Cyanated Small Molecules and Monomer Units Employed in Materials for Organic Electronics

Jakob Wudarczyk,  Martin Baumgarten,  Klaus Müllen
Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research


Abstract

Donor-acceptor copolymers have attracted great attention in the past decade and many of them have been employed in organic electronic devices. By lowering the lowest occupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs) of these polymers, one expects increased stability of devices. In particular, electron transport (n-type-semiconductor) in organic field effect transistors (OFETs) is enabled, and higher power conversion efficiencies in solar cells are estimated through higher open circuit voltage and avoidance of trapping states. Cyanated acceptors have the potential to fulfill these requirements due to the strong electron-withdrawing nitrile-group. Another feature of the compounds we present is their strong dipole moment, which, for example, lowers the exciton binding energy of photoactive copolymers. Our route of synthesis via simple functionalization of commercially available chemicals provided novel benzene derivatives, namely 4,5-diamino-3,6-dibromophthalonitrile and 5,6-diaminobenzene-1,2,3,4-tetracarbonitrile with outstanding properties thanks to donor and acceptor moieties attached to the benzene rings. Polymerization of these aromatic units with dipole moments orthogonal to the axis of the conjugated backbone could give new insights in the field of ferroelectric polymers. Polymerization as well as synthetic strategies to freeze these dipole moments is currently under investigation and will be supported by dielectric spectroscopy. After establishing a synthetic route, the cyanated acceptor 4,7-dibromobenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadi-azole-5,6-dicarbonitrile as well as its thiophene substituted derivatives were characterized by various methods such as UV/Vis- and fluorescence-spectroscopy, cyclovoltammetry and X-ray-crystallography. These compounds have been employed in low-bandgap donor-acceptor-polymers, which have been tested in organic electronic devices. OFETs showed ambipolar output characteristics and materials used in organic photovoltaic devices (OPVs) showed absorption up to the near-infrared, respectively, demonstrating the major advantage of polymers with strong acceptor units. Highly fluorescent small molecule donor-acceptor-compounds as well as extremely electron-poor acceptors are also on behalf of our ongoing research.