Cauda Equina Syndrome (CES)

Clinical features
   - low back pain
   - unilateral or bilateral sciatica
   - motor weakness of the lower extremities
   - sensory disturbance including saddle anesthesia
   - loss of visceral function (bladder and bowel incontinence)

Etiologies
   - disc herniation
   - trauma
   - spinal stenosis
   - tumors : primary and secondary
   - arteriovenous malformation
   - hemorrhage (subarachnoid, subdural, epidural)
   - ankylosing spondylitis
   - iatrogenic causes:
        continuous spinal anesthesia
        infection
        postsurgery
        postintradiscal therapy
        postchiropractic manipulation