#alzheimers_dn # #list name reference description total probes expected actual enrichment bin prob neurotransmitter transport GO:0006836 The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell. 30 2.33318890814558 2 0.85719591457753 0.688897044385815 nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport GO:0015931 The directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of, within or between cells. 59 4.58860485268631 3 0.653793494169303 0.847185625667374 nucleic acid transport GO:0050657 The directed movement of nucleic acids, single or double-stranded polynucleotides involved in the storage, transmission and transfer of genetic information, into, out of, within or between cells. 51 3.96642114384749 2 0.504232890927959 0.914674019976109 RNA transport GO:0050658 The directed movement of RNA, ribonucleic acids, into, out of, within or between cells. 51 3.96642114384749 2 0.504232890927959 0.914674019976109 mRNA transport GO:0051028 The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of, within or between cells. 41 3.18869150779896 1 0.313608261430804 0.963829721624951 organic acid transport GO:0015849 The directed movement of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage, into, out of, within or between cells. 63 4.89969670710572 4 0.81637706150241 0.731820433824273 carboxylic acid transport GO:0046942 The directed movement of carboxylic acids into, out of, within or between cells. Carboxylic acids are organic acids containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-). 63 4.89969670710572 4 0.81637706150241 0.731820433824273 peptide transport GO:0015833 The directed movement of peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another, into, out of, within or between cells. 14 1.08882149046794 0 0 1 oligopeptide transport GO:0006857 The directed movement of oligopeptides into, out of, within or between cells. Oligopeptides are molecules that contain a small number (2 to 20) of amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages. 10 0.777729636048527 0 0 1 protein transport GO:0015031 The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells. 449 34.9200606585789 61 1.74684690832615 1.74054518234865e-05 regulation of transport GO:0051049 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells. 25 1.94432409012132 5 2.57158774373259 0.0407143277020134 negative regulation of transport GO:0051051 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells. 7 0.544410745233969 0 0 1 positive regulation of transport GO:0051050 Any process that activates or increases the rate of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells. 5 0.388864818024263 0 0 1 regulation of endocytosis GO:0030100 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis. 9 0.699956672443674 1 1.42865985762922 0.517451855212534 secretory pathway GO:0045045 The pathway along which proteins and other substances are moved around and out of the cell. After synthesis on the ribosomes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), completed polypeptide chains are moved to the Golgi complex and subsequently sorted to various destinations. Proteins synthesized and sorted in the secretory pathway include not only those that are secreted from the cell but also enzymes and other resident proteins in the lumen of the ER, Golgi, and lysosomes as well as integral proteins in the membranes of these organelles and the plasma membrane. 115 8.94389081455806 25 2.79520406927456 2.27165298958874e-06 exocytosis GO:0006887 The release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell. This is the process whereby most molecules are secreted from eukaryotic cells. 37 2.87759965337955 11 3.82263042987277 7.98444993848315e-05 vesicle docking during exocytosis GO:0006904 Initial attachment of a transport vesicle membrane with the target membrane during the process of exocytosis. 9 0.699956672443674 2 2.85731971525843 0.151204954623315 vesicle targeting GO:0006903 Targeting of a vesicle to a specific destination membrane. 8 0.622183708838821 0 0 1 vesicle-mediated transport GO:0016192 The transport of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell. 361 28.0760398613518 53 1.88773061520536 6.82385803513746e-06 endocytosis GO:0006897 The uptake of external materials by cells by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new intracellular membrane-limited vesicle. 179 13.9213604852686 19 1.36480913773517 0.104084737176985 phagocytosis GO:0006909 The process whereby phagocytes engulf external particulate material by extension and fusion of pseudopods around each particle. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles. 24 1.86655112651646 2 1.07149489322191 0.566803918253758 receptor mediated endocytosis GO:0006898 The uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles. 39 3.03314558058925 1 0.329690736375973 0.957471883285156 vesicle docking GO:0048278 Initial attachment of a transport vesicle membrane with the target membrane. 9 0.699956672443674 2 2.85731971525843 0.151204954623315 vitamin/cofactor transport GO:0015875 The directed movement of vitamins and cofactors into, out of, within or between cells. 12 0.933275563258232 0 0 1 cell motility GO:0006928 Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell. 391 30.4092287694974 35 1.15096638146599 0.216678106756188 cell migration GO:0016477 The orderly movement of cells from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. 83 6.45515597920277 9 1.39423431889116 0.195589200349868 axon guidance GO:0007411 38 2.9553726169844 5 1.69183404192934 0.170068093739003 immune cell migration GO:0050900 The movement of immune cells (leukocytes) within or between different tissues and organs of the body. 12 0.933275563258232 0 0 1 immune cell chemotaxis GO:0030595 The movement of an immune cell in response to an external stimulus. 12 0.933275563258232 0 0 1 neutrophil chemotaxis GO:0030593 The movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding. 6 0.466637781629116 0 0 1 regulation of cell migration GO:0030334 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. 11 0.855502599653379 0 0 1 substrate-bound cell migration GO:0006929 6 0.466637781629116 0 0 1 muscle contraction GO:0006936 A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. 184 14.3102253032929 9 0.628920915586775 0.953300757505363 regulation of muscle contraction GO:0006937 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction. 32 2.48873483535529 2 0.803621169916435 0.722763622359169 regulation of smooth muscle contraction GO:0006940 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction. 8 0.622183708838821 0 0 1 regulation of striated muscle contraction GO:0006942 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction. 7 0.544410745233969 0 0 1 smooth muscle contraction GO:0006939 A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in smooth muscle tissue. 27 2.09987001733102 0 0 1 striated muscle contraction GO:0006941 A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in striated muscle tissue. 39 3.03314558058925 0 0 1 sperm motility GO:0030317 Any process involved in the controlled movement of a sperm cell. 6 0.466637781629116 1 2.14298978644383 0.384784738770702 cellular defense response GO:0006968 A defense response that is mediated by cells. 102 7.93284228769497 4 0.504232890927959 0.961339646317892 cellular defense response (sensu Vertebrata) GO:0016066 A defense response that is mediated by cells, as in, but not restricted to, the vertebrates (Vertebrata, ncbi_taxonomy_id:7742). 19 1.4776863084922 0 0 1 cell-mediated immune response GO:0042087 A defense response that is mediated by cells rather than antibody or other humoral factors. 19 1.4776863084922 0 0 1 T-helper 1 type immune response GO:0042088 18 1.39991334488735 0 0 1 interferon-gamma biosynthesis GO:0042095 The formation from simpler components of interferon-gamma. 7 0.544410745233969 0 0 1 regulation of interferon-gamma biosynthesis GO:0045072 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation from simpler components of interferon-gamma. 6 0.466637781629116 0 0 1 interleukin-2 biosynthesis GO:0042094 The formation from simpler components of interleukin-2. 9 0.699956672443674 0 0 1 regulation of interleukin-2 biosynthesis GO:0045076 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation from simpler components of interleukin-2. 8 0.622183708838821 0 0 1 extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis GO:0030198 The assembly and arrangement of an extracellular matrix. 39 3.03314558058925 2 0.659381472751946 0.817599634724074 synapse organization and biogenesis GO:0050808 The assembly and arrangement of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell). 25 1.94432409012132 2 1.02863509749304 0.589353531066977 synaptogenesis GO:0007416 The formation of a synapse. 25 1.94432409012132 2 1.02863509749304 0.589353531066977 regulation of synaptic plasticity GO:0048167 A process that modulates synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers. 14 1.08882149046794 1 0.918424194190211 0.678093385646598 membrane fusion GO:0006944 The joining of two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane. 25 1.94432409012132 2 1.02863509749304 0.589353531066977 regulation of cellular process GO:0050794 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular processes, those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. 899 69.9178942807626 54 0.772334472533703 0.982478106682493 development GO:0007275 Biological processes specifically aimed at the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). 1971 153.290511265165 118 0.769780197261405 0.999087445514967 aging GO:0007568 The inherent decline over time, from the optimal fertility and viability of early maturity, that culminates in death and may be preceded by other indications, such as sterility. 9 0.699956672443674 0 0 1 embryonic development GO:0009790 The development of an organism from zygote formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific and may be somewhat arbitrary. For example, it would be at birth for mammals, larval hatching for insects and seed dormancy in plants. 65 5.05524263431542 8 1.58251553460467 0.130660505370158 embryonic development (sensu Animalia) GO:0009792 The embryonic development of an animal from zygote formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic life stage is organism specific and may be somewhat arbitrary; for mammals it is usually considered to be birth; for insects the hatching of the first instar larva from the eggshell. 29 2.25541594454073 4 1.7735087887811 0.185356447409555 embryonic development (sensu Vertebrata) GO:0043009 The embryonic development of an organism from zygote formation until birth, as in, but not restricted to, the vertebrates (Vertebrata, ncbi_taxonomy_id:7742). 18 1.39991334488735 3 2.14298978644383 0.160314266774028 embryonic development (sensu Mammalia) GO:0001701 The embryonic development which ends at birth, as in, but not restricted to, mammals (Mammalia, ncbi_taxonomy_id:40674). 18 1.39991334488735 3 2.14298978644383 0.160314266774028 eye morphogenesis (sensu Mammalia) GO:0001747 The formation and development of the eye, as in, but not restricted to, mammals (Mammalia, ncbi_taxonomy_id:40674). 9 0.699956672443674 0 0 1 gastrulation GO:0007369 A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. 10 0.777729636048527 1 1.2857938718663 0.554981054514678 formation of primary germ layer GO:0001704 The formation of the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm during gastrulation. 9 0.699956672443674 1 1.42865985762922 0.517451855212534 mesoderm formation GO:0001707 Biological processes that contribute to the act of giving rise to the mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts. 9 0.699956672443674 1 1.42865985762922 0.517451855212534 embryonic morphogenesis GO:0009795 The developmental processes by which defined structures within an embryo are generated. 14 1.08882149046794 0 0 1 embryonic appendage morphogenesis GO:0035113 The stages of appendage morphogenesis that occur in the embryo. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism. For example a limb or a branch. 4 0.311091854419411 0 0 1 embryonic limb morphogenesis GO:0030326 The stages of limb morphogenesis that take place in the embryo. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping. 4 0.311091854419411 0 0 1 embryonic eye morphogenesis GO:0048048 The stages of eye morphogenesis that take place in the embryo phase, and that are involved in forming the post-embryonic eye. 9 0.699956672443674 0 0 1 embryonic pattern specification GO:0009880 The processes that result in the patterns of cell differentiation that will arise in an embryo. 5 0.388864818024263 0 0 1 growth GO:0040007 The increase in size or mass of an entire organism (as used in GO), as opposed to cell growth (GO:0016049). 154 11.9770363951473 9 0.751437977064718 0.853970120928037 regulation of growth GO:0040008 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the growth of all or part of an organism so that it occurs at its proper speed, either globally or in a specific part of the organism's development. 89 6.92179376083189 5 0.722356107790054 0.830790390897428 negative regulation of growth GO:0045926 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism. 29 2.25541594454073 2 0.886754394390549 0.670720342034218 positive regulation of growth GO:0045927 Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism. 4 0.311091854419411 0 0 1 mesoderm development GO:0007498 Biological processes specifically aimed at the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue. 43 3.34423743500867 4 1.19608732266632 0.432430293669227 mesoderm morphogenesis GO:0048332 Developmental processes by which the mesoderm is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. 9 0.699956672443674 1 1.42865985762922 0.517451855212534 morphogenesis GO:0009653 Developmental processes by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. 1362 105.926776429809 88 0.830762560383509 0.971488365184472 appendage morphogenesis GO:0035107 Generation and organization of the structure of an appendage, an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism. For example a limb or a branch. 4 0.311091854419411 0 0 1 limb morphogenesis GO:0035108 Generation and organization of the structure of a limb, an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping. For example a leg, arm or some types of fin. 4 0.311091854419411 0 0 1 organogenesis GO:0009887 Morphogenesis of a tissue or tissues that function together to perform a specific function. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that function together as to perform a specific function. 1129 87.8056759098787 77 0.876936475940697 0.897320053319758 blood vessel development GO:0001568 Development of vasculature carrying blood. 57 4.4330589254766 2 0.45115574451449 0.942495442230529 angiogenesis GO:0001525 Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels. 57 4.4330589254766 2 0.45115574451449 0.942495442230529 regulation of angiogenesis GO:0045765 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis. 19 1.4776863084922 0 0 1 negative regulation of angiogenesis GO:0016525 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of angiogenesis. 14 1.08882149046794 0 0 1 eye morphogenesis GO:0001654 Formation and development of the eye, the organ of sight. 12 0.933275563258232 0 0 1 eye morphogenesis (sensu Vertebrata) GO:0043010 The formation and development of the eye, as in, but not restricted to, the vertebrates (Vertebrata, ncbi_taxonomy_id:7742). 9 0.699956672443674 0 0 1 gonad development GO:0008406 The development of an animal organ that produces gametes; in some species it also produces hormones. 21 1.63323223570191 1 0.612282796126807 0.817360440672319 female gonad development GO:0008585 6 0.466637781629116 0 0 1 male gonad development GO:0008584 8 0.622183708838821 0 0 1 heart development GO:0007507 Development of the heart; a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. 26 2.02209705372617 1 0.49453610456396 0.878161624233234 hemopoiesis GO:0030097 The process of blood cell formation. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates. 83 6.45515597920277 2 0.309829848642481 0.990348250673568 histogenesis GO:0009888 The origin and formation of tissues. 142 11.0437608318891 7 0.633842049511554 0.931135067821102 ectoderm development GO:0007398 Biological processes specifically aimed at the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation. 96 7.46620450606586 3 0.401810584958217 0.982511536544288 epidermis development GO:0008544 Biological processes specifically aimed at the progression of the epidermis over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. 79 6.14406412478336 3 0.488276153873277 0.950671632332662 muscle development GO:0007517 Development of an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work. 165 12.8325389948007 9 0.70134211192707 0.901665608306967 myogenesis GO:0007519 The developmental sequence of events leading to the formation of adult muscle that occurs in the animal and in cultured cells. In vertebrate skeletal muscle the main events are: the fusion of myoblasts to form myotubes that increase in size by further fusion to them of myoblasts, the formation of myofibrils within their cytoplasm and the establishment of functional neuromuscular junctions with motor neurons. At this stage they can be regarded as mature muscle fibers. 21 1.63323223570191 2 1.22456559225361 0.493912087895391 regulation of myogenesis GO:0016202 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myogenesis. 3 0.233318890814558 0 0 1 neurogenesis GO:0007399 The origin and formation of neurons. 484 37.6421143847487 53 1.40799742167177 0.00790431740891805 axonogenesis GO:0007409 Generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells. 54 4.19974003466205 5 1.19054988135768 0.411625000318262 central nervous system development GO:0007417 Formation and development of the central nervous system; the core nervous system, which consists of the brain, spinal cord, and spinal nerves. 103 8.01061525129983 14 1.74768099088623 0.0286886943409812 brain development GO:0007420 Formation and development of the brain; one of the two components of the central nervous system, the brain is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.). 30 2.33318890814558 3 1.2857938718663 0.416246509111854 peripheral nervous system development GO:0007422 22 1.71100519930676 2 1.16890351987845 0.51906762486396 sensory organ development GO:0007423 9 0.699956672443674 0 0 1 regulation of neurogenesis GO:0050767 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the origin and formation of neurons. 16 1.24436741767764 1 0.803621169916435 0.726217553201261 odontogenesis GO:0042476 Formation and development of a tooth or teeth. 7 0.544410745233969 0 0 1 skeletal development GO:0001501 Development of the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton). 157 12.2103552859619 7 0.573283891914909 0.964750132539883 cartilage condensation GO:0001502 14 1.08882149046794 0 0 1 ossification GO:0001503 The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. 28 2.17764298093588 2 0.918424194190211 0.65169040816838 bone mineralization GO:0030282 The deposition of calcium phosphate in bone tissue. 10 0.777729636048527 0 0 1 regulation of bone mineralization GO:0030500 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization. 6 0.466637781629116 0 0 1 regulation of ossification GO:0030278 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone formation. 6 0.466637781629116 0 0 1 pattern specification GO:0007389 The processes that result in the patterns of cell differentiation that will arise in an organism. 40 3.11091854419411 0 0 1 axis specification GO:0009798 The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of a pattern around a line or a set of lines. 5 0.388864818024263 0 0 1 pigmentation GO:0048066 The deposition of coloring matter in an organ or organism. 34 2.64428076256499 3 1.13452400458791 0.499107478166499 eye pigmentation GO:0048069 Establishment of a pattern of pigment in the eye of an organism. 6 0.466637781629116 0 0 1 pigment metabolism GO:0042440 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, e.g. melanin. 32 2.48873483535529 3 1.20543175487465 0.458355693535576 heme metabolism GO:0042168 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring. 22 1.71100519930676 2 1.16890351987845 0.51906762486396 heme biosynthesis GO:0006783 The formation from simpler components of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, from less complex precursors. 17 1.3221403812825 2 1.51269867278388 0.385531596872848 melanin metabolism GO:0006582 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving melanins, pigments largely of animal origin. High molecular weight polymers of indole quinone, they are irregular polymeric structures and are divided into three groups: allomelanins in the plant kingdom and eumelanins and phaeomelanins in the animal kingdom. 7 0.544410745233969 1 1.83684838838042 0.432631852891438 melanin biosynthesis GO:0042438 The formation from simpler components of melanins, pigments largely of animal origin. High molecular weight polymers of indole quinone, they are irregular polymeric structures and are divided into three groups: allomelanins in the plant kingdom and eumelanins and phaeomelanins in the animal kingdom. 7 0.544410745233969 1 1.83684838838042 0.432631852891438 melanin biosynthesis from tyrosine GO:0006583 The formation of melanin from simpler components, including tyrosine. 7 0.544410745233969 1 1.83684838838042 0.432631852891438 pigment biosynthesis GO:0046148 The formation from simpler components of a pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, e.g. melanin. 27 2.09987001733102 3 1.42865985762922 0.351306942612832 post-embryonic development GO:0009791 The development of an organism after the completion of embryonic development. See embryonic development. 7 0.544410745233969 0 0 1 regulation of development GO:0050793 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of development, the biological processes specifically aimed at the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). 127 9.87716637781629 7 0.708705283705832 0.872147809407672 regulation of gene expression, epigenetic GO:0040029 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression; the process is mitotically or meiotically heritable, or is stably self-propagated in the cytoplasm of a resting cell, and does not entail a change in DNA sequence. 34 2.64428076256499 2 0.756349336391938 0.753457253912228 DNA methylation GO:0006306 The covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine. 11 0.855502599653379 1 1.16890351987845 0.589591496765378 negative regulation of gene expression, epigenetic GO:0045814 Any epigenetic process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of gene expression. 12 0.933275563258232 1 1.07149489322191 0.621510182350567 reproduction GO:0000003 The production by an organism of new individuals that contain some portion of their genetic material inherited from that organism. 163 12.676993067591 7 0.552181417365894 0.973369487787274 sexual reproduction GO:0019953 The regular alternation, in the life cycle of haplontic, diplontic and diplohaplontic organisms, of meiosis and fertilization which provides for the production offspring. In diplontic organisms there is a life cycle in which the products of meiosis behave directly as gametes, fusing to form a zygote from which the diploid, or sexually reproductive polyploid, adult organism will develop. In diplohaplontic organisms a haploid phase (gametophyte) exists in the life cycle between meiosis and fertilization (e.g. higher plants, many algae and fungi); the products of meiosis are spores that develop as haploid individuals from which haploid gametes develop to form a diploid zygote; diplohaplontic organisms show an alternation of haploid and diploid generations. In haplontic organisms meiosis occurs in the zygote, giving rise to four haploid cells (e.g. many algae and protozoa), only the zygote is diploid and this may form a resistant spore, tiding organisms over hard times. 163 12.676993067591 7 0.552181417365894 0.973369487787274 fertilization GO:0009566 The union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy). 24 1.86655112651646 1 0.535747446610956 0.856745457935699 fertilization (sensu Animalia) GO:0007338 The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote. 24 1.86655112651646 1 0.535747446610956 0.856745457935699 gametogenesis GO:0007276 The generation, maintenance, and proliferation of gametes. 142 11.0437608318891 6 0.543293185295618 0.968532083350168 female gamete generation GO:0007292 The complete process of formation and maturation of an ovum or female gamete from a primordial female germ cell. 16 1.24436741767764 1 0.803621169916435 0.726217553201261 male gamete generation GO:0048232 Generation of the male gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and involved in sexual reproduction. 116 9.02166377816291 5 0.554221496494093 0.952260479886928 spermatogenesis GO:0007283 The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis. 116 9.02166377816291 5 0.554221496494093 0.952260479886928 sex determination GO:0007530 Any process that establishes and transmits the specification of sexual status of an individual organism. 12 0.933275563258232 1 1.07149489322191 0.621510182350567 sex differentiation GO:0007548 The establishment of the sex of an organism by physical differentiation. 16 1.24436741767764 2 1.60724233983287 0.356800974762934 obsolete biological process GO:0008371 These are terms that have been removed from the active process ontology. 333 25.8983968804159 21 0.810861000276042 0.867145888142243 embryogenesis and morphogenesis GO:0007345 OBSOLETE. Formation and development of an embryo and its organized structures. 84 6.53292894280762 3 0.459212097095106 0.963419081888637 glutathione conjugation reaction GO:0006803 OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete). 10 0.777729636048527 1 1.2857938718663 0.554981054514678 histogenesis and organogenesis GO:0007397 OBSOLETE. The generation of organized tissues or of whole organs. 67 5.21078856152513 3 0.575728599343117 0.901397244732094 invasive growth GO:0007125 OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete). 23 1.78877816291161 0 0 1 mitochondrial translocation GO:0006628 OBSOLETE. The translocation of proteins across the mitochondrial membrane. In the presence of a translocating chain, the outer membrane import machinery (MOM complex) and the inner membrane import machinery (MIM complex) form translocation contact sites as a part of the membrane preprotein import machinery. 15 1.16659445407279 1 0.85719591457753 0.703129017048866 mRNA splicing GO:0006371 OBSOLETE. The process in which excision of introns from the primary transcript of messenger RNA (mRNA) is followed by ligation of the two exon termini exposed by removal of each intron, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced. 60 4.66637781629116 4 0.85719591457753 0.695743391678724 peroxidase reaction GO:0006804 OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete). 5 0.388864818024263 0 0 1 phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate hydrolysis GO:0007203 OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete). 9 0.699956672443674 0 0 1 regulation of synapse GO:0007273 OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete). 9 0.699956672443674 3 4.28597957288765 0.0276600757776216 taste perception GO:0007607 OBSOLETE. The series of events required for the chemical composition of a soluble stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal. 6 0.466637781629116 2 4.28597957288765 0.0734918863657436 viral replication GO:0008166 OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete). 9 0.699956672443674 0 0 1 physiological process GO:0007582 Those processes specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. 8910 692.957105719237 752 1.08520425549209 0.0109396574611239 coagulation GO:0050817 The process by which a fluid solution, or part of it, changes into a solid or semisolid mass. 127 9.87716637781629 6 0.607461671747856 0.935796599729277 blood coagulation GO:0007596 The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers. 123 9.56607452339688 5 0.522680435718006 0.966619105682772 platelet activation GO:0030168 A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. 19 1.4776863084922 1 0.676733616771734 0.785256933460783 regulation of blood coagulation GO:0030193 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation. 11 0.855502599653379 0 0 1 negative regulation of blood coagulation GO:0030195 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of blood coagulation. 11 0.855502599653379 0 0 1 regulation of coagulation GO:0050818 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of coagulation, the process by which a fluid solution, or part of it, changes into a solid or semisolid mass. 17 1.3221403812825 1 0.756349336391938 0.747510425471787 negative regulation of coagulation GO:0050819 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of coagulation. 17 1.3221403812825 1 0.756349336391938 0.747510425471787 death GO:0016265 A permanent cessation of all vital functions: the end of life; can be applied to a whole organism or to a part of an organism (see 'apoptosis ; GO:0006915'). 530 41.2196707105719 30 0.72780785199979 0.975630530162371 extracellular structure organization and biogenesis GO:0043062 The assembly and arrangement of structures in the space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane, and also covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. 39 3.03314558058925 2 0.659381472751946 0.817599634724074 homeostasis GO:0042592 Any of the processes involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium within an organism or cell. 106 8.24393414211438 6 0.72780785199979 0.840932201962416 ion homeostasis GO:0050801 Any of the processes involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of ions within an organism or cell. 84 6.53292894280762 6 0.918424194190211 0.644721637539678 metabolism GO:0008152 The totality of the chemical reactions and physical changes that occur in living organisms, comprising anabolism and catabolism; may be qualified to mean the chemical reactions and physical processes undergone by a particular substance, or class of substances, in a living organism. 5871 456.60506932409 506 1.10817867341909 0.00933152272130773 alcohol metabolism GO:0006066 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving alcohols, any of a class of alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group. 253 19.6765597920277 26 1.32136919638434 0.0895554470248488 alcohol biosynthesis GO:0046165 The formation from simpler components of alcohols, any of a class of alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group. 22 1.71100519930676 3 1.75335527981768 0.242356718209695 monosaccharide biosynthesis GO:0046364 The formation from simpler components of monosaccharides, polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. 22 1.71100519930676 3 1.75335527981768 0.242356718209695 hexose biosynthesis GO:0019319 The formation from simpler components of hexose, any aldose with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule. 22 1.71100519930676 3 1.75335527981768 0.242356718209695 gluconeogenesis GO:0006094 The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol. 16 1.24436741767764 3 2.4108635097493 0.123149544778158 alcohol catabolism GO:0046164 The breakdown into simpler components of alcohols, any of a class of alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group. 79 6.14406412478336 16 2.60413948732414 0.000338045021054901 monosaccharide catabolism GO:0046365 The breakdown into simpler components of monosaccharides, polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. 79 6.14406412478336 16 2.60413948732414 0.000338045021054901 hexose catabolism GO:0019320 The breakdown into simpler components of hexose, any aldose with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule. 79 6.14406412478336 16 2.60413948732414 0.000338045021054901 fucose catabolism GO:0019317 The breakdown into simpler components of fucose (6-deoxygalactose). 11 0.855502599653379 0 0 1 L-fucose catabolism GO:0042355 The breakdown into simpler components of L-fucose (6-deoxy-Lgalactose). 11 0.855502599653379 0 0 1 glucose catabolism GO:0006007 The breakdown into simpler components of glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. 68 5.28856152512998 16 3.02539734556775 5.22479900397192e-05 glycolysis GO:0006096 The breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into simpler components, including pyruvate. 59 4.58860485268631 16 3.48689863556961 7.64616108601509e-06 pentose-phosphate shunt GO:0006098 The process by which glucose is oxidized, coupled to NADPH synthesis. Glucose 6-P is oxidized with the formation of carbon dioxide (CO2), ribulose 5-phosphate and reduced NADP; ribulose 5-P then enters a series of reactions interconverting sugar phosphates. The pentose phosphate pathway is a major source of reducing equivalents for biosynthesis reactions and is also important for the conversion of hexoses to pentoses. 10 0.777729636048527 2 2.57158774373259 0.17968906149323 ethanol metabolism GO:0006067 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving ethanol, CH3-CH2-OH, a colorless, water-miscible, flammable liquid produced by alcoholic fermentation. 8 0.622183708838821 1 1.60724233983287 0.476757755147065 ethanol oxidation GO:0006069 8 0.622183708838821 1 1.60724233983287 0.476757755147065 monosaccharide metabolism GO:0005996 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving monosaccharides, the simplest carbohydrates. They are polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides. 132 10.2660311958406 18 1.75335527981768 0.0140942034125745 hexose metabolism GO:0019318 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving a hexose, any aldose with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule. 132 10.2660311958406 18 1.75335527981768 0.0140942034125745 fructose metabolism GO:0006000 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving fructose, the ketohexose arabino-2-hexulose. Fructose exists in a open chain form or as a ring compound. D-fructose is the sweetest of the sugars and is found free in a large number of fruits and honey. 20 1.55545927209705 1 0.642896935933148 0.801958138159132 fucose metabolism GO:0006004 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving fucose, or 6-deoxygalactose, which has two enantiomers, D-fucose and L-fucose. 18 1.39991334488735 0 0 1 L-fucose metabolism GO:0042354 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving L-fucose, 6-deoxy-L-galactose, a sugar that occurs in fucans, a class of polysaccharides in seaweeds, especially Fucus species, and in the cell wall matrix of higher plants. 15 1.16659445407279 0 0 1 galactose metabolism GO:0006012 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose. D-galactose is widely distributed in combined form in plants, animals and microorganisms as a constituent of oligo- and polysaccharides; it also occurs in galactolipids and as its glucoside in lactose and melibiose. 7 0.544410745233969 0 0 1 glucose metabolism GO:0006006 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. 96 7.46620450606586 18 2.4108635097493 0.000403844594175111 phenol metabolism GO:0018958 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring. The largest single use of phenol is in the production of plastics, but it is also used in the synthesis of caprolactam, a precursor for nylon 6 and other man-made fibers. 18 1.39991334488735 1 0.714329928814609 0.767147287962174 catecholamine metabolism GO:0006584 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. 18 1.39991334488735 1 0.714329928814609 0.767147287962174 catecholamine biosynthesis GO:0042423 The formation from simpler components of any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. 6 0.466637781629116 0 0 1 polyol metabolism GO:0019751 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving a polyol, any polyhydric alcohol. 11 0.855502599653379 0 0 1 glycerol metabolism GO:0006071 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids. 9 0.699956672443674 0 0 1 glycerol-3-phosphate metabolism GO:0006072 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving glycerol-3-phosphate, a phosphoric monoester of glycerol. 8 0.622183708838821 0 0 1 sterol metabolism GO:0016125 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule. 80 6.22183708838821 5 0.803621169916435 0.754665329325125 cholesterol metabolism GO:0008203 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues. 75 5.83297227036395 4 0.685756731662024 0.844217393420584 cholesterol biosynthesis GO:0006695 The formation from simpler components of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. 26 2.02209705372617 2 0.989072209127919 0.611015887938427 sterol biosynthesis GO:0016126 The formation from simpler components of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule. 31 2.41096187175043 3 1.24431665019319 0.437451349268559 aldehyde metabolism GO:0006081 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O. 14 1.08882149046794 0 0 1 amine metabolism GO:0009308 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom. 294 22.8652512998267 33 1.44323801944176 0.0221316277539499 amine biosynthesis GO:0009309 The formation from simpler components of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom. 67 5.21078856152513 3 0.575728599343117 0.901397244732094 amino acid biosynthesis GO:0008652 The formation from simpler components of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents. 45 3.49978336221837 2 0.571463943051687 0.874545812868877 glutamine family amino acid biosynthesis GO:0009084 The formation from simpler components of amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline. 13 1.01104852686308 1 0.989072209127919 0.650946457163423 arginine biosynthesis GO:0006526 The formation from simpler components of arginine, 2-amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid, a chiral alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins. 6 0.466637781629116 0 0 1 serine family amino acid biosynthesis GO:0009070 The formation from simpler components of amino acids of the serine family, comprising cysteine, glycine, homoserine, selenocysteine and serine. 18 1.39991334488735 0 0 1 L-serine biosynthesis GO:0006564 The formation from simpler components of L-serine, the levorotatory isomer of 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid. 12 0.933275563258232 0 0 1 sulfur amino acid biosynthesis GO:0000097 The formation from simpler components of amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, methionine and selenocysteine. 6 0.466637781629116 1 2.14298978644383 0.384784738770702 biogenic amine biosynthesis GO:0042401 The formation from simpler components of any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters. 20 1.55545927209705 1 0.642896935933148 0.801958138159132 polyamine biosynthesis GO:0006596 The formation from simpler components of polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups. 7 0.544410745233969 0 0 1 amine catabolism GO:0009310 The breakdown into simpler components of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom. 55 4.2775129982669 14 3.27292985565966 6.01943197285266e-05 amino acid catabolism GO:0009063 The breakdown into simpler components of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents. 52 4.04419410745234 14 3.46175273194772 3.05468971761734e-05 aromatic amino acid family catabolism GO:0009074 The breakdown into simpler components of aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan). 16 1.24436741767764 2 1.60724233983287 0.356800974762934 phenylalanine catabolism GO:0006559 The breakdown into simpler components of phenylalanine, 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid. 12 0.933275563258232 2 2.14298978644383 0.238485955328307 tyrosine catabolism GO:0006572 The breakdown into simpler components of tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid. 8 0.622183708838821 0 0 1 aspartate family amino acid catabolism GO:0009068 The breakdown into simpler components of amino acids of the aspartate family, comprising asparagine, aspartate, lysine, methionine and threonine. 5 0.388864818024263 2 5.14317548746518 0.0516153430227439 glutamine family amino acid catabolism GO:0009065 The breakdown into simpler components of amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline. 21 1.63323223570191 6 3.67369677676084 0.00431708949720852 arginine catabolism GO:0006527 The breakdown into simpler components of arginine, 2-amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid, a chiral alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins. 6 0.466637781629116 0 0 1 amino acid metabolism GO:0006520 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents. 206 16.0212305025997 24 1.49801227790248 0.0312251772377114 amino acid activation GO:0043038 The modification of an amino acid to an active form, for incorporation into a peptide, protein or other macromolecule. 33 2.56650779896014 6 2.3378070397569 0.0396692168662993 tRNA aminoacylation GO:0043039 The synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA, usually catalyzed by the cognate aminoacyl-tRNA ligase. A given aminoacyl-tRNA ligase aminoacylates all species of an isoaccepting group of tRNA molecules. 33 2.56650779896014 6 2.3378070397569 0.0396692168662993 tRNA aminoacylation for protein translation GO:0006418 The synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA, to be used in ribosome-mediated polypeptide synthesis. 33 2.56650779896014 6 2.3378070397569 0.0396692168662993 aromatic amino acid family metabolism GO:0009072 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan). 26 2.02209705372617 3 1.48360831369188 0.32940524860957 L-phenylalanine metabolism GO:0006558 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving L-phenylalanine, the levorotatory isomer of 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid. 13 1.01104852686308 2 1.97814441825584 0.268274884596286 tryptophan metabolism GO:0006568 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving tryptophan, the chiral amino acid 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid. 5 0.388864818024263 0 0 1 tyrosine metabolism GO:0006570 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid. 15 1.16659445407279 1 0.85719591457753 0.703129017048866 aspartate family amino acid metabolism GO:0009066 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving amino acids of the aspartate family, comprising asparagine, aspartate, lysine, methionine and threonine. 18 1.39991334488735 3 2.14298978644383 0.160314266774028 methionine metabolism GO:0006555 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins. 8 0.622183708838821 1 1.60724233983287 0.476757755147065 branched chain family amino acid metabolism GO:0009081 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine. 12 0.933275563258232 4 4.28597957288765 0.0108899304991899 glutamine family amino acid metabolism GO:0009064 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline. 47 3.65532928942808 7 1.9150121495881 0.0697790404372823 arginine metabolism GO:0006525 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving arginine, 2-amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid. 12 0.933275563258232 0 0 1 glutamate metabolism GO:0006536 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid. 11 0.855502599653379 4 4.6756140795138 0.00773128171817817 glutamine metabolism GO:0006541 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid. 24 1.86655112651646 3 1.60724233983287 0.285614431155593 serine family amino acid metabolism GO:0009069 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving amino acids of the serine family, comprising cysteine, glycine, homoserine, selenocysteine and serine. 31 2.41096187175043 0 0 1 glycine metabolism GO:0006544 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving glycine, aminoethanoic acid. 11 0.855502599653379 0 0 1 L-serine metabolism GO:0006563 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving L-serine, the levorotatory isomer of 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid. 20 1.55545927209705 0 0 1 sulfur amino acid metabolism GO:0000096 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, methionine and selenocysteine. 19 1.4776863084922 1 0.676733616771734 0.785256933460783 amino sugar metabolism GO:0006040 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving any amino sugar, sugars containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group. 10 0.777729636048527 2 2.57158774373259 0.17968906149323 glucosamine metabolism GO:0006041 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving glucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxyglucopyranose), an aminodeoxysugar that occurs in combined form in chitin. 9 0.699956672443674 2 2.85731971525843 0.151204954623315 N-acetylglucosamine metabolism GO:0006044 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving N-acetylglucosamine. The D isomer is a common structural unit of glycoproteins in plants, bacteria and animals; it is often the terminal sugar of an oligosaccharide moiety of a glycoprotein. 9 0.699956672443674 2 2.85731971525843 0.151204954623315 aminoglycan metabolism GO:0006022 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages. 28 2.17764298093588 3 1.37763629128532 0.373121143713707 aminoglycan biosynthesis GO:0006023 The formation from simpler components of aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages. 9 0.699956672443674 0 0 1 glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis GO:0006024 The formation from simpler components of glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars. 8 0.622183708838821 0 0 1 glycosaminoglycan metabolism GO:0030203 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars. Formerly known as mucopolysaccharides, they include hyaluronic acid and chondroitin, which provide lubrication in joints and form part of the matrix of cartilage. The three-dimensional structure of these molecules enables them to trap water, which forms a gel and gives glycosaminoglycans their elastic properties. 27 2.09987001733102 3 1.42865985762922 0.351306942612832 biogenic amine metabolism GO:0006576 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters. 51 3.96642114384749 4 1.00846578185592 0.567675514642246 indolalkylamine metabolism GO:0006586 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving indolalkylamines, indole or indole derivatives containing a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine group. 10 0.777729636048527 1 1.2857938718663 0.554981054514678 polyamine metabolism GO:0006595 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups. 12 0.933275563258232 1 1.07149489322191 0.621510182350567 thyroid hormone metabolism GO:0042403 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving any of the compounds secreted by the thyroid gland, largely thyroxine and triiodothyronine. 9 0.699956672443674 1 1.42865985762922 0.517451855212534 thyroid hormone generation GO:0006590 The formation of either of the compounds secreted by the thyroid gland, mainly thyroxine and triiodothyronine. This is achieved by the iodination and joining of tyrosine molecules to form the precursor thyroglobin, proteolysis of this precursor gives rise to the thyroid hormones. 9 0.699956672443674 1 1.42865985762922 0.517451855212534 amino acid and derivative metabolism GO:0006519 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, and compounds derived from amino acids. 252 19.5987868284229 28 1.42865985762922 0.0366227062528869 amino acid derivative metabolism GO:0006575 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents. 57 4.4330589254766 4 0.902311489028979 0.656312235652629 amino acid derivative biosynthesis GO:0042398 The formation from simpler components of compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents. 26 2.02209705372617 1 0.49453610456396 0.878161624233234 aromatic compound metabolism GO:0006725 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving aromatic compounds, any organic compound characterized by one or more planar rings, each of which contains conjugated double bonds and delocalized pi electrons. 97 7.54397746967071 9 1.1930046233811 0.341406875587312 aromatic compound biosynthesis GO:0019438 The formation from simpler components of aromatic compounds, any substance containing an aromatic carbon ring. 8 0.622183708838821 3 4.82172701949861 0.0195566048789912 pteridine and derivative biosynthesis GO:0042559 The formation from simpler components of any compound containing pteridine (pyrazino(2,3-dipyrimidine)), e.g. pteroic acid, xanthopterin and folic acid. 8 0.622183708838821 3 4.82172701949861 0.0195566048789912 tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis GO:0006729 The formation from simpler components of tetrahydrobiopterin, the reduced form of biopterin (2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-pteridine). It functions as a hydroxylation coenzyme, e.g. in the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine. 5 0.388864818024263 2 5.14317548746518 0.0516153430227439 aromatic compound catabolism GO:0019439 The breakdown into simpler components of aromatic compounds, any substance containing an aromatic carbon ring. 17 1.3221403812825 2 1.51269867278388 0.385531596872848 folic acid and derivative metabolism GO:0006760 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving folic acid and its derivatives. 7 0.544410745233969 1 1.83684838838042 0.432631852891438 indole and derivative metabolism GO:0042430 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving indole (2,3-benzopyrrole), the basis of many biologically active substances (e.g. serotonin, tryptophan) formed in degradation of tryptophan. 10 0.777729636048527 1 1.2857938718663 0.554981054514678 indole derivative metabolism GO:0042434 10 0.777729636048527 1 1.2857938718663 0.554981054514678 nucleobase metabolism GO:0009112 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid, e.g. the purines: adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, xanthine and the pyrimidines: cytosine, uracil, thymine. 26 2.02209705372617 1 0.49453610456396 0.878161624233234 nucleobase biosynthesis GO:0046112 The formation from simpler components of a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid. 20 1.55545927209705 0 0 1 pyrimidine base biosynthesis GO:0019856 The formation from simpler components of pyrimidine bases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases. 9 0.699956672443674 0 0 1 purine base metabolism GO:0006144 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving purine bases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, which include adenine and guanine. 16 1.24436741767764 1 0.803621169916435 0.726217553201261 pyrimidine base metabolism GO:0006206 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving pyrimidine bases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases. 10 0.777729636048527 0 0 1 pteridine and derivative metabolism GO:0042558 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving any compound containing pteridine (pyrazino(2,3-dipyrimidine)), e.g. pteroic acid, xanthopterin and folic acid. 8 0.622183708838821 3 4.82172701949861 0.0195566048789912 tetrahydrobiopterin metabolism GO:0046146 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving tetrahydrobiopterin, the reduced form of biopterin (2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-pteridine). It functions as a hydroxylation coenzyme, e.g. in the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine. 5 0.388864818024263 2 5.14317548746518 0.0516153430227439 biosynthesis GO:0009058 The energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones, as in growth and other biosynthetic processes. 1001 77.8507365684575 104 1.33588973700394 0.00181438525937677 coenzyme and prosthetic group biosynthesis GO:0046138 The formation from simpler components of coenzymes and prosthetic groups. 82 6.37738301559792 24 3.76329913716964 8.8478951927221e-09 coenzyme biosynthesis GO:0009108 The formation from simpler components of coenzymes, any of various nonprotein organic cofactors that are required, in addition to an enzyme and a substrate, for an enzymatic reaction to proceed. 64 4.97746967071057 21 4.21901114206128 7.70048063495201e-09 ATP biosynthesis GO:0006754 The formation from simpler components of ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. 41 3.18869150779896 19 5.95855696718527 3.82493129529944e-11 coenzyme A biosynthesis GO:0015937 The formation from simpler components of coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester. 0 0 0 0 1 glutathione biosynthesis GO:0006750 The formation from simpler components of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins. 10 0.777729636048527 0 0 1 pyridine nucleotide biosynthesis GO:0019363 The formation from simpler components of a pyridine nucleotide, a nucleotide characterized by a pyridine derivative as a nitrogen base. 1 0.0777729636048527 0 0 1 porphyrin biosynthesis GO:0006779 The formation from simpler components of any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. Porphyrin consists of a ring of four pyrrole nuclei linked each to the next at their alpha positions through a methine group. 18 1.39991334488735 3 2.14298978644383 0.160314266774028 hormone biosynthesis GO:0042446 The formation from simpler components of any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone. 16 1.24436741767764 1 0.803621169916435 0.726217553201261 C21-steroid hormone biosynthesis GO:0006700 The formation from simpler components of C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones. 8 0.622183708838821 0 0 1 macromolecule biosynthesis GO:0009059 The formation from simpler components of macromolecules, large molecules including proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates. 845 65.7181542461005 87 1.32383511067891 0.00504694606650271 carbohydrate biosynthesis GO:0016051 The formation from simpler components of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. 63 4.89969670710572 6 1.22456559225361 0.365621117636411 polysaccharide biosynthesis GO:0000271 The formation from simpler components of polysaccharides (synonym:glycans), a polymer of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined by glycosidic linkages. 14 1.08882149046794 0 0 1 glucan biosynthesis GO:0009250 The formation from simpler components of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues. 12 0.933275563258232 0 0 1 glycogen biosynthesis GO:0005978 The formation from simpler components of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues. 12 0.933275563258232 0 0 1 lipid biosynthesis GO:0008610 The formation from simpler components of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. 158 12.2881282495667 14 1.13931102570431 0.345982735049262 fatty acid biosynthesis GO:0006633 The formation from simpler components of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes. 47 3.65532928942808 6 1.64143898536123 0.155725872039936 icosanoid biosynthesis GO:0046456 The formation from simpler components of icosanoids, any of a group of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids. 25 1.94432409012132 1 0.514317548746518 0.867886788221895 leukotriene biosynthesis GO:0019370 The formation from simpler components of leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid. 15 1.16659445407279 1 0.85719591457753 0.703129017048866 prostanoid biosynthesis GO:0046457 The formation from simpler components of prostanoids, any compound based on or derived from the prostanoate structure. 10 0.777729636048527 0 0 1 prostaglandin biosynthesis GO:0001516 The formation from simpler components of prostaglandins, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring. 10 0.777729636048527 0 0 1 isoprenoid biosynthesis GO:0008299 The formation from simpler components of any isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues. 10 0.777729636048527 0 0 1 membrane lipid biosynthesis GO:0046467 The formation from simpler components of membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane. 43 3.34423743500867 4 1.19608732266632 0.432430293669227 glycolipid biosynthesis GO:0009247 The formation from simpler components of glycolipid, a compound containing (usually) 1-4 linked monosaccharide residues joined by a glycosyl linkage to a lipid. 11 0.855502599653379 1 1.16890351987845 0.589591496765378 glycosphingolipid biosynthesis GO:0006688 The formation from simpler components of glycosphingolipid, a compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide. 11 0.855502599653379 1 1.16890351987845 0.589591496765378 phospholipid biosynthesis GO:0008654 The formation from simpler components of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. 30 2.33318890814558 3 1.2857938718663 0.416246509111854 glycerophospholipid biosynthesis GO:0046474 The formation from simpler components of glycerophospholipids, any derivative of glycerophosphate that contains at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkenyl group attached to the glycerol residue. 18 1.39991334488735 2 1.42865985762922 0.4136837631352 phosphoinositide biosynthesis GO:0046489 The formation from simpler components of phosphoinositides, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of inositol. 10 0.777729636048527 1 1.2857938718663 0.554981054514678 GPI anchor biosynthesis GO:0006506 The formation from simpler components of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor that attaches some membrane proteins to the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. The phosphatidylinositol moiety is linked via the C-6 hydroxyl residue of inositol to a carbohydrate chain which is itself linked to the protein via an ethanolamine phosphate moiety, its amino group forming an amide linkage with the C-terminal carboxyl of the protein. Some GPI anchors have variants on this canonical linkage. 7 0.544410745233969 0 0 1 sphingolipid biosynthesis GO:0030148 The formation from simpler components of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid). 13 1.01104852686308 1 0.989072209127919 0.650946457163423 steroid biosynthesis GO:0006694 The formation from simpler components of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus. 61 4.74415077989601 4 0.843143522535276 0.708141403628447 nucleotide biosynthesis GO:0009165 The formation from simpler components of nucleotides, any nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic-nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates). 135 10.4993500866551 31 2.95256370576705 3.95946314113143e-08 cyclic nucleotide biosynthesis GO:0009190 The formation from simpler components of a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue. 25 1.94432409012132 3 1.54295264623955 0.307483370901745 cAMP biosynthesis GO:0006171 The formation from simpler components of cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-phosphate. 13 1.01104852686308 2 1.97814441825584 0.268274884596286 cGMP biosynthesis GO:0006182 The formation from simpler components of cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate. 12 0.933275563258232 1 1.07149489322191 0.621510182350567 nucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis GO:0009124 The formation from simpler components of a nucleoside monophosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on its glycose moiety. 31 2.41096187175043 2 0.829544433462126 0.706238126807694 purine nucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis GO:0009127 The formation from simpler components of purine nucleoside monophosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on its glycose moiety. 20 1.55545927209705 0 0 1 purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis GO:0009168 The formation from simpler components of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on its glycose moiety. 20 1.55545927209705 0 0 1 ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis GO:0009156 The formation from simpler components of a ribonucleoside monophosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on its glycose moiety. 28 2.17764298093588 2 0.918424194190211 0.65169040816838 nucleoside triphosphate biosynthesis GO:0009142 The formation from simpler components of a nucleoside triphosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on its glycose moiety. 53 4.12196707105719 23 5.57986019866506 1.89199388136965e-12 purine nucleoside triphosphate biosynthesis GO:0009145 The formation from simpler components of purine nucleoside triphosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on its glycose moiety. 51 3.96642114384749 22 5.54656180020755 6.61065365955966e-12 purine ribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthesis GO:0009206 The formation from simpler components of purine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on its glycose moiety. 51 3.96642114384749 22 5.54656180020755 6.61065365955966e-12 GTP biosynthesis GO:0006183 The formation from simpler components of GTP, guanosine triphosphate. 10 0.777729636048527 3 3.85738161559889 0.0372685271436536 ribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthesis GO:0009201 The formation from simpler components of a ribonucleoside triphosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on its glycose moiety. 51 3.96642114384749 22 5.54656180020755 6.61065365955966e-12 pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthesis GO:0009209 The formation from simpler components of pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on its glycose moiety. 7 0.544410745233969 2 3.67369677676084 0.0977020540462852 CTP biosynthesis GO:0006241 The formation from simpler components of CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate. 7 0.544410745233969 2 3.67369677676084 0.0977020540462852 UTP biosynthesis GO:0006228 The formation from simpler components of UTP, uridine (5'-)triphosphate. 7 0.544410745233969 2 3.67369677676084 0.0977020540462852 purine nucleotide biosynthesis GO:0006164 The formation from simpler components of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety. 83 6.45515597920277 25 3.87287310803101 2.26419493219738e-09 purine ribonucleotide biosynthesis GO:0009152 The formation from simpler components of a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety. 79 6.14406412478336 23 3.74345051302845 1.99986115282994e-08 pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis GO:0006221 The formation from simpler components of a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety. 20 1.55545927209705 4 2.57158774373259 0.0649254338118785 pyrimidine ribonucleotide biosynthesis GO:0009220 The formation from simpler components of a pyrimidine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety. 11 0.855502599653379 3 3.50671055963535 0.048344994178207 ribonucleotide biosynthesis GO:0009260 The formation from simpler components of a ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety. 87 6.76624783362218 25 3.69480997662729 6.63850770586105e-09 protein biosynthesis GO:0006412 The formation from simpler components of a protein, rather than of proteins in general. 520 40.4419410745234 40 0.98907220912792 0.552335161102401 cytokine biosynthesis GO:0042089 The formation from simpler components of cytokines, any of a group of proteins that function to control the survival, growth and differentiation of tissues and cells, and which have autocrine and paracrine activity. 30 2.33318890814558 0 0 1 regulation of cytokine biosynthesis GO:0042035 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation from simpler components of cytokines. 24 1.86655112651646 0 0 1 negative regulation of cytokine biosynthesis GO:0042036 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of the formation from simpler components of cytokines. 6 0.466637781629116 0 0 1 positive regulation of cytokine biosynthesis GO:0042108 Any process that activates or increases the rate of the formation from simpler components of cytokines. 17 1.3221403812825 0 0 1 glycoprotein biosynthesis GO:0009101 The synthesis from simpler components of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues other than as a moiety of nucleic acid; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. 98 7.62175043327556 5 0.656017281564436 0.886458573008623 protein amino acid glycosylation GO:0006486 The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins. 92 7.15511265164645 4 0.559040813854911 0.933717549283909 N-linked glycosylation GO:0006487 The posttranslational glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan. 33 2.56650779896014 3 1.16890351987845 0.478919481760808 O-linked glycosylation GO:0006493 The formation of O-glycans by addition of glycosyl groups either to the hydroxyl group of peptidyl-serine, peptidyl-threonine, peptidyl-hydroxylysine, or peptidyl-hydroxyproline, or to the phenol group of peptidyl-tyrosine. 17 1.3221403812825 1 0.756349336391938 0.747510425471787 lipoprotein biosynthesis GO:0042158 The formation from simpler components of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein moiety consists of a lipid or lipids. 19 1.4776863084922 0 0 1 protein lipidation GO:0006497 The covalent or non-covalent attachment of lipid moieties to protein. 19 1.4776863084922 0 0 1 protein prenylation GO:0018342 The enzymatic addition of prenyl moieties to proteins as a posttranslational modification; geranyl, farnesyl, or geranylgeranyl groups may be added. 7 0.544410745233969 0 0 1 protein amino acid prenylation GO:0018346 The covalent or non-covalent attachment of a prenyl moiety to a protein amino acid. 7 0.544410745233969 0 0 1 regulation of protein biosynthesis GO:0006417 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation from simpler components of proteins. 122 9.48830155979203 8 0.843143522535276 0.74061204392816 negative regulation of protein biosynthesis GO:0017148 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of the formation from simpler components of proteins. 11 0.855502599653379 0 0 1 positive regulation of protein biosynthesis GO:0045727 Any process that activates or increases the rate of the formation from simpler components of proteins. 20 1.55545927209705 0 0 1 regulation of translation GO:0006445 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent that mRNAs are effectively translated into protein. 90 6.99956672443674 8 1.14292788610337 0.401137527646592 negative regulation of translation GO:0016478 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate that mRNAs are effectively translated into protein. 5 0.388864818024263 0 0 1 regulation of translational initiation GO:0006446 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation. 37 2.87759965337955 3 1.04253557178348 0.557131264176124 translation GO:0043037 A ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. 166 12.9103119584055 18 1.39423431889116 0.0958265714739384 translational elongation GO:0006414 The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis. 30 2.33318890814558 2 0.85719591457753 0.688897044385815 translational initiation GO:0006413 The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA. 59 4.58860485268631 6 1.30758698833861 0.309243825384082 translational termination GO:0006415 The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome, usually in response to a termination codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA). 6 0.466637781629116 0 0 1 nitric oxide biosynthesis GO:0006809 The formation from simpler components of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water. 19 1.4776863084922 4 2.70693446708694 0.0552193514722824 organic acid biosynthesis GO:0016053 The formation from simpler components of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage. 59 4.58860485268631 7 1.52551815306171 0.172740012353591 carboxylic acid biosynthesis GO:0046394 The formation from simpler components of carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (-COOH) groups. 59 4.58860485268631 7 1.52551815306171 0.172740012353591 regulation of biosynthesis GO:0009889 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of substances from simpler components. 129 10.032712305026 11 1.09641337911079 0.421153762229093 negative regulation of biosynthesis GO:0009890 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of the formation of substances from simpler components. 11 0.855502599653379 0 0 1 positive regulation of biosynthesis GO:0009891 Any process that activates or increases the rate of the formation of substances from simpler components. 26 2.02209705372617 3 1.48360831369188 0.32940524860957 vitamin biosynthesis GO:0009110 The formation from simpler components of a vitamin, an organic substance needed for the normal nutrition of an organism. 2 0.155545927209705 0 0 1 water-soluble vitamin biosynthesis GO:0042364 The formation from simpler components of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in water. 1 0.0777729636048527 0 0 1 carbohydrate metabolism GO:0005975 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. 375 29.1648613518198 58 1.98869452181987 4.79172288293161e-07 carbohydrate catabolism GO:0016052 The breakdown into simpler components of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. 91 7.07733968804159 18 2.54332853775751 0.000202712316363017 polysaccharide catabolism GO:0000272 The breakdown into simpler components of polysaccharides (synonym:glycans), a polymer of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined by glycosidic linkages. 7 0.544410745233969 1 1.83684838838042 0.432631852891438 glucan catabolism GO:0009251 The breakdown into simpler components of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues. 6 0.466637781629116 1 2.14298978644383 0.384784738770702 main pathways of carbohydrate metabolism GO:0006092 118 9.17720970537262 32 3.48689863556961 2.85234153633289e-10 TCA intermediate metabolism GO:0006100 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. 27 2.09987001733102 9 4.28597957288765 0.00013338326363402 tricarboxylic acid cycle GO:0006099 A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two C02 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle. 39 3.03314558058925 16 5.27505178201557 1.18288890231665e-08 oligosaccharide metabolism GO:0009311 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages. 13 1.01104852686308 0 0 1 polysaccharide metabolism GO:0005976 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving polysaccharides (synonym:glycans), a polymer of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined by glycosidic linkages. 37 2.87759965337955 4 1.39004742904464 0.324110906205762 glucan metabolism GO:0006073 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues. 34 2.64428076256499 4 1.51269867278388 0.270310185568666 glycogen metabolism GO:0005977 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. 33 2.56650779896014 4 1.5585380265046 0.252717811283259 proteoglycan metabolism GO:0006029 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans. 5 0.388864818024263 0 0 1 catabolism GO:0009056 Any metabolic process involving the breakdown of complex substances into smaller products, including the breakdown of carbon compounds with the liberation of energy for use by the cell or organism. 826 64.2404679376083 84 1.30758698833861 0.00780984754812141 coenzyme and prosthetic group catabolism GO:0046139 The breakdown into simpler components of coenzymes and prosthetic groups. 7 0.544410745233969 0 0 1 DNA catabolism GO:0006308 The breakdown into simpler components of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one. 9 0.699956672443674 0 0 1 lipid catabolism GO:0016042 The breakdown into simpler components of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. 80 6.22183708838821 3 0.482172701949861 0.953514077501747 membrane lipid catabolism GO:0046466 The breakdown into simpler components of membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane. 19 1.4776863084922 1 0.676733616771734 0.785256933460783 phospholipid catabolism GO:0009395 The breakdown into simpler components of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. 6 0.466637781629116 0 0 1 sphingolipid catabolism GO:0030149 The breakdown into simpler components of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid). 14 1.08882149046794 1 0.918424194190211 0.678093385646598 steroid catabolism GO:0006706 The breakdown into simpler components of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus. 10 0.777729636048527 1 1.2857938718663 0.554981054514678 macromolecule catabolism GO:0009057 The breakdown into simpler components of a macromolecule, any large molecule including proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates. 555 43.1639948006932 47 1.08887048608497 0.292965634387661 protein catabolism GO:0030163 The breakdown into simpler components of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. 530 41.2196707105719 45 1.09171177799968 0.291731815955919 proteolysis and peptidolysis GO:0006508 Destruction of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of peptide bonds. 522 40.5974870017331 44 1.08381092647734 0.311330170053261 collagen catabolism GO:0030574 The proteolytic breakdown into simpler components of collagen in the extracellular matrix, usually carried out by proteases secreted by nearby cells. 24 1.86655112651646 0 0 1 glycoprotein catabolism GO:0006516 The breakdown into simpler components of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues other than as a moiety of nucleic acid; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. 7 0.544410745233969 1 1.83684838838042 0.432631852891438 modification-dependent protein catabolism GO:0019941 Destruction of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent modification of the target protein. 126 9.79939341421144 27 2.75527258257063 1.23037888061865e-06 ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism GO:0006511 Destruction of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein. 126 9.79939341421144 27 2.75527258257063 1.23037888061865e-06 RNA catabolism GO:0006401 The breakdown into simpler components of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. 24 1.86655112651646 2 1.07149489322191 0.566803918253758 mRNA catabolism GO:0006402 The breakdown into simpler components of mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes. 7 0.544410745233969 1 1.83684838838042 0.432631852891438 nucleotide catabolism GO:0009166 The breakdown into simpler components of nucleotides, any nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic-nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates). 12 0.933275563258232 1 1.07149489322191 0.621510182350567 organic acid catabolism GO:0016054 The breakdown into simpler components of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage. 6 0.466637781629116 1 2.14298978644383 0.384784738770702 carboxylic acid catabolism GO:0046395 The breakdown into simpler components of carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (-COOH) groups. 6 0.466637781629116 1 2.14298978644383 0.384784738770702 regulation of catabolism GO:0009894 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the breakdown of substances into simpler components. 7 0.544410745233969 1 1.83684838838042 0.432631852891438 coenzyme and prosthetic group metabolism GO:0006731 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving coenzymes and prosthetic groups. 133 10.3438041594454 30 2.90028692902172 9.91753534953675e-08 coenzyme metabolism GO:0006732 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving coenzymes, any of various nonprotein organic cofactors that are required, in addition to an enzyme and a substrate, for an enzymatic reaction to proceed. 109 8.47725303292894 27 3.18499399453119 5.44182023001141e-08 acetyl-CoA metabolism GO:0006084 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving acetyl-CoA, a derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is acetylated; it is a metabolite derived from several pathways (e.g. glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, amino-acid catabolism) and is further metabolized by the tricarboxylic acid cycle. It is a key intermediate in lipid and terpenoid biosynthesis. 10 0.777729636048527 2 2.57158774373259 0.17968906149323 ATP metabolism GO:0046034 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving ATP, adenosine triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. 47 3.65532928942808 20 5.47146328453743 8.05554179487832e-11 glutathione metabolism GO:0006749 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins; it has a specific role in the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxidized ascorbate, and it participates in the gamma-glutamyl cycle. 11 0.855502599653379 0 0 1 group transfer coenzyme metabolism GO:0006752 51 3.96642114384749 20 5.04232890927959 4.71126399034329e-10 coenzyme A metabolism GO:0015936 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester. 3 0.233318890814558 0 0 1 nucleoside phosphate metabolism GO:0006753 41 3.18869150779896 19 5.95855696718527 3.82493129529944e-11 oxidoreduction coenzyme metabolism GO:0006733 19 1.4776863084922 2 1.35346723354347 0.441173668987211 pyridine nucleotide metabolism GO:0019362 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving a pyridine nucleotide, a nucleotide characterized by a pyridine derivative as a nitrogen base. 15 1.16659445407279 2 1.71439182915506 0.327594546014837 nicotinamide metabolism GO:0006769 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving nicotinamide, pyridine-3-carboxamide, the amide of nicotinic acid. It is a member of the B complex of vitamins and occurs widely in living organisms. 15 1.16659445407279 2 1.71439182915506 0.327594546014837 NADPH metabolism GO:0006739 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving NADPH, reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions. 14 1.08882149046794 2 1.83684838838042 0.298036386882161 NADPH regeneration GO:0006740 10 0.777729636048527 2 2.57158774373259 0.17968906149323 porphyrin metabolism GO:0006778 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. Porphyrins consists of a ring of four pyrrole nuclei linked each to the next at their alpha positions through a methine group. 24 1.86655112651646 3 1.60724233983287 0.285614431155593 electron transport GO:0006118 The transport of electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor. 285 22.165294627383 47 2.1204319992181 8.92396627886185e-07 ATP synthesis coupled electron transport GO:0042773 The transfer of electrons through a series of electron donors and acceptors, generating energy that is ultimately used for synthesis of ATP. 30 2.33318890814558 14 6.00037140204271 1.29443267790302e-08 ATP synthesis coupled electron transport (sensu Eukarya) GO:0042775 The transfer of electrons through a series of electron donors and acceptors, generating energy that is ultimately used for synthesis of ATP, as it occurs in the mitochondrial inner membrane or chloroplast thylakoid membrane of eukaryotes. 30 2.33318890814558 14 6.00037140204271 1.29443267790302e-08 mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone GO:0006120 The transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex I. 26 2.02209705372617 13 6.42896935933148 1.49870926837869e-08 energy pathways GO:0006091 277 21.5431109185442 62 2.87795018251662 3.47523082652415e-14 energy derivation by oxidation of organic compounds GO:0015980 177 13.7658145580589 41 2.97839258454905 2.16412336737622e-10 cellular respiration GO:0045333 The enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which either requires oxygen (aerobic respiration) or does not (anaerobic respiration). 14 1.08882149046794 8 7.34739355352169 2.61800565397754e-06 aerobic respiration GO:0009060 The enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which requires oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. 14 1.08882149046794 8 7.34739355352169 2.61800565397754e-06 energy reserve metabolism GO:0006112 45 3.49978336221837 4 1.14292788610337 0.467664791717456 glycerol ether metabolism GO:0006662 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving glycerol ethers, any anhydride formed between two organic hydroxy compounds, one of which is glycerol. 16 1.24436741767764 0 0 1 acylglycerol metabolism GO:0006639 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving acylglycerol, any mono-, di- or triester of glycerol with (one or more) fatty acids. 16 1.24436741767764 0 0 1 triacylglycerol metabolism GO:0006641 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving triacylglycerol, any triester of glycerol. The three fatty acid residues may all be the same or differ in any permutation. Triacylglycerols are important components of plant oils, animal fats and animal plasma lipoproteins. 15 1.16659445407279 0 0 1 heterocycle metabolism GO:0046483 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings). 71 5.52188041594454 7 1.26768409902311 0.314202853072269 hormone metabolism GO:0042445 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone. 33 2.56650779896014 2 0.7792690132523 0.738495502397773 C21-steroid hormone metabolism GO:0008207 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones. 8 0.622183708838821 0 0 1 estrogen metabolism GO:0008210 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants. 4 0.311091854419411 0 0 1 lipid metabolism GO:0006629 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids. 524 40.7530329289428 38 0.932445937612962 0.696342047928421 fatty acid metabolism GO:0006631 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis. 134 10.4215771230503 13 1.24741196524342 0.243293177357973 fatty acid oxidation GO:0019395 The removal of one or more electrons from a fatty acid, with or without the concomitant removal of a proton or protons, by reaction with an electron-accepting substance, by addition of oxygen or by removal of hydrogen. 23 1.78877816291161 1 0.559040813854911 0.844664560448951 fatty acid beta-oxidation GO:0006635 The metabolic oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid by successive cycles of reactions during each of which the fatty acid is shortened by a two-carbon fragment removed as acetyl coenzyme A. 21 1.63323223570191 1 0.612282796126807 0.817360440672319 icosanoid metabolism GO:0006690 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving icosanoids, any of a group of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids. 42 3.26646447140381 1 0.306141398063404 0.966642791368591 leukotriene metabolism GO:0006691 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid. 18 1.39991334488735 1 0.714329928814609 0.767147287962174 prostanoid metabolism GO:0006692 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving prostanoids, any compound based on or derived from the prostanoate structure. 22 1.71100519930676 0 0 1 prostaglandin metabolism GO:0006693 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving prostaglandins, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring due to the formation of a bond between two carbons of a fatty acid. They have a wide range of biological activities. 22 1.71100519930676 0 0 1 glycerolipid metabolism GO:0046486 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving glycerolipids, any lipid with a glycerol backbone. Diacylglycerol and phosphatidate are key lipid intermediates of glycerolipid biosynthesis. 16 1.24436741767764 0 0 1 isoprenoid metabolism GO:0006720 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving isoprenoid compounds, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues. 14 1.08882149046794 1 0.918424194190211 0.678093385646598 membrane lipid metabolism GO:0006643 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane. 106 8.24393414211438 8 0.970410469333053 0.587379209777343 glycolipid metabolism GO:0006664 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving glycolipids, compounds containing (usually) 1-4 linked monosaccharide residues joined by a glycosyl linkage to a lipid. 25 1.94432409012132 4 2.05727019498607 0.125242206350472 glycosphingolipid metabolism GO:0006687 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving glycosphingolipids, any compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide. 23 1.78877816291161 3 1.67712244156473 0.263877345481983 phospholipid metabolism GO:0006644 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. 57 4.4330589254766 3 0.676733616771734 0.830093986602335 glycerophospholipid metabolism GO:0006650 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving glycerophospholipids, any derivative of glycerophosphate that contains at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkenyl group attached to the glycerol residue. 20 1.55545927209705 2 1.2857938718663 0.467934044192153 phosphoinositide metabolism GO:0030384 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving phosphoinositides, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of inositol. They are important constituents of cell membranes. 10 0.777729636048527 1 1.2857938718663 0.554981054514678 GPI anchor metabolism GO:0006505 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors, molecular mechanisms for attaching membrane proteins to the lipid bilayer of cell membranes. Structurally they consist of a molecule of phosphatidylinositol to which is linked, via the C-6 hydroxyl of the inositol, a carbohydrate chain. This chain is in turn linked to the protein through an ethanolamine phosphate moiety, the amino group of which is in amide linkage with the C-terminal carboxyl of the protein chain, the phosphate group being esterified to the C-6 hydroxyl of the terminal mannose of the core carbohydrate chain. 7 0.544410745233969 0 0 1 sphingolipid metabolism GO:0006665 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid). 50 3.88864818024263 5 1.2857938718663 0.348412837921869 sphingoid metabolism GO:0046519 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving sphingoids, any of a class of compounds comprising sphinganine and its homologues and stereoisomers, and derivatives of these compounds. 21 1.63323223570191 2 1.22456559225361 0.493912087895391 ceramide metabolism GO:0006672 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving ceramides, any N-acylated sphingoid. 18 1.39991334488735 2 1.42865985762922 0.4136837631352 neutral lipid metabolism GO:0006638 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving neutral lipids, lipids only soluble in solvents of very low polarity. 16 1.24436741767764 0 0 1 regulation of lipid metabolism GO:0019216 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and physical changes involving lipids. 8 0.622183708838821 0 0 1 steroid metabolism GO:0008202 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus. 150 11.6659445407279 9 0.771476323119777 0.832590345678392 bile acid metabolism GO:0008206 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine. 9 0.699956672443674 0 0 1 nitrogen metabolism GO:0006807 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving various organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds; includes nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilatory/dissimilatory nitrate reduction and the interconversion of nitrogenous organic matter and ammonium. 42 3.26646447140381 6 1.83684838838042 0.104692840319246 nitric oxide metabolism GO:0046209 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water. 19 1.4776863084922 4 2.70693446708694 0.0552193514722824 urea cycle GO:0000050 A cyclic metabolic pathway that converts waste nitrogen, in the form of ammonium to urea. 9 0.699956672443674 0 0 1 urea cycle intermediate metabolism GO:0000051 13 1.01104852686308 1 0.989072209127919 0.650946457163423 nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism GO:0006139 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. 2499 194.354636048527 160 0.823237372943606 0.996205421373714 DNA metabolism GO:0006259 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, or more commonly, two, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides. 491 38.1865251299827 35 0.916553676483102 0.727904714487528 DNA modification GO:0006304 The enzymatic modification of the chemical structure of specific sites in DNA. 20 1.55545927209705 1 0.642896935933148 0.801958138159132 DNA alkylation GO:0006305 The addition of alkyl groups to many positions on all four bases of DNA. Alkylating agents can also modify the bases of incoming nucleotides in the course of DNA synthesis. 11 0.855502599653379 1 1.16890351987845 0.589591496765378 DNA packaging GO:0006323 153 11.8992634315425 7 0.588271706082619 0.957666724919641 DNA recombination GO:0006310 The processes by which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Intrachromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction. 75 5.83297227036395 5 0.85719591457753 0.702462178825818 regulation of DNA recombination GO:0000018 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination, the processes by which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. 9 0.699956672443674 2 2.85731971525843 0.151204954623315 DNA repair GO:0006281 The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway. 183 14.232452339688 17 1.19445332359164 0.257975367181966 base-excision repair GO:0006284 In base excision repair, an altered base is removed by a DNA glycosylase enzyme, followed by excision of the resulting sugar phosphate. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. 12 0.933275563258232 1 1.07149489322191 0.621510182350567 double-strand break repair GO:0006302 The repair of double-strand breaks in DNA via homologous and nonhomologous mechanisms to reform a continuous DNA helix. 20 1.55545927209705 0 0 1 nucleotide-excision repair GO:0006289 In nucleotide excision repair a small region of the strand surrounding the damage is removed from the DNA helix as an oligonucleotide. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. Nucleotide excision repair recognizes a wide range of substrates, including damage caused by UV irradiation (pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts) and chemicals (intrastrand cross-links and bulky adducts). 21 1.63323223570191 2 1.22456559225361 0.493912087895391 regulation of DNA metabolism GO:0051052 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and physical changes involving DNA. 32 2.48873483535529 7 2.81267409470752 0.0102289732411051 gene silencing GO:0016458 Any mechanism, at the level of transcription or post-transcription, causing long-term gene inactivation. 16 1.24436741767764 1 0.803621169916435 0.726217553201261 nucleoside metabolism GO:0009116 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleotide), e.g. adenosine, guanosine, inosine, cytidine, uridine and deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine and thymidine (= deoxythymidine). 27 2.09987001733102 5 2.38109976271536 0.0544533268519111 purine nucleoside metabolism GO:0042278 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside). 7 0.544410745233969 3 5.51054516514127 0.0129664671643897 purine ribonucleoside metabolism GO:0046128 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule. 7 0.544410745233969 3 5.51054516514127 0.0129664671643897 pyrimidine nucleoside metabolism GO:0006213 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving any pyrimidine nucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside). 8 0.622183708838821 1 1.60724233983287 0.476757755147065 ribonucleoside metabolism GO:0009119 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine or pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule. 8 0.622183708838821 3 4.82172701949861 0.0195566048789912 nucleotide metabolism GO:0009117 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving a nucleotide, a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic-nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates). 187 14.5435441941075 35 2.40656607033799 1.11171720535888e-06 cyclic nucleotide metabolism GO:0009187 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue. 35 2.72205372616984 3 1.10210903302825 0.518889014018474 cAMP metabolism GO:0046058 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-phosphate. 17 1.3221403812825 2 1.51269867278388 0.385531596872848 cGMP metabolism GO:0046068 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate. 12 0.933275563258232 1 1.07149489322191 0.621510182350567 deoxyribonucleotide metabolism GO:0009262 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving a deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety. 12 0.933275563258232 2 2.14298978644383 0.238485955328307 pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide metabolism GO:0009219 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving a pyrimidine deoxynucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety. 9 0.699956672443674 1 1.42865985762922 0.517451855212534 nucleoside diphosphate metabolism GO:0009132 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving a nucleoside diphosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on its glycose moiety. 12 0.933275563258232 1 1.07149489322191 0.621510182350567 nucleoside monophosphate metabolism GO:0009123 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving a nucleoside monophosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on its glycose moiety. 31 2.41096187175043 2 0.829544433462126 0.706238126807694 purine nucleoside monophosphate metabolism GO:0009126 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving purine nucleoside monophosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on its glycose moiety. 20 1.55545927209705 0 0 1 purine ribonucleoside monophosphate metabolism GO:0009167 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on its glycose moiety. 20 1.55545927209705 0 0 1 ribonucleoside monophosphate metabolism GO:0009161 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving a ribonucleoside monophosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on its glycose moiety. 28 2.17764298093588 2 0.918424194190211 0.65169040816838 nucleoside triphosphate metabolism GO:0009141 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving a nucleoside triphosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on its glycose moiety. 62 4.82192374350087 24 4.97726660077276 1.22854487347841e-11 purine nucleoside triphosphate metabolism GO:0009144 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving purine nucleoside triphosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on its glycose moiety. 57 4.4330589254766 23 5.18829106191663 1.18401405433039e-11 purine ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolism GO:0009205 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving purine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on its glycose moiety. 57 4.4330589254766 23 5.18829106191663 1.18401405433039e-11 GTP metabolism GO:0046039 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving GTP, guanosine triphosphate. 10 0.777729636048527 3 3.85738161559889 0.0372685271436536 pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate metabolism GO:0009147 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on its glycose moiety. 12 0.933275563258232 3 3.21448467966574 0.0608300154045459 pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolism GO:0009208 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on its glycose moiety. 7 0.544410745233969 2 3.67369677676084 0.0977020540462852 CTP metabolism GO:0046036 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving CTP, cytidine triphosphate. 7 0.544410745233969 2 3.67369677676084 0.0977020540462852 UTP metabolism GO:0046051 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving UTP, uridine (5'-)triphosphate. 7 0.544410745233969 2 3.67369677676084 0.0977020540462852 ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolism GO:0009199 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving a ribonucleoside triphosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on its glycose moiety. 57 4.4330589254766 23 5.18829106191663 1.18401405433039e-11 purine nucleotide metabolism GO:0006163 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety. 88 6.84402079722704 25 3.65282349962016 8.58556517761949e-09 purine ribonucleotide metabolism GO:0009150 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety. 84 6.53292894280762 23 3.52062607772914 7.07321292861344e-08 pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism GO:0006220 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety. 35 2.72205372616984 4 1.46947871070434 0.288104429078766 pyrimidine ribonucleotide metabolism GO:0009218 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving a pyrimidine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety. 13 1.01104852686308 3 2.96721662738376 0.0746468443544225 ribonucleotide metabolism GO:0009259 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving a ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety. 94 7.31065857885615 25 3.41966455283589 3.6748314914374e-08 nucleotide-sugar metabolism GO:0009225 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving nucleotide-sugars, any nucleotide in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative. 12 0.933275563258232 2 2.14298978644383 0.238485955328307 regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism GO:0019219 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and physical changes involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. 1583 123.114601386482 66 0.53608588466946 0.999999998006008 negative regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism GO:0045934 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of the chemical reactions and physical changes involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. 117 9.09943674176776 5 0.549484560626622 0.954609627612525 negative regulation of transcription GO:0016481 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of transcription. 116 9.02166377816291 5 0.554221496494093 0.952260479886928 negative regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent GO:0045892 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of DNA-dependent transcription. 82 6.37738301559792 1 0.156804130715402 0.998691710962271 negative regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter GO:0000122 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of transcription from Pol II promoter. 64 4.97746967071057 0 0 1 positive regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism GO:0045935 Any process that activates or increases the rate of the chemical reactions and physical changes involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. 38 2.9553726169844 5 1.69183404192934 0.170068093739003 positive regulation of transcription GO:0045941 Any process that activates or increases the rate of transcription. 36 2.7998266897747 5 1.78582482203652 0.144514020078151 positive regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent GO:0045893 Any process that activates or increases the rate of DNA-dependent transcription. 23 1.78877816291161 4 2.23616325541964 0.0988858697277758 regulation of transcription GO:0045449 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA. 1562 121.48136915078 60 0.493902895723289 0.999999999939758 regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent GO:0006355 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription. 1525 118.6037694974 59 0.497454678295813 0.999999999863318 regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter GO:0006357 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from Pol II promoter. 288 22.3986135181976 10 0.44645620550913 0.999167917875654 regulation of transcription from Pol III promoter GO:0006359 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from Pol III promoter. 6 0.466637781629116 0 0 1 RNA localization GO:0006403 The process that leads to the specific localization of RNA to regions of cells. 51 3.96642114384749 2 0.504232890927959 0.914674019976109 RNA metabolism GO:0016070 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. 337 26.2094887348354 32 1.22093186646058 0.141591916243849 mRNA metabolism GO:0016071 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes. 199 15.4768197573657 19 1.2276423902241 0.207733891672548 mRNA processing GO:0006397 Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into a mature mRNA prior to its translation into polypeptide. 184 14.3102253032929 17 1.18796172944169 0.265176880608557 mRNA polyadenylation GO:0006378 The enzymatic addition of a sequence of 40-200 adenylyl residues at the 3' end of a eukaryotic mRNA primary transcript. 10 0.777729636048527 0 0 1 nuclear mRNA splicing, via spliceosome GO:0000398 The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced. 102 7.93284228769497 13 1.63875689551587 0.0530741309346767 spliceosomal snRNP biogenesis GO:0000387 The formation and assembly from one or more snRNA and multiple protein components of a ribonucleoprotein complex that in involved in formation of the spliceosome. 6 0.466637781629116 0 0 1 spliceosome assembly GO:0000245 Formation of the spliceosome, a ribonucleoprotein apparatus that catalyzes nuclear mRNA splicing via transesterification reactions. 31 2.41096187175043 4 1.65908886692425 0.218334667649271 mRNA splice site selection GO:0006376 Selection of a splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome. 18 1.39991334488735 2 1.42865985762922 0.4136837631352 RNA modification GO:0009451 The enzymatic modification of the chemical structure of specific sites in RNA. 37 2.87759965337955 7 2.43258300082813 0.022293777531031 tRNA modification GO:0006400 The enzymatic modification of the chemical structure of specific sites in tRNA. 36 2.7998266897747 7 2.50015475085113 0.0193393141081339 RNA processing GO:0006396 Any process involved in the conversion of a primary RNA transcript into a mature RNA molecule. 279 21.6986568457539 25 1.15214504647518 0.259342052588386 RNA splicing GO:0008380 The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA. 135 10.4993500866551 17 1.61914783864645 0.0333985072716991 RNA splicing, via transesterification reactions GO:0000375 Splicing of RNA via a series of two transesterification reactions. 102 7.93284228769497 13 1.63875689551587 0.0530741309346767 RNA splicing, via transesterification reactions with bulged adenosine as nucleophile GO:0000377 Splicing of RNA via a series of two transesterification reactions with a bulged adenosine residue from the intron branch point as the initiating nucleophile. When the initial RNA for the splicing reaction is a single molecule (cis splicing), the excised intron is released in a lariat structure. 102 7.93284228769497 13 1.63875689551587 0.0530741309346767 tRNA processing GO:0008033 The process by which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group. 14 1.08882149046794 1 0.918424194190211 0.678093385646598 rRNA metabolism GO:0016072 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving rRNA, ribosomal RNA, a structural constituent of ribosomes. 13 1.01104852686308 1 0.989072209127919 0.650946457163423 tRNA metabolism GO:0006399 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving tRNA, transfer RNA, a class of relatively small RNA molecules responsible for mediating the insertion of amino acids into the sequence of nascent polypeptide chains during protein synthesis. Transfer RNA is characterized by the presence of many unusual minor bases, the function of which has not been completely established. 47 3.65532928942808 8 2.18858531381497 0.0273262261025914 transcription GO:0006350 The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA. 1634 127.081022530329 66 0.519353705894587 0.999999999745079 transcription, DNA-dependent GO:0006351 The synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA. 1577 122.647963604853 65 0.529972109520033 0.999999998731834 RNA elongation GO:0006354 4 0.311091854419411 0 0 1 transcription from Pol I promoter GO:0006360 The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA Polymerase I (Pol I), originating at a Pol I-specific promoter. 9 0.699956672443674 1 1.42865985762922 0.517451855212534 transcription from Pol II promoter GO:0006366 The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA Polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). 541 42.0751733102253 26 0.617941602005983 0.997678889039155 RNA elongation from Pol II promoter GO:0006368 7 0.544410745233969 0 0 1 transcription initiation from Pol II promoter GO:0006367 36 2.7998266897747 4 1.42865985762922 0.306053230203843 transcription from Pol III promoter GO:0006383 The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA Polymerase III (Pol III), originating at a Pol III-specific promoter. 26 2.02209705372617 3 1.48360831369188 0.32940524860957 transcription initiation GO:0006352 Processes involved in starting transcription, which is the synthesis of RNA by RNA polymerases using a DNA template. 55 4.2775129982669 6 1.40268422385414 0.254564256069438 one-carbon compound metabolism GO:0006730 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving compounds containing a single carbon atom. 40 3.11091854419411 2 0.642896935933148 0.828477914020744 organic acid metabolism GO:0006082 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage. 396 30.7980935875217 46 1.49359894206691 0.00446545774075385 carboxylic acid metabolism GO:0019752 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-). 394 30.642547660312 46 1.50118066258501 0.00406640974298056 oxidative phosphorylation GO:0006119 The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis. 71 5.52188041594454 34 6.15732276668367 2.22981403849619e-19 oxygen and reactive oxygen species metabolism GO:0006800 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving dioxygen (O2), or any of the reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (-OH). 59 4.58860485268631 3 0.653793494169303 0.847185625667374 response to oxidative stress GO:0006979 A change in state or activity of an organism or cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals. 43 3.34423743500867 1 0.29902183066658 0.969237080341441 superoxide metabolism GO:0006801 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species. 15 1.16659445407279 1 0.85719591457753 0.703129017048866 phosphorus metabolism GO:0006793 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving the nonmetallic element phosphorus or compounds that contain phosphorus, usually in the form of a phosphate group (PO4). 825 64.1626949740035 99 1.54295264623955 1.45220938214249e-05 phosphate metabolism GO:0006796 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid. 825 64.1626949740035 99 1.54295264623955 1.45220938214249e-05 dephosphorylation GO:0016311 The process of removing one or more phosphoric (ester or anhydride) residues from a molecule. 143 11.1215337954939 18 1.61848179675478 0.0293654544430683 protein amino acid dephosphorylation GO:0006470 The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein. 141 10.9659878682842 18 1.64143898536123 0.0259341478548875 phosphorylation GO:0016310 The process of introducing a phosphoric group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide. 682 53.0411611785095 79 1.48940932371609 0.000295701870103033 protein amino acid phosphorylation GO:0006468 The process of introducing a phosphoric group on to a protein. 599 46.5860051993068 48 1.03035235141206 0.436253443649551 peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation GO:0018108 The posttranslational phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-O4'-phospho-L-tyrosine. 22 1.71100519930676 2 1.16890351987845 0.51906762486396 regulation of protein kinase activity GO:0045859 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity. 51 3.96642114384749 7 1.76481511824786 0.0986713413225158 negative regulation of protein kinase activity GO:0006469 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of protein kinase activity. 10 0.777729636048527 1 1.2857938718663 0.554981054514678 regulation of phosphorylation GO:0042325 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphoric groups into a molecule. 6 0.466637781629116 0 0 1 regulation of phosphate metabolism GO:0019220 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and physical changes involving phosphates. 6 0.466637781629116 0 0 1 protein metabolism GO:0019538 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general. Includes protein modification. 2314 179.966637781629 222 1.23356196868763 0.000871699265614047 cytokine metabolism GO:0042107 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving cytokines, any of a group of proteins that function to control the survival, growth and differentiation of tissues and cells, and which have autocrine and paracrine activity. 30 2.33318890814558 0 0 1 glycoprotein metabolism GO:0009100 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues other than as a moiety of nucleic acid; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. 109 8.47725303292894 7 0.825739183767346 0.752144294478466 beta-amyloid metabolism GO:0050435 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving beta-amyloid, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease, and its precursor, amyloid precursor protein (APP). 6 0.466637781629116 1 2.14298978644383 0.384784738770702 lipoprotein metabolism GO:0042157 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein moiety consists of a lipid or lipids. 40 3.11091854419411 0 0 1 protein complex assembly GO:0006461 The aggregation and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex. 168 13.0658578856152 9 0.688818145642658 0.912137427417251 protein complex assembly, multichaperone pathway GO:0006462 7 0.544410745233969 1 1.83684838838042 0.432631852891438 protein folding GO:0006457 145 11.2770797227036 31 2.7489386226107 2.21152656211051e-07 protein localization GO:0008104 The process that leads to the specific localization of proteins to regions of cells, excluding that due to targeting to membrane bound subcellular organelles. 7 0.544410745233969 0 0 1 protein modification GO:0006464 The covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein, resulting in a change in the properties of that protein. 1051 81.7393847487002 102 1.24786845794826 0.013373568864335 peptide cross-linking GO:0018149 The formation of a covalent cross-link between or within protein chains. 8 0.622183708838821 0 0 1 peptidyl-amino acid modification GO:0018193 36 2.7998266897747 6 2.14298978644383 0.0573276237462762 peptidyl-tyrosine modification GO:0018212 The modification of peptidyl-tyrosine. 24 1.86655112651646 2 1.07149489322191 0.566803918253758 protein amino acid acetylation GO:0006473 The addition of an acetyl group to a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid. 5 0.388864818024263 0 0 1 protein amino acid ADP-ribosylation GO:0006471 The transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to protein amino acids. 31 2.41096187175043 6 2.48863330038638 0.0300807592382807 protein amino acid alkylation GO:0008213 The addition of an alkyl group to a protein amino acid. An alkyl group is any group derived from an alkane by removal of one hydrogen atom. 13 1.01104852686308 2 1.97814441825584 0.268274884596286 protein amino acid methylation GO:0006479 The addition of a methyl group to a protein amino acid. A methyl group is derived from methane by the removal of a hydrogen atom. 11 0.855502599653379 2 2.3378070397569 0.20887663200768 protein amino acid deacetylation GO:0006476 The removal of an acetyl group from a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid. 8 0.622183708838821 0 0 1 protein processing GO:0016485 The post translational modification of a protein, particularly secretory proteins and proteins targeted for membranes or specific cellular locations. 9 0.699956672443674 0 0 1 ubiquitin cycle GO:0006512 The cyclical process by which one or more ubiquitin moieties are added to (ubiquitination) and removed from (deubiquitination) a protein. 69 5.36633448873483 12 2.23616325541964 0.00661683960728899 protein ubiquitination GO:0016567 The process by which one or more ubiquitin moieties are added to a protein. 10 0.777729636048527 0 0 1 protein stabilization GO:0050821 The processes involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from being degraded. 8 0.622183708838821 0 0 1 regulation of metabolism GO:0019222 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chemical reactions and physical changes involving a substance. 1703 132.447357019064 77 0.581363054220227 0.999999975167537 negative regulation of metabolism GO:0009892 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of chemical reactions and physical changes involving a substance. 131 10.1882582322357 5 0.490761019796296 0.978091775155295 positive regulation of metabolism GO:0009893 Any process that activates or increases the rate of chemical reactions and physical changes involving a substance. 60 4.66637781629116 8 1.71439182915506 0.0923594091556725 sulfur metabolism GO:0006790 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione. 36 2.7998266897747 4 1.42865985762922 0.306053230203843 vitamin metabolism GO:0006766 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving vitamins, organic substances needed for the normal nutrition of an organism. 33 2.56650779896014 3 1.16890351987845 0.478919481760808 fat-soluble vitamin metabolism GO:0006775 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in organic solvents and relatively insoluble in water. 5 0.388864818024263 0 0 1 vitamin A metabolism GO:0006776 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving any of the vitamin A compounds, retinol, retinal (retinaldehyde) and retinoic acid, all of which are derivatives of beta-carotene. 5 0.388864818024263 0 0 1 water-soluble vitamin metabolism GO:0006767 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in water. 23 1.78877816291161 3 1.67712244156473 0.263877345481983 xenobiotic metabolism GO:0006805 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to living organisms. Used of chemical compounds, e.g. a xenobiotic chemical, such as a pesticide. 49 3.81087521663778 0 0 1 organismal physiological process GO:0050874 The processes pertinent to the function of an organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs. 1825 141.935658578856 113 0.796135383676117 0.995970073002375 bone remodeling GO:0046849 The continuous turnover of bone matrix and mineral that involves first, an increase in resorption (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive bone formation (osteoblastic activity). The process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. The process ensures the mechanical integrity of the skeleton throughout life and plays an important role in calcium homeostasis. An imbalance in the regulation of bone resorption and bone formation results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as osteoporosis. 29 2.25541594454073 2 0.886754394390549 0.670720342034218 regulation of bone remodeling GO:0046850 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone remodeling, the processes of bone formation and resorption that combine to maintain skeletal integrity. 6 0.466637781629116 0 0 1 circulation GO:0008015 The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of O2 and nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products. 143 11.1215337954939 7 0.629409587626858 0.934043544548774 regulation of blood pressure GO:0008217 Any process that modulates blood pressure. 36 2.7998266897747 2 0.714329928814609 0.781169733771809 regulation of blood vessel size GO:0050880 Any process that modulates the size of blood vessels. 10 0.777729636048527 1 1.2857938718663 0.554981054514678 vasoconstriction GO:0042310 A decrease in the diameter of blood vessels, especially arteries, usually causing an increase in blood pressure. 7 0.544410745233969 1 1.83684838838042 0.432631852891438 regulation of vasoconstriction GO:0019229 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels. 6 0.466637781629116 1 2.14298978644383 0.384784738770702 regulation of heart rate GO:0008016 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. 38 2.9553726169844 3 1.0151004251576 0.575551064817616 digestion GO:0007586 The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism. 52 4.04419410745234 2 0.49453610456396 0.920058204984164 excretion GO:0007588 The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds. 49 3.81087521663778 2 0.524813825251549 0.902867920107407 fluid secretion GO:0007589 The regulated release of a fluid by a cell or group of cells. 8 0.622183708838821 1 1.60724233983287 0.476757755147065 immune response GO:0006955 Any process involved in the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus. 816 63.4627383015598 25 0.393931946037468 0.999999995443312 acute-phase response GO:0006953 Process involving non-antibody proteins whose concentrations in the plasma increase in response to infection or injury of homeothermic animals. 31 2.41096187175043 3 1.24431665019319 0.437451349268559 antigen presentation GO:0019882 The process by which antigen-presenting cells express antigen (protein/peptide/lipid) on their cell surface in a form recognizable by lymphocytes. 54 4.19974003466205 4 0.952439905086145 0.613572742784165 antigen presentation, endogenous antigen GO:0019883 The process by which antigen-presenting cells express self antigen on their cell surface in a form recognizable by lymphocytes. 29 2.25541594454073 4 1.7735087887811 0.185356447409555 antigen presentation, exogenous antigen GO:0019884 The process by which antigen-presenting cells express foreign antigen on their cell surface in a form recognizable by lymphocytes. 21 1.63323223570191 0 0 1 antigen processing GO:0030333 The processes that result in the fragmentation by proteolysis of antigens and the association of the resulting peptides with MHC molecules. 54 4.19974003466205 4 0.952439905086145 0.613572742784165 antigen processing, endogenous antigen via MHC class I GO:0019885 The processes that result in the fragmentation by proteolysis of endogenous antigens and the association of the resulting peptides with MHC class I molecules. 28 2.17764298093588 4 1.83684838838042 0.169521933438873 antigen processing, exogenous antigen via MHC class II GO:0019886 The processes that result in the fragmentation by proteolysis of exogenous antigens and the association of the resulting peptides with MHC class II molecules. 22 1.71100519930676 0 0 1 cytokine production GO:0001816 The synthesis and release of a cytokine following a stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. 32 2.48873483535529 0 0 1 regulation of cytokine production GO:0001817 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of a cytokine. 26 2.02209705372617 0 0 1 negative regulation of cytokine production GO:0001818 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of production of a cytokine. 6 0.466637781629116 0 0 1 positive regulation of cytokine production GO:0001819 Any process that activates or increases the rate of production of a cytokine. 19 1.4776863084922 0 0 1 humoral immune response GO:0006959 An immune response mediated through a body fluid. 184 14.3102253032929 5 0.349400508659319 0.998953784128464 antimicrobial humoral response GO:0019730 An immune response against microbes mediated through a body fluid. 94 7.31065857885615 4 0.547146328453743 0.940377926683789 antimicrobial humoral response (sensu Vertebrata) GO:0019735 An immune response against microbes mediated through a body fluid, as in, but not restricted to, the vertebrates (Vertebrata, ncbi_taxonomy_id:7742). 94 7.31065857885615 4 0.547146328453743 0.940377926683789 complement activation GO:0006956 Processes involved in the activation of any of the steps of the complement cascade, which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes; the initial steps of complement activation involve one of three pathways, the classical pathway, the alternative pathway, and the lectin pathway, all of which lead to the terminal complement pathway. 42 3.26646447140381 0 0 1 complement activation, alternative pathway GO:0006957 Processes involved in the activation of any of the steps of the alternative pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes. 11 0.855502599653379 0 0 1 complement activation, classical pathway GO:0006958 Processes involved in the activation of any of the steps of the classical pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes. 37 2.87759965337955 0 0 1 humoral defense mechanism (sensu Vertebrata) GO:0016064 The specific immune response mediated by antibodies, as in, but not restricted to, the vertebrates (Vertebrata, ncbi_taxonomy_id:7742). 132 10.2660311958406 4 0.38963450662615 0.993187843762048 T-helper 2 type immune response GO:0042092 10 0.777729636048527 0 0 1 innate immune response GO:0045087 The innate immune response is the first line of defense against infection. It can also activate the adaptive immune response via inflammation as a danger signal that something has damaged the host tissue. 176 13.6880415944541 3 0.219169409977209 0.999918784937228 inflammatory response GO:0006954 The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages. 170 13.221403812825 3 0.226904800917582 0.999876272985753 regulation of inflammatory response GO:0050727 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. 4 0.311091854419411 0 0 1 regulation of innate immune response GO:0045088 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the organism's first line of defense against infection. 6 0.466637781629116 0 0 1 regulation of immune response GO:0050776 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus. 8 0.622183708838821 0 0 1 neurophysiological process GO:0050877 The processes pertaining to the functions of the nervous system of an organism. 650 50.5524263431542 73 1.44404542532676 0.00113438725274207 neuromuscular physiological process GO:0050905 The processes pertaining to the functions of the nervous and muscular systems of an organism. 312 24.265164644714 53 2.18420112849082 7.10222653661843e-08 sensory perception GO:0007600 The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. 350 27.2205372616984 21 0.771476323119777 0.91438373290963 equilibrioception GO:0050957 The series of events required for an organism to receive an orientational stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Equilibrioception refers to a combination of processes by which an organism can perceive its orientation with respect to gravity. In animals, stimuli come from labyrinth system of the inner ears, monitoring the direction of motion; visual stimuli, with information on orientation and motion; pressure receptors, which tell the organism which body surfaces are in contact with the ground; and proprioceptive cues, which report which parts of the body are in motion. 175 13.6102686308492 11 0.808213290887386 0.807772019682769 visual perception GO:0007601 The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image. 175 13.6102686308492 11 0.808213290887386 0.807772019682769 sensory perception of chemical stimulus GO:0007606 The series of events required to receive a sensory chemical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. 61 4.74415077989601 7 1.47550116443673 0.19423481232095 perception of smell GO:0007608 The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors. 50 3.88864818024263 7 1.80011142061281 0.090912283845584 perception of taste GO:0050909 The series of events required for an organism to receive a gustatory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Gustation involves the direct detection of chemical composition, usually through contact with chemoreceptor cells. 10 0.777729636048527 0 0 1 sensory perception of light GO:0050953 The series of events required to receive a sensory light stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. 175 13.6102686308492 11 0.808213290887386 0.807772019682769 sensory perception of mechanical stimulus GO:0050954 The series of events required to receive a sensory mechanical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. 118 9.17720970537262 3 0.326896747084651 0.995740713595278 perception of sound GO:0007605 The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound. 118 9.17720970537262 3 0.326896747084651 0.995740713595278 organismal movement GO:0050879 Physiological processes involved in the relocation of an organism or an anatomical part of an organism. 484 37.6421143847487 64 1.70022330164138 2.57126678936183e-05 musculoskeletal movement GO:0050881 The movement of an organism or part of an organism using mechanoreceptors, the nervous system, striated muscle and/or the skeletal system. 175 13.6102686308492 11 0.808213290887386 0.807772019682769 regulation of balance GO:0050885 The processes that an organism uses to control its balance, the orientation of the organism (or the head of the organism) in relation to the source of gravity. In humans and animals, balance is perceived through visual cues, the labyrinth system of the inner ears and information from skin pressure receptors and muscle and joint receptors. 175 13.6102686308492 11 0.808213290887386 0.807772019682769 regulation of body fluids GO:0050878 Any process that modulates the levels of body fluids. 140 10.8882149046794 7 0.642896935933148 0.924978722738294 hemostasis GO:0007599 The stopping of bleeding (loss of body fluid) or the arrest of the circulation to an organ or part. 132 10.2660311958406 6 0.584451759939225 0.949105861197046 reproductive physiological process GO:0050876 The processes pertinent to the reproductive function of an organism. 75 5.83297227036395 4 0.685756731662024 0.844217393420584 lactation GO:0007595 The secretion of milk by the mammary gland. 9 0.699956672443674 0 0 1 parturition GO:0007567 The process of giving birth to offspring. 8 0.622183708838821 1 1.60724233983287 0.476757755147065 pregnancy GO:0007565 The physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth. 68 5.28856152512998 4 0.756349336391938 0.784628384343977 respiratory gaseous exchange GO:0007585 The process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms. 29 2.25541594454073 2 0.886754394390549 0.670720342034218 pathogenesis GO:0009405 The specific processes that generate the ability of an organism to cause disease in another. 69 5.36633448873483 2 0.372693875903274 0.974442102959161 regulation of physiological process GO:0050791 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a physiological process, a processes specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. 1801 140.06910745234 84 0.599703971331309 0.999999953401913 negative regulation of physiological process GO:0043118 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of a physiological process, a process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. 23 1.78877816291161 1 0.559040813854911 0.844664560448951 negative regulation of secretion GO:0051048 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of the regulated release of a substance from a cell or group of cells. 6 0.466637781629116 0 0 1 positive regulation of physiological process GO:0043119 Any process that activates or increases the rate of a physiological process, a process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. 9 0.699956672443674 1 1.42865985762922 0.517451855212534 positive regulation of secretion GO:0051047 Any process that activates or increases the rate of the regulated release of a substance from a cell or group of cells. 9 0.699956672443674 1 1.42865985762922 0.517451855212534 regulation of secretion GO:0051046 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a substance from a cell or group of cells. 12 0.933275563258232 1 1.07149489322191 0.621510182350567 response to stimulus GO:0050896 A change in state or activity of a cell or organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the perception of a stimulus. 1749 136.024913344887 106 0.7792690132523 0.997566947126628 response to endogenous stimulus GO:0009719 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism as a result of the perception of an endogenous stimulus. 230 17.8877816291161 19 1.06217754632433 0.426767673896012 response to DNA damage stimulus GO:0006974 A change in the state or activity of a cell (in terms of enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism. 225 17.4989168110919 19 1.0857814917982 0.388989404761288 DNA damage response, signal transduction GO:0042770 A cascade of processes induced by the detection of DNA damage within a cell. 20 1.55545927209705 0 0 1 response to hormone stimulus GO:0009725 A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism as a result of the perception of a hormone. 3 0.233318890814558 0 0 1 response to external stimulus GO:0009605 A change in state or activity of a cell or organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the perception of an external stimulus. 1478 114.948440207972 78 0.678565101526191 0.999937022835982 detection of external stimulus GO:0009581 The series of events by which an external stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. 383 29.7870450606586 27 0.906434322203394 0.729281762711115 detection of abiotic stimulus GO:0009582 The series of events by which an (non-living) abiotic stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. 154 11.9770363951473 8 0.667944868501972 0.918138937926535 detection of chemical substance GO:0009593 The series of events by which a chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. 7 0.544410745233969 2 3.67369677676084 0.0977020540462852 detection of light GO:0009583 The series of events by which a light stimulus (in the form of photons) is received and converted into a molecular signal. 23 1.78877816291161 2 1.11808162770982 0.543371460995577 detection of visible light GO:0009584 The series of events by which a visible light stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal; visible light is defined as having a wavelength within the range 380-780 nm. 8 0.622183708838821 2 3.21448467966574 0.12375053710205 phototransduction, visible light GO:0007603 The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from visible light into a molecular signal; visible light being defined as having a wavelength within the range 380-780 nm. 7 0.544410745233969 2 3.67369677676084 0.0977020540462852 phototransduction GO:0007602 The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons into a molecular signal. 22 1.71100519930676 2 1.16890351987845 0.51906762486396 detection of mechanical stimulus GO:0050982 The series of events by which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. 120 9.33275563258232 3 0.321448467966574 0.996265601194792 detection of biotic stimulus GO:0009595 The series of events by which a biotic (living) stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. 16 1.24436741767764 1 0.803621169916435 0.726217553201261 detection of pest/pathogen/parasite GO:0009596 The series of events by which a stimulus from a pest, pathogen or parasite is received and converted into a molecular signal. 16 1.24436741767764 1 0.803621169916435 0.726217553201261 detection of bacteria GO:0016045 The series of events by which a stimulus from a bacterium is received and converted into a molecular signal. 4 0.311091854419411 0 0 1 response to abiotic stimulus GO:0009628 A change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the perception of an abiotic (non-living) stimulus. 395 30.7203206239168 26 0.846345333380346 0.836629754942048 response to chemical substance GO:0042221 A change in state or activity of the organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of exposure to a chemical substance. 199 15.4768197573657 14 0.904578603323022 0.689853026999564 chemotaxis GO:0006935 The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). 88 6.84402079722704 6 0.876677639908838 0.688913667325669 response to drug GO:0042493 A change in state or activity of the organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of exposure to any drug, a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease. 17 1.3221403812825 3 2.26904800917581 0.141321308938586 response to inorganic substance GO:0010035 A change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of exposure to an inorganic substance. 6 0.466637781629116 1 2.14298978644383 0.384784738770702 response to organic substance GO:0010033 A change in state or activity of an organism(in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of exposure to an organic substance. 15 1.16659445407279 1 0.85719591457753 0.703129017048866 response to toxin GO:0009636 The process by which a toxin or poisonous compound or other is rendered harmless. 10 0.777729636048527 1 1.2857938718663 0.554981054514678 response to xenobiotic stimulus GO:0009410 A change in state or activity of an organism as the result of exposure to a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to living organisms. 51 3.96642114384749 1 0.252116445463979 0.983903540859625 response to radiation GO:0009314 A change in state or activity of the organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the perception of radiation. 42 3.26646447140381 3 0.918424194190211 0.644238037684352 response to light GO:0009416 A change in state or activity of the organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the perception of a light stimulus. 30 2.33318890814558 3 1.2857938718663 0.416246509111854 response to temperature GO:0009266 A change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the perception of temperature. 20 1.55545927209705 2 1.2857938718663 0.467934044192153 response to cold GO:0009409 A change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, gene expression, enzyme production, etc.) in response to temperatures below the optimal temperature for that organism. 6 0.466637781629116 0 0 1 response to heat GO:0009408 A change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, gene expression, enzyme production, etc.) in response to temperatures above the optimal temperature for that organism. 11 0.855502599653379 2 2.3378070397569 0.20887663200768 response to biotic stimulus GO:0009607 A change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the perception of a biotic stimulus. 948 73.7287694974003 32 0.434023247887357 0.999999994518921 defense response GO:0006952 Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack. 883 68.6735268630849 27 0.393164604081427 0.999999998893733 defense response to bacteria GO:0042742 Reactions triggered in response to the presence of bacteria that act to protect the cell or organism. 10 0.777729636048527 0 0 1 defense response to Gram-positive bacteria GO:0050830 Reactions triggered in response to the presence of Gram-positive bacteria that act to protect the cell or organism. 0 0 0 0 1 defense response to fungi GO:0050832 Reactions triggered in response to the presence of fungi that act to protect the cell or organism. 10 0.777729636048527 0 0 1 response to bacteria GO:0009617 A change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the perception of bacteria. 29 2.25541594454073 1 0.443377197195274 0.904435266978434 response to pathogenic bacteria GO:0009618 A change in state or activity of the organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the perception of a pathogenic (disease-causing) bacteria. 15 1.16659445407279 1 0.85719591457753 0.703129017048866 response to fungi GO:0009620 A change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the perception of fungi. 11 0.855502599653379 0 0 1 response to pest/pathogen/parasite GO:0009613 A change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the perception of a pest, a pathogen or a parasite. 480 37.3310225303293 19 0.508960074280409 0.999771534999188 response to virus GO:0009615 A change in state or activity of the organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the perception of a virus. 30 2.33318890814558 3 1.2857938718663 0.416246509111854 response to unfolded protein GO:0006986 A change in the state or activity of a cell (in terms of enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the presence of unfolded proteins. 5 0.388864818024263 0 0 1 response to wounding GO:0009611 A change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of damage to the organism. 282 21.9319757365685 12 0.547146328453743 0.993788409582024 taxis GO:0042330 The directed movement of a cell or organism in response to an external stimulus. 88 6.84402079722704 6 0.876677639908838 0.688913667325669 response to stress GO:0006950 A change in state or activity of an organism or cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) that occurs in response to stress, usually, but not necessarily exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation). 853 66.3403379549393 57 0.859205752595297 0.89794155198401 response to hypoxia GO:0001666 The alteration of cellular processes due to exposure to lowered oxygen tension. 3 0.233318890814558 1 4.28597957288765 0.215643409392579 secretion GO:0046903 The regulated release of a substance by a cell or group of cells. 83 6.45515597920277 20 3.09829848642481 4.34494852928819e-06 protein secretion GO:0009306 The regulated release of proteins from a cell or group of cells. 25 1.94432409012132 3 1.54295264623955 0.307483370901745 regulation of biological process GO:0050789 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule. 2645 205.709488734835 152 0.738906119182143 0.999979713637961 regulation of enzyme activity GO:0050790 Any process that modulates the activity of an enzyme. 118 9.17720970537262 19 2.07034606486946 0.00192398387805161 negative regulation of enzyme activity GO:0043086 Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an enzyme. 33 2.56650779896014 4 1.5585380265046 0.252717811283259 positive regulation of enzyme activity GO:0043085 Any process that activates or increases the activity of an enzyme. 35 2.72205372616984 9 3.30632709908476 0.00113698926720772 regulation of viral life cycle GO:0050792 Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the viral life cycle, the set of processes by which a virus reproduces and spreads among hosts. 9 0.699956672443674 2 2.85731971525843 0.151204954623315 viral life cycle GO:0016032 A set of processes by which a virus reproduces. Usually, this is by infection of a host cell, replication of the viral genome, and assembly of progeny virus particles. In some cases the viral genetic material may integrate into the host genome and only subsequently, under particular circumstances, 'complete' its life cycle; see viral infectious cycle (GO:0019058) and its children, and lysogeny (GO:0030069). 38 2.9553726169844 3 1.0151004251576 0.575551064817616 viral infectious cycle GO:0019058 A set of processes which all viruses follow to ensure survival; includes attachment and entry of the virus particle, decoding of genome information, translation of viral mRNA by host ribosomes, genome replication, and assembly and release of viral particles containing the genome. 36 2.7998266897747 3 1.07149489322191 0.538237721637986 initiation of viral infection GO:0019059 Processes involved in the start of virus infection of cells. 11 0.855502599653379 0 0 1 viral entry GO:0046718 The process by which a virion enters a host cell, including virion attachment and penetration. 11 0.855502599653379 0 0 1 viral genome replication GO:0019079 Any process involved directly in viral genome replication, including viral nucleotide metabolism. 29 2.25541594454073 3 1.33013159158582 0.394786300979571 biological_process GO:0008150 A phenomenon marked by changes that lead to a particular result, mediated by one or more gene products. 10151 789.47335355286 857 1.08553378799075 0.00698352170642899 behavior GO:0007610 The specific actions or reactions of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Patterned activity of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions. 117 9.09943674176776 8 0.879175297002595 0.697388553012425 feeding behavior GO:0007631 Behavior (GO:0007610) associated with the intake of food. 23 1.78877816291161 1 0.559040813854911 0.844664560448951 learning and/or memory GO:0007611 The acquisition and processing of information and/or the storage and retrieval of this information over time. 31 2.41096187175043 4 1.65908886692425 0.218334667649271 locomotory behavior GO:0007626 The abilities associated with normal movement, including both general motion and specifically coordinated patterns of activity. 9 0.699956672443674 1 1.42865985762922 0.517451855212534 mechanosensory behavior GO:0007638 Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of movement. 8 0.622183708838821 0 0 1 rhythmic behavior GO:0007622 The specific actions or reactions of an organism that recur with measured regularity. 27 2.09987001733102 0 0 1 circadian rhythm GO:0007623 The specific actions or reactions of an organism that recur with a regularity of approximately 24 hours. 18 1.39991334488735 0 0 1 biological_process unknown GO:0000004 Used for the annotation of gene products whose process is not known or cannot be inferred. 378 29.3981802426343 29 0.986455615982078 0.55803786630448 cellular process GO:0009987 Processes that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. 6155 478.692590987868 508 1.06122386175155 0.0860628689172938 cell communication GO:0007154 Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. 3263 253.773180242634 268 1.05606116353101 0.184287121804664 cell adhesion GO:0007155 The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules. 663 51.5634748700173 40 0.775742909119937 0.963871717725154 cell recognition GO:0008037 The process by which a cell in a multicellular organism interprets its surroundings. 18 1.39991334488735 2 1.42865985762922 0.4136837631352 cell-cell adhesion GO:0016337 The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules. 260 20.2209705372617 17 0.840711377758732 0.803401279036373 calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion GO:0016339 The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction. 7 0.544410745233969 0 0 1 heterophilic cell adhesion GO:0007157 The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to a nonidentical adhesion molecule in an adjacent cell. 111 8.63279896013865 5 0.579186428768602 0.938771407080847 leukocyte cell adhesion GO:0007159 The attachment of an adhesion molecule on a leukocyte cell to a nonidentical adhesion molecule in an adjacent cell. 13 1.01104852686308 0 0 1 homophilic cell adhesion GO:0007156 The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell. 113 8.78834488734835 12 1.36544481968102 0.168541890499735 cell-matrix adhesion GO:0007160 The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules. 83 6.45515597920277 0 0 1 regulation of cell adhesion GO:0030155 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix. 37 2.87759965337955 1 0.347511857261161 0.949996494565024 negative regulation of cell adhesion GO:0007162 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of cell adhesion. 21 1.63323223570191 0 0 1 cell-cell signaling GO:0007267 Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. 628 48.8414211438475 64 1.31036318151979 0.0172137468352335 hormone secretion GO:0046879 The regulated release of hormones, substances with a specific regulatory effect on a particular organ or group of cells. 9 0.699956672443674 0 0 1 regulation of hormone secretion GO:0046883 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell or group of cells. 6 0.466637781629116 0 0 1 negative regulation of hormone secretion GO:0046888 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of the regulated release of hormones. 6 0.466637781629116 0 0 1 transmission of nerve impulse GO:0019226 The sequential, electrochemical polarization and depolarisation that travels across the membrane of a nerve cell (neuron) in response to stimulation. 312 24.265164644714 53 2.18420112849082 7.10222653661843e-08 synaptic transmission GO:0007268 The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. 306 23.7985268630849 52 2.18500919402116 9.24834431331859e-08 nerve-nerve synaptic transmission GO:0007270 The process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse. 22 1.71100519930676 4 2.3378070397569 0.0867867307554927 synaptic transmission, cholinergic GO:0007271 18 1.39991334488735 1 0.714329928814609 0.767147287962174 regulation of neurotransmitter levels GO:0001505 Any process that modulates levels of neurotransmitter. 66 5.13301559792028 22 4.28597957288765 2.43801031854841e-09 neurotransmitter metabolism GO:0042133 The chemical reactions and physical changes involving neurotransmitters, any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. 22 1.71100519930676 5 2.92225879969613 0.0244692017194864 neurotransmitter biosynthesis GO:0042136 The formation from simpler components of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. 8 0.622183708838821 2 3.21448467966574 0.12375053710205 neurotransmitter catabolism GO:0042135 The breakdown into simpler components of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. 11 0.855502599653379 2 2.3378070397569 0.20887663200768 neurotransmitter secretion GO:0007269 The regulated release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. 36 2.7998266897747 15 5.35747446610956 2.6302131078363e-08 synaptic vesicle endocytosis GO:0008099 Endocytosis of a synaptic vesicle into the presynaptic or postsynaptic membrane. 14 1.08882149046794 5 4.59212097095105 0.00313268177521419 synaptic vesicle exocytosis GO:0016079 Exocytosis of a synaptic vesicle from the presynaptic membrane. 9 0.699956672443674 5 7.14329928814609 0.000274455837958301 synaptic vesicle transport GO:0016181 Transport of vesicles containing neurotransmitters back and forth across the synapse. 24 1.86655112651646 10 5.35747446610956 5.71445135328376e-06 response to extracellular stimulus GO:0009991 A change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the perception of an extracellular stimulus. 20 1.55545927209705 2 1.2857938718663 0.467934044192153 response to nutrients GO:0007584 A change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the perception of nutrients. 19 1.4776863084922 2 1.35346723354347 0.441173668987211 signal transduction GO:0007165 The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the cell's functioning. 2578 200.49870017331 201 1.0025002647212 0.49583019552363 cell surface receptor linked signal transduction GO:0007166 Any pathway of signal transduction initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell. 1135 88.2723136915078 81 0.917615009878149 0.80443069360008 cytokine and chemokine mediated signaling pathway GO:0019221 6 0.466637781629116 0 0 1 enzyme linked receptor protein signaling pathway GO:0007167 Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, where the receptor possesses catalytic activity or is closely associated with an enzyme such as a protein kinase. 206 16.0212305025997 16 0.998674851934987 0.539482480900685 transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway GO:0007178 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor serine/threonine kinase binding to its physiological ligand. 39 3.03314558058925 1 0.329690736375973 0.957471883285156 transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway GO:0007179 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transforming growth factor beta receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. 25 1.94432409012132 1 0.514317548746518 0.867886788221895 transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway GO:0007169 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand. 145 11.2770797227036 11 0.975429833829603 0.578785050138488 epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway GO:0007173 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an epidermal growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. 23 1.78877816291161 2 1.11808162770982 0.543371460995577 fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway GO:0008543 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. 14 1.08882149046794 2 1.83684838838042 0.298036386882161 insulin receptor signaling pathway GO:0008286 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin. 13 1.01104852686308 1 0.989072209127919 0.650946457163423 signal complex formation GO:0007172 Formation of a complex by dimerization of a receptor protein tyrosine kinase followed by the association of several different intracellular signaling molecules with the cytoplasmic tails of the receptors; the resulting complex is capable of relaying a signal within a cell. 11 0.855502599653379 1 1.16890351987845 0.589591496765378 transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase signaling pathway GO:0007185 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine phosphatase binding to its physiological ligand. 16 1.24436741767764 2 1.60724233983287 0.356800974762934 G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway GO:0007186 The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand. 615 47.8303726169844 51 1.06626808886473 0.337379260931798 acetyl choline receptor signaling, muscarinic pathway GO:0007213 6 0.466637781629116 2 4.28597957288765 0.0734918863657436 dopamine receptor signaling pathway GO:0007212 9 0.699956672443674 1 1.42865985762922 0.517451855212534 G-protein signaling, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger GO:0007187 137 10.6548960138648 15 1.40780350934266 0.113093953859912 G-protein signaling, coupled to cAMP nucleotide second messenger GO:0007188 91 7.07733968804159 13 1.83684838838042 0.0237780545822547 G-protein signaling, adenylate cyclase activating pathway GO:0007189 35 2.72205372616984 9 3.30632709908476 0.00113698926720772 adenylate cyclase activation GO:0007190 33 2.56650779896014 9 3.50671055963535 0.000715751838133224 G-protein signaling, adenylate cyclase inhibiting pathway GO:0007193 73 5.67742634315425 12 2.11363376197199 0.0103591814897376 regulation of adenylate cyclase activity GO:0045761 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity. 55 4.2775129982669 12 2.80536844770828 0.000905511493973702 negative regulation of adenylate cyclase activity GO:0007194 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of adenylate cyclase activity. 22 1.71100519930676 3 1.75335527981768 0.242356718209695 positive regulation of adenylate cyclase activity GO:0045762 Any process that activates or increases the rate of adenylate cyclase activity. 33 2.56650779896014 9 3.50671055963535 0.000715751838133224 G-protein signaling, coupled to IP3 second messenger (phospholipase C activating) GO:0007200 101 7.85506932409012 5 0.63653161973579 0.901138472752979 cytosolic calcium ion concentration elevation GO:0007204 47 3.65532928942808 0 0 1 phospholipase C activation GO:0007202 A signaling pathway that leads to the upregulation of phospholipase C activity in response to the signal. 22 1.71100519930676 0 0 1 protein kinase C activation GO:0007205 26 2.02209705372617 3 1.48360831369188 0.32940524860957 gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway GO:0007214 13 1.01104852686308 2 1.97814441825584 0.268274884596286 glutamate signaling pathway GO:0007215 18 1.39991334488735 2 1.42865985762922 0.4136837631352 neuropeptide signaling pathway GO:0007218 65 5.05524263431542 7 1.38470109277909 0.240087373825404 regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway GO:0008277 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity. 38 2.9553726169844 6 2.0302008503152 0.071338845551476 tachykinin signaling pathway GO:0007217 7 0.544410745233969 1 1.83684838838042 0.432631852891438 integrin-mediated signaling pathway GO:0007229 58 4.51083188908146 0 0 1 Notch signaling pathway GO:0007219 A pathway of signal transduction initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell. 17 1.3221403812825 0 0 1 Wnt receptor signaling pathway GO:0016055 A pathway of signal transduction initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell. 104 8.08838821490468 6 0.74180415684594 0.827700074687599 frizzled signaling pathway GO:0007222 A pathway of signal transduction initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled receptor on the surface of the target cell. 21 1.63323223570191 0 0 1 frizzled-2 signaling pathway GO:0007223 A pathway of signal transduction initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled-2 receptor on the surface of the target cell. 19 1.4776863084922 0 0 1 regulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway GO:0030111 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the Wnt receptor mediated signal transduction pathway. 16 1.24436741767764 1 0.803621169916435 0.726217553201261 negative regulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway GO:0030178 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of Wnt receptor signaling pathway activity. 7 0.544410745233969 0 0 1 intracellular signaling cascade GO:0007242 A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound. 983 76.4508232235702 87 1.13798643796915 0.116941149511845 intracellular receptor-mediated signaling pathway GO:0030522 A signaling pathway initiated by a ligand entering the target cell, where it binds to an intracellular receptor. 33 2.56650779896014 2 0.7792690132523 0.738495502397773 steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway GO:0030518 Signal transduction pathway mediated by a steroid hormone and its receptor. 33 2.56650779896014 2 0.7792690132523 0.738495502397773 androgen receptor signaling pathway GO:0030521 Signal transduction pathway mediated by an androgen and its receptor. 18 1.39991334488735 2 1.42865985762922 0.4136837631352 estrogen receptor signaling pathway GO:0030520 Signal transduction pathway mediated by an estrogen and its receptor. 19 1.4776863084922 0 0 1 nitric oxide mediated signal transduction GO:0007263 Signal transduction pathway mediated by the perception of nitric oxide (NO). 6 0.466637781629116 1 2.14298978644383 0.384784738770702 protein kinase cascade GO:0007243 A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound. 288 22.3986135181976 21 0.937558031569174 0.652340746022802 I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade GO:0007249 A series of reactions initiated by the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. NF-kappaB is sequestered by the inhibitor I-kappaB, and is released when I-kappaB is phosphorylated by activated I-kappaB kinase. 115 8.94389081455806 3 0.335424488312947 0.994816414656232 activation of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase GO:0007250 The stimulation of the activity of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase through phosphorylation at specific residues. 15 1.16659445407279 0 0 1 regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade GO:0043122 Any process that modulates an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade. 87 6.76624783362218 1 0.147792399065091 0.99912724378017 positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade GO:0043123 Any process that activates or increases the rate of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade. 87 6.76624783362218 1 0.147792399065091 0.99912724378017 JAK-STAT cascade GO:0007259 The processes by which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) are activated by members of the JAK (janus activated kinase) family of tyrosine kinases, following the binding of cytokines to their cognate receptor. Once activated, STATs dimerize and translocate to the nucleus and modulate the expression of target genes. 44 3.42201039861352 5 1.46112939984806 0.255346447029199 regulation of JAK-STAT cascade GO:0046425 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. 9 0.699956672443674 1 1.42865985762922 0.517451855212534 negative regulation of JAK-STAT cascade GO:0046426 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway activity. 9 0.699956672443674 1 1.42865985762922 0.517451855212534 regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein GO:0042509 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphoric group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein. 9 0.699956672443674 1 1.42865985762922 0.517451855212534 regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3 protein GO:0042516 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of introducing a phosphoric group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat3 protein. 9 0.699956672443674 1 1.42865985762922 0.517451855212534 tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein GO:0007260 The process of introducing a phosphoric group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein. 17 1.3221403812825 2 1.51269867278388 0.385531596872848 tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3 protein GO:0042503 The process of introducing a phosphoric group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat3 protein. 9 0.699956672443674 1 1.42865985762922 0.517451855212534 JNK cascade GO:0007254 A cascade of protein kinase activities, culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a JUN kinase, a member of a subfamily of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases that is activated primarily by cytokines and exposure to environmental stress. 42 3.26646447140381 5 1.53070699031702 0.225725837857596 activation of JUNK GO:0007257 Upregulation of a JUN kinase activity due to phosphorylation by a JUN kinase kinase (JNKK). 10 0.777729636048527 0 0 1 regulation of JNK cascade GO:0046328 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade. 9 0.699956672443674 1 1.42865985762922 0.517451855212534 MAPKKK cascade GO:0000165 Cascade of at least three protein kinase activities culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase. MAPKKK cascades lie downstream of numerous signaling pathways. 64 4.97746967071057 8 1.60724233983287 0.122426153786431 activation of MAPK GO:0000187 Upregulation of a MAP kinase activity due to phosphorylation by a MAPKK. 19 1.4776863084922 2 1.35346723354347 0.441173668987211 inactivation of MAPK GO:0000188 Downregulation of MAP kinase activity. 23 1.78877816291161 5 2.79520406927456 0.029315820637148 second-messenger-mediated signaling GO:0019932 153 11.8992634315425 17 1.42865985762922 0.0872256679291357 calcium-mediated signaling GO:0019722 The process by which a cell uses calcium ions to convert an extracellular signal into a response. 6 0.466637781629116 1 2.14298978644383 0.384784738770702 cyclic-nucleotide-mediated signaling GO:0019935 The process by which a cell uses a cyclic nucleotide to convert an extracellular signal into a response. 137 10.6548960138648 15 1.40780350934266 0.113093953859912 cAMP-mediated signaling GO:0019933 91 7.07733968804159 13 1.83684838838042 0.0237780545822547 small GTPase mediated signal transduction GO:0007264 217 16.876733102253 22 1.30356982401191 0.122615710515147 RAS protein signal transduction GO:0007265 A series of reactions within the cell that are mediated by a member of the RAS family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state. 43 3.34423743500867 3 0.897065491999741 0.660123618485486 Rho protein signal transduction GO:0007266 A series of reactions within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rho family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state. 27 2.09987001733102 0 0 1 regulation of signal transduction GO:0009966 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction. 174 13.5324956672444 10 0.738961995325457 0.876612204262428 negative regulation of signal transduction GO:0009968 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of signal transduction. 26 2.02209705372617 1 0.49453610456396 0.878161624233234 positive regulation of signal transduction GO:0009967 Any process that activates or increases the rate of signal transduction. 89 6.92179376083189 1 0.144471221558011 0.999257718472782 two-component signal transduction system (phosphorelay) GO:0000160 A conserved signal transduction system found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; involves autophosphorylation of a histidine kinase that then acts as a phospho-donor to response regulator proteins; also known as histidyl-aspartyl phosphorelay. 5 0.388864818024263 0 0 1 cell differentiation GO:0030154 The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. 237 18.4321923743501 13 0.705287777816955 0.931141700180241 cell development GO:0048468 Processes by which a cell becomes a fully functional differentiated cell, following commitment to a specific fate. 19 1.4776863084922 1 0.676733616771734 0.785256933460783 cell maturation GO:0048469 Processes by which a cell attains its full functional capacity. These process are independent of morphogenetic change. 14 1.08882149046794 1 0.918424194190211 0.678093385646598 nerve maturation GO:0042551 The processes leading to the attainment of full functional capacity of a nascent neuron. 14 1.08882149046794 1 0.918424194190211 0.678093385646598 nerve ensheathment GO:0008366 The processes by which the axon of a neuron is insulated, thereby preventing dispersion of the electrical signal. 14 1.08882149046794 1 0.918424194190211 0.678093385646598 cell fate commitment GO:0045165 The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field. 25 1.94432409012132 1 0.514317548746518 0.867886788221895 cell fate determination GO:0001709 Process involved in cell fate commitment. Once determination has taken place, a cell becomes committed to differentiate down a particular pathway regardless of its environment. 24 1.86655112651646 1 0.535747446610956 0.856745457935699 hemocyte differentiation (sensu Arthropoda) GO:0042386 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the characteristics of a mature hemocyte. Hemocytes are blood cells associated with a hemocoel (the cavity containing most of the major organs of the arthropod body) which are involved in defense and clotting of hemolymph, but not involved in transport of oxygen. As in, but not restricted to, arthropods (Arthropoda, ncbi_taxonomy_id:6656). 11 0.855502599653379 0 0 1 hemocyte development GO:0007516 Development of an immature hemocyte cell into a mature hemocyte, following its initial specification. Hemocytes are blood cells associated with a hemocoel (the cavity containing most of the major organs of the arthropod body). As in, but not restricted to, arthropods (Arthropoda, ncbi_taxonomy_id:6656). 8 0.622183708838821 0 0 1 keratinocyte differentiation GO:0030216 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a keratinocyte. 8 0.622183708838821 0 0 1 lymphocyte differentiation GO:0030098 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized precursor cell acquires specialized features of B-cells, T-cells, or natural killer cells. 34 2.64428076256499 0 0 1 B-cell differentiation GO:0030183 The process by which a hemopoietic stem cell acquires characteristics of a B-cell. 15 1.16659445407279 0 0 1 regulation of lymphocyte differentiation GO:0045619 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation. 16 1.24436741767764 0 0 1 positive regulation of lymphocyte differentiation GO:0045621 Any process that activates or increases the rate of lymphocyte differentiation. 9 0.699956672443674 0 0 1 positive regulation of T-cell differentiation GO:0045582 Any process that activates or increases the rate of T-cell differentiation. 9 0.699956672443674 0 0 1 regulation of T-cell differentiation GO:0045580 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-cell differentiation. 13 1.01104852686308 0 0 1 T-cell differentiation GO:0030217 The process by which a hemopoietic stem cell acquires characteristics of a T-cell. 17 1.3221403812825 0 0 1 T-helper cell differentiation GO:0042093 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized thymocyte acquires specialized features of a T-helper cell. 11 0.855502599653379 0 0 1 myeloid blood cell differentiation GO:0030099 Differentiation of erythrocytes, megakaryocytes, platelets, basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and osteoclasts from myeloid precursor cells. 20 1.55545927209705 0 0 1 monocyte differentiation GO:0030224 The process by which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of a monocyte. 15 1.16659445407279 0 0 1 regulation of monocyte differentiation GO:0045655 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte differentiation. 6 0.466637781629116 0 0 1 regulation of myeloid blood cell differentiation GO:0045637 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid blood cell differentiation. 8 0.622183708838821 0 0 1 negative regulation of myeloid blood cell differentiation GO:0045638 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of myeloid blood cell differentiation. 6 0.466637781629116 0 0 1 myoblast differentiation GO:0045445 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myoblast, a cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. 9 0.699956672443674 0 0 1 neuron differentiation GO:0030182 The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron. 10 0.777729636048527 5 6.42896935933148 0.000513623819005561 regulation of neuron differentiation GO:0045664 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation. 5 0.388864818024263 2 5.14317548746518 0.0516153430227439 regulation of cell differentiation GO:0045595 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation, the process whereby relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features. 46 3.57755632582322 3 0.838561220782367 0.704659694796215 negative regulation of cell differentiation GO:0045596 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of cell differentiation. 10 0.777729636048527 0 0 1 positive regulation of cell differentiation GO:0045597 Any process that activates or increases the rate of cell differentiation. 15 1.16659445407279 0 0 1 spermatid development GO:0007286 The process by which an immature germ cell becomes a mature male gamete. 8 0.622183708838821 2 3.21448467966574 0.12375053710205 cellular physiological process GO:0050875 The processes pertinent to the integrated function of a cell. 4234 329.290727902946 353 1.07200103157488 0.0924361662840393 autophagy GO:0006914 The process by which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of nutrient limitation and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation. 7 0.544410745233969 1 1.83684838838042 0.432631852891438 cell activation GO:0001775 A change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. 90 6.99956672443674 0 0 1 immune cell activation GO:0045321 A change in morphology and behavior of an immune cell resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, pathogen, or soluble factor. 90 6.99956672443674 0 0 1 lymphocyte activation GO:0046649 A change in morphology and behavior of a lymphocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. 74 5.7551993067591 0 0 1 B-cell activation GO:0042113 The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B-cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific. 30 2.33318890814558 0 0 1 B-cell proliferation GO:0042100 The rapid expansion of a B-cell population by cell division. Follows B-cell activation. 9 0.699956672443674 0 0 1 lymphocyte proliferation GO:0046651 The rapid expansion of a lymphocyte population by cell division. 21 1.63323223570191 0 0 1 regulation of lymphocyte proliferation GO:0050670 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte proliferation. 13 1.01104852686308 0 0 1 positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation GO:0050671 Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of lymphocyte proliferation. 11 0.855502599653379 0 0 1 positive regulation of T-cell proliferation GO:0042102 Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of T-cell proliferation. 10 0.777729636048527 0 0 1 regulation of T-cell proliferation GO:0042129 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-cell proliferation. 12 0.933275563258232 0 0 1 T-cell proliferation GO:0042098 The rapid expansion of a T-cell population by cell division. Follows T-cell activation. 13 1.01104852686308 0 0 1 natural killer cell activation GO:0030101 The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell in response to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, pathogen, or soluble factor. 8 0.622183708838821 0 0 1 T-cell activation GO:0042110 The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T-cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific. 41 3.18869150779896 0 0 1 cell death GO:0008219 The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death. 525 40.8308058925477 30 0.734739355352169 0.972012442047901 cytolysis GO:0019835 The rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm. 14 1.08882149046794 3 2.75527258257063 0.0897058708810319 programmed cell death GO:0012501 Cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. 493 38.3420710571924 27 0.704187313192494 0.981002033993317 apoptosis GO:0006915 A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposition of phosphatidylserine. 492 38.2642980935875 27 0.705618588219308 0.980426176612054 apoptotic program GO:0008632 The genetically programmed processes that occur during apoptosis. 56 4.35528596187175 2 0.459212097095105 0.938551531506733 apoptotic nuclear changes GO:0030262 5 0.388864818024263 0 0 1 DNA fragmentation GO:0006309 Internucleosomal cleavage of chromatin that is characteristic of apoptosis. 5 0.388864818024263 0 0 1 caspase activation GO:0006919 Upregulation of the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis. 26 2.02209705372617 1 0.49453610456396 0.878161624233234 regulation of caspase activation GO:0043026 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of caspase activation. 4 0.311091854419411 0 0 1 negative regulation of caspase activation GO:0043154 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of caspase activation. 4 0.311091854419411 0 0 1 inhibition of caspase activation GO:0001719 Any process that results in preventing the activation of the pro-apoptotic caspases. 4 0.311091854419411 0 0 1 disassembly of cell structures GO:0006921 5 0.388864818024263 0 0 1 regulation of apoptosis GO:0042981 Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis. 319 24.809575389948 16 0.64491228682949 0.979729576113281 negative regulation of apoptosis GO:0043066 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of cell death by apoptosis. 143 11.1215337954939 10 0.899156553752654 0.681694400055148 anti-apoptosis GO:0006916 A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis. 138 10.7326689774697 8 0.745387751806548 0.849302632541372 regulation of anti-apoptosis GO:0045767 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anti-apoptosis. 12 0.933275563258232 4 4.28597957288765 0.0108899304991899 positive regulation of anti-apoptosis GO:0045768 Any process that activates or increases the rate of anti-apoptosis. 9 0.699956672443674 3 4.28597957288765 0.0276600757776216 positive regulation of apoptosis GO:0043065 Any process that activates or increases the rate of cell death by apoptosis. 165 12.8325389948007 6 0.46756140795138 0.990296947553882 induction of apoptosis GO:0006917 A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis. 161 12.5214471403813 6 0.479177840447067 0.988018057910916 induction of apoptosis by extracellular signals GO:0008624 Any process induced by extracellular signals that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis. 38 2.9553726169844 0 0 1 induction of apoptosis via death domain receptors GO:0008625 9 0.699956672443674 0 0 1 induction of apoptosis by intracellular signals GO:0008629 Any process induced by intracellular signals that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis. 20 1.55545927209705 3 1.92869080779944 0.200330292142734 DNA damage response, signal transduction resulting in induction of apoptosis GO:0008630 A cascade of processes initiated by the perception of DNA damage and resulting in the induction of apoptosis (programmed cell death). 7 0.544410745233969 0 0 1 regulation of programmed cell death GO:0043067 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. 319 24.809575389948 16 0.64491228682949 0.979729576113281 negative regulation of programmed cell death GO:0043069 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. 143 11.1215337954939 10 0.899156553752654 0.681694400055148 positive regulation of programmed cell death GO:0043068 Any process that activates or increases the rate of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. 165 12.8325389948007 6 0.46756140795138 0.990296947553882 induction of programmed cell death GO:0012502 A process which directly activates any of the steps required for programmed cell death. 161 12.5214471403813 6 0.479177840447067 0.988018057910916 cell growth and/or maintenance GO:0008151 Any process required for the survival and growth of a cell. 3647 283.637998266898 319 1.12467300555346 0.0167692277189386 cell growth GO:0016049 The process by which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present. 122 9.48830155979203 9 0.948536462852185 0.614219727188094 regulation of cell growth GO:0001558 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth. 85 6.61070190641248 5 0.756349336391938 0.799687457984394 negative regulation of cell growth GO:0030308 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of cell growth. 28 2.17764298093588 2 0.918424194190211 0.65169040816838 cell homeostasis GO:0019725 Any of the processes involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium within a cell. 91 7.07733968804159 6 0.847776179252502 0.719574550896029 cell ion homeostasis GO:0006873 The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment. 84 6.53292894280762 6 0.918424194190211 0.644721637539678 cation homeostasis GO:0030003 The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of cations within a cell or between a cell and its external environment. 76 5.9107452339688 5 0.845917020964668 0.713486901971295 di-, tri-valent inorganic cation homeostasis GO:0030005 The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of divalent and trivalent inorganic cations within a cell or between a cell and its external environment. 59 4.58860485268631 3 0.653793494169303 0.847185625667374 calcium ion homeostasis GO:0006874 The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of calcium ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment. 22 1.71100519930676 1 0.584451759939225 0.831564860472717 copper ion homeostasis GO:0006878 The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of copper ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment. 7 0.544410745233969 1 1.83684838838042 0.432631852891438 iron ion homeostasis GO:0006879 The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of iron ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment. 32 2.48873483535529 1 0.401810584958217 0.925043171824896 metal ion homeostasis GO:0006875 The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of metal ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment. 63 4.89969670710572 3 0.612282796126807 0.876920553501049 transition metal ion homeostasis GO:0046916 The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of transition metal ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment. A transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d-subshell of extranuclear electrons, or which gives rise to a cation or cations with an incomplete d-subshell. Transition metals often have more than one valency state. Biologically relevant transition metals include vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and silver. 37 2.87759965337955 2 0.695023714522322 0.79397193203442 monovalent inorganic cation homeostasis GO:0030004 The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of monovalent inorganic cations within a cell or between a cell and its external environment. 14 1.08882149046794 2 1.83684838838042 0.298036386882161 hydrogen ion homeostasis GO:0030641 The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of hydrogen ions (protons) within a cell or between a cell and its external environment. 13 1.01104852686308 2 1.97814441825584 0.268274884596286 regulation of pH GO:0006885 Any process that modulates the pH of a solution, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion. 9 0.699956672443674 1 1.42865985762922 0.517451855212534 regulation of cell volume GO:0006884 Any process that modulates the volume of a cell. 7 0.544410745233969 0 0 1 cell organization and biogenesis GO:0016043 The processes involved in the assembly and arrangement of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. 758 58.9519064124783 67 1.13651964927496 0.153065492790038 cellular morphogenesis GO:0000902 Any process that modulates the mass, volume, or shape of a cell. 173 13.4547227036395 12 0.891880142335003 0.700699659898291 establishment and/or maintenance of cell polarity GO:0007163 The specification, formation and maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. 23 1.78877816291161 3 1.67712244156473 0.263877345481983 regulation of cell shape GO:0008360 Any process that modulates the shape of a cell. 7 0.544410745233969 0 0 1 regulation of cell size GO:0008361 Any process that modulates the size of a cell. 122 9.48830155979203 9 0.948536462852185 0.614219727188094 negative regulation of cell size GO:0045792 Any process that reduces cell size. 28 2.17764298093588 2 0.918424194190211 0.65169040816838 cytoplasm organization and biogenesis GO:0007028 The assembly and arrangement of the cytoplasm and its components. 434 33.7534662045061 48 1.42207617164936 0.00923342435903387 intercellular junction assembly and/or maintenance GO:0045216 The assembly and maintenance of junctions between cells. 12 0.933275563258232 1 1.07149489322191 0.621510182350567 intercellular junction assembly GO:0007043 The formation of a junction between cells. 9 0.699956672443674 0 0 1 organelle organization and biogenesis GO:0006996 The assembly and arrangement of any organelle within a cell. 383 29.7870450606586 46 1.54429551190208 0.00237391973576879 cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis GO:0007010 The assembly and arrangement of cytoskeletal structures. 314 24.4207105719237 39 1.59700512747725 0.00270188617886149 actin filament-based process GO:0030029 Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the actin cytoskeleton (that part of the cytoskeleton comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins). 118 9.17720970537262 10 1.0896558236155 0.436819008101301 actin cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis GO:0030036 The assembly and arrangement of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. 99 7.69952339688042 10 1.29878168875383 0.240430238366619 actin filament organization GO:0007015 Control of the spatial distribution of actin filaments; includes organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking. 12 0.933275563258232 1 1.07149489322191 0.621510182350567 actin filament bundle formation GO:0051017 The assembly of actin filament bundles; actin filaments may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness. 4 0.311091854419411 1 3.21448467966574 0.276645145967116 actin polymerization and/or depolymerization GO:0008154 Assembly or disassembly of actin filaments by the addition or removal of actin monomers from a filament. 29 2.25541594454073 6 2.66026318317165 0.0221497362299472 actin filament polymerization GO:0030041 Assembly of actin filaments by the addition of actin monomers to a filament. 17 1.3221403812825 5 3.78174668195969 0.0079542766877979 regulation of actin filament polymerization GO:0030833 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filaments by the addition of actin monomers to a filament. 9 0.699956672443674 4 5.71463943051687 0.00334966308173031 regulation of actin polymerization and/or depolymerization GO:0008064 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly or disassembly of actin filaments by the addition or removal of actin monomers from a filament. 14 1.08882149046794 5 4.59212097095105 0.00313268177521419 regulation of actin filament length GO:0030832 Any process that controls the length of actin filaments in a cell. 17 1.3221403812825 5 3.78174668195969 0.0079542766877979 actin filament-based movement GO:0030048 Movement of organelles or other particles along actin filaments, or sliding of actin filaments past each other, mediated by motor proteins. 19 1.4776863084922 0 0 1 cytoskeletal anchoring GO:0007016 Process by which cytoskeletal filaments are directly or indirectly linked to the plasma membrane. 13 1.01104852686308 0 0 1 microtubule-based process GO:0007017 Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton (that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins). 113 8.78834488734835 22 2.50331550274854 5.45088361380353e-05 microtubule cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis GO:0000226 The assembly and arrangement of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins. 46 3.57755632582322 6 1.67712244156473 0.144753936090661 M phase specific microtubule process GO:0000072 A microtubule-based process that occurs only during M phase of the cell cycle. 22 1.71100519930676 4 2.3378070397569 0.0867867307554927 centrosome cycle GO:0007098 The process of centrosome duplication and separation. The centrosome cycle can operate with a considerable degree of independence from other processes of the cell cycle. 7 0.544410745233969 0 0 1 spindle assembly GO:0007051 The formation and maintenance of the spindle in mitosis or meiosis. 13 1.01104852686308 2 1.97814441825584 0.268274884596286 mitotic spindle assembly GO:0007052 The formation and maintenance of the mitotic spindle. 13 1.01104852686308 2 1.97814441825584 0.268274884596286 microtubule nucleation GO:0007020 The 'de novo' formation of a microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates, some of which go on to support formation of a complete microtubule. Microtubule nucleation usually occurs from a specific site within a cell. 9 0.699956672443674 3 4.28597957288765 0.0276600757776216 tubulin folding GO:0007021 Folding of the microtubule constituent proteins alpha- and beta-tubulin into the native alpha-beta heterodimer. 7 0.544410745233969 2 3.67369677676084 0.0977020540462852 microtubule polymerization GO:0046785 The addition of tubulin heterodimers to one or both ends of a microtubule. 9 0.699956672443674 3 4.28597957288765 0.0276600757776216 microtubule-based movement GO:0007018 Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins. 31 2.41096187175043 10 4.14772216731063 7.78313966235718e-05 axon cargo transport GO:0008088 The directed movement of organelles along microtubules in nerve cell axons. 11 0.855502599653379 5 5.84451759939225 0.000881235782941936 endosome organization and biogenesis GO:0007032 The assembly and arrangement of endosomes. 27 2.09987001733102 3 1.42865985762922 0.351306942612832 endosome transport GO:0016197 The directed movement of substances into, out of or mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bound organelle that carries materials newly ingested by endocytosis. It passes many of the materials to lysosomes for degradation. 24 1.86655112651646 3 1.60724233983287 0.285614431155593 lysosome organization and biogenesis GO:0007040 The assembly and arrangement of lysosomes. 16 1.24436741767764 0 0 1 lysosomal transport GO:0007041 The directed movement of substances into, out of or within a lysosome. 8 0.622183708838821 0 0 1 mitochondrion organization and biogenesis GO:0007005 The assembly and arrangement of a mitochondrion. 5 0.388864818024263 3 7.71476323119777 0.00417248463830091 peroxisome organization and biogenesis GO:0007031 The assembly and arrangement of a peroxisome. 16 1.24436741767764 1 0.803621169916435 0.726217553201261 plasma membrane organization and biogenesis GO:0007009 The assembly and arrangement of the plasma membrane. 7 0.544410745233969 0 0 1 ribosome biogenesis and assembly GO:0042254 The processes of biogenesis and assembly of the ribosome and its subunits. 44 3.42201039861352 2 0.584451759939225 0.866358572809123 ribosome biogenesis GO:0007046 The process of the formation of the constituents of ribosomal subunits and their export to the sites of protein synthesis. 40 3.11091854419411 2 0.642896935933148 0.828477914020744 rRNA processing GO:0006364 Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribsomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into a mature rRNA molecule. 13 1.01104852686308 1 0.989072209127919 0.650946457163423 membrane organization and biogenesis GO:0016044 The assembly and arrangement of membranes inside and surrounding the cell. 12 0.933275563258232 4 4.28597957288765 0.0108899304991899 nuclear organization and biogenesis GO:0006997 The assembly and arrangement of the nucleus. 192 14.9324090121317 9 0.602715877437326 0.966575438808516 chromosome organization and biogenesis (sensu Eukarya) GO:0007001 The assembly and arrangement of the eukaryotic chromosomes, structures composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information. 190 14.776863084922 9 0.609060255094561 0.963621417395772 establishment and/or maintenance of chromatin architecture GO:0006325 143 11.1215337954939 7 0.629409587626858 0.934043544548774 chromatin assembly/disassembly GO:0006333 81 6.29961005199307 4 0.634959936724096 0.883610616584396 nucleosome assembly GO:0006334 43 3.34423743500867 3 0.897065491999741 0.660123618485486 chromatin modification GO:0016568 74 5.7551993067591 3 0.521267785891741 0.933866707965419 covalent chromatin modification GO:0016569 9 0.699956672443674 0 0 1 histone modification GO:0016570 9 0.699956672443674 0 0 1 histone deacetylation GO:0016575 The modification of histones by removal of acetyl groups. 6 0.466637781629116 0 0 1 non-covalent chromatin modification GO:0016582 36 2.7998266897747 2 0.714329928814609 0.781169733771809 chromatin remodeling GO:0006338 Dynamic structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin occurring throughout the cell division cycle. These changes range from the local changes necessary for transcriptional regulation to global changes necessary for chromosome segregation. 36 2.7998266897747 2 0.714329928814609 0.781169733771809 chromatin silencing GO:0006342 Repression of transcription by conversion of large regions of DNA into an inaccessible state often called heterochromatin. 12 0.933275563258232 1 1.07149489322191 0.621510182350567 telomere maintenance GO:0000723 The maintenance of proper telomeric length by processes that affect and monitor the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA. 23 1.78877816291161 1 0.559040813854911 0.844664560448951 telomerase-dependent telomere maintenance GO:0007004 Maintaining telomeric DNA is a balance between shortening, caused by the failure of normal DNA replication to complete replication of the ends, and lengthening of telomeric DNA sequences, which is dependent upon the activity of the telomerase enzyme. 23 1.78877816291161 1 0.559040813854911 0.844664560448951 cell proliferation GO:0008283 The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the rapid expansion of a cell population. 1245 96.8273396880416 78 0.80555760647045 0.982048151202445 cell cycle GO:0007049 The sequence of events by which a cell duplicates its contents and divides in two; comprises, at a minimum, replication and segregation of DNA; during the course of a cell cycle the cell usually also doubles its mass and duplicates all cytoplasmic organelles. 847 65.8737001733102 65 0.986736737559731 0.563024844383315 DNA replication and chromosome cycle GO:0000067 210 16.3323223570191 12 0.734739355352169 0.898091263538296 chromosome condensation GO:0030261 The progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells. 15 1.16659445407279 0 0 1 mitotic chromosome condensation GO:0007076 Compaction of chromatin structure prior to mitosis in eukaryotic cells. 5 0.388864818024263 0 0 1 sister chromatid cohesion GO:0007062 The joining of the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome along the entire length of the chromosome. 10 0.777729636048527 0 0 1 chromosome segregation GO:0007059 The separation of chromosomes into daughter cells during cell division. 24 1.86655112651646 1 0.535747446610956 0.856745457935699 sister chromatid segregation GO:0000819 The separation of replicated chromosomes into daughter cells during nuclear division. 7 0.544410745233969 1 1.83684838838042 0.432631852891438 mitotic sister chromatid segregation GO:0000070 The separation of replicated chromosomes into daughter cells during mitotic nuclear division. 7 0.544410745233969 1 1.83684838838042 0.432631852891438 DNA replication GO:0006260 The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be DNA (DNA-dependent DNA replication, GO:0006261) or RNA (RNA-dependent DNA replication, GO:0006278). 174 13.5324956672444 11 0.812858194858003 0.801966610647276 DNA-dependent DNA replication GO:0006261 The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized, using parental DNA as a template for the DNA-dependent DNA polymerases that synthesize the new strands. 86 6.68847487001733 6 0.897065491999741 0.667282873141475 DNA replication initiation GO:0006270 The process by which DNA replication is started; this involves the separation of a stretch of the DNA double helix, the recruitment of DNA polymerases and the initiation of polymerase action. 23 1.78877816291161 2 1.11808162770982 0.543371460995577 DNA strand elongation GO:0006271 The process by which a DNA strand is synthesized from template DNA by the action of polymerases, which add nucleotides to the 3' end of the nascent DNA strand. 7 0.544410745233969 0 0 1 DNA topological change GO:0006265 The process by which a transformation is induced in the tertiary structure of a DNA helix. This may be mediated by helicases, which can unwind the DNA duplex, thereby inducing formation of supercoils, or topoisomerases, which catalyze addition or removal of supercoils. 9 0.699956672443674 1 1.42865985762922 0.517451855212534 maintenance of fidelity during DNA-dependent DNA replication GO:0045005 The correction of errors made during DNA replication by either intrinsic DNA polymerase proofreading activity or via mismatch repair. 19 1.4776863084922 1 0.676733616771734 0.785256933460783 mismatch repair GO:0006298 A system for the correction of errors introduced during DNA replication when an incorrect base, which cannot form hydrogen bonds with the corresponding base in the parent strand, is incorporated into the daughter strand. The mismatch repair system promotes genomic fidelity by repairing base-base mismatches, insertion-deletion loops and heterologies generated during DNA replication and recombination. 19 1.4776863084922 1 0.676733616771734 0.785256933460783 regulation of DNA replication GO:0006275 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication. 14 1.08882149046794 2 1.83684838838042 0.298036386882161 M phase GO:0000279 The part of the cell cycle comprising nuclear division and cytokinesis. 198 15.3990467937608 13 0.844208097689992 0.774610062428919 M phase of mitotic cell cycle GO:0000087 The part of a standard cell cycle during which mitosis and cytokinesis take place. 147 11.4326256499133 10 0.874689708752582 0.714390225579274 mitosis GO:0007067 The division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother. 143 11.1215337954939 10 0.899156553752654 0.681694400055148 mitotic anaphase GO:0000090 The stage of mitosis during which the two sets of chromosomes separate and move away from each other. 11 0.855502599653379 1 1.16890351987845 0.589591496765378 mitotic prophase GO:0000088 The initial stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes are condensed but are not yet attached to a mitotic spindle. 5 0.388864818024263 0 0 1 regulation of mitosis GO:0007088 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis. 45 3.49978336221837 3 0.85719591457753 0.690332911524407 mitotic checkpoint GO:0007093 A signal transduction-based surveillance mechanism that ensures accurate chromosome segregation by preventing entry into, passage through and exit from mitosis. Events that may be monitored include the formation of a correctly assembled spindle, the position of the spindle pole (centrosome) and the orientation of the spindle and cellular morphogenesis. 13 1.01104852686308 1 0.989072209127919 0.650946457163423 nuclear division GO:0000280 The partition of the nucleus and its genetic information into more than one cell deriving from a parent cell, either via meiosis or mitosis. 183 14.232452339688 10 0.70261960211273 0.910161188597765 meiosis GO:0007126 A specialized cell division in which a single diploid cell undergoes two nuclear divisions following a single round of DNA replication in order to produce four daughter cells that contain half the number of chromosomes as the diploid cell. Meiosis occurs during the formation of gametes from diploid organisms and at the beginning of haplophase in those organisms that alternate between diploid and haploid generations. 53 4.12196707105719 3 0.72780785199979 0.790956739416238 meiosis I GO:0007127 The first division of meiosis in which homologous chromosomes are paired and segregated from each other, producing two daughter cells. 28 2.17764298093588 0 0 1 meiotic prophase I GO:0007128 Prophase of meiosis I; divided into several stages. 28 2.17764298093588 0 0 1 meiotic recombination GO:0007131 The formation and repair of double strand breaks through a double Holliday junction intermediate that results in the equal exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids in a pair of homologous chromosomes. These reciprocal recombinant products ensure the proper segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I and create genetic diversity. 26 2.02209705372617 0 0 1 mitotic cell cycle GO:0000278 The most common eukaryotic cell cycle, in which a cell is duplicated without changing ploidy; comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M. 240 18.6655112651646 20 1.07149489322191 0.40763710331778 G1 phase of mitotic cell cycle GO:0000080 One of two 'gap' phases in the standard eukaryotic mitotic cell cycle; the interval between the completion of mitosis and the beginning of DNA synthesis. 24 1.86655112651646 0 0 1 traversing start control point of mitotic cell cycle GO:0007089 Passage through a cell cycle control point late in G1 phase of the mitotic cell cycle just before entry into S phase; in most organisms studied, including budding yeast and animal cells, passage through start normally commits the cell to progressing through the entire cell cycle. 12 0.933275563258232 0 0 1 G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle GO:0000082 Progression from G1 phase to S phase of the standard mitotic cell cycle. 69 5.36633448873483 9 1.67712244156473 0.0861160571529213 regulation of cyclin dependent protein kinase activity GO:0000079 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity. 41 3.18869150779896 6 1.88164956858482 0.0957010323933541 G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle GO:0000086 Progression from G2 phase to M phase of the standard mitotic cell cycle. 52 4.04419410745234 6 1.48360831369188 0.21548845717156 regulation of mitotic cell cycle GO:0007346 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cell cycle activity. 9 0.699956672443674 0 0 1 regulation of S phase of mitotic cell cycle GO:0007090 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of S phase of mitotic cell cycle. 8 0.622183708838821 0 0 1 regulation of cell cycle GO:0000074 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle. 522 40.5974870017331 44 1.08381092647734 0.311330170053261 cell cycle arrest GO:0007050 Any process by which progression through the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M). 72 5.59965337954939 4 0.714329928814609 0.820613295534383 cell cycle checkpoint GO:0000075 A point in the eukaryotic cell cycle where progress through the cycle can be halted until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage. 39 3.03314558058925 2 0.659381472751946 0.817599634724074 DNA damage response, signal transduction resulting in cell cycle arrest GO:0000077 A signal transduction pathway, induced by DNA damage, that blocks cell cycle progression (in G1, G2 or metaphase) or slows the rate at which S phase proceeds. 10 0.777729636048527 0 0 1 negative regulation of cell cycle GO:0045786 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of cell cycle activity. 118 9.17720970537262 11 1.19862140597706 0.311048610860748 cytokinesis GO:0000910 The process of dividing a cell to compartmentalize intracellular constituents; usually after growth, replication, and segregation of cellular components. 114 8.86611785095321 7 0.789522552900357 0.791747636726666 regulation of cell proliferation GO:0042127 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation. 355 27.6094020797227 19 0.688171368041116 0.970063962518153 negative regulation of cell proliferation GO:0008285 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation. 183 14.232452339688 10 0.70261960211273 0.910161188597765 positive regulation of cell proliferation GO:0008284 Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation. 159 12.3659012131716 9 0.72780785199979 0.877568301228863 transport GO:0006810 The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells. 1743 135.558275563258 208 1.5343954408961 8.89661443910912e-10 amine/polyamine transport GO:0015837 The directed movement of amines or polyamines, organic compounds containing one or more amino groups, into, out of, within or between cells. 44 3.42201039861352 4 1.16890351987845 0.45013867833323 amino acid transport GO:0006865 The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of, within or between cells. 39 3.03314558058925 4 1.31876294550389 0.360379381500773 acidic amino acid transport GO:0015800 The directed movement of acidic amino acids, amino acids with a pH below 7, into, out of, within or between cells. 5 0.388864818024263 1 2.57158774373259 0.332902596703209 L-glutamate transport GO:0015813 The directed movement of L-glutamate, the levorotatory isomer of the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid, into, out of, within or between cells. 5 0.388864818024263 1 2.57158774373259 0.332902596703209 L-amino acid transport GO:0015807 The directed movement of levorotatory isomer amino acids into, out of, within or between cells. 11 0.855502599653379 1 1.16890351987845 0.589591496765378 carbohydrate transport GO:0008643 The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of, within or between cells. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. 27 2.09987001733102 1 0.476219952543072 0.887637355797417 monosaccharide transport GO:0015749 The directed movement of monosaccharides into, out of, within or between cells. Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates; they are polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides. 17 1.3221403812825 0 0 1 hexose transport GO:0008645 The directed movement of hexose into, out of, within or between cells. Hexoses are any aldoses with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule. 17 1.3221403812825 0 0 1 glucose transport GO:0015758 The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of, within or between cells. 17 1.3221403812825 0 0 1 fluid transport GO:0042044 The directed movement of substances that are in liquid form in normal living conditions into, out of, within or between cells. 8 0.622183708838821 0 0 1 water transport GO:0006833 The directed movement of water (H2O) into, out of, within or between cells. 8 0.622183708838821 0 0 1 gas transport GO:0015669 The directed movement of substances that are gaseous in normal living conditions into, out of, within or between cells. 11 0.855502599653379 4 4.6756140795138 0.00773128171817817 oxygen transport GO:0015671 The directed movement of oxygen (O2) into, out of, within or between cells. 11 0.855502599653379 4 4.6756140795138 0.00773128171817817 hydrogen transport GO:0006818 The directed movement of hydrogen (H2 or H+), into, out of, within or between cells. 75 5.83297227036395 24 4.11454038997215 1.19905060660694e-09 proton transport GO:0015992 The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of, within or between cells. 74 5.7551993067591 24 4.17014228713393 8.80609666413807e-10 energy coupled proton transport, against electrochemical gradient GO:0015988 12 0.933275563258232 1 1.07149489322191 0.621510182350567 ATP hydrolysis coupled proton transport GO:0015991 10 0.777729636048527 1 1.2857938718663 0.554981054514678 energy coupled proton transport, down electrochemical gradient GO:0015985 38 2.9553726169844 17 5.75223574255974 8.11485042300257e-10 ATP synthesis coupled proton transport GO:0015986 The transport of protons across a membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis. 38 2.9553726169844 17 5.75223574255974 8.11485042300257e-10 intracellular transport GO:0046907 The directed movement of substances within a cell. 562 43.7084055459272 81 1.8531904558927 7.37677751977995e-08 cytoskeleton-dependent intracellular transport GO:0030705 The directed movement of substances along cytoskeletal elements such as microfilaments or microtubules within a cell. 31 2.41096187175043 10 4.14772216731063 7.78313966235718e-05 Golgi vesicle transport GO:0048193 The directed movement of substances to or from the Golgi apparatus, mediated by vesicles. 71 5.52188041594454 11 1.9920750127506 0.020848311017936 ER to Golgi transport GO:0006888 The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi. 24 1.86655112651646 2 1.07149489322191 0.566803918253758 intra-Golgi transport GO:0006891 The directed movement of substances within the Golgi, mediated by small transport vesicles. These either fuse with the cis-Golgi or with each other to form the membrane stacks known as the cis-Golgi reticulum (network). 22 1.71100519930676 0 0 1 post-Golgi transport GO:0006892 The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to other parts of the cell, including organelles and the plasma membrane. 21 1.63323223570191 9 5.51054516514127 1.28594733335443e-05 retrograde transport, Golgi to ER GO:0006890 The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by COP I vesicles. 5 0.388864818024263 0 0 1 intracellular protein transport GO:0006886 The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell. 422 32.8201906412478 57 1.73673579849239 3.76604544422527e-05 protein targeting GO:0006605 The process of targeting specific proteins to particular membrane-bound subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif. 143 11.1215337954939 16 1.43865048600425 0.0904932381301955 protein-ER targeting GO:0045047 The process of directing proteins towards the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) using signals contained within the protein. One common mechanism uses a 16- to 30-residue signal sequence, typically located at the N-terminus of the protein and containing positively charged amino acids followed by a continuous stretch of hydrophobic residues, which directs the ribosome to the ER membrane and initiates transport of the growing polypeptide across the ER membrane. 12 0.933275563258232 3 3.21448467966574 0.0608300154045459 cotranslational membrane targeting GO:0006613 The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation. The transport of most secretory proteins, particularly those with more than 100 amino acids, into the endoplasmic reticulum lumen occurs in this manner. 10 0.777729636048527 3 3.85738161559889 0.0372685271436536 protein-membrane targeting GO:0006612 The process of directing proteins towards a membrane using signals contained within the protein. 16 1.24436741767764 4 3.21448467966574 0.0311965194000763 protein-mitochondrial targeting GO:0006626 The process of directing proteins towards and into the mitochondrion, mediated by mitochondrial proteins that recognize signals contained within the imported protein. 22 1.71100519930676 2 1.16890351987845 0.51906762486396 protein-nucleus import GO:0006606 The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. 74 5.7551993067591 7 1.21629150041406 0.352735886696841 NLS-bearing substrate-nucleus import GO:0006607 The directed movement of a protein bearing a nuclear localization signal (NLS) from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane. 25 1.94432409012132 4 2.05727019498607 0.125242206350472 protein-nucleus import, docking GO:0000059 17 1.3221403812825 2 1.51269867278388 0.385531596872848 protein-nucleus import, translocation GO:0000060 The vectorial transfer of a protein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane. 21 1.63323223570191 2 1.22456559225361 0.493912087895391 regulation of protein-nucleus import GO:0042306 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of movement of proteins from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. 9 0.699956672443674 0 0 1 regulation of transcription factor-nucleus import GO:0042990 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a transcription factor from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. 9 0.699956672443674 0 0 1 negative regulation of transcription factor-nucleus import GO:0042992 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of the movement of a transcription factor from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. 7 0.544410745233969 0 0 1 cytoplasmic sequestering of transcription factor GO:0042994 The selective interaction of a transcription factor with specific molecules in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting its translocation into the nucleus. 7 0.544410745233969 0 0 1 regulation of NF-kappaB-nucleus import GO:0042345 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the transfer of NF-kappaB, a transcription factor for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters, from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane. 6 0.466637781629116 0 0 1 transcription factor-nucleus import GO:0042991 The directed movement of a transcription factor from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. 9 0.699956672443674 0 0 1 NF-kappaB-nucleus import GO:0042348 The directed movement of NF-kappaB, a transcription factor for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters, from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane. 6 0.466637781629116 0 0 1 mitochondrial transport GO:0006839 Transport of substances into, out of or within a mitochondrion. 21 1.63323223570191 6 3.67369677676084 0.00431708949720852 nucleocytoplasmic transport GO:0006913 The directed movement of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. 130 10.1104852686308 10 0.98907220912792 0.561409594187481 regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport GO:0046822 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. 9 0.699956672443674 0 0 1 RNA-nucleus export GO:0006405 The export of RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. 51 3.96642114384749 2 0.504232890927959 0.914674019976109 mRNA-nucleus export GO:0006406 The export of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. 41 3.18869150779896 1 0.313608261430804 0.963829721624951 ion transport GO:0006811 The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells. 651 50.6301993067591 73 1.44182722958893 0.00118175111492322 anion transport GO:0006820 The directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of, within or between cells. 187 14.5435441941075 14 0.962626428135194 0.598243323774401 inorganic anion transport GO:0015698 The directed movement of inorganic anions into, out of, within or between cells. Inorganic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage. 144 11.1993067590988 8 0.714329928814609 0.879248480286358 chloride transport GO:0006821 The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells. 50 3.88864818024263 5 1.2857938718663 0.348412837921869 phosphate transport GO:0006817 The directed movement of phosphate into, out of, within or between cells. 84 6.53292894280762 3 0.459212097095106 0.963419081888637 sulfate transport GO:0008272 The directed movement of sulfate into, out of, within or between cells. 10 0.777729636048527 0 0 1 organic anion transport GO:0015711 The directed movement of organic anions into, out of, within or between cells. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage. 34 2.64428076256499 2 0.756349336391938 0.753457253912228 dicarboxylic acid transport GO:0006835 The directed movement of dicarboxylic acids into, out of, within or between cells. 10 0.777729636048527 2 2.57158774373259 0.17968906149323 monocarboxylic acid transport GO:0015718 The directed movement of monocarboxylic acids into, out of, within or between cells. 21 1.63323223570191 0 0 1 cation transport GO:0006812 The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of, within or between cells. 423 32.8979636048527 55 1.67183600360866 0.000139736854100564 di-, tri-valent inorganic cation transport GO:0015674 The directed movement of inorganic cations with a valency of two or three into, out of, within or between cells. Inorganic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage. 147 11.4326256499133 12 1.0496276505031 0.474288577268416 calcium ion transport GO:0006816 The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells. 94 7.31065857885615 11 1.50465240324779 0.113207723884393 transition metal ion transport GO:0000041 The directed movement of transition metal ions into, out of, within or between cells. A transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d-subshell of extranuclear electrons, or which gives rise to a cation or cations with an incomplete d-subshell. Transition metals often have more than one valency state. Biologically relevant transition metals include vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and silver. 53 4.12196707105719 1 0.242602617333263 0.986309917933498 copper ion transport GO:0006825 The directed movement of copper (Cu) ions into, out of, within or between cells. 10 0.777729636048527 0 0 1 iron ion transport GO:0006826 The directed movement of iron (Fe) ions into, out of, within or between cells. 36 2.7998266897747 1 0.357164964407304 0.94577961449663 zinc ion transport GO:0006829 The directed movement of zinc (Zn) ions into, out of, within or between cells. 4 0.311091854419411 0 0 1 metal ion transport GO:0030001 The directed movement of metal ions, any metal ion with an electric charge, into, out of, within or between cells. 339 26.3650346620451 33 1.25165775137427 0.109100109200122 potassium ion transport GO:0006813 The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells. 147 11.4326256499133 16 1.39950353400413 0.108550105894996 sodium ion transport GO:0006814 The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells. 79 6.14406412478336 8 1.30206974366207 0.271024167544346 monovalent inorganic cation transport GO:0015672 The directed movement of inorganic cations with a valency of one into, out of, within or between cells. Inorganic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage. 264 20.5320623916811 44 2.14298978644383 1.45528966774437e-06 lipid transport GO:0006869 The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. 70 5.44410745233969 4 0.734739355352169 0.803288963216945