James Ward: "People Who Deserve It": Jozef Tiso and the Presidential Exemption.

In 1942, Slovakia deported the majority of its Jews to Nazi death camps. No issue connected with these deportations, in turn, has remained more controversial than the role of the president of the 1939-1945 Slovak State, the Roman Catholic priest, populist, nationalist, and anti-Semite, Jozef Tiso. As president, Tiso had the power to exempt Jews from deportation; the estimates of how many exemptions he granted, however, range between 300 and 40,000. In light of these wildly divergent estimates, I undertook to actually count the number of exemptions. Basing my results on a reconstructed 1942 census of Jews, I conclude that far from being a protector of Jews, Tiso exempted no more than a fraction of those who were threatened by deportation.