Introduction to the Political Science

Writing Style Manual

 

 

 

This style manual provides a concise guide to citation methods used in Political Science papers.  Good citation is a critical component of a Political Science Paper.  Often students are aware that they should cite sources used in papers, but are uncertain not only how to cite sources but when to cite sources.  This manual  is designed to provide students with some guidance about when to cite, how to cite, and how to incorporate citation in a paper.

 

This guide is not exhaustive.  It is designed to assist students cite correctly the most commonly used sources.  Should you require assistance formulating citations that do not appear in this guide, we suggest you consult the citation sources listed in the bibliography of this manual. 

 

The manual is structured as follows:

 

Table of Contents

 

I.                   Plagiarism: What it is and How to Avoid It

II.                Style and Format of In-Text Citations

III.             Style and Format of Footnote Citations

IV.              Examples of In-Text Citation and Footnote Methods in Use: Compare and Contrast the Two Methods

a.      Example 1: In-Text Citation Method with Reference List

b.      Example 2: Footnote Citation Method with Bibliography

V.       Style Manual Bibliography

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

This style manual was constructed by Cynthia Horne while serving as the Director of the Political Science Writing Center.  Special thanks goes to Michael Kvistad, Jamie Mckee and Pooja Khandekar,  the tutors at the Political Science Writing Center (1999-2000), for their dedication to researching, writing and rewriting this style manual.

I.    Plagarism: What it is and How to Avoid it

 

There are three sources of possible information one uses in a paper: one’s own thoughts, common knowledge, and someone else’s thoughts and ideas.  When discussing another’s thoughts and ideas, it is imperative to cite.  There are three cases in which one must cite: direct citations, paraphrasing, and general ideas.  A direct citation occurs when one uses the source’s own words; paraphrasing takes someone’s words and rearranges them into one’s own voice; and general ideas are concepts that someone has created, such as Rousseau’s “Social Contract,” but are not common knowledge.  If you use another person’s thoughts or ideas in any form you MUST cite correctly.  What follows is the UW’s policy on plagiarism.

 

According to the Department of Political Science at the University of Washington’s Guide to Undergraduates: [1]

 

Anytime you present the work of others as your own, without giving them credit for their original creation, you are cheating.  If you are aware of someone else doing this and do not report it, you are also guilty of cheating.  Using a person’s written work without citation is known as plagiarism.  The most common forms of this sort of cheating are:

·        Using another person’s writing/words without citation

·        Citing facts and statistics without citing the source

·        Paraphrasing another’s ideas or words without citation. Paraphrasing without citing the author is plagiarism.

·        Citing a source but actually using exact words without quotes.  If you use exact words from a source you MUST use quotation marks and cite the source.

·        Using another person’s ideas without citation

·        For example, you would need a citation to support these sentences:

·        According to Weber, Miller was trapped in an “iron cage.”

·        Donovan felt obliged by what he thought was a social contract.

·        Borrowing the structure of someone else’s argument or sentences without crediting the source

·        Borrowing another student’s paper or using his outline to structure your own paper

·        Using a paper writing service or having a friend write the paper for you

·        Multiple submissions (turning in a paper for credit in more than one class) are allowed at the UW, but an individual professor may not allow it. If you wish to submit a paper in more than one class, then you must get permission from each of your professors before turning in your paper.

 

A UW instructor who believes that cheating has taken place will assign an “X” grade to the suspected students until the misconduct charge has been investigated and a decision has been made. Students have two weeks to respond to a request from the Dean’s Representative for Academic Conduct to appear to testify on their own behalf. If they are found guilty of cheating, they can be warned, reprimanded, required to make restitution, placed on disciplinary probation, or dismissed.  If a disciplinary action is taken, the consequences can follow you into graduate program application processes or beyond the UW.

 

The purpose of the Political Science Style Manual is to provide you with the tools to acknowledge adequately the sources used and referred to in your papers, so that you can avoid plagiarism. In the following pages, we will demonstrate methods of citation, present examples of those methods, and provide you with a comprehensive understanding of how to go about citing your sources.

II.   Style and Format of In-Text Citations

 

In-text citation has two parts. It includes the shortened version of the citation which appears at the end of the sentence you are citing. This shortened citation appears within parentheses (  ).   It also includes a reference list that goes at the end of the paper. The reference list is a compilation of all the works you cited in your paper.

        What follows is a brief explanation of both parts of the citation process:  the in-text citation and the reference list.  Remember you need both if you plan on using this citation method.

 

A.    Rules and Procedures for In-Text Citation

 

1)      The In Text Citation goes at the end of the sentence.

2)      Place the In Text Citation one space after the closing quotation mark and follow it with your punctuation:

·        “Brezhnev expressed dismay that events were ‘moving in an anticommunist direction’” (Fink, Gassert, and Junker 1998, 125).

3)      Do not write “p,” “pps,” or “pg” in the In Text Citation.  Place the page number one space after the comma following the year.

4)      If your citation ends with an exclamation point (!) or a question mark (?), place it within the quotes and place your period or comma after the In Text Citation reference:

·        “How much easier will this render the victory of the proletariat in other countries!” (Molotov 1936, 28).

·        “Are we going to worship our backwardness and turn it into an ikon, a fetish?” (Stalin 1935, 16).

5)      When a source, such as a magazine, continues the article on pages later in the

magazine, for instance, pages 16-18 and 33-36, write 16+ in the Reference List.

6)      When citing something that includes quotation marks, make the original quotation

      marks singles (‘) and use doubles (“) for what you quote.

·        “Brezhnev expressed dismay that events were ‘moving in an anticommunist direction’” (Fink, Gassert, and Junker 1998, 125).

7)      If you mean “and,” write “and.”  Never use an ampersand (&) or any other symbol.

8)      If you mention the author of the source in your text, there is no need to place the

      author’s name in the in-text citation.

 

B.    General Reference List Guidelines

 

·        The reference list goes at the end of the paper and is a list of all of the works you used in the creation of your paper. It is similar to a bibliography. It should be the last page of your paper.  If you use in-text citation, you need a reference list to allow the reader to see the full citation of the works used.

·        Alphabetize by author’s last name.

·        Single space.

·        Use Arabic numerals for all entries, even if work has Roman numerals listed (see “A Particular Volume in a Work”).

·        Have all lines following the first indented a ½ inch (the Hanging approach on Word).

·        If you cite from more than one work of a particular author, use three hyphens followed by a period (---.) under the author’s first entry.

·        Smith, John.  1995.

---.  1997.

·        If an entry for a name ends with a period (.), such as “Klein, Adam R.,” use only one period following the name, for example: “Klein, Adam R. 2000.”  If a comma follows, place it after, for example: “Klein, Adam R., J. Michael Foster, Scott Outsen, and Evan T. Schatz.”

·        If your source does not have all of the information that is required, leave it absent, but include as much information as possible.  See “Plays and Poems” under “Others” and the “Electronic Sources” section for examples.

·        List only the sources you have used in your paper.

When writing the title in your Reference List, leave it as the author wrote.  For

      instance, do not capitalize any words left uncapitalized.

 

 

 

C.    Content and Style of In-text and Reference List Examples

 

Books

 

Single Author

            In Text: (Last Name Year, Page Number)

            In Text Example: (Stalson 1987, 23)

Reference List: Last Name, First Name. Year. Title of Book. Publishing City: Publisher.

Reference List Example: Stalson, Helen. 1987. Intellectual Property Rights and U.S. Competitiveness in Trade. Washington D.C.: National Planning Association.

A Work with Two or Three Authors

            In Text: (Last Name and Last Name Year, Page Number)

            In Text Example: (Ginzberg, Berliner, and Ostow 1988, 66)

            Reference List: Last Name, First Name, First Name Last Name, and First Name Last Name. Year. Title of Book. Publishing City: Publisher. 

            Reference List Example: Ginzberg, Eli, Howard S. Berliner, and Miriam Ostow. 1988. Young people at risk: is prevention possible. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.

A Work with Four or More Authors

            In Text: (Last Name et al. Year, Page Number)

            In Text Example: (Bates et al. 1998, 59)

Reference List:  Last Name, First Name, First Name Last Name, First Name Last Name, and First Name Last Name. Year. Title of Book. Publishing City: Publisher.

Reference List Example: Bates, Robert, Avner Greif, Margaret Levi, Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, and Barry Weingast. 1998. Analytic Narratives. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Institutions and Corporations

            In Text: (Name of Institution Year, Page Number)

            In Text Example: (American Russian Institute 1944, 33)

Reference List: Group Name. Year. Title of Work. Publishing City: Publisher.

Reference List Example: American Russian Institute. 1944. The U.S.S.R. in reconstruction; a collection of essays. New York: American Russian Institute, Inc.

Editor or Translator

·        Abbreviations: editor (ed.) and translator (tran.).

·        If multiple editors/translators, use rules for book authors.

In Text: (Last Name Year, Page Number)

In Text Example: (Gamble, Marsh, and Tant 1999, 183)

Reference List: Last Name, First Name, ed. Year. Title of Work. Publishing City: Publisher.

Reference List Example: Gamble, Andrew, David Marsh, and Tony Tant, eds. 1999. Marxism and Social Science. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Work in an Anthology

            In Text: (Last Name of Author Year, Page Number)

            In Text Example: (Alikhan 1998, 66)

Reference List: Last Name, First Name (of author). Year. “Title of Particular Work.” Title of Work. Firstname Lastname, ed. Publishing City: Publisher.

Example: Alikhan, Shahid. 1998. “Intellectual Property, the Developing and Economic Development.” Intellectual Property Rights. Bibek Debroy, ed. Delhi: B.R. Publishing Corporation. 

Multiple Editions

            In Text: (Last Name Year, Page Number)

            In Text Example: (Meier 1995, 15)

Reference List: Last Name, First Name. Year. Title of Work. Edition. Publishing City:Publisher.

Reference List Example: Meier, Gerald M. 1995. Leading Issues in Economic

Development. 6th ed. New York: Oxford University Press.

Modern Editions of Classics

            In Text: (Last Name Year, Page Number)

            In Text Example: (Darwin 1984, 23)

Reference List: Last Name, First Name. Year. Title of Work. Editor/Translator. Edition. Publishing City: Publisher.

Reference List Example: Darwin, Charles. 1984. The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. J.W. Burrow, ed. 2nd Edition. New York: Penguin Books.

A Particular Volume in a Work

            In Text: (Last Name Year, Page Number)

            In Text Example: (Voltaire 1901, 197)

Reference List: Last Name, First Name. Year. Title of Work. Volume Number. Publishing City: Publisher.

Or: Last Name, First Name. Year. Title of Work. Volume Number, Title of Volume. Publishing City: Publisher.

Reference List Example: Voltaire. 1901. The Works of Voltaire. Vol. 1. New York: The St. Hubert Guild.

 

Periodicals

·        Abbreviations: Issue number (no.).

·        Abbreviate all months with three letters except May, June, and July.  For instance, use Apr. for April (include the period (.)).

 

Journal

            In Text: (Last Name Year, Page Number)

In Text Example: (Huntington 1999, 46)

Reference List: Last Name, First Name. Year. “Title of Article.” Title of Journal Volume Number, Issue Number: Page Numbers.

Example: Huntington, Samuel P. 1999. “The Lonely Superpower.” Foreign Affairs. 78, no. 2:35-49.

Magazine with Authored Article

            In Text: (Last Name Year, Page Number)

            In Text Example: (Bennett 1999, 158).

Reference List: Last Name, First Name. Year. “Title of Article.” Title of Magazine, Month, Page Numbers.

Reference List Example: Bennett, Jr., Lerone. 1999. “Carter G. Woodson: Father of Black History.” Ebony, Feb., 156-160.

Magazine, No Author

In Text: (Title of Article Year, Page Number)

In Text Example: (Romano Prodi 2000, 56)

Reference List: “Title of Article.” Year. Title of Magazine, Date of First Day of Publishing Week Month, Page Numbers.

Reference List Example: “Romano Prodi, looking for an idea for the EU.” 2000. The Economist, 4 Mar., 56.

Newspaper with Authored Article

            In Text: (Last Name Year)

            In Text Example: (Greenhouse 2000)

Reference List: Last Name, First Name. Year. “Title of Article.” Title of Newspaper [City, State], Day Month, Edition.

Reference List Example: Greenhouse, Linda. 2000. “No Sudent Veto for Campus Fees.” New York Times [New York City, New York], 24 Mar., National Edition.

Newspaper, Editorial

            In Text: (Title of Article Year)

            In Text Example: (Blunt Talk 2000)

Reference List: Title of Newspaper [City, State]. Year. “Title of Article,” Day Month, Edition.

Reference List Example: New York Times [New York City, New York]. 2000. “Blunt Talk in India,” 24 Mar., National Edition.

Book Reviews

·        Use the format from where the Book Review is taken, such as a newspaper, magazine, etc.  Below is a periodical.

In Text: (Last Name (of reviewer) Year, Page Number)

In Text Example: (Shen 2000, 208)

Reference List: Last Name, First Name (of reviewer). Year. Review of Title of Book, by First Name Last Name. Title of Journal Volume Number, Issue Number:Page Numbers.

Reference List Example: Shen, Raphael. 2000. Review of Social and Economic Change in Eastern Ukraine: The Example of Zaporizhzhya, by Hans van Zon, Andre Batako, and Anna Kreslavska. Slavic Review 59, no. 1:208.

 

Public Documents

·        Abbreviate using the following: Congress (cong.); session (sess.); volume (vol.); part (pt.); House Bills and Resolutions (H.R.); Senate Bills and Resolutions (S.R.); House Report (H. Rpt.); and Senate Report (S. Rpt.).

·        Abbreviate the Congressional Record as Cong. Rec. in the In Text citation.

 

Congressional Bills and Resolutions

In Text: (Chamber Year)

In Text Example: (U.S. House 1997)

Reference List: Chamber. Year. Title of Work. Congress Number, Session Number, Resolution Number.

Reference List Example: U.S. House. 1997. Adoption Promotion and Safe Families Act of 1997. 105th Cong., 1st sess., H.R. 867.

Congressional Debate

·        All debates are catologued in the Congressional Record.

In Text: (Cong. Rec. Year, Part:Page Number)

In Text Example: (Cong. Rec. 1997, pt. 137:5)

Reference List: Congressional Record. Year. Congress Number, Session Number. Volume Number, Part.

Reference List Example: Congressional Record. 1997. 105th Cong., 1st sess. Vol. 143, pt. 137.

Congressional Hearings

            In Text: (Chamber Year, Page Number)

            In Text Example: (U.S. Senate 1997, 7)

            Reference List: Chamber. Year. Committee Name. Title of Hearing. Congress Number, Session Number.

            Reference List Example: U.S. Senate. 1997. U.S. Senate subcommittee on social security and family policy. Senate finance social security and family policy child welfare revision: Hearings on S.511. 105th Cong, 1st sess.

Congressional Laws, Public Acts, and Statutes

            In Text: (Name of Law, Act, or Statute Year)

            In Text Example: (U.S Public Law 105-89 1997)

Reference List: Law Number. Congress Number, Session Number, Day Month Year. Title of Work.

Reference List Example: U.S. Public Law 105-89. 105th Cong., 1st sess., 19 Nov. 1997. Adoption Promotion and Safe Families Act of 1997.

Congressional Reports and Documents

            In Text: (Chamber Year, Page Number)

            In Text Example: (U.S. House 1998, 3)

Reference List:

With Committe: Chamber. Year. Committee Name. Title of Work. Congress Number, Session Number. Chamber Work Number.

Without Committee: Chamber. Year. Title of Work. Congress Number, Session Number. Chamber Work Number.

Reference List Example:

With Committee: U.S. House. 1998. Committee of Conference. Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998. 105th Cong., 2nd sess. H. Rpt. 599.

Without Committee: U.S. House. 1998. Legislative and Oversight Activities of the Committee on Resources. 105th Cong., 2nd sess. H. Rpt. 834.

Publications by Government Agencies

            In Text: (Name of Government Agency Year, Page Number)

            In Text Example: (Federal Drug Administration 2000, 1)       

Reference List: Name of Government Agency. Year. Title of Work. Publishing City: Publisher.

Reference List Example: Federal Drug Administration. 2000. Enforcement Report. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Supreme Court Decisions

·        Reporter is either United States Supreme Court Reports (U.S.) or Supreme Court Reporter (Sup. Ct.).

            In Text: (Name of Court Case Year, Page Number)

            In Text Example: (State of Nevada v. Goldie Warren 1969, 3)

Reference List: Name of Court Case. Year. Volume Number Reporter Page Number.

            Reference List Example: State of Nevada v. Goldie Warren. 1969. 324 U.S. 123.

U.S. Constitution

            In Text: (U.S. Constitution)

            In Text Example: (U.S. Constitution)

Reference List: Name of Work. Where located (Amendment or Article Number and Section).

            Reference List Example: U.S. Constitution, art. XVII, sec. 2.

 

Electronic Sources

·        In your reference list/in text citation, list the author’s last name (if given) and a section/page marker (if included, which they usually are not). If no author is named, use the document title or a shortened version of it.

·        “Date of Access” refers to the date on which you first accessed the information.

 

Emails

            In Text: (Email Handle Year, “Subject of Email”)

            In Text Example: (hmiller 1999, “Information Superhighway”)

Reference List: Email handle. “Subject of Email.” Personal email (Day Month Year Email Sent).

Reference List Example: hmiller. “Information Superhighway.” Personal email

(12 June 1999).

World Wide Web Sites

·        Use the title of the page itself, as provided by the author (as opposed to the hypertext header on the top of the browser window).

In Text: (Last Name Year, Title of Complete Work)

In Text Example: (Elwell 1996, Verstehen: Max Weber’s HomePage)

Reference List: Author Last Name, First Name. “Title of the Work.” Title of the Complete Work. Day Month Year of Document or Last Revision. URL of site (Day Month Year of Access).

Reference List Example: Elwell, Frank W. Verstehen: Max Weber's HomePage; ‘A site for undergraduates.’ Oct. 1996. http://msumusik.mursuky.edu/~felwell/http/weber/whome.htm (4 Apr. 2000).

Group, Organization, or Corporation

In Text: (Name of Group Year, “Title of file”)

In Text Example: (University of Washington Political Science Writing Center 2000, “Tips for Taking Essay Exams”)

Reference List: Name of Organization. “Title of file.” Title of Complete Work.  Day Month Year of Publication. URL (Day Month Year of Access).

Reference List Example: University of Washington Political Science Writing Center. “Tips for Taking Essay Exams.” 2000. http://depts.washington.edu/pswrite/essayex.html (4 Apr. 2000).

Web Sites with Frames

·        If your frame does not have its own URL, cite the URL of the entire page and the specific link(s) you followed to get to the page you are citing. Separate the links from the main page’s URL by one space.

In Text: (Last Name Year, “Title of File”)

In Text Example: (Jupiter 1999, “Split Narrative in C Major”)

Reference List: Author Last Name, First Name. “Title of File.” Version or File Number (if applicable) Day Month Year of Publication (if applicable and different from Day Month Year accessed). Title of Complete Site. URL links followed (Day Month Year of Access).

Reference List Example: Jupiter, David A. “Split Narrative in C Major.” Rev. 1 Feb. 1999. Preliterate Prelection. http://students.washington.edu/ademars Split Narrative in C Major (4 Apr. 2000).

Books Online

In Text: (Last Name year, Title of Work)

In Text Example: (Herrick 1905, The Memoirs of an American Citizen)

Reference List: Author Last Name, First Name. Title of Work. Year of Publication. URL of site (Day Month Year of Access).

Reference List Example: Herrick, Robert. The Memoirs of an American Citizen. 1905. http://eldritchpress.org/herrick/mem.htm (4 Apr. 2000).

Article from a News Service

In Text:  (Name of Service Year, “Title of Article”

In Text Example: (Associated Press 1998, “Trade Order Could Help U.S. Apples Sell in Japan”)

Reference List: Name of the Service. “Title of the Article.” Title of Site or Online Newspaper Day Month Year of Publication. URL (Day Month Year Accessed).

Reference List Example: Associated Press. “Trade Order Could Help U.S. Apples Sell in Japan.” The Seattle Times Online 28 Oct. 1998. http://archives.seattletimes.com/cgi-bin/texis/web/vortex/display?slug=trad&date=19981028&query=apples (4 Apr. 2000).

 

Others

 

Lectures

            In Text: (Last Name Year)

In Text Example: (Hanson 1999)

Reference List: Last Name, First Name. Year. Title of Lecture. Day Month at Location.

Reference List Example: Hanson, Stephen. 1999. Polititical Science 441: Government and Politics of the Soviet Union and Russia. 10 Nov, at University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.

Plays and Poems

In Text: (Last Name Year, Page Number)

In Text Example: (Wilde 1911, 74)

Reference List: Last Name, First Name. Year. Edition. First Name Last Name, editor. Publishing City: Publisher.

Reference List Example: Wilde, Oscar. 1911. 4th ed. The Duchess of Padua. London: Methuen.

Published Interviews

·        Use the format from where the Book Review is taken, such as a newspaper, magazine, etc.  Below is a periodical.

In Text: (Last Name of Interviewee Year)

In Text Example: (Douglas 1998)

Reference List: Last Name, First Name (of interviewee). Year. Title of Interview. First Name Last Name, interviewer. Title of Newspaper [City, State], Day Month.

Reference List Example: Adams, Douglas. 1998. An interstellar interview with Douglas Adams. Caleb Shaber, interviewer. The Daily [Seattle, Washington], 28 May.

Unpublished Interviews

            In Text: (Interviewee Year)

            In Text Example: (Falkner 1999)

Reference List: Last Name, First Name (of interviewee). Year. First Name Last Name, interviewer. Description of Interview. Place (of interview), Day Month (of interview).

Reference List Example: Falkner, Jason. 1999. Pooja Khandekar, interviewer. Tape Recording. Bellingham, Washington, 10 Apr.

Reference Books

            In Text: (Last Name Year, Page Number)

            In Text Example: (Pano 1995, 63)

Reference List: Last Name, First Name. Year. “Title of Article” in Title of Work. Publishing City: Publisher.

Reference List Example: Pano, Nicholas C. 1995. “Albania” in The World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago: World Book, Inc.

Theses and Dissertations

            In Text: (Last Name Year, Page Number)

            In Text Example: (Delue 1971, 213)

Reference List: Last Name, First Name. Year. “Title of Work.” Identification, School Name.

Reference List Example: Delue, Steven Muller. 1971. “On the Marxism of Jean-Paul Sarte in the Light of Jean Jacques Rousseau: An Analysis of The Critique de la Raison Dialectique.” Ph.D. diss., University of Washington.

Videocassettes

            In Text: (Name of Work Year)

            In Text Example: (Easy Rider 1969)

Reference List: Title of Work. Year. First Name Last Name, producer,First Name Last Name, director. Length. Production Company. Medium.

Reference List Example: Easy Rider. 1969. Peter Fonda, producer, Dennis Hopper, director. 95 min. Columbia Tristar Home Video. Videocassette.

III.      Style and Format of

Footnote Citations

 

The footnote citation method has two parts:  the actual footnotes at the bottom of each page, and the bibliography.  The footnotes are marked by a number in the text which corresponds to the citation at the bottom of the page.  The bibliography appears at the end of the paper, and is a list of all of the sources used in constructing the paper. The bibliography is similar to the reference list. 

There are different rules for formatting footnotes the first time you cite a source and subsequent times you cite the same source.  This will be explained in the sections entitled “first references” (Section C) and “subsequent references”  (Section D).

            Note:  there is an automatic footnote numbering function in Microsoft Word under the “Insert”  heading.

 

A.    Functions of Footnotes

 

Reference:

 

·        To cite sources of materials used in the paper, such as specific facts, opinions, or exact quotations

·        To make cross references

 

Context:

 

·        To provide a place for material that the writer deems worthwhile but that might interrupt the flow of thought if introduced into the text

·        To make acknowledgments

 

 

B.    Rules and Procedures

 

General:

 

Proper citation requires both footnotes and a bibliography.  Notes that appear at the bottom of the page are called footnotes, and notes that appear at the end of the chapter are called endnotes.  In the bibliography, use single-spacing on the notes themselves; however, double-space in between the notes.

 

Note Numbers:

 

When a footnote is introduced within an essay, the place in the text is marked with a superscripted Arabic numeral.  The note reference follows any punctuation mark except the dash, which it precedes, and goes outside a closing parenthesis.

           

·        “…of a small open economy.”3

·        (small open economy.) 3

 

In addition, the note reference should follow the passage to which it refers.  Note numbers should come at the end of sentence or clause.  However, if the passage is an exact quotation, the note number comes at its end and not after the author’s name.

 

Bibliography Style:

 

·        Smith, John.  1995.

---.  1997.

 

 

C.            First References—Footnote and Bibliographic examples

 

Books

 

Single Author

Footnote: First Name Last Name, Title (City of Publication: Publisher, Year), Page Number.

Footnote Example: Helen Stalson, Intellectual Property Rights and U.S. Competitiveness in Trade (Washington D.C.: National Planning Association, 1987), 31.

Bibliography: Last Name, First Name. Year. Title. City of Publication: Publisher.

Bibliography Example: Geertz, Clifford. 1981. Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth Century Bali. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Two or Three Authors

Footnote: First Name Last Name (of first author) and First Name Last Name (of second author), Title (City of Publication: Publisher, Year), Page Number.

Footnote Example: Dietrich Rueschmeyer, Evelyn Huber Stephens, and John Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 6.

Bibliography: Last Name, First Name (of first author), and First Name Last Name (of second author). Year. Title. City of Publication: Publisher.

Bibliography Example: Przeworski, Adam, and Henry Teune. 1970. The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry. New York: Wiley-Interscience.

Four or More Authors

Footnote: First Name Last Name, et al., Title (City of Publication: Publisher, Year), Page Number.

Footnote Example: Robert Bates et al., Analytic Narratives (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998), 81.

Bibliography: Last Name, First Name, First Name Last Name, First Name Last Name, First Name Last Name, and First Name Last Name. Year. Title. City of Publication: Publisher.

Bibliography Example: Bates, Robert, Avner Greif, Margaret Levi, Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, and Barry Weingast. 1998. Analytic Narratives. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Edited Volume without Author

·        With multiple names, follow the rules given for author’s names.  With both editor and author, refer to anthology example

Footnote: First Name, Last Name (of editor), ed., Title (City of Publication: Publisher, Year), Page Number.

Footnote Example: Carole Fink, Philipp Gassert, and Detlef Junker, eds., 1968: The World Transformed (Washington D.C.: The German Historical Institute, 1998), 56.

Bibliography: Last Name, First Name, ed. Year. Title. City of Publication: Name of Publisher.

Bibliography Example: Alt, James, and Kenneth Shepsle, eds. 1990.  Perspectives in Positive Political Economy. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Numbered Edition or Volume

Footnote: First Name Last Name, Title, Number of Edition. (City of Publication: Publisher, Year), Page Number.

Footnote Example: Gerald M. Meier, Leading Issues in Economic Development, 6th ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 210.

Bibliography: Last name, First name. Year. Title, Number of Edition. City of Publication: Publisher.

Bibliography Example: Meier, Gerald M. 1995. Leading Issues in Economic Development, 6th ed. New York: Oxford University Press.

Piece in Anthology

Footnote: First Name Last Name (of author), “Title of Piece,” Title of Book, ed. First Name Last Name (of editor) (City of Publication: Publisher, Year), Page Number.

Footnote Example: Shahid Alikhan, “Intellectual Property, the Developing and Economic Development,” Intellectual Property Rights, ed. Bibek Debroy (Delhi: B.R. Publishing Corporation, 1998), 66.

            Bibliography: Last Name, First Name. Year. “Title of particular work,”

Title of book, ed. First Name Last Name of editor. City of Publication: Publisher. Total Page Numbers.

Bibliography Example: Thelen, Kathleen, and Sven Steinmo. 1992. “Historical institutionalism in comparative politics.” Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis, ed. Sven Steinmo, Kathleen Thelen, and Frank Longstreth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1-32.

Modern Editions of Classics

·        It is not necessary to give the date of original publication of a classic work.

Footnote: First Name Last Name, Title, ed. First Name Last Name (City of Publication: Publisher, Year), Page Number.

Footnote Example: Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, ed. J.W. Burrow (New York: Penguin Books, 1984), 23.

Bibliography: Last Name, First Name. Year. Title, ed. First Name Last Name of editor. City of Publication: Publisher.

Bibliography Example: Darwin, Charles. 1984. The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, ed. J.W. Burrow. New York: Penguin Books.

 

Periodicals

 

Periodical with Volume and Issue Number:

Footnote: First Name Last Name, “Title of Article,” Title of Periodical Volume #, No. of the periodical (Year): Page Number.

Footnote Example: Valerie Bunce, “Should Transitologists Be Grounded?,” Slavic Review 54, No. 1 (1995): 111.

Bibliography:  Last Name, First Name. Year. “Title of Article.” Title of Periodical Vol. #, No. of the periodical: total page numbers.

Bibliography Example: Bunce, Valerie. 1995. “Should Transitologists Be Grounded?” Slavic Review 54, No. 1: 111-127.

Popular Magazine

·        Make adjustments to the style outlined here for monthly magazines by including only month and year.

Footnote: First Name Last Name, “Title of Article,” Title of Popular Magazine (Day Month Year): Page Number.

Footnote Example: Eric Pooley, “How Conservative is McCain?,” Time (14 Feb. 2000): 41.

Bibliography: Last Name, First Name. Year. “Title of Article.” Title of Popular Magazine, Day Month: Total Page Numbers.

Bibliography Example: Pooley, Eric. 2000. “How Conservative is McCain?” Time, 14 Feb.: 40-42.

Newspaper with Authored Article

Footnote: First Name Last Name, “Title of Article” Title of Newspaper [City, State] (Day Month Year): Page Number.

Footnote Example: Cheryl Wezstein, “Bipartisan Group of Senators Backs Bill to Reform Foster Care,” Washington Times [Washington, D.C.] (19 Sept. 1997): A3.

Bibliography: Last Name, First Name. Year. “Title.” Title of Newspaper [City, State] Day Month.

Bibliography Example: Wezstein, Cheryl. 1997. “Bipartisan Group of Senators Backs Bill to Reform Foster Care.” Washington Times [Washington, D.C.] 19 Sept.

Newspaper Editorial,

Footnote: “Title of Editorial,” Title of Newspaper [City, State] (Month Day, Year): Page Number.

Footnote Example: “Blunt Talk in India,” New York Times [New York, NY] (24 Mar. 2000): C5.

Bibliography: “Title of Editorial.” Year. Title of Newspaper [City, State] Month Day.

Bibliography Example: “Blunt Talk in India.” 2000. New York Times [New York, NY] 24 Mar.

Book Review

·        Use the format from where the Book Review is taken, such as a newspaper, magazine, etc.  Below is a periodical.

Footnote: First Name Last Name (of reviewer), “Title,” review of Name of Book, by Author (of book), Title of  Periodical. Vol. Number, Issue Number (Year): Page Number.

Footnote Example: Raphael Shen. Review of Social and Economic Change in Eastern Ukraine: The Example of Zaporizhzhya, by Hans van Zon, Andre Batako, and Anna Kreslavska, Slavic Review 59, No. 1 (2000): 208.

Bibliography: Last Name, First Name (of reviewer).  Year.  “Title,” review of Name of Book, by Author (of book). Title of  Periodical Volume Number, Issue Number.

Bibliography Example: Shen, Raphael. 2000. Review of Social and Economic Change in Eastern Ukraine: The Example of Zaporizhzhya, by Hans van Zon, Andre Batako, and Anna Kreslavska. Slavic Review 59, No.1.

 

Public Documents

·        Place ‘U.S.’ in front of a chamber name only in the bibliography.

Congressional Debate

Footnote: Congressional Record, # Cong., # sess., Vol. #, No. of issue, Daily ed. (Day Month Year): H.R. or S.#.

Footnote Example: Congressional Record, 105th Cong., 1st sess., Vol. 143, No. 137, Daily ed. (20 May 1997): S.2728.

Bibliography: Congressional Record. Year. # Cong., # sess., Vol. #, No. of issue, Daily ed. (Day Month): H.R. or S.#.

Bibliography Example: Congressional Record. 1997. 105th Cong., 1st sess., Vol. 143, No. 137, Daily ed. (20 May): S.2728.

Congressional Hearings

            Footnote: Chamber. Committee Name. Title of Hearing, # Cong., # sess, Date.

Footnote Example: Senate. Subcommittee on Social Security and Family Policy.  Senate Finance Social Security and Family Policy Child Welfare Revision:  Hearings on S.511, 105th Cong., 1st sess., 21 May 1997.

Bibliography: Chamber Committee Name. Year.  Title of Hearing, # Cong., # sess., Day Month.

Bibliography Example: U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Social Security and Family Policy. 1997. Senate Finance Social Security and Family Policy Child Welfare Revision: Hearings on S.511, 105th Cong., 1st sess., 21 May.

Congressional Reports

Footnote: Chamber (that created report), Title of Report, # Cong., # sess., Day Month Year, H. Doc. or S. Doc. Number, Page Number.

Footnote Example: House, Legislative and Oversight Activities of the Committee on Resources, 105th Cong., 2nd sess., 9 Dec. 1998, H. Rpt. 834, 2.

Bibliography: U.S. Chamber. Year. Title of Report. # Cong., # sess., Day month, H. Doc. or S. Doc. Volume Number, Part Number: Page Number.

Bibliography Example: U.S. House. 1998. Legislative and Oversight Activities of the Committee on Resources, 105th Cong., 2nd sess., 9 Dec., H. Rpt. 834.

Bills and Resolutions

·        Citations to the Congressional Record if available should be inserted between session number and bill number.  Follow this form for footnote entries.  Adjust the position of the year for bibliographic entries.

            Footnote: Chamber. Title of Bill, # Cong., # sess., H.R. or S.#.

Footnote Example: House.  Adoption Promotion and Safe Families Act of 1997, 105th Cong., 1st sess., H.R.867.

Alternative Footnote Example: Chamber.  Date.  Title of Bill.  # Cong., # sess., Congressional Record, Vol. #, issue number, Daily ed. (Day Month Year): H.R. or S.#.

            Bibliography: U.S. Chamber. Title of Bill.  # Cong., # sess., H.R. or S.#.

Bibliography Example: U.S. House. Adoption Promotion and Safe Families Act of 1997, 105th Cong., 1st sess., H.R.867.

Laws and Statutes

Footnote: Law Number, # Cong., # sess. (Day Month Year), Title, Page Number.

Footnote Example: Public Law 105-89, 105th Cong., 1st sess. (19 Nov. 1997), Adoption Promotion and Safe Families Act of 1997, 1.

            Bibliography: U.S. Public Law #. Year.  # Cong., # sess., Day Month.  Title.

Bibliography Example: U.S. Public Law 105-89. 1997.  105th Cong., 1st sess., 19 Nov.  Adoption Promotion and Safe Families Act of 1997.

Supreme Court Decisions

·        The “U.S.” refers to the United States Supreme Court Reports, which is where Supreme Court decisions have been published since 1875. For cases earlier than 1875, decisions were published under the names of official court reporters.

            Footnote: Title of Case, Volume Number, U.S. Page Number (Year).

            Footnote Example: State of Nevada v. Goldie Warren, 324 U.S. 123 (1969).

        Marbury v. Madison, 1 Cranch 137 (1803).

Bibliography:  Supreme Court decisions are rarely listed in bibliographies.

Publication by Government Agency

Footnote:  Agency Title, Title of document (City: Publisher, Day Month Year), Page Number.

Footnote Example: Food and Drug Administration, Enforcement Report (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 29 Mar. 2000), 1

Bibliography: Agency Title. Year. Title of Document. City: Publisher. Day Month.

Bibliography Example: Food and Drug Administration. 2000. Enforcement Report. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 29 Mar.

U.S. Constitution

·        List clause number if necessary.

Footnote: U.S. Constitution, art. #, sec. #.

            Footnote Example: U.S. Constitution, art.3 , sec.1.

            Bibliography:  The U.S. Constitution in not listed in bibliography.

 

Electronic Sources

 

·        “Date of Access” refers to the date on which you first accessed the information.

 

Emails

            Footnote: email handle, “Subject of Email,” Year.

            Footnote Example: hmiller, “Information Superhighway,” 1999.

            Bibliography: email handle. Year. “Subject of Email.”

            Bibliography Example: hmiller. 1999. “Information Superhighway.”

World Wide Web Sites

·        Use the title of the page itself, as provided by the author (as opposed to the hypertext header on the top of the browser window).

·        In your reference list/in-text citation, list the author’s last name (if given) and a section/page marker (if included, which they usually are not). If no author is named, use the document title or a shortened version of it.

Footnote: First Name Last Name, “Title of the Work,” Title of the Complete Work (URL, Day Month Year of last revision), Day Month Year of Access.

Footnote Example: Frank W. Elwell, “Verstehen: Max Weber's HomePage; ‘A site for undergraduates’” (http://msumusik.mursuky.edu/~felwell/http/weber/whome.htm, Oct. 1996), 4 Apr. 2000.

Bibliography: Last Name, First Name. Day Month Year (of last revision). “Title of the Work,” Title of the Complete Work. URL.

Bibliography Example: Elwell, Frank W. Oct. 1996. “Verstehen: Max Weber’s HomePage; ‘A site for undergraduates.’” http://msumusik.mursuky.edu/~felwell/http/weber/whome.htm.

Books Online

Footnote: First Name Last Name, Title of Book (URL, Year of publication), Day Month Year of access.

Footnote Example: Robert Herrick, The Memoirs of an American Citizen (http://eldritchpress.org/herrick/mem.htm, 1905), 4 Apr. 2000.

Bibliography: Last Name, First Name. Year of Publication. Title of Book. URL.

Bibliography Example: Herrick, Robert. 1905. The Memoirs of an American Citizen. http://eldritchpress.org/herrick/mem.htm.

Article From a News Service

Footnote: Name of News Service, “Title of Article,” Title of Site or Online Newspaper (URL, Day Month Year of publication), Day Month Year of Access.

Footnote Example: Associated Press, “Trade Order Could Help U.S. Apples Sell in Japan,” The Seattle Times Online (http://archives.seattletimes.com/cgi-bin/texis/web/vortex/display?slug=trad&date=19981028&query=apples, 28 Oct. 1998), 4 Apr. 2000.

Bibliography: Name of news service. Day Month Year of Publication. “Title of the Article.” Title of Site or Online Newspaper. URL.

Bibliography Example: Associated Press. 28 Oct. 1998. “Trade Order Could Help U.S. Apples Sell in Japan.” The Seattle Times Online. http://archives.seattletimes.com/cgi-bin/texis/web/vortex/display?slug=trad&date=19981028&query=apples.

A Work by a Group, Organization, or Corporation

Footnote: Name of Organization, “Title of the File or Page,” Title of Complete Work (URL, Day Month Year of publication), Day Month Year of access.

Footnote Example: University of Washington Political Science Writing Center, “Tips for Taking Essay Exams” (http://depts.washington.edu/pswrite/essayex.html, 2000), 4 Apr. 2000.

Bibliography: Name of Organization. Day Month Year of Publication. “Title of the File.” Title of the Complete Work. URL.

Bibliography Example: University of Washington Political Science Writing Center. 2000. “Tips for Taking Essay Exams.” http://depts.washington.edu/pswrite/essayex.html

Documents with Frames

·        If your frame does not have its own URL, cite the URL of the entire page and the specific link(s) you followed to get to the page you are citing. Separate the links from the main page’s URL by one space.

Footnote: First Name Last Name, “Title of Document of File,” Title of Complete Site (URL links followed, Day Month Year of publication), Day Month Year of access.

Footnote Example: David A. Jupiter, “Split Narrative in C Major,” Preliterate Prelection (http://students.washington.edu/ademars Split Narrative in C Major, 1 Feb. 1999), 4 Apr. 2000.

Bibliography: Last Name, First Name. Year of publication. “Title of Document or File.” Title of Complete Site. URL links followed.

Bibliography Example: Jupiter, David A. 1 Feb. 1999. “Split Narrative in C Major.” Preliterate Prelection. http://students.washington.edu/ademars Split Narrative in C Major.

 

Other materials

 

Lectures

Footnote: First Name Last Name. (Day Month at Location).

Footnote Example: Stephen Hanson. (10 Nov. 1999 at University of Washington, Seattle, Washington).

Bibliography: Last Name, First Name. Year. Title of Lecture. Day Month at Location.

Bibliography Example: Hanson, Stephen. 1999. Political Science 441: Government and Politics of the Soviet Union and Russia. 10 Nov. at Room 102, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.

Plays and Poems

Footnote: First Name Last Name, Title of Play or Poem, in Title of Book, ed./tran. First Name Last Name (City: Publisher, Year): Page Number.

Footnote Example: Sophocles, Antigone, in The Three Theban Plays, trans. Robert Fagles (New York: Penguin Books, 1984.): 34.

Bibliography: Last Name, First Name. Year. Title of Play or Poem, in Title of Book, ed./trans. First Name Last Name. City: Publisher.

Bibliography Example: Sophocles. 1984. Antigone, in The Three Theban Plays, trans. Robert Fagles. New York: Penguin Books.

Published Interviews

·        Use the format from where the Book Review is taken, such as a newspaper, magazine, etc.  Below is a newspaper entry.

Footnote: First Name Last Name (of interviewee). “Title of Interview,” Interview by First Name Last Name. Name of Newspaper [City, State], Issue Number, Volume Number (Day Month Year): Page Number.

Footnote Example: Douglas Adams. “An interstellar interview with Douglas Adams,” Interview by Caleb Shaber. The Daily [Seattle, Washington], (28 May 1988): 6.

Bibliography: Last Name, First Name (of interviewee). Year. “Title of Interview.” Interview by First Name Last Name. Name of Newspaper, Issue Number, Volume Number, Day Month.

Bibliography Example: Adams, Douglas. 1998. “An interstellar interview with Douglas Adams.” Interview by Caleb Shaber. The Daily, 28 May.

Unpublished Interviews

Footnote: First Name Last Name (of interviewee). First then Last Name, interviewer. Description of Interview. Place of interview, (Day Month Year).

Footnote Example: Jason Falkner. Pooja Khandekar, interviewer. Tape Recording. Bellingham Washington, (10 Apr. 1999).

Bibliography: Last Name, First Name (of interviewee). Year. First Name Last Name, interviewer. Description of Interview. Place of interview, Day Month.

Bibliography Example: Falkner, Jason. 1999. Pooja Khandekar, interviewer. Tape Recording. Bellingham, Washington, 10 Apr.

Theses and Dissertations

Footnote: First Name Last Name, “Title of Work.” (Ph.D. diss., University name, Year), Page Number.

Footnote Example: Steven Muller Delue. “On the Marxism of Jean-Paul Sarte in the Light of Jean Jacques Rousseau: An Analysis of The Critique de la Raison Dialectique” (Ph.D. diss., University of Washington, 1971), 2.

Bibliography: Last Name, First Name. Year. “Title of Work.” Ph.D. diss., University name.

Bibliography Example: Delue, Steven Muller. 1971. “On the Marxism of Jean-Paul Sarte in the Light of Jean Jacques Rousseau: An Analysis of The Critique de la Raison Dialectique.” Ph.D. diss., University of Washington.

 

 

D.    Subsequent References—Content and Styling

 

Shortened footnotes

When the same source is cited repeatedly shortened footnotes may be used to save space.  These notes include a shortened version of the author’s name and the page umber to which the note refers. 

First reference:  

1.      Paul B. Stares, Allied Rights and Legal Constraints on German Military Power (Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1990), 14.

Repeated Reference:

2.      Stares, 23.

 

If there are more than two books by the same author or authors, the title of the work should be included in the repeated reference.

First Reference

3.      Thomas O. Bayard and Kimberly Ann Elliott, Reciprocity and Retaliation in U.S. Trade Policy (Washington D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 1994), 116.

Repeated Reference

4.      Bayard and Elliott, Reciprocity and Retaliation in U.S. Trade Policy, 116.

 

A shortened reference to a bill or law can include the name of the Act or just the bill or law number.

 

5.        Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997, 1.

Or

6.      H.R. 867, 1.

 

Latin abbreviations

Latin abbreviations are permitted if the abbreviation follows immediately the cite to which it refers. The abbreviation “ibid.” means “in the same place” and is used when the writer is referring to the work cited in the immediately preceding footnote.  The abbreviation may be used several times in succession.

First reference

7.      Helen Stalson, Intellectual Property Rights and U.S. Competitiveness in Trade, (Washington D.C.: National Planning Association, 1987), 32.

Repeated Reference (immediately following note 7)

8.       Ibid, 38.

Repeated Reference (immediately following note 8)

9.      Ibid.

When “ibid.” is used without a page number, it indicates that the same page of the same source is being cited as in the footnote immediately preceding.


IV.  Examples of In-Text Citation and Footnote Methods in Use:  Compare and Constrast the Two Methods

           

·        These examples are primarily designed to illustrate the use of various citation methods.  They are not designed to serve as models for essay writing.

 

 

 

A.             Example 1: In-Text Citation Method with Reference List

 

Adoption Reform of 1997: Interest Group Politics in Action

 

            Once again, private adoption agencies were able to overcome the status quo due to their exclusive use of personalized stories and findings.  Tom Birch of the Voice for Adoption related the tale of four siblings who could have been adopted by one out-of-state family ready to accept all of the children, but were separated because the children’s social worker insisted upon in-state placement (TBirch 1997, “Voice for Adoption Speaks Out”).  Such evidence greatly influenced lawmakers and assured them that states’ objections were rooted in a selfish monopolization of the adoption process and a desire to maintain higher numbers of children within their jurisdiction so that they received more funding from the federal government (Williams 1998, 5).  Adoption across state and county jurisdictions became a hallmark of both H.R. 867 and S. 1195 before they were even reconciled (Wezstein 1998, 39).

The need for adoption incentive payments was also touted as a significant problem that prevented adoption.  The Illinois Department of Children and Family services did concede that reform was necessary and further stated that they were, “supportive of the provision in the [House] bill that was also proposed by the Administration to reward states for increasing the number of children adopted from the foster care system” (House 1997, 6).  However, the think tanks and private adoption agencies proved far more influential by outlining how such reform could be accomplished.  Their ability to concentrate time, resources, and manpower to research and analyze flaws within the past system explains their importance (Rogers et al. 1996, 12).  The Institute for Children specifically suggested that the federal government should, “reimburse states based on program efficacy and end funding that creates incentives to keep children in foster care for longer than 12 months” (Craig and Herbert 1997, 2).  This provision was incorporated in both H.R. 867 and S. 1195 but the specifics of the bonus program within the final Act were those of the House bill (Adoption Watch 1997, “Senate Inroduces New Bill”).  The bonus program offered great encouragement to states to pursue adoptions.  Beginning in Federal Fiscal Year (FFY) 1998 through FFY 2002, states could receive $4,000 for each additional foster child adoption and $2,000 for each “special needs” adoption over the state’s “base” rate (Wezstein 1997, 3).

 

 

Reference List

 

Adoption Watch. “Senate Introduces New Bill.” Issues in Adoption Advocacy. 

September/October 1997. http://www.fpsol.com/adoption/advocates.  (12 May 1998).

Craig, Conna and Derek Herbert. 1997. “Languishing in Foster Care.” Interview by Olga

Berman. Institute for Children Analysis Journal. 79, no. 3:28-49.

Rogers, Bill; Ginger Stevens; Stephanie Justus; and Erika Walker. 1996. Strategy of a

Think Tank.  New York: Westview Press.

U.S. House. 1997. Human Resources Committee. Testimony of Jess McDonald,

Director of Illinois Department of Children & Family Services: Hearings on H.R. 867.  105th Congress, 1st sess., 8 Apr.

TBirch. “Voice for Adoption Speaks Out.” Personal email (10 July 1997).

Wezstein, Cheryl. 1997. Clinton to OK Adoption Overhaul.  The Patriot Ledger

[Massachusetts], 14 Nov.

---.1998. Why Change?. Time, 15 Jan., 38-42.

Williams, Jane. 1998. “States and Adoption.” American Adoption Process. Mary Debray,

ed. New York: J.M. Publishing Corporation. 5-12.

 

 

B.    Example 2: Footnote Citation Method with Bibliography

 

Adoption Reform of 1007: Interest Group Politics in Action

Once again, private adoption agencies were able to overcome the status quo due to their exclusive use of personalized stories and findings.  Tom Birch of the Voice for Adoption related the tale of four siblings who could have been adopted by one out-of-state family ready to accept all of the children, but were separated because the children’s social worker insisted upon in-state placement.[2]  Such evidence greatly influenced lawmakers and assured them that states’ objections were rooted in a selfish monopolization of the adoption process and a desire to maintain higher numbers of children within their jurisdiction so that they received more funding from the federal government.[3]  Adoption across state and county jurisdictions became a hallmark of both H.R. 867 and S. 1195 before they were even reconciled.[4]

The need for adoption incentive payments was also touted as a significant problem that prevented adoption.  The Illinois Department of Children and Family services did concede that reform was necessary and further stated that they were, “supportive of the provision in the [House] bill that was also proposed by the Administration to reward states for increasing the number of children adopted from the foster care system.”[5]  However, the think tanks and private adoption agencies proved far more influential by outlining how such reform could be accomplished.  Their ability to concentrate time, resources, and manpower to research and analyze flaws within the past system explains their importance.[6]  The Institute for Children specifically suggested that the federal government should, “reimburse states based on program efficacy and end funding that creates incentives to keep children in foster care for longer than 12 months.”[7]  This provision was incorporated in both H.R. 867 and S. 1195 but the specifics of the bonus program within the final Act were those of the House bill.[8]  The bonus program offered great encouragement to states to pursue adoptions.  Beginning in Federal Fiscal Year (FFY) 1998 through FFY 2002, states could receive $4,000 for each additional foster child adoption and $2,000 for each “special needs” adoption over the state’s “base” rate.[9]

 

 

 

Bibliography

 

Adoption Watch. Sept./Oct. 1997. “Senate Introduces New Bill,” Issues in Adoption

Advocacy.  www.fpsol.com/adoption/advocates.

Craig, Conna and Derek Herbert. 1997. “Languishing in Foster Care.” Interview by Olga

Berman. Institute for Children Analysis Journal. no. 3:28-49, 79.

Rogers, Bill; Ginger Stevens; Stephanie Justus; and Erika Walker. 1996. Strategy of a

Think Tank.  New York: Westview Press.

U.S. House. 1997. Human Resources Committee. Testimony of Jess McDonald, Director

of Illinois Department of Children & Family Services: Hearings on H.R. 867. 

105th  Congress, 1st sess., 8 Apr.

TBirch. “Voice for Adoption Speaks Out.” Personal email (10 July 1997).

Wezstein, Cheryl. 1997. “Clinton to OK Adoption Overhaul.” The Patriot Ledger

[Massachusetts], 14 Nov.

---.1998.  “Why Change?”.  Time, 15 Jan., 38-42.

Williams, Jane. 1998. “States and Adoption.” American Adoption Process. Mary Debray,

ed. New York: J.M. Publishing Corporation.  5-12.

 

 

V.   Style Manual Bibliography

 

Turabin, Kate L. The Chicago Manual of Style, 14th ed. 1993. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

---. 1993. Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 6th ed. Chicago:  University of Chicago Press.

Walker, Janice R., and Todd Taylor.  1998. The Columbia Guide to Online Style. New York: Columbia University Press.

Webster’s Standard American Style.  1985.  Springfield:  Merriam-Webster Inc.


[1] Information on the Department of Political Science’s policy on plagiarism is drawn from its handout entitled “Information for Undergraduate Students.”  This material is compiled from the University of Washington College of Arts and Sciences’  “Bachelor’s Degree Planbook 1998-99, “ pp. 20-22, as well as materials from the History Undergraduate Advising Office.

[2] TBirch, “Voice for Adoption Speaks Out,” 1997.

[3] Jane Williams, “States and Adoption.” American Adoption Process, ed. Mary Debray (New York: J.M. Publishing Corporation), 5-12.

[4] Cheryl Wezstein, “Why Change?,” Time (15 Jan. 1998): 39.

[5] House. Human Resources Committee. Testimony of Jess McDonald, Director of Illinois Department of Children & Family Services: Hearings on H.R. 867.  105th  Congress, 1st sess., 8 April 1997.

[6] Bill Rogers et al., Strategy of a Think Tank. (New York: Westview Press, 1996), 12.

[7] Conna Craig and Derek Herbert. “Languishing in Foster Care,” Interview by Olga Berman. Institute for Children Analysis Journal, no. 3:28-49, 79 (1997): 2.

[8] Adoption Watch, “Senate Introduces New Bill,” Issues in Adoption Advocacy (http://www.fpsol.com/adoption/advocates, September/October 1997), 12 May 1998.

[9] Cheryl Wezstein, “Clinton to OK Adoption Overhaul” The Patriot Ledger [Massachusetts], (14 November 1999): 3.