Question | Discussion | References | CME Credit

Case 4: References

  1. Powderly WG, Mayer KH, Perfect JR. Diagnosis and treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients infected with HIV: a critical reassessment. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1999;15:1405-12
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  2. Barchiesi F, Maracci M, Radi B, Arzeni D, Baldassarri I, Giacometti A, Scalise G. Point prevalence, microbiology and fluconazole susceptibility patterns of yeast isolates colonizing the oral cavities of HIV-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2002;50:999-1002.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  3. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the HIV Medicine Association/Infectious Diseases Society of America (HIVMA/IDSA). June 18, 2008. Available at:
    [The following link will open in a new window. AIDS Info-Accessed October 25, 2008]
  4. Maenza JR, Keruly JC, Moore RD, Chaisson RE, Gallant JE. Risk factors for fluconazole-resistant candidiasis in HIV-infected patients. J Infect Dis 1996;173:219-25.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  5. Maenza JR, Merz WG, Romagnoli MJ, Keruly JC, Moore RD, Gallant JE. Fluconazole-resistant Candida in patients with AIDS: prevalence and microbiology. Clin Infect Dis 1997;24:28-34.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  6. White TC, Marr KA, Bowden RA. Clinical, cellular, and molecular factors that contribute to antifungal drug resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1998;11:382-402.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  7. Martins MD, Lozano-Chiu M, Rex JH. Declining rates of oropharyngeal candidiasis and carriage of Candida albicans associated with trends toward reduced rates of carriage of fluconazole-resistant C. albicans in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;27:1291-4.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  8. Martinez M, Lopez-Ribot JL, Kirkpatrick WR, Bachmann SP, Perea S, Ruesga MT, Patterson TF. Heterogeneous mechanisms of azole resistance in Candida albicans clinical isolates from an HIV-infected patient on continuous fluconazole therapy for oropharyngeal candidosis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2002;49:515-24.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  9. Perea S, Lopez-Ribot JL, Wickes BL, et al. Molecular mechanisms of fluconazole resistance in Candida dubliniensis isolates from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002;46:1695-703.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  10. Koks CH, Meenhorst PL, Bult A, Beijnen JH. Itraconazole solution: summary of pharmacokinetic features and review of activity in the treatment of fluconazole-resistant oral candidosis in HIV-infected persons. Pharmacol Res. 2002;46:195-201.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  11. Pfaller MA, Boyken LB, Hollis RJ, Kroeger J, Messer SA, Tendolkar S, Diekema DJ. Validation of 24-hour fluconazole MIC readings versus the CLSI 48-hour broth microdilution reference method: results from a global Candida antifungal surveillance program. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46:3585-90.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  12. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Sheehan DJ. Interpretive breakpoints for fluconazole and Candida revisited: a blueprint for the future of antifungal susceptibility testing. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2006;19:435-7.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  13. Cameron ML, Schell WA, Bruch S, Bartlett JA, Waskin HA, Perfect JR. Correlation of in vitro fluconazole resistance of Candida isolates in relation to therapy and symptoms of individuals seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993;37:2449-53.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  14. Revankar SG, Kirkpatrick WR, McAtee RK, et al. Detection and significance of fluconazole resistance in oropharyngeal candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. J Infect Dis. 1996;174:821-7.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  15. Powderly WG, Gallant JE, Ghannoum MA, Mayer KH, Navarro EE, Perfect JR. Oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients with HIV: suggested guidelines for therapy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1999;15:1619-23.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  16. Rex JH, Walsh TJ, Sobel JD, Filler SG, Pappas PG, Dismukes WE, Edwards JE. Practice guidelines for the treatment of candidiasis. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;30:662-78.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  17. Fichtenbaum CJ, Zackin R, Rajicic N, Powderly WG, Wheat LJ, Zingman BS. Amphotericin B oral suspension for fluconazole-refractory oral candidiasis in persons with HIV infection. Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study Team 295. AIDS. 2000;14:845-52.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  18. Revankar SG, Dib OP, Kirkpatrick WR, et al. Clinical evaluation and microbiology of oropharyngeal infection due to fluconazole-resistant Candida in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;26:960-3.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  19. Phillips P, Zemcov J, Mahmood W, Montaner JS, Craib K, Clarke AM. Itraconazole cyclodextrin solution for fluconazole-refractory oropharyngeal candidiasis in AIDS: correlation of clinical response with in vitro susceptibility. AIDS. 1996;10:1369-76.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  20. Saag MS, Fessel WJ, Kaufman CA, et al. Treatment of fluconazole-refractory oropharyngeal candidiasis with itraconazole oral solution in HIV-positive patients. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1999;15:1413-7.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  21. Ruhnke M, Schmidt-Westhausen A, Trautmann M. In vitro activities of voriconazole (UK-109,496) against fluconazole-susceptible and -resistant Candida albicans isolates from oral cavities of patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1997;41:575-7.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  22. Ally R, Schurmann D, Kreisel W, et al. A randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, multicenter trial of voriconazole and fluconazole in the treatment of esophageal candidiasis in immunocompromised patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:1447-54.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  23. Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Boyken L, Rice C, Tendolkar S, Hollis RJ, Diekema DJ. Caspofungin activity against clinical isolates of fluconazole-resistant Candida. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:5729-31.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  24. Villanueva A, Arathoon EG, Gotuzzo E, Berman RS, DiNubile MJ, Sable CA. A randomized double-blind study of caspofungin versus amphotericin for the treatment of candidal esophagitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:1529-35.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  25. Kartsonis N, DiNubile MJ, Bartizal K, Hicks PS, Ryan D, Sable CA. Efficacy of caspofungin in the treatment of esophageal candidiasis resistant to fluconazole. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002;31:183-7.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]

[Back to Case 4 Question | Back to Discussion]

CME Credit | Back to Top