Neuroanatomy Review

Objectives:

• Describe formation of neural tube, neural crest and placodes
• List major cell types that arise from neural tube, crest and placodes.
• Describe consequences of failure of anterior and posterior neuropore closure.
• Describe development of the CNS into primary and secondary vesicles.
• List the majors regions of mature CNS that derive from each of the primary andsecondary vesicles.
• Describe alar versus basal plate derivation of sensory and motor regions of the spinal cord and brainstem.
• List major growth factors involved in neuronal development in alar and basal plates.
• List the cellular events during development that shape the neuronal structure of the brain.
• Describe migration of cells to form cerebral and cerebellar cortex.
• Describe the role of neuronal death in development.
• Define critical period in development and list examples.
• Describe the evidence for neurogenesis in the adult human.
• Contrast replacement of neurons and regrowth of axons following damage in adult CNS and PNS.
• Briefly describe changes in the adolescent and young adult brain.

Web-based Presentations: PowerPoint Web Version

Online Textbooks

Adam and Victor’s Neurology
Chpt. 28 Normal development and deviations in development of the nervous system
http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=971868

Chpt. 38 Developmental Diseases of the Nervous System
http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=975888#975888

(If the link doesn’t work, go through the UW library system:  go to Health Sciences Library, select resources, then ebooks, then search on topic Neurology for a list of neurology texts to find Adam and Victor’s Neurology)

NCBI bookshelf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=books

Neuroscience  Purves, Dale; Augustine, George J.; Fitzpatrick, David; Katz, Lawrence C.; LaMantia, Anthony-Samuel; McNamara, James O.; Williams, S. Mark.Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates, Inc. ; c2001
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=neurosci.TOC&depth=2
Search for terms: “Development of the nervous system” “Changing brain”

Developmental Biology Gilbert, Scott F. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates, Inc. ; c2000
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=dbio.TOC&depth=2

Snapshot summary of  brain development:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?highlight=development,brain&rid=dbio.section.2937
Search on the terms “Brain development” and “Neural Tube” to get started. There is a lot of information here but it takes some patience to navigate around the books at NCBI.

Medical school/college websites:

UW Digital Anatomist Project: Neuroanatomy Interactive Syllabus (NIS)--basics of brain development presented in images and accompanying text:
http://www9.biostr.washington.edu:80/cgi-bin/DA/PageMaster?atlas:NeuroSyllabus+ffpathIndex/
Syllabus^Chapters/SUBJECTS/Development^Topography+2

Temple Univeristy: Nice images, concise text, numerous modules on development of specific regions of CNS:
http://isc.temple.edu/neuroanatomy/lab/embryo_new/index.htm

Click through 20 annotated images of mouse CNS development with real sections and accompanying diagrams:
http://www.med.unc.edu/embryo_images/unit-nervous/nerv_htms/nervtoc.htm

McGill: from fertilization to embryo:
http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/a/a_09/a_09_cr/a_09_cr_dev/a_09_cr_dev.html

McGill: cellular level:
http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/a/a_09/a_09_cl/a_09_cl_dev/a_09_cl_dev.html

McGill: molecular level:
http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/a/a_09/a_09_m/a_09_m_dev/a_09_m_dev.html

Sample Questions:

The cell bodies of spinal motor neurons arise in what structure(s)?

1. Alar plate
2. Basal plate
3. Lateral horns
4. Neural crest
5. Roof plate

Which of the following is not derived from the diencephalon?

1. Caudate and putamen
2. Epithalamus
3. Hypothalamus
4. Optic nerve
5. Posterior pituitary

An MRI reveals a cerebellomedullary malformation in which the vermis of the cerebellum and the medulla are elongated and flattened and protrude through the foramen magnum into the vertebral canal. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

1. Arnold-Chiari malformation
2. Dandy-Walker syndrome
3. Holoprosencephaly
4. Lissencephaly
5. Polymicrogyria
6. Schizencephaly

A patient presents with intention tremor, ataxia, dysmetria, and lack of coordination. You suspect damage to a structure that developed from the

1. Prosencephalon
2. Diencephalon
3. Mesencephalon
4. Metencephalon
5. Myelencephalon