Question | Discussion | References | CME Credit

Case 1: References

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1992;41(RR-17):1-19. Available at:
    [The following link will open in a new window. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Accessed October 13, 2008]
  2. Powderly WG, Gallant JE, Ghannoum MA, Mayer KH, Navarro EE, Perfect JR. Oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients with HIV: suggested guidelines for therapy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1999;15:1619-23.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  3. Sangeorzan JA, Bradley SF, He X, Zarins LT, Ridenour GL, Tiballi RN, Kauffman CA. Epidemiology of oral candidiasis in HIV-infected patients: colonization, infection, treatment, and emergence of fluconazole resistance. Am J Med. 1994;97:339-46.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  4. Magaldi S, Mata S, Hartung C, Verde G, Deibis L, Roldan Y, Marcano C. In vitro susceptibility of 137 Candida sp. isolates from HIV positive patients to several antifungal drugs. Mycopathologia. 2001;149:63-8.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  5. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the HIV Medicine Association/Infectious Diseases Society of America (HIVMA/IDSA). June 18, 2008. Available at:
    [The following link will open in a new window. AIDS Info-Accessed October 22, 2008]
  6. Maenza JR, Keruly JC, Moore RD, Chaisson RE, Gallant JE. Risk factors for fluconazole-resistant candidiasis in HIV-infected patients. J Infect Dis. 1996;173:219-25.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  7. De Wit S, Weerts D, Goossens H, Clumeck N. Comparison of fluconazole and ketoconazole for oropharyngeal candidiasis in AIDS. Lancet. 1989;1:746-8.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  8. Pons V, Greenspan D, Debruin M. Therapy for oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV-infected patients: a randomized, prospective multicenter study of oral fluconazole versus clotrimazole troches. The Multicenter Study Group. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1993;6:1311-6.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  9. Blatchford NR. Treatment of oral candidosis with itraconazole: a review. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990;23:565-7.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  10. Cartledge JD, Midgely J, Gazzard BG. Itraconazole solution: higher serum drug concentrations and better clinical response rates than the capsule formulation in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients with candidosis. J Clin Pathol. 1997;50:477-80.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  11. Phillips P, De Beule K, Frechette G, et al. A double-blind comparison of itraconazole oral solution and fluconazole capsules for the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;26:1368-73.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  12. Graybill JR, Vazquez J, Darouiche RO, et al. Randomized trial of itraconazole oral solution for oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV/AIDS patients. Am J Med. 1998;104:33-9.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  13. Vazquez JA, Skiest DJ, Nieto L, et al. A multicenter randomized trial evaluating posaconazole versus fluconazole for the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis in subjects with HIV/AIDS. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:1179-86.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]

[Back to Case 1 Question | Back to Discussion]

CME Credit | Back to Top