard-gel/ritonavir and atazanavir when combined once daily in HIV Type 1-infected individuals administered different atazanavir doses. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2006;22:749-56.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  9. Smith DE, Jeganathan S and Ray J. Atazanavir plasma concentrations vary significantly between patients and correlate with increased serum bilirubin concentrations. HIV Clin Trials. 2006;7:34-8.
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  10. Rotger M, Taffe P, Bleiber G, et al. Gilbert syndrome and the development of antiretroviral therapy-associated hyperbilirubinemia. J Infect Dis. 2005;192:1381-6.
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  11. Maserati R, Mussati G, Scudeller L, Chiapparoli L, Giacchino R and Zanaboni D. Hyperbilirubinemia in patients treated with indinavir. In: Int Conf AIDS. 1998;12:1149 (abstract no. 60808). Available at:
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  12. Zucker SD, Qin X, Rouster SD, et al. Mechanism of indinavir-induced hyperbilirubinemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci. U S A 2001;98:12671-6.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  13. Zhang D, Chando TJ, Everett DW, Patten CJ, Dehal SS and Humphreys WG. In vitro inhibition of UDP glucuronosyltransferases by atazanavir and other HIV protease inhibitors and the relationship of this property to in vivo bilirubin glucuronidation. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005;33:1729-39.
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  14. Bosma PJ, Chowdhury JR, Bakker C, et al. The genetic basis of the reduced expression of bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1 in Gilbert's syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1171-5.
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  15. Lankisch TO, Moebius U, Wehmeier M, et al. Gilbert's disease and atazanavir: from phenotype to UDP-glucuronosyltransferase haplotype. Hepatology. 2006;44:1324-32.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  16. Rodriguez Novoa S, Barreiro P, Rendon A, et al. Plasma levels of atazanavir and the risk of hyperbilirubinemia are predicted by the 3435C-->T polymorphism at the multidrug resistance gene 1. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:291-5.
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  17. Nettles RE, Child MJ, Bertz RJ and Schnittman S. Gilbert syndrome and the development of antiretroviral therapy-associated hyperbilirubinemia: genetic screening is unnecessary. J Infect Dis. 2006;193:1611-1612.
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  18. Bartlett JG, Lane HC, and the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) Panel on Clinical Practices for Treatment of HIV Infection. Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-1-Infected Adults and Adolescents. October 10, 2006. Available at:
    [The following link will open in a new window. AIDS info - Accessed February 1, 2007]

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