Verbally formulated theory is usually comparative statics: For example, conflict causes solidarity or a military-industrial complex causes warfare. A difficulty with such theory is that systems of multiple causes with feedbacks among them can lead to unexpected outcomes. The implications of a theory for historical change can be discovered by investigating its properties as a continuous-state continuous-time dynamic system. Theory-discovery by simulation experiments operates on a lower level of generality than the direct mathematical solution of sets of equations, but it is advantageous (1) when systems of equations are difficult or impossible to solve directly; (2) when equilibria, maxima, and minima are not important features of empirical social systems, or when our main concern is the trajectory of the system in disequilibrium-that is, during historical change; (3) as a method accessible to large numbers of sociologists who lack high levels of mathematical virtuosity. To illustrate the nonobvious implications of a verbal theory, simulation experiments are performed on the conflict theory that rulers seek domestic legitimacy through external power-prestige. The historical pathways of powerful states differ greatly depending upon whether initial levels of legitimacy are low or high, resulting respectively in near-chaotic cycles of conflict and empire size, or slow expansion through moderate levels of warfare culminating in a relatively peaceful empire.

* University of California, Riverside