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Case 6: References

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV/AIDS surveillance report, 2005. Cases of HIV infection and AIDS in the United States and dependent areas (Revised June 2007). 2007:17:1-54. Available at:
    [The following link will open in a new window. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Accessed July 22, 2007]
  2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Racial/ethnic disparities in diagnoses of HIV/AIDS—33 states, 2001-2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Rep. 2007:56:189-93. Available at:
    [The following link will open in a new window.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Accessed July 22, 2007]
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    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV prevalence, unrecognized infection, and HIV testing among men who have sex with men—five U.S. cities, June 2004-April 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005;54:597-601. Available at:
    [The following link will open in a new window. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Accessed July 22, 2007]
  5. Montgomery JP, Mokotoff ED, Gentry AC, Blair JM. The extent of bisexual behaviour in HIV-infected men and implications for transmission to their female sex partners. AIDS Care. 2003;15:829-37.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  6. Millett G, Malebranche D, Mason B, Spikes P. Focusing "down low": bisexual black men, HIV risk and heterosexual transmission. J Natl Med Assoc. 2005;97(7 Suppl):52S-59S.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  7. Wolitski RJ, Jones KT, Wasserman JL, Smith JC. Self-identification as "down low" among men who have sex with men (MSM) from 12 US cities. AIDS Behav. 2006;10:519-29.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance, 2005: trends in reportable sexually transmitted diseases in the United States, 2004. Available at:
    [The following link will open in a new window. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Accessed July 25, 2007]
  9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). HIV transmission among Black Women—North Carolina, 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005;54:89-94. Available at:
    [The following link will open in a new window. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Accessed July 25, 2007]
  10. Fullilove RE, Fullilove MT, Bowser BP, Gross SA. Risk of sexually transmitted disease among black adolescent crack users in Oakland and San Francisco, Calif. JAMA. 1990;263:851-5.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  11. Sides TL, Akinsete O, Henry K, Wotton JT, Carr PW, Bartkus J. HIV-1 subtype diversity in Minnesota. J Infect Dis. 2005;192:37-45.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  12. Okie S. Sex, drugs, prisons, and HIV. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:105-8.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  13. Hammett TM, Harmon MP, Rhodes W. The burden of infectious disease among inmates of and releasees from US correctional facilities, 1997. Am J Public Health. 2002;92:1789-94.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  14. Hammett TM, Drachman-Jones A. HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted diseases, and incarceration among women: national and southern perspectives. Sex Transm Dis. 2006;33(7 Suppl):S17-22.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  15. Blankenship KM, Smoyer AB, Bray SJ, Mattocks K. Black-white disparities in HIV/AIDS: the role of drug policy and the corrections system. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2005;16(4 Suppl B):140-56.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  16. Golembeski C, Fullilove R. Criminal (in)justice in the city and its associated health consequences. Am J Public Health. 2005;95:1701-6.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  17. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). HIV transmission among male inmates in a state prison system—Georgia, 1992-2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006;55:421-6. Available at:
    [The following link will open in a new window. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Accessed July 25, 2007]
  18. Trubo R. CDC initiative targets HIV research gaps in black and Hispanic communities. JAMA 2004;292: 2563-4.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  19. Beatty LA, Wheeler D, Gaiter J. HIV prevention research for African Americans: current and future directions. J Black Psychol. 2004;30:40-58. Available at:
    [The following link will open in a new window. Sage Journals Online - Accessed August 3, 2007]
  20. Voisin DR. Family ecology and HIV sexual risk behaviors among African American and Puerto Rican adolescent males. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2002;72:294-302.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  21. Jemmott LS, Jemmott JB 3rd. Applying the theory of reasoned action to AIDS risk behavior: condom use among black women. Nurs Res. 1991;40:228-34.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  22. Klonoff EA, Landrine H. Do blacks believe that HIV/AIDS is a government conspiracy against them? Prev Med. 1999;28:451-7.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  23. Bogart LM, Thorburn S. Are HIV/AIDS conspiracy beliefs a barrier to HIV prevention among African Americans? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005;38:213-8.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  24. Bird ST, Bogart LM. Conspiracy beliefs about HIV/AIDS and birth control among African Americans: implications for the prevention of HIV, other STIs, and unintended pregnancy. J Soc Issues. 2005;61:109-26.
    [The following link will open in a new window. PubMed Abstract]
  25. U.S. Department of Helath & Human Services. Office of Minority Health. Minority HIV/AIDS Initiative (MAI). Available at:
    [The following link will open in a new window. U.S. Department of Helath & Human Services - Accessed July 25, 2007]
  26. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Health Resources and Services Administration. Ryan White HIV/AIDS Treatment Modernization Act.:
    [The following link will open in a new window. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services - Accessed July 25, 2007]

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