======================================================================
Metrici and Rhythmici:
A Chronological List
of
Ancient and Medieval Theories of Meter,
with secondary apparatus
T.V.F. Brogan
======================================================================
This list is very rough: I built it over a number of years in order to
make sense out of the whole history of Western metrical theory. Every
area specialist will feel her area has been slighted, and standard
(cryptic) bibliographical references outside your area may not be
obvious. Ask. I need a numbering system, still, to track the very
conspicuous lines of descent. English I didn't much fill in on account
of my book. The vertical bar formatters are leftovers from NPEPP
coding; deal with them. There's some misc. stuff not worked in at the
end.
This text is released into the public domain. I make only two
stipulations. (1) You must acknowledge it if you use any significant
portion in print. (2) If you are grateful for what data is here, help
fill in some of the holes with Addenda and Corrigenda. Upload a note
to Steven or me, and he'll correct the actual page. You must specify
(a) the particular item you're commenting on, (b) the specific
addition or correction made, (c) your name and email address, and (d)
the date submitted. We will list all changes as footnotes in a running
list at the end.
======================================================================
"Quando vero iniquitates gerimus, musicam non habemus."
("When we sin, we do not make music.")
-- Cassiodorus, Institutiones 2.5.2
======================================================================
Last revised December 24, 1991
Reformatted May 3, 1998.
======================================================================
|
|
---------------------------
GRAMMAR RHETORIC MUSIC
| |
| | |
Metrici | Rhythmici
| Horace (temporalists)
Heph. Quintilian Aristox.
| | |
Med. Lat. | Augustine (conflation)
grammars Ars poetica |
| Second. Rhet. Vers mesures (=Q)
| Pleiade |
| 18th c. Steele
19th C. Philology | Lanier
20th C. Linguistics | Acoustics
| | Heusler, Pope,
Thesis:
All advances in textual exegesis, philology, linguistics, poetics,
Verswissenschaft, and literary theory notwithstanding, there have been
only two schools of thought about the nature of poetic meter. The
terms of the disagreement have not substantively changed from
Antiquity up to the present day, nor has there been any effective
synthesis.
Misc:
Rhetoric vis-ý-vis Sprechvers, Music vis-ý-vis Sangvers.
Humanism and the recovery of the text of Aristotle all contributed to
Rhythmici, because quantities were Time.
Longs and shorts: accent was felt but no terminology to talk about it.
In general the revival of Classical Philology helped the Timers most.
Secondary discussions of Metrici vs. Rhythmici:
J. Hadley, "On Ancient Greek Rhythm and Metre," Essays Philol. and
Crit. (1873);
H. D. F. Kitto, "R., Metre, and Black Magic," ClassR 56 (1942);
E. Graf, Rhythmus und Metrum: Zur Synonymik (1891);
O. Schroeder, "Rhythmus," Hermes 53 (1918);
R. Waltz, "Rhythmus et numerus," Revue des etudes latines 26 (1948);
Michaelides;
W. Brambach;
And all the rest in my bibl. of rhythm in PEPP
*********************************************************************
METRICI
**********************************************************************
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Classical Greek
----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Damon, teacher of Pericles
He analyzed iambics and trochaics and seems to have
distinguished three types of dactylic verse; he studied
rhythmical ethos
Aristophanes, Clouds, 649 ff
Plato, Republic 400b
See W. J. Koster in ClassQ 28 (1934): 148 ff
See C. Del Grande, "Damone metrico," Giornale ital. de. filol. 1
(1948): 3-16.
2. Gorgias, Defense of Helen, says
tr.
3. Aristotle, Rhetoric, Book III
Poetics 1459b, 1460a, ?
Heraclides Ponticus [the Elder],
Philosopher; derived the meters from a proto-meter of six
spondees.
See Koster, p. 5
4. Philoxenus of Alexandria, 1st c. B.C.
A metrical treatise now lost
See F. Leo; see M. Schmidt, Philologus 4 ( ) 627 ff
5. Heliodorus, fl. 1st c. A.D.
Metrical scholia to Aristophanes
See Gleditsch 1901
See Hense, Heliodoreische Untersuchungen, Leipzig 1870.
C. Conradt, "Beitr. zur Semeiotik des Heliodorus," N Jahrb f
Philol 151 (1895): 273-77
in J. W. White, The Verse of Greek Comedy (1912), 384 ff.
W. J. W. Koster, Scholia in Aristophanis Plutum et Nubes (1927)
6. Hephaestion, Enchiridion peri metron,
End of 1st c., first-half 2nd c. A.D.,
Originally in 84 Books but reduced by successive abridgements to
11, then 3, then 1 (the extant form); tells us little about how
the ancients thought about metric, though in fact a great deal
of our categories, concepts, and terms of analysis are derived
from the ancients. All metrical analysis depends on dividing
into feet, atomic elements, instead of deriving from the older
basic meters by periods (bigger pieces). Looking for basic
elements put together in regular patterns is a natural, obvious,
and basic method in science.
Ed. 1526.
Ed. Th. Gaisford, London 1810;
(Gaisford's collection of Latin metrists, 1837.)
Tr. T. F. Barham, 1843.
2d ed. of Gaisford, 1856. 2 vols.
A. Rossbach, De Hephaestionis Alex. libris . . ., 1857, 1858.
Ed. Westphal, Scriptores metrici graeci, 2 v. (1866), v. 1
Ed. M. Consbruch, Leipzig 1906 -- the best modern text
Tr. J. M. van Ophuijsen 1990.
---
Scholia [maybe should be cited as Medieval, below]:
To Hephaestion (above)
To Pindar:
Boeckh's ed. of Pindar ? , 1811. criticized as mechanical by
Boeckh in Kleinere Schriften 5.265 ff.
Irigoin, ed., Les Scholi metr de Pindar . . ., 1958.
to Aristophanes:
W. J. W. Koster, Scholia in Aristophanis Plutum et Nubes, vetera
Thomas Magistri, Demetrius Triclinii nec non anonyma recentiora
partem inedita (1927)
Other:
Ed. Westphal, Scriptores metrici graeci, 2 v. (1866), v. 2
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Medieval and Byzantine Greek metrists
--------------------------------------------------------------------
They all follow Hephaestion and his scholia slavishly; the Byzantine
stuff is bloody fascinating.
Check: W. J. W. Koster, Tractatus graeci de re metrica inediti.
Paris, 1922.
1. Tricha, 11th c. grammarian, an epitome of Hephaestion
Epimerismoi tuo ennea metron,
called De novem metris libelli, in Westphal Scriptores v. 1
2. The scholia to H. given in Westphal, Scriptores
3. A versified version of Hephaestion by Jacob Tzetze (1100--ca. 1183)
Tzetze wrote a Peri metron,
ed. Cramer, Anecdota graeca Oxoniensia, v. 3 (1836), 302-33.
-------
4. Chrestomathiae grammaticae fragmenta in Westphal.
Proclus? Choeroboscus?
5. Georgios Choeroboscus, 6th-10th c., a treatise and a commentary
on H ed. Th. Gaisford, Dictata in canones, 1842. 3 vols.
In G. Studemund, Anecdota varia graeca, I. Berlin, 1886, 31-96
Discussed Krumbacher, 583 ff, 593-604.
-------
Wholly derivative treatises and scholia (Scholia B):
x. Pseudo-Hephaestion, De metris
ed. H. zur Jacobsm¸hlen
x. Pseudo-Herodian
x. Pseudo-Moschopulos
Opuscula grammatica Ed. F. N. Titze, Prague 1822.
x. Isaac Monacho, 14th c.
x. Helias Charax
x. The prosody in the Harley codex
x. Grammaticus Ambrosian
x. Pseudo-Dracon, i.e. a treatise, peri metron poihtikon,
attributed to Dracon of Stratonicea but forged by Jacob
Diassorinos of Rhodes, a Greek, ca. 1550. Ed. G. Hermann 1812,
but ed. Koster, Tractatus,
x. the so-called Anecdota Chisiana, i.e.
Anecdota Chisiana de re metrica ed.et commentario instruxit, ed.
Guillaume Mangelsdorf (1876);
-------
x. Manuel Moschopulos, "peri metron"
Metrical scholia to this poet by Tzetze
x. Thomas Magister
Metrical scholia to this poet by Tzetze ?
Metrical scholia on Aristophanes by him
ed. W. J. W. Koster, Scholia in Aristophanis Plutum et Nubes,
vetera Thomas Magistri, Demetrius Triclinii nec non anonyma
recentiora partem inedita (1927)
x. Demetrius Triclinius, first part of the 14th c.
ed. Koster in Scholia in Aristophanis, 1927.
Metrical scholia to this poet by Tzetze ?
Metrical scholia on Aristophanes by him
See Raphael Sealey, "A Note on the Metrical Scholia to the
Agamemnon." CQ n.s. 5 (1955): 119-22.
x. Maximos Planudes, Peri grammaticos dialogos (ca. 1270-1305.
Ed. L. Bachmann, Anecdota graeca (1828), 3-101.
Tr. and discussion of a passage in M. J. Jeffreys' article on
Byz. political verse in Dumbarton Oaks Papers 28 (1974) 144-46
x. Eustathios,
Secondary:
A. Boeckh, Encyc. und Meth. d. phil. Wiss., 552n, 813 ff, 844 ff.
Westphal, "Die Tradition der alten Metriker." Philologus 20 (1863).
Discusses metron then surveys all the metra severally
Westphal and Gleditsch, Allgemeine Theorie der griechischen Metrik,
1887, chs. 3-4, esp.
Gleditsch, "Rhythmische und metrische Theorie der Alten." Metrik der
Griechen und Ro"mer, 3rd ed. 1901.
K. Krumbacher, "Metrik und Music," Gesch. Byz. Lit., 2d ed., 1897,
594-604
F. Susemihl, "Rhythmik und Metrik," Gesch. der griech. Lit. in
der Alexanderzeit, v. 2 (1892), 218-37.
F. Leo, "Die beiden metrischen Systeme des Alterthums," Hermes 24
(1889);
On older and younger theories in Latin grammarians
Gleditsch in Jahresberichte 1900, p. 3
Meyer, 3.130-40, 140-45--collects comments by ancient grammarians on
metre
Wilamowitz, "Die metrischen Theorien der Hellenen," Griechische
Verskunst, 1921, ch. 3;
ch. 4 is "Skizze einer Gesch. der griechischen Verskunst."
W. J. W. Koster, Traite, 4-9 gives a good sketch.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Classical Latin and Medieval Ars metrica
--------------------------------------------------------------------
i: Rhetoricians
Demetrius
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, On Literary Composition, 1st C. B.C.
tr. W. Rhys Roberts, 1910.
This is mainly on word order
Then see S. F. Bonner, The Literary Theories of D. of H., 1939.
The Critical Essays, ed. Stephen Usher, Loeb Library, 2 vols.
(1974, 1985).
He came up to Rome ca. 30 B.C.; see CHCL 1.643 ff.
Longinus
Horace, Ars poetica, 81-82
Cicero, De oratore 3.48, 3.176-77?; Orator 58
Quintilian, i.e. Aristides Quintilianus [ca. 90 A.D.] Institutio
oratoria. 1.10.22-33; 9.4 entire.
The seminal ancient text, to my mind. All the hardest questions.
-----. Aristidis Quintiliani de musica libri tres. ed. R. P.
Winnington-Ingram, 1963
D. A. Russell and M. Winterbottom, eds., Ancient Literary Criticism:
The Principal Texts in New Translations (1972)--Dionysus,
Diomedes, Demetrius, Longinus
Hardison, passim ?
ii: Grammarians
Varro (M. Terentius Varro, d. 29 B.C.)
ed. R. G. Kent, Loeb Classical Library
No complete Latin grammars survive from the 1st and 2nd cs. A.D. From
the 3rd c., Sacerdos is our oldest extant grammar and contains a
section on metric. After the 4th c., there is only imitation,
wholesale borrowing, or plagiarism.
KEIL collects the extant treatises from the 3rd to the 6th century,
though for Charisius the standard ed. is now that by Karl
Barwick, 1925.
The school of later grammarians and metrists who tried to derive all
the meters from the hexameter and trimeter.
Virgil the Grammarian
P. Lejay, "Le grammmarien Virgile et les rythmes latines." Revue
de philologie 19 (1895): 45-64.
See E. Voigt, "Ein unbekannte Lehrbuch der Metrik aus dem XI
Jahrhundert." Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft fur dt. Erzeihungs-
und Schulgesch. Ed. K. Kehrbach. Vol. 4., 1894. pp. 149-58.
Juba, last part of 2nd c. A.D.
A metrical handbook now lost but based on Heliodorus and used by
later Lat. metrists, esp. Marius Victorinus and Servius.
See Keil 3.420.
See Hense, De Iuba artigrapho, Leipzig 1875. Ritschl's Acta IV
Scriptores latini rei metricae, ed. Th. Gaisford, 1837.
One text in it is Boniface
Keil published several things before GL
: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: ::
: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
: : : : : : : : : : : : :
::::::: Keil, Grammatici latini :::::::
vol I:
Charisius, Arte grammaticae libri V, pp. 1-296
ed. Barwick, Leipzig 1925.
Diomedes, Artis grammaticae libri III (late 4th c.), pp. 299-529
De versuum generibus in Book III
Gerhard Schultz, "Uber das Capitel De Versuum generibus bei
Diomedes," Hermes 22 (1887);
A. Buchholtz, "Uber die Abhandlung de poematibus des
Diomedes," N Jahrb f Philol 155 (1897): 127-44.
G. Schultz, Quibus auctoribus Aeolius Festus Aphthonius de
re metrica usus sit. p. 27
vol. II:
Priscian, Institutionum grammaticarum libri XVIII,
Part I (to ch. 12)
vol. III:
Priscian, chs. 13-18
Priscian, De metris fabularum Terentii [The Meters of the Plays
of Terence] (6th c.), pp. 418-29
anonymous?, Partitiones duodecim versuum aeneidos principalium,
pp. 459-515
anonymous?, De accentibus [prose rhythm], pp. 519-28
vol. IV:
Probus, De arte grammatica libri
Donatus, Ars maior, Ars minor, pp. -455
Ars maior, Book I, iv, de pedibus
best ed. now Donat et l'enseignement grammaticale au Moyen
Age, ed. Louis Holtz, Paris 1981 -- check title
Servius, De centum metris, pp. 456-67
Servius, De metris Horatii (4th c.), pp. 468-72
vol. V:
Consentius, Ars grammatica
vol VI: Scriptores artis metricae
Marius Victorinus, Ars grammatica libri IIII (350 A.D.),
pp. 1-184
[Aphthonius taken over wholesale by Victorinus, pp. 31-173}
Maximus Victorius, De arte grammatica
Ars palaemonis ??
De metris et de hexametro versu,
pp. 206-15
Maximus Victorinus ??
De ratione metrorum, pp. 216-28
?? De finalibus metrorum, pp. 229-42
Caesius Bassus (attrib.), Fragmentum de metris (before 90 A.D.),
pp. 245-72
See s.v. "Bassus" in OCD: says the attribution is
apochryphal
See F. Leo, "Die beiden metrischen Systeme des Alterthums,"
Hermes 24 (1889); on older and younger theories in Latin
grammarians
misc. excerpts from grammars on metrics: Donatus fragment,
pp. 273-77
Atilii Fortuntiani ars (ca. 350 A.D.), pp. 278-304
Caesius Bassus (attrib) De metris Horatii, pp. 305-12
Breviatio pedum
De compositionibus
M. Consbruch's art. on C.B. in Pauly-Wissowa, 1313-15.
C. Ziwsa, "Des C. B. Bruchstuck 'De metris,'" Serta
Harteliana, Vienna 1896, 250-56.
Terentianus Maurus, De litteris de sillabis de metris libri tres
(end of 3rd c.), pp. 313-413
He is the first to show metrics by making examples not
explanation, ( cf. John Hollander latterly)
Marius Plotius Sacerdos, 3rd c., Ars grammatica libri tres,
pp. 415-546
Rufinus of Antioch,
Commentarii de metris comicorum et de numeris oratorum
(5th c.), pp. 554-78
Mallus Theodorus, Liber de metris, 4th c.?, pp. 579-601
Fragments and excerpts on metrics:
1. Fragment formerly attrib. Censorinus on music and meters
2. Five fragments De versibus, de finalibus, syllabis, de
structuris, de metris
3. Fragments De iambico metro, De rhythmo
4. six fragments: last one De epodo octosyllabo
5. Julius Severus, De pedibus expositio, De caesuris
6. fragment De pedibus
The fragment on p. 645 lines 25-35 has been identified by Vivien Law
as by Boniface
Bibliographic addenda for all these and others given in Mayor, Clue,
and in Hardison, ch.
vol. VII:
Audax, pp. 331-41.
: : : : : : : : : : : : :
: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: ::
Bacchius, sects. 98-101, mentioned by Maas (p. 6) as in van Jan p.
317
All the De metris Horatii O.B. talks about
Scholia to Horace
W. Christ, "Die Traktate uber die Metra und Gedichtarten des Horaz."
SB Bayerischen Akad, 1893, 80-82 only three p?
Boniface
Bonifatius (Vynfreth) Ars Grammatica, accedit ars metrica, ed.
George J. Gebauer and Bengt Lo"fstedt. CCSL, 133 B. 1980.
6th and 7th centuries:
Cassiodorus,
Cassiodori Senatoris Institutiones, ed. R.A.B. Mynors, 1963, p.
144 or 2.5.5
A book now on him--see card
the insular latin grammarians:
Aldhelm, Epistola ad Acircium, contains a short treatise wherein
Aldhelm boasts he was the first Englishman to study meters
Aldhelm: The Poetic Works, ed. Lapidge and Rosen.
Aldhelm: The Prose Works, ed.
M. Lapidge, article on OE infl.
Vivien Law, "The Study of Grammar in Ninth C. Northumbria."
Anglo-Saxon England
Bibl. in Mayor, Clue, 211; bibl for Bede 213
Bede, De arte metrica, in Migne, in Keil VII, 217-60,
ed. C. W. Jones and C. Kendall, CCSL, ( ) tr. in the
diss. of Ruby Davis, Cornell 1925 ?
Several articles on Bede
Murphy, 77-80
R. B. Palmer, "Bede as Textbook Writer," Speculum 34 1959.
Bede is the first to call the new poetry 'rhythmical';
good synopsis and discussion in J. W. H. Atkins, Eng. Lit. Crit.:
The Medieval Phase, 1943, 42-46.
B. Gldysz, "Elements classiques et post-classiques de l'oeuvre
de Bede De arte metrica" Eos 34 (1933);
Iacobus Nicholai de Dacia. Liber de distinccione metrorum.
ed. Aage Kabell, 1967.
A Danish clerk at Cambridge; this is perhaps the earliest known
literary production from the University.
32 Metra foll. by a long planctus in hexameters, the varieties
ranging from rhymed to rhymeless to pattern poems.
Niccolo Perotti, De generibus metrorum, 1453
De Horatii et Boethii metris, 1470
1429-1480; Italian 15th-c. Humanist,
the first one the most important prosody of the century?
See R. P. Oliver, N. P.'s Version of the Enchiridion of
Epictetus (1954), 147-48.
Conrad Celtis, Ars versificandi et carminum, 1486.
The first Med. Lat. metrical manual written in Germany;
he says in the preface that he learned from Rudolf Agricola, who
had studied in Italy, his sources were Perotti and three anon.
treatises, the Anecdota Chisiana,
See J. Leonhardt, "N.P. und die 'Ars versificandi' von Conrad
Celtis," Humanistica Lovaniensia 30 (1981): 13-18
Aldus Manutius, De metris Horatianis, mentioned by O.B.; publication
dates given in Boeckh
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Neo-Latin: Renaissance and After
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Johannes Despauterius, whose vast Commentarii grammatici (1510-20)
includes "an extensive Ars versificatoria."
Find this guy; is he in Ijsewijn above? Mentioned glancingly by
Hardison, 4, 102, as being mentioned by Palsgrave
Tixier, called Textor.
Hello.
See T. W. Baldwin
Julius Caesar Scaliger, Poetices libri septem, 1561, Book II, "Hyle"
[Matter?], which is 3 chapters of general commentary foll. by 54
chapters explaining Classical meters.
C. M. Dunn, "Scaliger and Metrical Theory," ____ (19 ):
La Statue et l'empreinte: La Poe'tique de Scaliger, ed. C.
Balavoine and Pierre Laurens. Paris, 1986.
There is a forthcoming Fr. tr. by P. Laurens
The metrists listed in J. Ijsewijn, Companion to Neo-Latin Studies
(1977), "Prosody and Metrics."
Henricus Smetius, 1599, 1615, the former still in use in the 19th c.
Dionysius Ronsfertus, 1614
Juan Caramuel Lobkowitz, 1653, 1663, 1665, 1668. Polish?
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Quantitative
--------------------------------------------------------------------
The whole quantitative movement was induced and fueled by
Humanism, in a deliberate rejection of the rhymes and rhythms of
medievalism and a return to the pure and august models of
Classical antiquity. In the vernaculars, equivalents had to be
found, no one understood clearly the concept of stress, much
less had any terminology with which to discuss it, and the
schools of course taught longs and shorts.
Vers mesure's a l'antique
Jean de la Taille, La maniere de faire des vers en francois, comme en
grec et en latin, 1573, critical edition ed. Pierre Han, 1970
Jean-Antoine de Bai"f, Etrenes de poezie fransoeze an vers mesure's,
1574
Klopstock
The 19th c. vogue for hexameters
Bridges
Secondary:
Surprisingly large literature, esp. Ben Park, Omond, Attridge:
list in Verseform
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Modern Classicists
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Bentley on Terence, Schediasmus 1726
Richard Porson
Elmsley
Henry Gally, A Dissertation against Pronouncing the Greek Language
according to Accents. 1754.
Also Gally's Cl. prosody
(John) Foster on Accent 1762, 1763, 1820
Gaisford 1837
(Mitford)
J. Nasmith, ed. Itineraria Symonis Simionis, et Willelmi de
Worcestre. Quibus accedit Tractatus de metro 1778.
A ms. on varieties of leonine rhyme; discussed by Croke
Samuel Horsley 17 read by Coleridge
(J Warner) 1797 M229
G. Hermann, De metris poetarum Graecorum et Romanorum, 1796.
Handbuch der Metrik, 1799.
Elementa doctrinae metricae, 1816.
He follows Hephaestion; Boeckh follows Aristoxenus
Hermann is the founder of the study of modern metrics (Koster)
A. Boeckh, Ueber die Versmasse des Pindaros 1809.
De metris Pindari libri III. 1811. and his ed., v. 1
E. Munk, Die Metrik der Griechen und Ro"mer. 1834.
Quicherat on Lat already in 12th ed by 1848
L. Müuller, De Re Metrica Poetarum . . . Latinorum 1861; rev. 1894.
all of 19th c. German Classical Philology
W. Meyer aus Speyer, Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur mittellateinischen
Rhythmik 3 v. 1905-36.
Gleditsch
W. Christ
all the derivationsmetric stuff--Usener ?
O. Schroeder, Horazens Versmasse. 1911.
Nomenclator metricus. 1929.
Grundriss 1930.
Whom Maas follows
Wilamowitz
P. Maas, Greek Metre, in Gercke-Norden, 1923, 2nd ed. tr. 1961, 1966
Hardie
W. J. W. Koster 1936; 4th ed. 1966
B. Snell, Griechische Metrik 1955; 3rd ed. 1962;
A. M. Dale
M. L. West, Greek Metre, 1982.
C. M. J. Sicking, Griechische Verslehre 1993 in Handbuch der Altertuns-
wissenschaft Abt. 2, teil 4.
SECONDARY
Books:
H. T. Peck, History of Classical Philology 1911.
J. E. Sandys History of Classical Scholarship 3rd ed., 3 v. 1921.
Wilamowitz, Hist. of Cl. Philol.
Hugh Lloyd-Jones, Blood for the Ghosts
K. Plenio, "W. Meyer aus Speyer," NJbb 39 (1917): 269-77.
********************************************************************
* *
* VERNACULARS *
* *
********************************************************************
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Celtic
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Thurneysen's list, 1912 78-89. L256, L258
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Italy
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Dante, De vulgari eloquentia, ca. 1303
Guido Stelle; text and discussion by C. Dionisetti, "Ragioni metriche
del Quattrocento," Giornale storico della letteratura 124
(1947): 1-34;
F. da Barberino, Documenti d'Amore. 1306-13.
Antonio da Tempo, Summa artis rithmici vulgaris dictaminis. 1332.
as Delle rime volgari ed. G. Grion 1869
ed. Richard Andrews, 19 .
F. Baratella, tr. and adaptation of da Tempo, Compendio dell'arte
ritmica (1447), Grion's ed. 210 ff.;
G. da Sommacampagna, Trattato de li rithimi volgari 1384.
Trissino, Poetica, 1529, pub. 1563
J. Mazzoni 1587
Muratori 6 vols. 1738-1742.
Mazzoleni 1750
Equicola
Giovenale Sacchi 1770 (used by Scoppa in FR)
Giovanni Mari, Riassunto e dizionarietto di ritmica italiana.
Turin, 1901. 159 pp.
SECONDARY:
The articles by Dionisotti and by Pernicone; BLOCK QUOTE from
Giamatti from Wimsatt
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Occitan
--------------------------------------------------------------------
The Catalan troubadour Raimon Vidal de Bresalu, Las Razos de trobar
[The Rules], ca. 1200; short and very dull;
The first extant vernacular effort to codify rules of Prov.; but
its subjects are morphology and grammatical faults; Raimon is
expounding the glories of Prov. to the Catalonians; he was a
Catalan.
M. Shapiro, DVE:DBE (1990) gives tr. (113-26) and commentary;
she argues these grammarians influenced Dante
all of them treat first grammar then metrics, esp. rhyme
Patterson 1.34.
Uc Faidit, Donatz provensals [The Provencal Donatus], ca. 1240 ;
this gives Lat. and Prov. grammar in facing columns
also disc. In Shapiro.
A recasting of Uc by Joifre' de Foix`a, Regles de trobar, and
another presumably also by him, De la doctrina de compondre
dictatz [On the Art of COmposing Poems], ca. 1290, tr. Shapiro
(127-31).
It cites very briefly the subject matter and stanza form for
each genre, and why it is called what it is called.
Raimon de Cornet de Saint Antonin, Doctrinal de trobar, ca. 1324,
in verse.
Las Leys d'amors, ed. Guilhem Molinier, 1356
as Las flors del gay saber estier dichas las leys d'amors,
ed. A. F. Gatien-Arnoult, 4 v. (1841-49);
Two prose versions and one verse
Secondary: "Provencal Versification" North British Review 53
(1871);
Other refs in Patterson 34n19, 37n20.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Northern French
---------------------------------------------------------------------
SECOND RHETORIC of the 15th C.
Second Rhetorics, i.e. prosody manuals, 15th century; Patterson dates
them from 1370 or 1392 (Deschamps) to 1539 (Gracien du Pont);
"second" rhet. was concerned with verse, while "first" was
concerned with prose.
E. Deschamps, L'Art de dictier, 1392 14th century;
really the first Northern French?
Machaut (1290-1377) the last to unite music and poetry
Patterson 1.84 ff.
E. Langlois, Recueil d'arts de seconde rhétorique (1902);
long Introduction and seven texts (with commentary):
--Jacques Le Grand, an essay "De rithmes et comment se dovient
faire" in his philosophy manual entitled L'Archiloge Sophie,
1405, which is a tr. from the Latin version, Archi....
cf. Patterson, I, 115-19,
--Anonymous, Les règles de la seconde rhétorique, 1411-52;
Patterson 1.119 ff.
--Baudet Herenc, Le Doctrinal de la seconde rhétorique, 1432;
Patterson 1.121-24
--Anonymous, Le Traité de l'art de rhétorique, 1450?; Patterson
1.124-26; Receuil and in its Intro; and in L's De artibus thesis
--Jean Molinet, L'Art de rhétorique vulgaire, 1492
--Anonymous, Traité de rhétorique
--Anonymous, L'Art et science de rhétorique vulgaire et
maternelle, an expansion of Molinet, 1524
--See commentary by Lote, 3.239-50; Patterson, 1.
--See Langlois's earlier thesis leading to the Recueil
*** *** Second Rhetorics by Grands Rhetoriqueurs *** ***
Jean Molinet, L'Art de rhétorique vulgaire, 1493
Patterson 1.142-50
Anonymous, L'Art de rhétorique pour rimer en plusieurs sortes de
rimes, 1495-1500, in verse, the first so since Machaut
Patterson 1.151
"L'Infortune," Regnaud Le Queux or Henry de Croy, Instructif de la
seconde rétorique, 1501, also in verse, in the anthology Le
Jardine de plaisance et fleur de rétorique
Patterson, 1.152-61; Lote, III, 250, text ed. E. Droz and A.
Piaget, 1910
Pierre de Fabri, Le grand et vray art de pleine rhétorique, Book 2:
L'art de rithmer
Patterson 1.161-72
six editions between 1521-1544
Patterson, I, 165
zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz
Pleiade Defenses
zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz
Thomas Sebillet, Art poe'tique francois, 1548, ed. F. Gaiffe, 1910
Joachim Du Bellay, Deffense et illustration de la langue francois,
1549, ed. Louis Terreaux, 1972
Jacques Peletier, Art poe'tique, 1555, ed. Andre Boulanger, 1930
Ronsard, Abbergé de l'art poétique francois, 1565, 1567, text in
vol. 2 of the Oeuvres completes, ed. Gustave Cohen, 1950
SECONDARY:
W. F. Patterson, Three Centuries of French Poetic Theory (1328-1630),
2 v., 1935;
Silver on Ronsard; Patterson (1.xii etc.) lists several standard
histories; Bray; the article
zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz
LATER FRENCH PROSODIES
zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz
Malherbe, 1605 ?
Claude Le Jeune 1606
Nicholas Rapin 1602, 1610
Port Royal Grammar and C. Lancelot, Quatre Traitex, 1650, 1660
used by Bysshe; see now Dwight Culler; see Taylor;
G. Colletet 1656
Du Teil 1659
P. Richelet, 1671
M. Morgues, 1685
A. La Croix 1694
Abbe d'Olivet 1717, 1736 used by Scoppa
Du Cerceau 1742
Claude Joannet 1752
J. F. Marmontel 1763
M. de Piis 1785
Nodier's dict. on onomatopoeias 1808
Antonio Scoppa 1811-1814 apparently pretty influential
See Z he used It. Sacchi 1770 and Fr. d'Olivet above
19th-C. ROMANCE PHILOLGY in Germany:
F. Diez ; G. Paris;
Quicherat MANY eds.
T. de Banville, Petit Traité de poésie française. 1872.
A. Tobler, Vom französischen Versbau alter und neuer Zeit. 1880;
5th ed. 1910. 2nd ed. tr. into French as Le Vers français
ancien et moderne 1885
Grammont is the standard authority of the early 20th c.
Elwert
Scott
SECONDARY:
Verrier
Thieme for bibl. and history
Patterson
Lote
Y. Le Hir, Esthétique et structure du vers français, d'après
les theoriciens du XVIe siècle à nos jours. 1956.
Mazaleyrat's bibl book
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Hebrew
---------------------------------------------------------------------
The Church Fathers on the form of Heb. verse made it Q
Tremellius ?
Franciscus Gomarus, Davidis lyra 1637. I have a xerox of this.
Isaac Vossius, 1673
SECONDARY:
I. Baroway L1599 et seq.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Germany
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Otfrid, Evangeleinbuch, ca. 863-71. very early
Joachim Burmeister, Musica poetica. 1606.
Applies traditional rhetorical terminology to compositional
styles.
Emmeram Eisenbeck, Die Hundert und vierdte Psalm Davidis inn Teutsche
Hexameter oder Heroicum carmen versetzt. 1617. M-Q?
M. Opitz, Buch von der deutschen Poeterey 1624 esp. ch. 7
Opitz set forth the Rules for Classicism in Germany just as
Malherbe did in France and in England;
-----See tertiary books listed by Kanzog in Reallex II p. 690,
esp. Wagenknecht 1971, Drux 1976
Weckherlin goes where?
Ludwig von Anhalt-Köthen, Kurtze Anleitung Zur Deutschen Poesi
oder Reim-Kunst mit ihren unterschiedenen Arten und Mustern
Reimweise verfertiget und vorgestellet. 1640.
Ph. von Zesen 1640
Johann Peter Titz, Zwey Bücher Von der Kunst Hochdeutsche Verse und
Lieder zu machen. 1641.
J. G. Schottel 1644
G. P. Harsdörffer 1648-53
Johann Henrich Hadewig, Wolgegründete teutsche Versekunst oder
Eine nützliche und ausfürliche Anleitung wi in unser
teutschen Muttersprache ein teutsches Getichte zirlich und ohne
Fehler könne gescrieben und verfertigt werden. 1660.
G. Neumark 1667
S. von Birken, Teutsche Rede-bind und Dicht-Kunst oder Kurze
Anweisung zur Teutschen Poesy. 1679.
T. Kornfeld 1685
M. D. Omeis, 1704
Christian Friedrich Hunold, Die allerneueste art, zur reinen und
galanten poesie zu gelangen. Allen edlen und dieser
wissenschaft geneigten gemühtern, zum vollkommenen
unterricht, mit überaus deutlichen regeln, und angenehmen
exempeln ans licht gestellt, von Menantes. 1707.
Johann Hubner, Neu-vermehrtes poetisches Hand-Buch; das ist, eine
kurtzgefaste Anleitung zur Deutschen Poesie, nebst einem
vollständigen Reim-Register, den Anfängern zum besten
zusammengetragen. 1712.
J. C. Gottsched, Versuch einer critischen Dichtkunst 1730, 1737,
1742, 1751, Vorübüngen der lateinischen und deutschen
Dichtkunst. 1756.
Sulzer, "Rhythmus," Allgemeinen Theorie der schönen Kunste. 1773.
a rhythmikoi
K. Ph. Moritz, Versuch einer deutschen Prosodie. 1786.
Klopstock, "Von der Nachahmung der griechischen Silbenmasse im
Deutschen," Preface to his Messias. 1755.
"Abhandlung vom Silbenmasse" 1764
"Vom dt. Hexameter" 1768, 1779
Grammatischen Gesprächen. 1793. think Coleridge knew this
Sämtl. sprachwiss. und äesthet. Schriften, ed. A. L. Back
and A. R. C. Spindler, 1830, v. 1
Kanzog in Reallex II 690
Schiller. See Kanzog, p. 688, 690
Aug. Wilhelm Schlegel, "Briefe über Poesie, Silbenmasse und
Sprache." 1795. in Schiller's Horen.
Goethe's stuff, all the Weimar Klassik
J. A. Eberhard, "Takt." Charaktere der vornehmsten Dichter aller
Nationen (Nachtrag zu Sulzers allgemeiner Theorie der shönen
KÜnst). 5 vols. 1792-1806. Vol. 1, pp. 45-48.
read by Coleridge at Göttingen in 1799.
J. H. Voss, Zeitmessung der deutschen Sprache. 1802.
A Rhythmici
Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm, eds. Die beiden ältesten deutschen
Gedichte . . . Das Lied von Hildebrand und Hadubrand und das
Weissenbrunner Gebet zum erstenmal in ihrem Metrum. 1812.
Jakob Grimm, "Zur altdeutschen Metrik." Altdeutsche Wälder 1
(1813): ca. 190 ff.
Friedrich August Gotthold, Deutsche Verskunst und einige Mängel
derselben. 1813.
[Johann] August Apel, Metrik. 2 vols. 1814-16; 2nd ed. 1834.
A Rhythmici
F. H. Bothe, Grundzüge der Metrik. 1816.
K. B. Garve, Der deutsche Versbau. 1827.
Karl Lachmann
became Professor at Berlin in 1827
Germanic Philology begins with Lachmann
Über die Leiche der dt. Dichter des 12. und 13. Jhs. 1829.
Über das Hildebrandslied. 1833.
Über Singen und Sagen. 1833, 1835.
Über althochdeutsche Betonung und Verskunst. 1831, 1834.
All in Kleinen Schriften. 1876.
The rules for the Vierhebungstheorie first in 1844
This was lies 19th-c. Ger Philology
-----See Hendricus Sparnaay, Karl Lachmann als Germanist. 1948.
pp. 131-442.
THE POETS:
Hölderlin, "Über die verschiedenen Arten zo dichten." "Wechsel
der Töne" [an article or merely a schema?] and "Über den
Unterschied der Dichtarten." 18. Werke, ed. Fr. Beissner,
1961. 4.228-32, 238-40, 266-72.
Kanzog gives tertiary books in Reallex II p. 690
Nietzsche
Arno Holz, Die Kunst, ihr Wesen und ihre Gesetze. 1891.
Revolution der Lyrik. 1899.
Bertolt Brecht on free rhythms
Caspar Poggel, Grundzüge einer Theorie des Reimes und der
Gleichklänge mit besonderer Rüchsicht auf Goethe. 1834.
J. Minckwitz, Lehrbuch der deutschen Verskunst oder Prosodie und
Metrik. 1843.
Wilhelm Karl Grimm, "Zur Geschichte des Reims" [1852]; rpt in his
Kleinere Schriften. 1887. Vol. 4, pp. 125-341.
Fr. Zarncke, Professor at Leipzig 1858; Sievers was one of his
students?
E. Brücke Die physiologischen Grundlagen der mhd. Verskunst. 1871.
So begins all the physiological/Schallanalyse/experimental
psych/acoustics/phonetics.
Eduard Sievers,
Professor at Leipzig 1892
He did work on OHG, OE, ON, Hebrew, Schallanalyse,
-----See G. Ungeheuer, "Die Schallanalyse von Sievers." ZfMda
31 (1964): 97-124.
Jakob Minor, Nhd Metrik. 1893, 2nd ed. 1922.
Professor at Vienna 1884.
Fr. Saran, Dt. Verslehre. 1907.
Professor at Erlangen 1913 ; controversy with Heusler
H. Paul
Paul Habermann
Andreas Heusler
Professor at Berlin 1913, Basel 1920.
Über germ. Versbau. 1894.
Deutsche und antiker Vers. 1917.
Deutsche Versgeschichte. 1925-29.
-----See reviews and later appraisals listed by Kanzog in
Reallex II, "Vers,..." article, p. 685.
Ulrich Pretzel, "Deutsche Verskunst" in Deutsche Philologie im
Aufriss, ed. W. Stammler, 2nd ed. 1962, 3.2327-2466.
Paul and Glier, 8th ed. 1970
W. Jost 1976
D. Breuer 1981
C. Wagenknecht 1981
POLISH Polish: 1781, 1818, 1821
SECONDARY:
Atkins
C. Beyer, "Deutsche Prosodik," Deutsche Poetik 3rd ed. I think
(1911). pp. 216-60.
R. Schmidt, Deutsche Ars Poetica: Zur Konstituierung einer
deutschen Poetik aus humanistischem Geist im 17. Jahrhundert.
Meisenheim am Glan: A. Hain, 1980. 544 pp.
All of Part 1, pp. 54-166: [The Development of Prosody and
Metrics in German Poetics in the First Half of the 17th C.].
Karl Borinski. Deutsche Poetik. Stuttgart, 1895; 4th rev. ed. 1916.
Part III, "Metrik."
H. Paul in Paul's Grundriss.
Habermann's "Metrik" article in Reallex 1st ed.
Kanzog in Reallex II "Vers, ..." article
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Scandinavian
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Andreas Arvidi 1651 the first Swedish Ars poetica
11 17th-c. prosodies, ed. Arnholtz, Dal, and Kabell, 3 v. 1953-60.
See now SCAND
--------------------------------------------------------------------
England
--------------------------------------------------------------------
In ME there is literally nothing
Ascham
Gascoigne
Puttenham
Webbe
Campion
Daniel
17th-c. grammars such as Gill
Bysshe
Say
Pemberton
Tyrrwhitt
Romantics all follow Steele;
Rise of OE/ME Philology in Germany: R. Sievers;
and in England: EETS, Skeat,
amateurs: Omond, Saintsbury,
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Spain
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Julian of Toledo, a 7th-century Spanish bishop.
Ars Iuliani Toletani Episcopi: Una gramática latina de la España
visigoda. ed. M. A. H. Yenes, 1973.
his grammar has three metrical sections in Y's ed.:
136-52 (is Max. Victorinus' De Finalibus),
153-62 ("De Pedibus"),
222-40 ("Conlatio de Generibus Metrorum").
Aldhelm used it (Law).
Antonio de Nebrija, Grammatica castellana
Juan del Encina, "Arte de poesia castellana"
Ren
18th c.
Fr. Diez
19th c.
Navarro
See now Clarke, bibliographies and study
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Russian
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Begins only in the 18th c.: the collection by
Rus. Formalism flowering in the 1910s and 1920s; suppressed by Stalin
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Arabic
--------------------------------------------------------------------
The medieval writer discussed in Elwell-Sutton and in PEPP "Ar. Po."
Samuel Clarke 1661
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INDO-EUROPEAN and SANSKRIT
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Not discovered until the late 18th c.
J. D. Rhys 1592 L249
Manwaring 1737 M130 ??
Oriental Jones
C. P. Brown 1827 cited in the old ed. of PEPP: I finally tracked this
down.
Meillet 1923
Discussed by Peabody in The Winged Word
Parry
Jakobson on Slavic
Watkins on Celtic
Pighi ? M161
Panini:
Discussed in W. S. Allen
Astadhyayi of Panini, tr. S. M. Katre. Texas, 198 .
********************************************************************
* *
* RHYTHMICI *
* *
********************************************************************
Timers are of two stripes: musical or nonmusicalbutstilltemporal.
The rise of Cl. Philology in the 18th c. only confounded the issues;
acoustic phonetics in the 19th.
But there are internal contradictions.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Classical Greek and Latin
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Die Fragmente und der Lehrsätze der griechische Rhythmiker, ed. R.
Westphal (1861);
Aristoxenus of Tarentum, fl. 3d c. B.C.: pupil of Aristotle but
passed over for head of the Lyceum.
---Rhythmics
Aristoxenos von Tarent. Melik und Rhythmik des classischen
Hellentums, ed. R. Westphal and F. Saran, 2 v. (1883-93);
Aristoxeni Rhythmica (1959), ed. and tr. G. B. Pighi-- 4
fragments, I think.
See C. von Jan's art. in Pauly-Wissowa, 1057-63
See Gleditsch in Jahresberichte, 1900, p. 3
Die Schule des Aristoteles, vol. 2, Aristoxenus, ed. and comm.
F. Wehrli. 2nd ed. 1967.
Aristoxenus: , ed. Lionel Pearson. 1990.
---Harmonics
The Harmonics of Aristoxenus. Ed., tr., and intro. Henry S.
Macran. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1902. 303 pp. 93-p. Intro.
Text Bks. I, II, III; Tr. Bks. I, II, III.
Aristoxeni elementa harmonica. ed. R. da Rios. 1954.
Secondary:
Rossbach, Griechische Rhythm.... 1854.
R. Westphal, Griechische Rhythmik. 1885.
Westphal's 2 v. ed. of Aristoxenus, v. 2, 134 ff.
W. S. Allen, Accent and Rhythm, p. 96 ff.
C. F. Abdy Williams, The Aristoxenian Theory of Musical Rhythms 1911.
Pseudo-Plutarch, De musica
ed. H. zur Jacobsmülen, 1886.
ed. F. Lasserre 1954.
G. Studemund, "Pseudo-Plutarchus de metro heroico," Philologus 46
Plutarque, "De la musique". ed. and tr. F. Lasserre. 1954.
Augustine, De musica (389 A.D.)
Augustinus: De musica libri sex. ed. G. Ginaert and F. J.
Thonnard. 1947.
A late conflation of the two traditions.
W. F. J. Knight, St Augustine's "De Musica": A Synopsis (1949),
with review by Blackmur
See also:
Greek Musical Writings. vol. 1, The Musician and His Art. ed. A.
Barker. 1984.
M. L. West, Ancient Greek Music. 1992.
------------------------------------------------------------------
Modern Rhythmici (Temporalists)
------------------------------------------------------------------
CLASSICISTS
Boeckh, De metris Pindari, 18.
Surely he must have read or known Steele.
Westphal, all of his work.
Who interpreted Aristoxenus, then used him as the basis for his
own theory of the rhythm not only of ancient Greek but also of
modern music, which he assimilated or conflated with those of
ancient Greek by analogy.
Christ
Kolar
Del Grande
VERNACULARS
J. Steele 1770?; 1775
G. F. Nott
Voss and Apel in Germany
E. Guest
S. Lanier
T S Omond
A. Heusler 1925-29?
*******************************************************************
* *
* RHETORIC: MEDIEVAL LATIN *
* *
*******************************************************************
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Ars poetria: Medieval Latin ars rhythmica: 12th-13th Cs.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Treatises on how to write late Medieval Latin rhythmical verse: these are
the Artes poetriae, and mix rhetoric and prosody; some discuss
prosody considerably, others not at all.
"During a period of about 75 years beginning in 1175, European
grammar masters composed six Lat. treatises giving direction to
writers of verse and prose. The term Arts of Poetry is often
applied collectively to these works, esp. since the appearance
of Faral's Les arts poétiques in 1924. Faral noted the
influence of Circeronian rhet. in several of them, notably the
Poetria nova of Geoffrey of Vinsauf. Later scholars like Manly
and Atkins simply called these authors 'rhetoricians'. . . It
might be noted also that a number of vernacular arts of poetry
appeared in the 14th and 15th cs., works like the Provençal
Las Leys d'Amors or the Castilian El arte de trobar. (These are
to be described by Douglas Kelly in a forthcoming volume of the
Typology of Sources series). Murphy, bibl., 104-5.
Rhetores latini minores, ed. C. Halm (1863, rpt. 1964)
I didn't find much.
Matthew of Vendome, Ars versificatoria, before 1175
The Art of Making Verse; tr. A. E. Galyon 1980, tr. R. Parr,
next to nothing on prosody except swipes at leonine.
Geoffrey of Vinsauf, Poetria nova, ca. 1202,
The New Poetics. Tr. J. B. Kopp in Three Medieval Rhetorical
Arts, ed. J. J. Murphy (1971); tr. N. F. Nims, Toronto (1967).
Documentum de arte dictandi et versificandi
Eberhard the German of Béthune, Laborintus ca. 1213, in unrhymed
l.v.; text and commentary in Faral; Patterson 1.17.
John of Garland, Parisiana poetria de arte prosaica, metrica, et
rithmica, ch. 7, Ed. and tr. Traugott Lawler, Yale 1974.
Patterson 1.18-19
M283 Mari, Giovanni, ed. "Poetria magistri Johannis anglici de
arte prosayca, metrica et rithmica." Romanische Forschungen 13
(1902): 883-965.
E. Faral, Les arts poétiques du XIIe et du XIIIe siècles, 1924.
biographies, works and attributions, synopses, analyses,
Matthieu de Vendome, Ars versificatoria, text
Geoffroi de Vinsauf, Poetria nova, text
ibid., Documentum de modo et arte dictandi et versificandi text
Gervais de Merkley, Ars versificaria, ca. 1213
Everhard the German, Laborintus text
John of Garland, Parisinia poetria
three minor works
Eight treatises coll. by G. Mari, I trattati medievale di ritmica
latina (1899):
7 of the 8 are from the latter 13th c. and the eighth from ca.
1400; Dreves (Analecta hymnica, v. 5, Vorwort, p. 12) says
there are many more still in ms. [Honour, 1.104.i-vi].
1. Il dettame ritmico, pp. 11-16
2. Rifacimento di Maestro Sion, pp. 17-22
3. Redazioni dell'Arsenale, pp. 23-27
4. Regole intorno ai ritmi, pp. 28-34
5. L'"Arte" di Giovanni di Garlandia, pp. 35-80
--This is John's ars rithmica, corresponding to Lawler,
at the end of which he lists 44 types of stanza forms.
6. Il Libro IV del "Laborintus", pp. 81-90
Eberhard of Bethume
Eberhard lists 28 types of stanzaforms
7. Breve "Arte" de Monaco, pp. 91-94
8. Trattato di Nicolò; Tibino, pp. 95-115
Sect. 3 (pp. 112-14) tr. J. M. Berdan, Early Tudor Poetry,
136-38; this is the Tractatus de rithmis vel rithmorum magistri
Tybini, 14th c.
Mari analyzes the terminology used in these treatises in his
article "Ritmo latino e terminologia rithmica medievale,"
(below)
Alexander de Ville Dei, Doctrinal
ed. Reichling, 1893.
extracts in Thurot.
"Alexander de Villa Dei, a friar monk of Dole in France, in 1209
wrote a metrical grammar called Doctrinale puerorum, the rules
of which were taken from Priscian. First printed Venice, 1437.
(Croke)
Paul von Camaldoli, or Paul the Deacon
Warnefrid of Monte Cassino ?
Introductiones de notitia versificandi.
extracts by Thurot; Manitius 3.183
An anonymous rhetorical miscellany from Toulouse, mid 15th c.,
containing seven parts, the seventh, an ars praedicandi,
containing a "De Rithimorum Formacione" which gives examples and
commentary text in Latin but terms in Spanish--the first
treatise on Sp. versification, albeit indirectly. C. Faulhaber,
"Medieval Sp. Metrical Terminology and MS 9589 of the Biblioteca
Nacional, Madrid," RPh 33 (1979);
An anonymous De cognitione metri ed. by H. Hoffmann, Altdeutsche
Blätter (1836) and (another ms.) by F. Zarncke, "Zwei
mittelalterliche Abhandlungen über den Bau rhythmischer
Verse," Berichte über die Verhandlungen der königlich-
sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig,
philologisch-historische Klasse, 23 (1871), 34 ff; cf Meyer 1.80
ff; in Mari ?
A "Consideration rithmorum" in Alberic of Monte Cassino's Breviarium
de dictamine; appended to
O. J. Blum, "Alberic of Monte Cassino and the Hymns and Rhythms
Attributed to Saint Peter Damian," Traditio, 12 (1956): 87-148;
a 9th c. treatise on music: see Lote, 1.48;
An anonymous "Hic notatur multe differentie et species versuum"
printed by Huemer in Wiener Studien 4 (1882)--on varieties of
rhymed hexameters;
A scrap of an Ars rithmicandi ed. by Wright and Haliwell, Reliquae
Antiquae, 1841, I,30-32 and rpt. by Thurot, 453 ff ? and by
Zarncke;
Peter Helias, extracted Thurot, mentioned Raby, sect. in Manitius.
Another little one
ed. Ch. Fierville, Une grammaire latine inedite du XIII
siècle, 1886
Check cf. Thurot 453-57
-----------
SECONDARY LITERATURE:
Commentary on medieval rhythmical vs. metrical verse:
Transition from Med. Lat. to Vernaculars:
L. A. Muratori, Dissertatio de rhythmica veterum poesi (1740), rpt.
Migne, PL, 151.755 ff;
G. Paris, Lettre à M. León Gauthier sur la versification latine
rythmique (1866);
M. Kawczynski, Essai comparatif, 1889.
U. Ronca, Metrica e ritmica latina nel medio evo, parte prima: Primi
monumenti ed origine della poesia ritmica latina (1890);
C. M. Lewis, The Foreign Sources of Modern English Versification,
1898
J. J. Schlicher, The Origin of Rhythmical Verse in Late Latin (1900).
G. Mari, "Ritmo latino e terminologia ritmica medievale," Studi di
filologia romanza 8 (1901): 35-88. M282 Meyer, coll. essays
1905, 1936 Check 3.140 ff
H. O. Taylor, The Mediaeval Mind 3d ed. (1919), chs. 32-33;
E. H. Sturtevant, "Commodian and Medieval Rhythmic Verse," Language 2
(1926);
E. S. Sheldon, "Some Remarks on the Origin of Romance Versification,"
Kittredge Anniversary Papers
H. Vroom, Le psaume abécédaire de saint Augustin et la poésie
latine rhythmique (1933);
M. G. Nicolau, "Les deux sources de la versif. latine accentuelle,"
ALMA 9 (1934);
T. B. Rudmose-Brown, "Some Med. Latin Metres: Their Ancestry and
Progeny." Hermathena 53 (1939)
Raby on Commodian's rhythmical verse in Christian 11 ff; long bibl.
463-64.
W. Beare Latin Verse and European Song 1957
M. Burger, Recherches sur la structure et l'origines des vers romans
(1957);
D. Norberg, La Poésie latine rythmique du haut moyen âge 1954,
Introd. à l'étude de la versification latine médiévale
1958.
Curtius, pp.
R. L. Crocker, "Musica Rhythmica and Musica Metrica in Antique and
Medieval Theory," Jour. Music Theory 2 (1958);
Paul von Winterfeld, "Zur Gesch. der rhythmischen Dichtung,"
Strecker-Palmer: K. Strecker, Intro. to Med. Lat. Tr. and supp. R.
B. Palmer. 2nd. ed. 1963.
J. J. Murphy, "Ars poetriae: Preceptive Grammar, or the Rhetoric of
Verse-Writing," Rhetoric in the Middle Ages (1974)--not very
good
O. B. Hardison, Prosody and Purpose in the English Renaissance. 1989.
******************************************************************
* *
* COMPARATIVE *
* *
******************************************************************
Juan Caramuel Lobkowitz, Bishop of Toledo???
Muratori
Mitford
Scoppa?
E. Du Meril
Westphal
Sievers
Parry
Beare
La Driere, "The Comparative Method in the Study of Prosody."
Kurylowicz
Pighi
Jakobson
Gasparov, M. L. Ocherk istorii evropeiskogo stikha 1989
A History of European Versification, Tr. Tarlinskaja
and Smith 1996.
Manwaring, Edward. Stichology: or, a Recovery of the Latin,
Greek, and Hebrew Numbers. Exemplified in the Reduction of all
Horace's Metres, and the Greek and Hebrew Poetry. London: the
Author, 1737; 2nd ed. 1738.
Pighi, G. B. Studi di ritmica e metrica. Turin, 1970.
Ars poetica
HORATIAN
The very idea of an ars poetica derives from Aristotle, and
after him Horace: Plato's (derogatory) view of poetry is that it
is wholly inspired, a gift of the Muses, so no art is necessary:
the poet is a mere mouthpiece. Aristotle and even more so Horace
would never had bothered writing accounts of the art of poetry
if they believed that teaching on this matter was impossible.
Aristotle was lost to the Middle Ages, during which time it is
Horace who exerts the primary influence. In the late Renaissance,
however, with the recovery and translation of texts of Aristotle, comes
what Herrick rightly calls the fusion of the Horatian and
Aristotelian poetics: the Renaissance believes both in craft and in
inspiration. And the momentous transition from Medieval Latin to the
vernaculars creates a felt demand for accounts of how to write
poetry now in each mother tongue.
M. F. Nims, Margaret F. "Ars poetica." In A Dictionary of the Middle
Ages. Ed. Joseph R. Strayer. 13 vols. (New York, 1982- ). Vol.
I (1982), 553-555.
Nims, Margaret F. "Translatio: 'Difficult Statement' in Medieval
Poetic Theory." University of Toronto Quarterly 43 (1974): 215-
30.
P. Leyser, Historia poetarum et poematum medii aevi (1721),
Collection of texts now largely superseded by Faral 1924.
W. B. Sedgwick, "Style and Vocabulary of the Lat. Arts of Poetry of
the 12th and 13th Cs.," Speculum 3 (1928)--incl. Index to Faral.
W. F. Boggess, "Aristotle's Poetics in the 14th C.," SP 67 (1970).
Lawler, Traugott F. "John of Garland and Horace: A Medieval Schoolman
faces the Ars poetica. Classical Folia 22 (1968): 3-13.
Dahan, Gilbert. "Notes et textes sur la poátique au moyen age."
AHDLM 47 (1980): 171-239.
Haidu, P. "Repetition: Mod. Reflections on Medieval Aesthetics." MLN
92 (1977): 875-87.
Cicero, Marcus Tullius. De inventione, De optimo genere oratorum,
Topica. Tr. Harry M. Hubbell. Harvard University Press, 1949.
Cicero's De inventione was known during the Middle Ages as his
"Old Rhet." or "First Rhet." while the pseudo-Ciceronian
Rhetorica ad Herennium was called his "New Rhet." or "Second
Rhet."
Arbusow, Leonid. Colores rhetorici: Eine Auswahl rhetorischer Figuren
und Gemeinplätze als Hilfsmittel für akademische übungen
an mittelalterlichen Texten. Göttingen, 1948.
Attempts to provide a systematic analysis of Lat. colores but
his book is poorly organized. See the review by Luitpold Wallach
in Speculum 24 (1949): 416-18. Cf. Lausberg.
From old PEPP entry "Epic":
In the It. Renaissance, Vida celebrates Virgil rapturously in
his Ars poetica (1527). Though the subject of this work is
heroic verse (carmen heroicum, it is not really theoretical;
Vida's practical advice to poets largely derives from Horace and
Quintilian. Theoretical discussion of the e. did not begin until
the rediscovery of Aristotle's Poetics. There was no wide
knowledge of the work until the Gr. text was printed (1508) and
translations into Lat. (1498, 1536) and It. (1549) had appeared.
Trissino's Poetica (1528-63), citing important passages from
Aristotle as criteria, began a discussion of the achievement of
It. literature to date. His Italia liberata (1547) is modeled on
Homer and written in It. in blank verse (versi sciolti).
ADD NOW on the Gradus tradition
Ren. Latin phrasebooks:
Flores poetarum
Tixier, a.k.a. Ravisius Textor, Epithetorum epitome. London, 1595.
-----. Epitheta. Geneva 1612. Mentioned by Shakespeare, I think.
Sylva synonymorum
Smetius, Prosodia
Joannes Buchler, Thesaurus phrasium poeticarum. Amsterdam, 1671.
Prosodies (see Dwight Culler's article, 859):
Georgius Fabricius, De re poetica libri IIII. Antwerp, 1595.
Georgius Sabinus, "De carminibus ad veterum imitationem artificiose
componendis praecepta perutilia" in Textor 1595
"De prosodia" in Textor, Book 4. 1612.
Jacobus Pontanus, Reformata poeseos institutio in Buchler
An abridgement of the above, "De poesi breviculum" in Novus
synonymorum
Addenda and Corrigenda
----------------
Item:
ChangedTo:
Name:
SubDate:
----------------
Item:
ChangedTo:
Name:
SubDate:
----------------
Item:
ChangedTo:
Name:
SubDate:
----------------