Alfred Joseph (Gisdewe)

Length of interview:  1:42:56
Translation by Mabel Forsythe, Lillian Morris and Sharon Hargus.
Transcription by Sharon Hargus.
LM: (to SH) 

1. Lha'dïndzin?
   you're ready
   'Are you ready?'

2. SH: mi'

LM:

3. Nts'ëwh,nts'ëwhiydiklhinïzïnye?
   wherewhereaboutsupyou grew up
   'Where were you raised?'

4. AJ: huh?

LM:

5. Nts'ëwhiydiklhinïzïnye?
   whereaboutsupyou grew up
   'Where were you raised?'

AJ:

6. Tsë Cakh
   Hagwilget.
   'Hagwilget'

LM:

7. Tsë Cakh
   Hagwilget.
   'Hagwilget'

SH:

8. Niwhilh newilnic.
   tell us about it
   'tell us about it'

LM:

9. 'Etwik'inewtalnic.
   thatyou're going to talk about it
   'You're going to talk about it.'

10. AJ: oh.

11. gllYinkadinï'k'in'a?
    Indianin
    'in Witsuwit'en?'

LM:

12. mi'yicnk'in'akinic
    yesyouin your languagelanguage
    'yes, in your own language'

13. AJ: oh

14. SH: mi'

15. AJ: I don't know, I been studying too many, reading too many different

16. books. I might come up with Haida or Tsimshian.

17. SH: that's okay

18. AJ: well, uh

19. Tsë Cakh'etts'iyewh,eldersso'ts'iyewhgents'eyikhoozdlï.
    Hagwilgetthereallreallyallhereright herethey were born
    'All the elders were born at home in Hagwilget.'

20. So' nduhospitalts'iweetisdïtl.
    notthey don't go to
    'They didn't go to the hospital.'

21. SilhtsenBert'ennyeghBïwinïcëkhozdlï.
    my brotherhethereOwen R.mouthwas born
    'My brother Bert was born at the outlet of Owen R.'

22. mouth of Owen Creek

23. Tl'its'akë'elhghints'akuhibileghhibinursehinlï.
    andwomanone personwomenhelping themtheir nurseshe is
    'There was a lady who helped delivered the babies, like a nurse.'

24. Yin k'ë- k'ëniwhilïhso'ts'iyewh'ikw'isTsë Cakhwit'ents'iyewh.
    she delivers us (babies)reallyallalmostHagwilgetpeopleall
    'She delivered nearly all of us in Hagwilget.'

25. Phillip Austinbi'at,Lozalïhiyilhnï.
    his wifeRosaliethey called her
    'She was Phillip Austin's wife, named Rosalie.'

26. Tl'igenk'ayyeghcën,cëntabïwinïnic,c'olilh,April, May'ohiy yegh.
    andherenowtheresummerreallyit was funspringtimearound then
    'In the summer there was lots of fun here, in the spring around April and May.'

27. Lhokabout mid-May'ohiy yeghggïsnedlikh.
    fisharound thenspring salmonruns
    'Around mid-May the spring salmon would run.'

28. Tl'igenwit'ents'iyewh'ikw'ists'iyewh,ts'iyewhhinïsgen,'ikw'ists'iyewh.
    andherepeopleallalmostallthey became oldalmostall
    'Nearly all the people that lived here lived to an old age.'

29. 'ElhghinNechiyilhnï100 yearswi'inlic'indzin.
    one personthey call herpastmaybeshe is
    'One named Nec was maybe over 100 years old.'

30. Johnny Davidone hundred years old'ohiy yegh'et 'awitwelew silï'.
    around thenthenhe died
    'Johnny David was about 100 years old when he passed away.'

31. 'En'awso'dinï tiydiweut'ën.
    hebutold manhe didn't look like
    'Still, he didn't look like an old man.'

32. So'nilggeyhtl'iso'yelhdic.
    wellhe's running aroundandwellhe's talking
    'He was running around good and talking good.'

33. Gen'enwih'etdeendzïn'.
    herehetoothusthey were
    'People here were like that too.'

34. So''aw,so'hibibirthdaywits'oolhye'.
    butnottheir birthdaythey didn't know
    'But no one knew when their birthday was.'

35. 'Ikw'ists'iyewhbirth-so''elhghinbirthday partyweylïl.
    almosteveryonenotone personit wasn't
    'No one had a birthday party those days.'

36. GginhibidisnïPeter William,Dziknists'itnï'in,Peter Williambitsets,weos'ën'.
    that personI call themdeceasedhis grandfatherhe's blind
    'The late Dziknis, Peter William's grandfather, was blind.'1

37. Bighu'ey'awitso'ts'iyewh'awit'etdïndzin,'awiy,ts'iyewhïnzez.
    his teethitstillwellallnowthusit isonlyallworn out
    'He still had all his teeth and that sort of thing but they were all worn out.'

38. Bigums'awiylhay'awezih'et ho'ints'iy'awit'ohc'i'alh.
    his gumsonlymanyonlynonethelessnowthathe's eating
    'Nonetheless he ate with just his gums.'

39. So'bighubilh wec'ilhts'itlwighiyewelhdic.
    his teethit didn't achehe didn't talk about
    'He didn't complain about tooth ache.'

40. Ggin'enweos'ën'disnï,hundred yearswi'inlic'ëndzïn'.
    that personhehe's blindI saypastmaybehe was
    'As I said, he was blind and over 100 years old maybe.'

41. C'ide'so'nïdowelew.
    in the pastwhite peoplethere are none
    'There were no white people around.'

42. 'Ohwik'inewilnic,nts'ën'ande'wit'enïhibilhëëdilh,Lhts'imsanïdik'isHaidalic'aat'ah.
    thathe talked about ithowdownriverpeoplethey fought themTsimshianormaybethey do
    'He talked about how they fought with the Haida and Tsimshian.'

43. 'Ohlictl'ëtwik'iniwhilh newilnic.
    thatmaybenighthe told us about it
    'He told us about that at night maybe.'

(Wilfred comes in the front door)

44. Tl'iso'pensionwihweylïh.
    andnottoothere isn't
    'And there weren't any pensions.'

45. So'ts'iyewh'etdeendzinpensionweylïh.
    allthusthey arethere isn't
    'Not a single one had a pension.'

(knock on door)

46. 'ElhghingwahC'olugitbi'at'enwihtabïts'ëtiynï'west'ën'silï'.
    one personhis wifehertooreallyold ladyshe can't work (around the house)she became
    'C'olugit's wife was really old and she couldn't do things any more.'2

47. "NazBen"hiyilhnï,Art Seymourbine'.
    his motherthey called herhis mother
    'They called her "Naz Ben", Arthur Seymour's mother.'

48. 'Enwihso'n---nurseyighiweylïh.
    shetoodidn't look after her
    'No nurse looked after her.'

49. So'mbïyighiweylïh.
    no onedidn't look after her
    'No one looked after her.'

50. Ngginïbizkaku'inï'awilhyïzdic'atsnaadïlh.
    those peopleher childrenpeople way outalwayson the territorythey're going
    'Her children were always out on the territory.'

51. 'Adic zih'ohwit'iy.
    by herselfaround thereshe lives
    'She lived alone there.'

(Wilfred knocks on Dora's door)

52. Gginïbïlk'ën'awilhyïzhiyts'ik'inedilh.
    thoseher relativesalwaysthey visited her
    'Her relatives visited her to help her.'

53. Hiyibecooknlï.
    they for heris
    'They cooked for her.'

54. Lidïhiybe'inelh'iyh.
    teathey for herwould make
    'They made tea for her.'

LM:

55. Nts'ëhot'iy'?
    whereshe lived
    'Where did she live?'

AJ:

56. ggitCas Yikhhiwitnï
    thereGrizzly Housethey call it
    'there at what they call Grizzly House'

57. C'olugitbiyikhwico'etwit'iy.
    his housebigthereshe lives
    'She lived at C'olugit's big house.'

58. K'ayggitHerb Wilson'etwit'iy.
    nowtheretherehe lives
    'Herb Wilson lives there now.'

59. 'Etwik'ëtsniggityikhhoncaghtl'i'awilhyïzc'ika'aat'ah'engganiklhc'itne-deneentne,yikhwiyez.
    thatafteruphill at placehousebigandalwaysthey're trappingbecause of ituphill theredifferent placethey moved insidehousesmall
    'Because they were always trapping they moved into a smaller house later.'

(Wilfred leaves the house)

60. SeymourCo'enbi'at,Big Seymourhiyilhnï,C'olugit,ïnlï'.
    bighimhis wifethey called himshe was
    'She was the wife of C'olugit, Big Seymour.'

61. 'Enk'ayLake Kathlyn'ethot'iy'.
    shenowthereshe lived
    'She lived at Lake Kathlyn.'

62. 'Ethibiyin''etsi'ay.
    theretheir territorythereit is
    'Their territory is there.'

63. Tl'igginDziknists'itnï'inweos'ën'bidisnï'en,bitsë'yizuh ïnde'.
    andthat persondeceasedhe's blindI sayhehis daughterhe lived with her
    'The daughter of the late Dziknis, the blind man I was talking about earlier, is who he (Big Seymour) lived with (his wife).'

64. Lake Kathlynhiwit'iy,k'aygginï'en'awitnetnïzeh.
    they residenowthose peoplehe/shenowtwo peoplejust
    'They lived at Lake Kathlyn.'

65. OldDziknists'itnï'in'entabïlhk'unlï.
    deceasedhereallysmarthe is
    'The late Dziknis was a very smart man.'

66. Hundred yearswi'inweos'ën',nothing.
    pasthe's blind
    'He was over 100 years old and couldn't see.'

67. 'Et ho'ints'iynï'dicintah,March'et 'awit,dicintahtihoyeyh.
    nonethelessback therebushinthenbushinhe goes
    'Even so, he would go out in the bush in March.'

68. blind, 100 years of age, still

69. Sikh ggis,sikh ggisyïnïyi'eydicink'inyiditsëlh.
    gaff poleusing itthatwoodhe chops them in half
    'He would make a gaff pole by chopping wood in half.'

70. Witsaydilhdzuc.
    he drags it here for himself
    'He would drag it here.'

71. April whole monthyighene'et 'awitMayggïswitsadilh'et 'awittsin'c'itilhdzikh.
    he works on itthenspring salmonthey run herethendownhill therehe's gaffing
    'It would take him all of April and then when the spring salmon were running here in May he would be gaffing down (in the canyon).'

72. So'nduwes'ën'ho'ints'iy'etdit'ah.
    nothinghe can't seehoweverthushe does
    'He couldn't see anything but he still did that.'

73. Stso'tl'istsetsbilh---niwhbep1931dic'a'int'ën',Leon Joseph---Berttl'isiy,'inuczih,'et 'awitstso'tl'istsetsbilhniwhaanïlhye.
    my maternal grandmotherandmy grandfatherwith himour fatherhe diedandIwejustthenmy maternal grandmotherandmy grandfatherwith himthey raised us
    'My father, Leon Joseph, died in 1931 and my maternal grandparents raised my brother Bert and me.'

74. Tl'i'et 'awitschool, schoolts'ënlï',log house.
    andthenwe were
    'We went to school in a log house, my brother Bert and me.'

LM:

75. Nts'ëwhiyc'ika'ëwht'ën',tl'imbïbilhnisenye?
    whereaboutsyou pl. hunted/trappedandwhowith himyou went
    'Where did you go hunting and trapping and who did you go with?'

76. AJ: Well,

77. BïwinïcëkyeghMorice RiverOwen Lake'etts'oot'iy'.
    Owen L.mouththereWidzin KwahBïwinïtherewe lived
    'We used to live at the mouth of Owen L.'

78. BïwinïCëk,Owen Cr.Morice R.bik'ëyïnlï.
    Owen L.mouthBïwinï KwahWidzin Kwahit flows into it
    'Bïwinï cëk is where Owen Cr. flows into Morice R.'

79. K'ayForestry picnic sitehoolh'ay,'etts'oot'iy'.
    nowthey have ittherewe lived
    'Now Forestry has a picnic site where we used to live.'

LM:

80. Nts'ëwhyis k'it?
    whenyear
    'What year was that?'

81. AJ: Huh?

LM:

82. Nts'ëwhyis k'it?
    whenyear
    'What year was that?'

AJ:

83. Ts'iyeninhotsnits'izd-hotsniwhilh 'oot'ën',about 1930'ohiy yegh.
    last timetheretherewe took partaround then
    'The last time we went there was about 1930.'3

84. School starthisdlïwits'inhotsniweztedilh.
    I amsincetherewe didn't go
    'I started school and after that time we did not go back.'

85. Ts'iyewhschoolhenlïsiz'ëSylvester, Francesdïts'awit'etdeendzin.
    allthey aremy maternal uncleherenowthusthey are
    'All my uncles Sylvester George, Francis George, were all attending school here.'

86. Hibi-Felix George'adic zihnisstsetsJoseph Nalhokhs'adic zihniwhoz---c'ika'aat'ah,Thomas George.
    by himselfout theremy grandfatherby himselfthey hunted/trapped
    'Felix George, Thomas George, and my grandfather Joseph Nalhokhs were the ones trapping out there.'

87. 'Etts'iyeninhotsnisis-silh 'oot'ën',1936.
    thenlast timethereI took part
    'The last time I went with them there was 1936.'

88. Sak'iyhotsyi'eyMadeleine Georgeranch'it'ënyïlhcot.
    my maternal aunttherethatworkshe took
    'My maternal aunt Madeline George got a job at a ranch.'

89. Cooknlï.
    she is
    'She was a cook.'

90. Biyez'elhghinHerbietl'isiyhahhotsbilhnisdit'az.
    her sonone personandItherewith herwe du. went
    'Her son Herbie George and I went with her there.'

91. Charlie Kelly ranchyibecooknlï.
    for itshe is
    'She cooked for Charlie Kelly's ranch.'

92. 'Etnine years oldhisdlï'et de'.
    thenI amback then
    'I was 9 years old back then.'

93. NgginCharlie Kellytsayïlhsbenïnïnle.
    that persontrapfor mehe set them
    'Charlie Kelly set some traps for me.'

94. Every two daysc'ik'a-c'ik'asdeyhnik,tsalic.
    I would go checkuphill theresquirrel
    'I checked the traps every 2 days for squirrels.'

95. All two months'awit'etdïst'ën'.
    thenthusI did
    'For 2 months I did that.'

96. 'Etts'iyeninhotssilh 'oot'ën'.
    thenlast timethereI took part
    'That's the last time I was there.'

97. Wik'ëtl'ats'et 'awitresidential schoolts'uleniwhëënle.
    after thatthenthey sent us to
    'After that we were sent away to residential school.'

98. Gentabïwinïnïc.
    herereallyit was fun
    'It was lots of fun here.'

99. Lhok,lhoklhay.
    salmonlots
    'There was lots of salmon.'

100. Ts'iyenïwitsaadilh,June'ohiy yegh
     everyonethey come herethen
     'Everyone came here around June.'

101. Babinewit'ennatshaadilh.
     peoplefrom overthey come up
     'The Babine people would come up.'

102. So'ts'iyewhdohniwityekh,'etwenïwitsaadilh.
     reallyeveryonearound herethey play sportsthatfor itthey come here
     'They would come here for the sports day.'

103. Dinï ni'as,dinï deelïhgen,'etwihwenïwitsaadilh.
     feastfeastherethattoofor itthey come here
     'Everyone would come here for the feast.'

104. Hibïlk'ënwilikhtah'enï'it'ën'aalh'iyh.
     their relativessometimestheyfeastthey do
     'Their relatives would hold feasts sometimes.'

105. Ts'iyewh'alhk'ikhlhilegh 'aadit'ah.
     alltogetherthey would help each other
     'They would all help one another.'

(clock starts to chime)

106. Lhëc'idits'agh.
     it's chiming
     'it's chiming'

107. SH: that's okay. hëkw

108. LM: okay, kwa

109. AJ: huh?

LM:

110. Lha'digegh.
     he's finished
     'He's finished.'

AJ:

111. NggitBabinewitsaadilhdisnïyegh,Taklaweedïdilhbilikhnï,bilikhnïBear Lake.
     therethey come hereI was saying ittherethey walk fromsome peoplesome people
     'As I was saying, people would come from Babine, people from Takla, and some people from Bear Lake.'

112. Genso'keyikhso'widïzbin.
     herevillageit's full
     'The village here was full of people.'

113. Nïmbelnïïyilïh.
     tentthey set up
     'They set up tents.'

114. Hibïlk'ën'ohwit'iyts'iyewhhibizuhnïmbelnïïyilïh.
     their relativetherehe/she livesallnear themtentthey set up
     'They all set up tents beside their relatives' houses.'

115. BilikhnïkwaNedlekhts'aadïlh.
     some peopleagainFt. Fraserthey came from
     'Some came from Ft. Fraser.'

116. 'EnïwihgenstsetsbilhtsenDonald George'enFort Fraserwit'en'enïwihwitsaadilh.
     theytooheremy grandfatherhis brotherhepeopletheytoothey come here
     'People like my grandfather's brother Donald George would come here too from Ft. Fraser.'

117. Alec Long Charlie,Stellako,Alecbibep'enwihgeyikhholh'ay.
     his fatherhetooherehousehe keeps it
     'Alec Long Charlie, from Stellako, his father had a house here too.'

118. Burns Lake, Ootsa Lake, Francois Lake,ts'iyewhhotswit'enïgennïïdilh.
     alltherepeopleherethey stay
     'All the people from Burns L., Ootsa L., and Francois L. would come here to stay (for a little while).'

119. Gee every day,dinï de'is.
     feast
     'Every day there was a feast.'

120. Gginïdinï ze'yu,ts'aku ze'dinï deelïh.
     thosemale chiefsfemale chiefsthey invite people to feast
     'Those chiefs invited people to feasts.'

121. Kwa'elhikhin tigwa'etdiyinïlhc'itdelhaalyïh.
     againone placetheremedicine peopledifferent placethey invite each other to feast
     'There was a different place where the medicine people invited each other for feasts.'

122. Ggilulhëmhibaatnï'enï'awmemberszihdeedilh.
     they called themtheyonlyonlythey go in
     'Only Ggilulhëm members were allowed into the feast.'

123. So''elhikhdïdikhweeylïh.
     notone kindclanthey aren't
     'They're not all from the same clan.'

124. Ggilulhëmall-clan'enïdelhaalyïh.
     theythey invite each other to feast
     'The Ggilulhëm held all-clan feasts.'

125. 'Eylhc'itdinïdelhaalyïh.
     itdifferent placepeoplethey invite each other to feast
     'They invited each other to feasts in different places.'

126. Tl'ikwadiyinï'enïwihlhc'itdinïhoyulh.
     andmedicine peopletheytoodifferent placepeoplethey heal
     'And the medicine people too would do their healing in a different house.'4

127. GginïGgilulhëm'enï'ibaatnïcinyuntan.
     those peopletheythey call themsongit holds them
     'Those medicine people who are called Ggilulhëm are helped by a song.'5

128. Tl'ikwadinïuyulhnï'enïkwa,kwalhk'u'enïkwahidïdikhghe'aa(t'ah).
     andpeoplehealerstheysmarttheyagaintheir clanaccording tothey work
     'The healers would work on their own clans.'

129. Hibik'ineewilnicMoses Davidlhilhsiz'ëJoe George, Sylvesteryoh.
     they talked about themwith each othermy maternal unclethere
     'Moses David, and my uncles Joe and Sylvester George spoke to each other about them there.'

130. Nïmbeltl'akh'ohdinïhoyulh.
     tentundertherepeoplethey heal
     'They did their healing under a tent.'

131. 'Elhikhsnenghilhskak'eyhiyunyil.
     oncein front of mechilditthey healed
     'Once I saw them use their healing on a little (boy).'

132. Smogilhgim, Leonard George,ndidesilï','enhotshiyuyulh.
     he's sickhe becamehetherethey're healing him
     'They helped Smogilhgim, Leonard George, when he was sick.'

133. Gginïdiyinï'enïkwa---
     those peoplemedicine peopletheyagain
     'Those medicine people too---'

134. Lhc'itOotsa Lakeunusts'iycisyezhadït'ay.
     different placeeast sideridgelittleit sticks up
     'East of Ootsa lake there is a small ridge.'

135. Ts'ut'iyhiyilhnï.
     they call it
     'It's called Ts'ut'iy.'

136. 'Ohboundary researchts'enlïsiytl'iLeonard Georgenïdoprofessor John Cove, Scott Clark,ts'iyewhniwhilhnaadïlh,boundarynts'ëwhiy yeghlhinïzt'ic.
     over therewe areIandwhiteallwith usthey went aroundwhereaboutsline is
     'When we were doing research on where the boundary line is some white professors, John Colt and Scott Clark, went with us.'

137. Hotslic---Cheslattawit'en,Michell Charlie'enwihtabïdinïtiy---'enwihniwhleghinterviewts'ilhtsiy.
     theremaybepeoplehetooveryoldmanhetoohelping uswe made
     'We interviewed Michell Charlie of the Cheslatta nation, who was an old man.'

138. So'ts'iyewhniwhaadïnï'nts'ëwhiy yeghniwhyin''inïl'iy'.
     allhe told uswhereaboutsour territoryit measured
     'He told us where the Witsuwit'en boundary ended.'

139. So'overlaphiyghiyeweelhdic.
     they didn't talk about
     'They didn't talk about overlap.'

140. Selena John'enkwaBurns Lake'ohiy yeghyin'inïl'iy'niwhdïnï'.
     shetherelandit measuredshe told us
     'She told us where the boundary line is in Burns Lake.'

141. KwaninBabinets'its'iymbïyuyinuntan'ohiy yegh'enïts'iyewhniwhaadïnï'.
     againoversidewho (pl.)landholdstheretheyallthey told us
     'They told us about who owns territories in Babine too.'

142. Matthew Michell, Alec William, Sam Patrick, Robert Abraham,ts'iyewhyegh.
     allthere
     'Matthew Michell, Alec William, Sam Patrick, Robert Abraham, (were) all there.'

143. Witsuwit'enyin''inïl'iy'ts'iyewhniwhaadïnï'.
     landboundary lineallthey told us
     'They told us where the Witsuwit'en boundary line ends.'

144. Nggï,ngginïdiyinïggitwih'awdisnïTs'ut'iy.
     thatthose peoplemedicine peopletheretooI'm talking about area
     'The medicine people's area there that I'm talking about was called Ts'ut'iy.'

145. 'Etc'olilhcën'idoolyizngginïdiyinï'ethiwit'iy.
     thenspringsummerit is as long asthose peoplemedicine peopletherethey live
     'All through spring and summer they lived in that area.'

146. Sa''adic zih'ohhiwit'iymbïyudiyinïtalïlh.
     long timeby themselvestherethey livewho (pl.)medicine peoplehe will be
     'Those who are going to be medicine people live there for a long time by themselves.'

147. Tl'iggï'ethibudiclhkit,Moses David, Johnny Davidnduhiwitnïwidi'aatnï,Ts'ut'iy.
     andthatthereI asked themwhatthey call placewhat are they saying
     'I asked Moses David and Johnny David what Ts'ut'iy means.'

148. 'Etwits'oodïlhyet.
     thatthey didn't know it
     'They didn't know anything about it.'

149. So'weebihi-'awezehhiyudïlhye.
     reallythat's allthey know
     'They only knew that.'

150. Moses David'inïnzin'aw"lek'oh"nï.
     he thinksbutI don't knowhe says
     'Moses David thought about it, but said "I don't know".'

151. "Ggïts'o'ohhonyïz'a,spruce,'eywilïhtah'aayilhnï"nï,ts'o.
     thatsprucetherethey areitmaybeamongthey call ithe saysspruce
     "'There were lots of spruce trees in that area and maybe they're talking about the spruce trees," he said.'

152. 1983, July, June, July'ohiy yegh,'oh'its'ët'ën'.
     around theretherewe worked
     'We worked there in June or July 1983.'

153. Septembersiz'ëMale,Sylvester George,Kelownats'i'it'ah.
     my maternal unclehe's working there
     'My maternal uncle Sylvester George was working in Kelowna.'

154. 'Ohninede.
     thenhe comes back
     'He came back for a while.'

155. 'Etbidisnï.
     thatI told him
     'I asked him that.'

156. "Ts'ut'iyndutah'aayilhnï?
     whatthey call it
     "'What does Ts'ut'iy mean?'

157. Ts'iyenïwits'oodilhye'."
     everyonethey don't know it
     'Nobody knows what it means."'

158. Nec'italhbidisnï.
     he's eatingI ask him
     'While he was eating I asked him.'

159. Ts'iyewhc'ën'alhinsdlah dïn---hinsdlah'isilhnï,"Ts'ut'iyts'iyenïyits'udilhye'.
     allhe atesuddenlyhe told meeveryonethey don't know it
     'After he finished eating he suddenly told me, "no one knows what Ts'ut'iy means.'

160. Soodilhkit.
     they asked me
     'They asked me.'

161. No,ts'iyenïyits'udilhye'.
     everyonedoesn't know it
     'No one knows what it means.'

162. Ts'ut'iylicdilkw'akhyïznïchin'aayilhnï."
     maybefrogmonsterthatthey mean it
     'Maybe Ts'ut'iy means frog monster."'6

(slight pause)

163. 'Enggindiyinïhibilegh 'it'ah.
     himthat personmedicine peopleit helps them
     'That one (monster) helps the medicine people.'

164. Ggin'ennts'ën'asibediyinïhenlïuudil'ëkh.
     that personhehowI don't knowmedicine peoplethey arethey're learning how
     'I don't know how these people are learning to become medicine men.'

165. Weelelh.Naanilelh.
     they dream about itthey dream
     'They dream about it. They (use their) dreams.'

166. 'Et 'awitlhaadit'iyh,'et 'awitdinï hoyulhhenlïhilhëkh,diyinï.
     thenthey finishthenmedicine personthey arethey becomemedicine people
     'When they're finished, they become medicine people.'7

167. Dinï bïts,dinï de'isk'ayts'iyenïyikhlhaelwis.
     in the feastfeastnoweveryonehallthey run around
     'Now in the feast hall, everybody is running around.'

168. Gents'iyewh'aw'etdiniwhaatnï,Moricetownwih'etdiniwhaatnï:
     hereallbutthusthey tell ustoothusthey tell us
     'They would say this to us here and in Moricetown:'

169. "Dinï de'is,gginïdiyinïso'bit'ak,hibit'akniwets'ilhggec.
     feastthosemedicine peoplehis/her backtheir backwe don't run around
     "'We don't run behind the medicine people in the feast hall.'

170. Neggusliyez'ohiy yeghlhits'iyeyh.
     slowlytherewe go by
     'We pass (them) slowly.'

171. Hibighec'iznïnyiz'et 'awithibits'i'iztanïlh"hitnï.
     we scared themthento themwe will gothey say
     'If we scare them, we're going to become one of them," they say.'8

172. K'ayho'ggec.'Etdiwewidzin.
     nownothingthusit isn't
     'Now it is not like that any more.'

173. Skakyikhlhaelwis.
     childrenin hallthey run around
     'Children run around the feast hall.'

174. So'mbïhibits'awewis'ac.
     nobodydoesn't bother them
     'Nobody stops them.'

175. Any place,hibighewec'istyits.
     they are not to be frightened
     'They (medicine people) are not to be frightened anywhere.'

176. GginïGgilulhëm'enïkwaulïts'in'a'aat'ah.
     those peopletheydifferent waythey do
     'The Ggilulhëm do things differently.'

177. Cinhibïlhcic.
     songit takes them
     'A (spirit) song takes over (their lives).'

178. Nggï'eyGgilulhëmVancouver Islandhots'indzohdedek'in'ahotshadïnzit.
     thatittherejustsicknesslikethereit came from
     'This Ggilulhëm business came from Vancouver Island, just like a sickness.'

179. 'Elhghinhotswit'enso'diyinïhilhtisdohnisiye.
     one persontherepeoplereallymedicine peoplehe's strongaround herehe went around
     'From there (Vancouver Island) one medicine man, a really strong one, came around here.'

180. TsëtLhts'imsanïhibitahnisiye,Haida,ts'iyewhGgilulhëmyeenlï'.
     firstTsimshian peopleamong themhe wentallthey were
     'First he went among the Tsimshian and Haida and they all turned into Ggilulhëm.'

181. LM: huh

AJ:

182. 'Et 'awitkwaSkeena Riverwit'enï'enïwih'etdaagegh.
     thenagainpeopletheytoothusit happened to them
     'And then the people from the Skeena R. did the same.'

183. 'Indzohdedek'in'anidïzit.
     justsicknesslikeit spread around
     'It spread around just like a sickness.'

184. Gentl'iMoricetownwih'awit zih'etlic'awitts'iyeninGgilulhëm.
     hereandWitsëttoothat's alltheremaybethenlast place
     'Hagwilget and Witset were the last Ggilulhëm places.'

185. K'ayso'mbïGgilulhëmweeylïh.
     nownobodythey are not
     'Now nobody is practicing the Ggilulhëm business.'

186. Tabïwewnigit.
     reallyit's scary
     'It's really scary.'

187. Cinhibïlhcic.
     songit takes them
     'A song takes hold of them.'

188. Tl'i'ohde'liblet,Indian agent, policemanlhigheedïtnï'.
     andback thenpriestthey agreed
     'Back then the priest, the Indian agent and the police reached an agreement.'

189. NggïGgilu-dinï uyulhnïtl'iGgilulhëm'etdaat'ah'et 'awitjailhibaatalhtëlh.
     thathealersandthusthey're doingthenthey will put them
     'Whoever is practicing medicine or Ggilulhëm business will be put in jail.'

190. 'Etdaagegh.
     thusit happened to them
     'And that's what happened.'

191. 'EyGgilulhëmcinhibïlhcictah,ts'iyewhlhootyulhabout one year'ohlic'aat'iyh.
     itsongit takes themwhenallthey doctor each otherthenmaybethey do
     'When the song takes hold of them, they all doctor each other for about maybe a year.'9

192. 'Etso' 'aat'iyh.
     thenthey get better
     'Then they get better.'

193. Tl'i'ohggïcin'idisnïnï,1965, 66'ohiy yegh,Ksan'ist'ah.
     andaround thenthatsongI was sayingsaysback thenI'm working
     'That song I was talking about, back in 1965-1966 I was working at Ksan.'

194. Siczih,two o'clock in the morning,'awit'ist'ah,Christmaswitsëhde'.
     by myselfjuststillI'm workingbefore
     'I was alone working at two o'clock in the morning before Christmas.'

195. Ggïyi'eysilver braceletstl'iringbilh'iyesdlïlhorderlha'disdlekh.
     thatthatandwith itI'm making themI was finishing
     'I was trying to finish an order for a silver bracelet and ring.'

196. Tl'iLeonard DuncanTVtsin'yuz'ay,so' 'ineyilëkh.
     anddown therehe broughthe's fixing it
     'Leonard Duncan had brought down a TV for repair.'

197. Hiybeso' 'ineeyïnlegh.
     they for himthey fixed it
     'They fixed it for him.'

198. Tl'i'awityilh'ay,nin dïn'ay,ggïTV.
     andstillhe has itit faces awaythat
     'It was still there facing the other way.'

199. Tl'ihotsprogram'itnï.
     andthereit's making noise
     'There was a program that came on.'

200. So'wenïclh'ën'awuzïclhts'ay.
     notI'm not looking at itbutI'm listening
     'I wasn't watching it, but I was listening to it.'

201. Hinsdlahggïyi'eydiyinï,Ggilulhëmhiyï 'it'ahnïho'indinïnï'.
     suddenlythatthatmedicine peoplewhat they useit started to make noise
     'All of a sudden that (whistle) that the medicine people, the Ggilulhëm use, started to make noise.'

202. Ggïdetic'indzoh---'indzohdinïyikhts'ic'itiyïs,bï c'idits'agh.Nïlhts'iy.
     thatdoorjustjustpersonhouseis breaking things init sounds likeit's windy
     'That door just--- It sounded like someone was trying to break into the house. (It sounded like) wind.'

203. Tl'iggïwhistle'awh'awit'etditnï.
     andthatover therestillthusit's making noise
     'And that whistle over there was still making noise.'

204. 'Et'iniszin,'aw,policeman showlic'itnï.
     thatI'm thinkingonlymaybeit's making noise
     'I thought maybe it's only a police show making noise.'

205. Policemanhibiwhistle\hots'in'a'itnï.
     their whistlethat waythey make noise
     'Police whistles make noise like that.'

206. 'Enggadidïgiltlikhtl'inisitTVniclh'ën.
     that's whyI jumped upandahead at placeI was looking at
     'That's why I jumped up and I was looking at the TV.'

207. So'police showwelew.
     there is not
     'There was no police show (on the TV).'

208. Ggïwhistle'ats'et de'---'atshots'itnï.
     thatoutsideoutsidethereit's making noise
     'I could still hear the whistle outside.

209. Dikatticwihhots'itnï.
     up theretoothereit's making noise
     'I could hear it up in the attic.'

210. 'Et'et 'awitsghec'ityizdïnec'inïclhdiwtl'a,December 8th or 9th'ohiy yegh'atsmoonhot'ën.
     therethenI was scaredI put things awayandthenoutsidethings are visible
     'Then I got scared and I packed up my things, and it was December 8 or 9th and we could see outside with the moonlight.'

211. Kabïnegiltlikhtl'inisfront doorwizuhnïndinïgildiz.
     carI jumped in itandaheadby itI sped
     'I jumped in my car and hurried to the front gate.'10

212. So'dinïwelew.
     personthere is none
     'There was nobody there.'

213. Tsetshanestkwiztl'iyikhdenenisge.
     from downI drove back upandhouseI came back inside
     'I drove back from down there and I got in the house.'

214. Tl'i'etde'Helenbilhneogilnic,deogeghntset.
     andthenpastwith herI told herwhat happeneddown there
     'I told (my wife) Helen about what happened down there.'

215. Netsëtëzigilcot.
     I came back scared
     'I came back scared.'

216. 'Et'itnï"ggit'ent'ahhintabïc'ide'wewnigit.
     thatshe saidthereyou're workingthereveryin the pastit's scary
     'And she said, "where you're working, it used to be scary back then.'

217. Ts'in k'itC'itnedinïhidïlhk'inso''etts'iggit.
     graveyardGitksanpeoplethey crematedtherereportedlythere
     'It's a grave site, where the Gitksan people cremated people.'

218. Ksannïolts'it,'engga'eyhiwitnï."
     it was builtthat's whyitthey call it
     '(It's where) Ksan was built, that's why they call it that."'

219. 'Etde'silhnï"lhkanbin'---nggindiyin'aw'en'adic zih'etsde,JohnnyDominic.
     thenin the pastshe told metomorrowmorningthat personmedicine persononlyheby himselftherehe is
     'Then she told me, "tomorrow morning---Johnny Dominic is the only medicine person.'

220. Bits'itonye'tl'ibidunï'.
     you go to himandyou tell them
     'Go to him and tell him.'

221. 'Etdiweynïltahndidetanlïlh."
     thusyou didn't doifsickyou'll become
     'If you don't do that you'll get sick."'

222. 'Enggabin'hots---Johnnybighidenisyetl'ibidisnï.
     that's whymorningthereI went inside to himandI'm telling him
     'So in the morning I went to Johnny's house and told him.'

223. Oh,wec'idïsts'ik.
     he's deaf
     'Oh, he's deaf.'

224. Margaretbidïsnï'.
     I told her
     'I told Margaret.'

225. Hotssbeyilhyelhdic,desgegh.
     therefor meto himshe talkedwhat happened to me
     '(So) she talked to him there for me (about) what happened to me.'

226. Pipec'it'ittl'iyuzïlhts'ay.
     he's smokingandhe's listening
     'He was smoking his pipe and listening.'

227. Ts'iyewhyidïnï',Margaretnïnetl'adïde.
     everythingshe told himshe sat down
     'When Margaret finished telling him she sat down.'

228. HinsdlahJohnnyts'iyewhc'ënt'it.
     suddenlyentirelyhe smoked
     'Suddenly Johnny finished smoking.'

229. "'Anïh"silhnï.
     comehe told me
     'He told me to come.'

230. "Gesendeh."
     hereyou sit
     'He said, "sit here."'

231. Skaknidilnïh,singhen,sincin,ts'iyewh.
     my surfacehe's feelingmy headmy armeverything
     'He was touching me all over, my head, arm, everything.'

232. 'Awitc'it'it.
     stillhe's smoking
     'And he was smoking.'

233. About fifteen minuteshinsdlahsilhnï,"nyïst'iytabïhilhtis.
     suddenlyhe told meyour bodyveryit's strong
     'Fifteen minutes went by and he said, "your body is strong."

234. Oh,yi'eynziltabïhilhtis"nï.
     thatyour spiritveryit's stronghe says
     'Your spirit is pretty strong.'

235. Ggïso'nt'aweynel.
     thatit didn't touch you
     'That thing didn't touch you.'

236. So' 'endzin.
     you're okay
     'You're okay."'

237. LM: hmm

AJ:

238. 'Et'elhikhdïsts'aghggï,whistle.
     thenanother timeI hearthat
     'Then another time I heard that whistle.'

239. Oh, about one year later, maybe not even that,

240. Ggitliglïzdetëtwizuhts'iwit'iy.
     thatchurchfront yardbeside itwe're living
     'We were living by the church.'

241. Hinsdlahggïwhistlekwa'idïgeghtsin'Phillip Austinhibiyikhhots.
     suddenlythatagainit made noisedownhill theretheir housethere
     'All of a sudden I heard that whistle again down at Phillip Austin's house.'

242. LM: hmm

(pause)

243. 'Et 'awitnextbin'tsin'Margaretwitsedzithiwit'iy,'aslahMargaretPierre,hibudiclhkit.
     thenmorningdownhill therein front ofthey're livinglittle waysI'm asking them
     'The next morning I asked them, at that time where they were living below Margaret Pierre a little ways away.'

244. "Tl'ëde'ggï'it'ëde--'itnï,wedïwhts'el?"
     last nightthatthatit makes noiseyou pl. didn't hear
     "'Did you guys hear that last night?"'

245. "Oh,gee,niwhghec'inïnyiz.
     it scared us
     "'It scared us.'

246. Nts'ët'ah'itnï?"
     whereit's making noise
     'Where is it coming from?"

247. "'Oh,kotsPhillip Austinhibiyikhwinethin'itnï."
     theretheir housearound itthereit's making noise
     "'Oh, the noise is coming from around Phillip Austin's house."'

248. 'Etde'Sylvesterbidisnï,"'et'itnïnggïwhistlestsetsbic'e'.
     thenback thenI told himthusit makes noisethatmy grandfatherhis belonging
     'And then I told Sylvester, "that whistle belongs to my grandfather.'

249. Lisuczisbïyizdle.
     sugarbaghe kept them
     'He kept them in a bag of sugar.'

250. 'Elhikhsleneyïnle.
     oncehe gave them to me
     'And once he gave them back to me.'

251. Ntsin'Ksandenenlïlh,hilhnï.
     downhill therebring them back inthey said
     'They told me to bring them back to Ksan.'

252. K'aytsin''awitsile."
     nowdownhill therestillthey're there
     'Now they're still down there."'

253. 'Et'awwihnggïbit'azïne,nisenle.
     thenbuttoothatyou touched ityou carried them around
     'You touched them and carried them around.

254. 'Etwighelicggïcinkwazihnts'ahnts'ën'adïnts'agh.
     thatbecause ofmaybethatsongagainjusttowards youhowyou hear
     'Maybe that song came towards you.'

255. 'Enwih'etditnï.Ho'ggec.
     hetoothushe saysnothing
     'He too said that. Nothing.'

256. So'nt'awec'isnec.
     it didn't touch you
     'No, it didn't touch you.'

257. 'Et 'awitwilhnetdïsts'agh.
     thensecond timeI hear it
     'Then there was a second time I heard it.'

258. About 1974'ohiy yeghniggityikh,new housedeznïne.
     around thenup therehousewe moved in
     'Around 1974 we moved into a new home (outside the church).'

259. Ninhinsdlah---Austinhibiyikh---,Austinwewilew.
     over theresuddenlytheir housethey're not home
     'All of a sudden--- the Austins weren't home.'

260. Oh, 1974'ohiy yegh'ohggin1960'ohiy yegh,67,'ohAustinwelew silï'.
     around thenthenthataround thenthenhe died
     'Around 1967 (Phillip) Austin passed away.'

261. Lozalï'enwih'oh de'hibighi---,so'wewilew.
     shetooback thennotthey were gone.
     'Rosalie too (Phillip's wife) died.'

262. Ngginïhibiyikhwit'enïCharliebizkakyentanhinïstne'hidilghï.
     those peopletheir housethose residinghis childrenthey're drunkthey're hollering
     'Those guys living in their house, Charlie's kids, were drunk and hollering.'

263. 'Oh3 o'clock in the morning'oh'aatnï.
     around thenaround thenthey're making noise
     'They were making noise around three o'clock in the morning.'

264. GginMoricetownwizkakhibilh'aat'ah,Nikal, Jerrytl'iJohnlic'etdaat'ah.
     thatWitsëtkidswith themthey were doingandmaybethusthey're doing
     'There were some kids from Moricetown with them, Jerry and John Nikal maybe.'

265. Hibilhtaatne.
     with themthey're drinking
     'They were drinking with them.'

266. 'Enïwih,'enïyu'aatnï.
     theytootheythey're making noise
     'they too---'

267. Tabï'aadïgegh,hinsdlahnikdicintahggï'idïgegh,whistle.
     reallythey made noisesuddenlyback therebushinthatit made noise
     'They were really making a racket when suddenly that whistle went off back in the bush.'

268. Sic zihwedïsts'el.
     by myselfI didn't hear it
     'It wasn't just me that heard it.'

269. Hin'etts'iyenïhiydïts'agh.
     suddenlyeveryonethey heard it
     'They all heard it.'

270. LM: hmm

AJ:

271. Tl'igginïninyentanhinïstne'tl'its'iyewhkabïneelgheztahhonenindinïlhdiz.
     andthose peopleover therethey're all drunkandallcarin itthey ran backwhenthey sped off
     'All those guys were drunk and when they jumped in their car, they took off.'

272. Ts'iyewhdewewdïnïl.
     entirelyit didn't make noise
     'Then it kept quiet.'

273. 'EtwihSylvester'itnï,"nggïGgilulhëmcinnisilts'ay,"nï.
     thentoohe saidthatsongsound went aroundhe said
     'Sylvester said "that Ggilulhëm song went around.'

274. "Nts'ëdinï,dinïtalhcilhwika'nïnzintl'a,ts'iyewhhibic'aggï,hibic'agginïdinïtëneedidlï.
     somewherepersonit will takeit wantseveryoneagainst themthatthose peoplepeoplethey are praying
     'It wanted to take somebody, but all those people prayed against it.'

275. Hibiyïst'iyhilh-hibizilhilhtissilï'.
     their bodiestheir spiritsit's strongbecame
     'Their bodies and spirits are strong.'

276. So'bit'awec'isnec,"nï.
     it doesn't touch ithe says
     'Nothing can touch them," he said.'

277. Tl'iggïts'iyewh'etdoogeghJohnny David'adicwih'etditnï.
     andthatallthusit ishimselftoothushe said
     'And it's like that now, Johnny David himself said that.'

278. NggïGgilulhëm---liglïzts'ik'inets'idilhwilhighewh---'et'itnï"gginliyap'enhinbi'it'ënhin'indzin."
     that---churchwe go tosimultaneous---thushe saysthatdevilhimhimhis workhimit is
     'When we went to church together, he said "that Ggilulhëm stuff is the devil's business."'

279. Yi'eyggingewit'enïts'iyewh,cënlhokudilhJuly'ohiy yegh,July, mid-July, August,gekeyikhwinec'idikh.
     thatthat personhereresidentsallsummerfishswim pastaround thenherevillageit is wiped
     'In the summer here after fishing July, mid-July, or August the village is wiped clean.'11

280. Yi'eynik9-mile mountainhiwitnïhotshoodilh.
     thatuphill therethey call ittherethey go
     'They all go up to Nine Mile Mountain.'

281. So'ts'iyewhdigïhoyïn.
     reallyallhuckleberrythey pick
     'Everybody picks huckleberries.'

282. Gee,so'winïnïcnik.
     reallyit was funuphill there
     'It was lots of fun up there.'

283. Ts'iyewh'etwih'oh2 weeks'ohhiwit'iy.
     alltheretooaround thenaround thenthey live
     'They would camp there about two weeks.'

284. Dzïnnikwenin'ohc'aadidlï.
     day timeuphill therehillsidearound therethey sing
     'They sang songs up on the hill.'

285. Yin kakcinhididlï.
     Indigenoussongthey sing
     'They sang Indigenous songs.'

286. Hotsts'iyewh'etdaatnï.
     thereallthusthey say
     'They all did that.'

287. Skak,teenagers,so'ts'iyewhc'ooyïn.
     childrenreallyallthey're picking berries
     'All the kids, the teenagers, they all picked berries.'

288. K'aywilh-tabïwilhc'izdïts'agh.
     nowreallyabout itwe hear
     'Now we hear about things.'

289. Celh,celhyezt'ëtyezts'iyewhne'aaditizïlghïtlwika'aanïnzin.
     teenage boyyoungteenage girlyoungallthey kill themselvesthey want
     'Young men and woman want to kill themselves.'

290. Bilikhnï'etdaat'ah.
     some peoplethusthey do
     'Some of them do it.'

291. So',hibitso'hibinilhyekhhibilh yeweelhdic'inuk'in'a.
     their grandmothertheir parentsthey don't talk to themwelike
     'Their grandparents and their parents don't talk to them like we (used to).'

292. Bilikhnïhibitsetswelewho'ints'iygginïhibi-Old Charlie Williams, Dziknis,'enwihggitwit'iy,hotswihdeedilh.
     some peopletheir grandfatherthere are nonebutthosehetootherehe livestheretoothey go inside
     'Some of them have no grandparents, but Charlie Williams, Dziknis, lived there too and they would go visit him.'

293. Bilikhnïkwa'Azïlenbenhiyilhnï,Naw',Louie Tommybi'atbine','enwih'etwit'iy.
     some peopleAngelinehis motherthey call herhis wifeher mothershetoothereshe lives
     'Some of them (would go visit) 'Azïlen's mother Naw', Louie Tommy's mother-in-law, who lived there too.'

294. Lozalï,Loz,Ts'ëbesa,Theresa Graygehiwit'iy,Lho'imggints'iyewhtl'ëtneewilnic.
     RosalieRoseherethey liveallnightthey tell story
     '...they lived here too and told stories all night.'

295. C'idede'k'iniwhilh neewilnic.
     legendthey told us
     'They told us legends.'

296. Niwhgheetnï,Dorabitso'Martha.
     they gave us adviceher grandmother
     'They gave us advice, Dora's grandmother, Martha.'

297. Tl'idzïn'awittsiz'its'ilh'ah.
     andday timethenwoodwe work on
     'We cut wood all day.'

298. C'izdighit,khïtlhts'ënc'izdilhkwiz.
     we cut woodwinterwe split it
     'We cut the wood and split it in the wintertime.'

299. Tsizdets'ilïh.
     firewoodwe carry inside
     'We bring wood inside.'

300. 3, 4 years old'et 'awittsizdeztilïhwits'udil'ëkh.
     thenwoodwe bring pl. insidewe're learning how
     'At three or four years of age we learned to start packing in wood.'

301. Yikhcook stovetsizdeztilïh'etkwabilikhdïndezgwa'eykwa.
     housewoodwe bring pl. insidetheretoosomeit's heavyittoo
     'We put wood into the cook stove and some of them were heavy too.'

302. Ten, twelve-year old'enïheater stovedeetilïh.
     theythey bring pl. inside
     'Ten- and twelve-year-olds (bigger kids) packed wood inside for the heater stove.'

303. Neznitiswits'in'aw'ettsiz'its'ilh'ah.
     we go to sleepuntilonlythenwoodwe work on
     'We worked on wood until we went to bed.'

304. Tl'itok'ëtswihnits'idïlh.
     andwaterplacetoowe go
     'And we'd get water.'

305. Tabï'it'ënniwhbelhay,to,tsiz.
     reallyworkfor usthere was lotswaterwood
     'There was lots of work for us, water and wood.'

306. Tl'ik'ayskak'etdiwest'ën'.
     andnowyouththusdoesn't do
     'Nowadays the young people don't do that.'

307. Witsaneedilhso''atsniweesdïtl.
     they come homeoutsidethey don't go
     'When they come home, they don't go outside.'

308. 'Ats'ohdinïwelewlïonlïyikh.
     outsidearound therepersonnoneit looks likehouse
     'It looks like there's nobody around outside the house.'

309. Mbïtsiz'awnï'welh'ën'.
     nobodywoodjustit is not worked on
     'Nobody cuts wood.'

310. Ts'iyewhggïyi'eyTVzihhiynïlh'ën.
     allthatthatjustthey watch it
     'They all just watch TV.'

311. Tl'inde'TVk'itdec'ewitnïtl'idewit'ahts'iyewh,'adicwih'etdaatat'elhwika'aanïnzin.
     anddown thereonwhatever is saidandwhat goes onallthemselvestoothusthey will dothey want to
     'Whatever goes on on the TV, they want to do the same.'

312. Ggïc'itsiy'nïhiyit'it'awilhyïzwik'inewitnic,TVbïts.
     thatbad stuffthey smoke italwaysit's talked aboutin it
     'They always talk about that no good stuff that they smoke, on TV.'

313. C'ide'so'radioho'ints'iywelew.
     in the pastevenabsent
     'A long time ago there wasn't even radio.'

314. Phonewihwelew,Tsë Cakh.
     tooabsentHagwilget
     'There was no phone either in Hagwilget.'

315. Liblet'enlictsëtphonenïnïn'ayabout1938or'39.
     priesthemaybefirst timehe brought in
     'The priest was the first one to have a phone, in 1938 or '39.'

316. 'Etk'idziyelibletphonedenïnggiz.
     thenstartpriesthe brought wire into house
     'He had a phone.'

317. 'Awezih.
     that's all
     'That's all.'

LM:

318. Diknïnyikhde'tabïlichozk'its?
     upyou're growingin the pastveryyes/no Qit's cold
     'Was it very cold when you were growing up?'

319. AJ: huh?

LM:

320. Diknïnyikhde'tabïlichozk'its?
     upyou're growingin the pastveryyes/no Qit's cold
     'Was it very cold when you were growing up?'

AJ:

321. Mi'.Khiyttabïhozk'itstl'icënkwa'etso'winilwis.
     yesin winterveryit's coldandsummertootherereallyit's hot
     'Yes, it was very cold in the winter and hot in the summer too.'

322. Ggïcëndigïts'inildïlh,'enïlhighikhk'is,so'ts'iyewh'indzohlisucbitaznïndzeck'in'a.
     thatsummerhuckleberrywe eattheysaskatoonorreallyalljustsugarwe poured inas if
     'When we ate huckleberries or saskatoon berries in the summertime, it was like we poured sugar in them.'

323. Tsolnïh.
     they taste good
     'They tasted good.'

324. K'ayho'ggec'etdiweydzin.
     nownotthusit isn't
     'Now it's not like that.'

325. Dikdigï,digïts'oniyïntahtabïc'inditilhkw'is.
     up therehuckleberrywe pickwhenverythey're sour
     'Now when we pick huckleberries they're sour.'

326. So'bik'ithasadïnetwe(wilïh).
     on itsun shinesit isn't
     'They don't get sun on them.'

327. 'Awilhyïzgidoondzin.
     it is like this
     'It's always like this.'

LM:

328. Yin kakulïts'iwitëst'ën'.
     worlddifferentit is becoming
     'The world is different now.'

329. K'aysa'on'a'wik'in'a'iwewidzin.
     nowlong agolike itit's not
     'It's not the same as back then.'

330. 'Alha''idisnï?
     rightI'm saying
     'Am I right?'

331. AJ: huh?

LM:

332. 'Alha''idisnï?
     rightI'm saying
     'Am I right?'

333. AJ: yeah

334. Dic,'elhikhSmithersHudson Bay Mountainlots of---ggïlhodilhggissilï'.
     welloncethatglacierit's blackit became
     'One time the glacier on Hudson Bay Mountain in Smithers turned black.'

335. 'Ethibudiclhkitdegegh.
     thatI asked themwhat happened
     'I asked them why it's like that.'

336. Nduti'it'ahlhodilhggissilï'.
     whatit isglacierit's blackit became
     'I asked them what made the glacier black.'

337. Oh, mining companyggïlhimutalilhwika'aanïnzin.
     thaticeit'll meltthey want
     'The mining company wants the glacier to melt.'

338. Coal dusthiyk'insidzec.
     they put them on it
     'They put coal dust on it.'

339. 'Et de'Granny Holland,K'atësnen,'itnï,nggïlhowelewsilï''et 'awitts'iyewhwelewts'italïlh.
     back thenshe saidthatglacierno moreit becamethenallno morewe will be
     'Granny Holland, K'atësnen, said that if the glacier diappears, we're not going to live.'

340. 'Eybit'ats'its'endzin.
     itdepending on itwe are
     'We depend on it.'

341. Bits'alhk'iztl'ibito'wits'iyohc'ikwahbik'ënyizdlï.
     cold air comes from itandits waterfrom itdown around thereriverthey flow into it
     'The cold air comes from this glacier, and water from the glacier flows into the creeks.'

LM:

342. K'ayggïlho'awittabïts'it'an'silï'.
     nowthatglaciernowreallyit's thinit became
     'The glacier is getting very thin now.'

343. AJ: Yeah.

344. Dic,ggïk'ayso'khiytso'wewik'itshoz(dlï'.)
     wellthatnownotin winternotit's coldit became
     'It is not very cold in the winter nowadays.'

345. K'ay'oondzin'awitDecemberwizuhk'idikh,k'idikhwewistin.
     nowit isnowit's close tonot yetit's not frozen
     'It's close to December and the ground is not frozen yet.'

346. C'ide'doh hawizic'et 'awityinhitiyh.
     in the pastthis time of yearthengroundit freezes
     'A long time ago, around this time of year the ground would freeze.'

347. K'ayho'ggec.
     nowno
     'Now it's not like that.'

348. Cën---'ohkhiyt'etdolyizwilikhtahwewistin.
     summerthenwinterthusit is that longsometimesit doesn't freeze
     'Sometimes the ground doesn't freeze all winter.'

349. Tl'iggïdoh hawizicwihggïlhoti'ëlhWidzin Kwah,nde'yeto' k'itsSkeena River'eywihc'ikwahts'iyewhlhobik'itlho.
     andthatthis time of yeartoothaticeit starts to float downBulkley R.downriveroceanittooriveralliceon itice
     'By this time of the year the ice starts to float down the Bulkley River, down the Skeena River too.'

350. C'ide'c'idede''itnïnggïlho'eyts'ilhokyezhiyk'itwiyisk'ithiyk'idïlhts'iynde'yeto'k'itshonedilh.
     in the pastlegendit saysthaticeitreportedlyfishsmallthey on itraftonthey sit on itdownriveroceantothey go back
     'The legend states that the small fish lay on the ice and float back to the ocean.'

351. 'Enggalhoklhaynewidlekh.
     for that reasonfishmanythey swim back
     'That is why there are lots of fish (every year).'

352. Ggï'ey'etdaat'ah.
     thatitthusthey do
     'That's what they do.'

353. K'aylhowelewsilï'tah'eywihlhokwihwelewtalïlh.
     nowglaciergoneit becomeswhenittoofishtoogoneit will be
     'When the glacier disappears, the salmon will disappear too.'

LM:

354. Sa'on'a'deolk'its?
     long time agohow cold is it
     'How cold was it a long time ago?'

355. Tabïlichozk'its?
     veryyes/no Qit's cold
     'Was it very cold?'

356. AJ: Oh, yeah.

357. Peter Williamsilh newilnicBabinehoot'iy'.
     he told methey lived
     'Peter William told me they use to live in Babine.'

358. Hudson Bay Store'etzihlicggïthermometerwinï'oh de'.
     thereonlymaybethatthere isback then
     'Hudson Bay Store was the only place that sold the weather thermometer.'

359. Nde'bine'Lozabiyin' tahhots,hotshitëzdïl.
     downriverhis motherRosaher territorytherethey were leaving
     'His mother's territory was in Babine, and they were going there.'

360. Tl'ët'elhikhinnïcaanilyïhhibicabinwits'ah.
     nightone placethey campedtheir cabintoward
     'They stayed overnight on the way to their main cabin site.'

361. Tl'ëtwitsalhk'az.
     nightcold air came
     'It became very cold at night.'

362. Kwincohiydilhk'an.
     firebigthey built
     'They built a big fire.'

363. 'Indzohts'iggïlhitzihbizaynildoh.
     justthatvaporonlyit's coming out of his/her mouth
     'Just vapor was coming out of their mouths.'

364. So'wizilwelew.
     heatnone
     'There was no warm air.'

365. Ggïkwinco'indzohsteambits'aynilghes.
     thatfirebigjustit's coming out of it
     'That big fire was just giving off steam.'

366. 'Inït'iyhtl'ëtbin'hozdlï''et 'awityiwdicabin\wik'ëneedïl.
     barelynightmorningit becamethentheretheir cabinthey reached
     'When morning came, they barely made it to their cabin.'

367. 'Etwitsaneedïl'etts'iHudson Baymanhiyudilhkit,"nggit'etdzïnggïdeolk'itsti?
     whenthey returnedthentothey asked himtherethatdaythathow cold is it
     'When they come back, they asked the Hudson Bay man, "how cold was it that day?"'

368. 'Ethibilh newilnic"fifty below'oh de'."
     thathe told themback then
     'He told them it had been 50 below.'

369. 'Et'itnïPeter"ho'ggec,fifty belowho'ggeckwinzihnduweylïh.
     thathe saysnonofirejustnothingit isn't
     'Peter said, when it is 50 below, a fire is nothing.'

370. So'bik'itcook ts'olï'gheyt'ah.
     on itwe could cooknot even
     'We couldn't even cook on the fire.'

371. Bizillhitho'ints'iywelew."
     its steamsmokeevennone
     'It wasn't even smoking."'

LM:

372. 'Oh de'nts'ëwhyis k'it,'oh de'?
     back thenwhenyearback then
     'What year was that?'

AJ:

373. About 1930, 31, 32'ohlic
     thenmaybe
     'maybe 1930, 31, 32'

374. K'ay nen---

375. Siyskakhisdlïho'ints'iyde'dohiyHouston49 below1949, 50'ohiy yegh.
     IchildI ameven soin the pastaround herearound there
     'Even when I was a kid around 1949-1950 it was 49 below in Houston.'

376. 'Oh de'gen6 weeks30 below'awit zih'etdoondzin.
     back thenherethat's allthusit is
     'At that time it stayed at 30 below for six weeks.'

377. before 1949

378. LM: hmm

AJ:

379. 30, 39, 40, 45 belowdzïntiwitsic.
     every day
     'It was 30, 39, 40, 45 below every day.'

380. Ts'i'ey'et 'awitts'iyenin.
     reportedlyitthenlast time
     'That was the last time.'

LM:

381. Nts'ëwhtsëhnekicsa'on'a'tl'ik'ay---?
     whenfirstit snowsandnow
     'When was the first snowfall back then?'

AJ:

382. Wilikhtah1936wik'inewgilnicOwen Lakets'i'its'ët'ën'first of Decembernenkat.
     sometimesI was telling story aboutBïwinïwe workedit snowed
     'Sometimes, I was talking about when we were at Owen Lake in 1936, it snowed the first of December.'

383. 'Et 'awitso steadyChristmas'ohiy yegh'et 'awittwo feet of snow.
     thenaround thenthen
     'It snowed steadily and by Christmas there was about two feet.'

384. Dohiywih'etdiwit'iyh.
     around heretoothusit does
     'The same thing happens around here.'

LM:

385. Sa'on'a'tsalhtsëuniwhyïnnetakilhwitsëhdik'iswik'ëtl'ats?
     long time agohigh-bush cranberryyou pl. pickit will snowbeforeorafter
     'A long time ago, did you pick high-bush cranberries before snow fall?

386. AJ: ndu?

LM:

387. tsalhts̈e
     high-bush cranberry
     'high-bush cranberries'

AJ:

388. Oh,witsëhde'
     before
     'oh, before'

LM:

389. witsëhde'
     before
     'before'

390. AJ: yeah, October

LM:

391. Nekic'awidïwhulïtdik'isweuslït,'oh de'?
     it snowsimmediatelyit meltsorit doesn't meltback then
     'Back then, did the snow melt right away or not?'

392. AJ: Ndu?

LM:

393. Yis'awidïwhliculïtdik'isweuslït,sa'on'a'?
     snowimmediatelyyes/no Qit meltsorit doesn't melta long time ago
     'Did the snow melt right away or not, a long time ago?'

394. AJ: No,

395. 'elhits'awitnekic'awit'elhits---
     permanentlythenit snowsthenpermanently
     'No, once it snows it stays.'

LM:

396. K'aydohwidïzilh'eto--ulïts'oondzin?
     nowthistime of yearthatdifferentit is
     'It's all different now (from when you were growing up)?'

397. AJ: Yeah

LM:

398. Diknïnyikhde'nts'ën'ato'aadil'ah,khiythok'asti?
     upyou're growingwhenhowwaterthey're gettingwinterit's coldwhen
     'When you were growing up, how did they get water when it was very cold in the winter?'

AJ:

399. To?
     water
     'water'

LM:

400. Mi', nts'ën'a to---

401. AJ: Oh,

402. Ninabout quarter milenints'iyenïhotsto'aalh'ahggit.
     over thereover thereeveryonetherewinterthey getthere
     'Everybody got water about a quarter mile from here in the winter.'

403. Stanley Georgewit'iywitsedzit'etto k'ithoz'ay.
     he livesbelow at placetherespringit is
     'Below where Stanley George lived there was a spring.'

404. Kwa'etu'asts'iygwaïn'ënSebastian 'Aten Malïhibiyikh'enïgwato k'it'elhikhintihoz'ay.
     againthereother sidethat persontheir housethemtherespringone placethere is
     'And on the other side there there was another spring by Sebastian 'Aten Malï's house.'

405. Kwa'etu'asts'iygwa'etwihhanlï.
     againthereother sidetheretoospring is
     'On the other side too there was a spring.'

406. Tak'iy,tatintihanlï,Tsë Cakh.
     threethree placesspring isHagwilget
     'There were three springs in Hagwilget.'

407. K'ayho'ggec.Ts'iyewhwelewhozdlï'.
     nownothingallgoneit became
     'Now they're all gone.'

408. LM: Hmm!

409. Widïzggï?Yenwidïzggï?
     it dried outthey all dried out
     'Did they dry out? Did they all dry out?'

410. AJ: yeah

411. Nggïyi'eyyikhnïonïnletl'its'iyewh,tl'idicinggitc'ato'yezsi'ayts'iyewhwilhclearhoolhtsiy.
     thatthathousethey builtandallandbushtherepondlittlethere isallwith thatthey made
     'They built houses around there and there was a little pond there, which was cleared out too.'

412. LM: hmm!

AJ:

413. Ts'iyewhlicc'ato'lhay'oh de'.
     allmaybepondmanyback then
     'There used to be lots of ponds back then.'

414. Ggit'Intsuwe'ohiy yeghts'iyewh,c'ato'si'ay.
     there(place in Hagwilget)thereallpondit is
     'At 'Intsuwe it was all ponds.'

415. Liglïzunïsts'iynetintic'ato',pond,kwanikfieldk'it'etwihtatinti,tl'iyi'eynï',nutsNew Hazeltonwits'ahts'iyewhc'ato'ggec.
     churchbehindtwo placespondagainuphill thereontheretoothree placesandthatback therefrom uprivertowardsallpondjust
     'Behind the church there were two ponds, and up on the field there were three springs too, and towards New Hazelton there was nothing but ponds.'

416. K'ayho'ggecso'.
     nownothing
     'There's nothing now.'

417. Dilkw'ahwihwelewhozdlï'.
     frogtoononeit became
     'There are no more frogs either.'

418. C'olilhtiho'ggecwihtl'ët,tl'ëtso' we---'awit'etdaatnï.
     springtimenothingtoonightnowthusthey make noise
     'In the springtime you could hear them (all) night.'

419. Tl'imisdzïwihhiley.
     andowlstoothey are many
     'And there were lots of owls too.'

420. Tl'ët'awit'etdaatnï.
     nightthenthusthey make noise
     'You could hear them at night.'

421. 'Enïwihwewilew.
     theytoogone
     'They're gone too.'

422. Ggikh,ggikhgginntsettiyutsests'iy'et 'awit'ohggikhmbïlh'eelhdzin.
     rabbitthatdownhill at placeroaddownhill sidethenthererabbitsnarethey had
     'They use to set rabbit snares below the road.'

423. C'itsitwihtl'ëttiwitsic'ohhibootsëkh.
     ruffed grousetoonighteverythenthey shoot
     'They would shoot grouse too every night.'

424. Tsalicwihlhay.
     squirreltoomany
     'There used to be lots of squirrels.'

425. 'Eywihho'ggec.
     ittoonothing
     'They are gone too.'

426. K'ayso'tsalicwelew.
     nownotsquirrelgone
     'There are not many squirrels.'

427. Gginïc'icalhts'iswitsanedilh'enïwihso'witsaneweydilh'awdeltsicyearssibe,swallows.
     thoseswallowthey would come backtheytoonotthey didn't come backbuthow manyI wonder
     'The swallows that used to come back haven't come back for I don't know how many years.'

LM:

428. Nts'ëwhyis k'itbindik'isc'ikwahneyenditinhiyk'it nidïlh?
     whenyearlakeorriverit all freezes acrossthey walk on it
     'What time of year do the lakes or creeks freeze across (so) people can walk on them?'

429. Tabïlichitiyh?
     reallyyes/no Qit freezes
     'Does it freeze hard?'

AJ:

430. LM: ho---

431. Todik'isc'ikwah,binto?
     waterorcreeklakewater
     'water, creeks or lakes?'

432. AJ: oh

LM:

433. Neyenditinhiyk'itlhë'nidïlh?
     it all freezes acrossthey on itacrosswalk
     'When it freezes across can they walk on it?'

434. AJ: yeah

435. Tsets---'ey---ts'ësnitohilhtisgentsetso'.
     downittoowaterit's strongheredown at placereally
     'Down at the canyon the water current is too strong.'

436. So'dinïwik'itniwesdïtl.
     personon itdoesn't walk around
     'No one walks on it.'

437. Diyikho'ggectitohilhtis.
     canyonnowhenwaterit's strong
     'Not in the canyon---the water's too strong.'

LM:

438. Deolk'itstiggïtinneditiyh?
     how coldwhenthaticeit freezes across
     'How cold is it when it freezes over?'

439. Tabïlichozk'itstin,neditiyh?
     veryyes/no Qit's coldiceit freezes across
     'Is it very cold when it freezes over?'

440. AJ: Yeah

LM:

441. Deolk'itstinyendikwizk'isyendiltalh?
     how cold is iticeit cracksorit breaks
     'How cold is it when the ice cracks or breaks?'

442. AJ: Oh

443. Khiyt'awit'et,'awit'etdit'ah.
     winterthenthusthenthusit does
     'It does that in the winter.'

444. Ggïc'ikwahnggitThomas Georgehot'iy'tabïNovember---doh,dohiy yegh'et 'awitggïnyents'e'intowelhtis---nyedzit'eylhimhiyk'itlhë'nidïlh.
     thatcreektherehe livedveryaround herearound herethenthatacrossnot toowaterit's not strongacross thereiticethey on itacrosswalk
     'At the creek where Thomas George lived, in November---the current isn't very strong around there---people can walk across the ice there.'

445. Uudïlhyenggïnïnlïbik'itnyenlhimhit---neditiyhtah.
     They knowthatflowing wateron itacrossiceit freezes acrosswhen
     'People know when the water flowing on it forms ice all the way across.'

446. Bink'its'etdiwest'ën'.
     lakeonthusit doesn't do
     'That doesn't happen on the lake.'

447. Bink'its'et'awitdïndzin.
     lakeonthusthenit is thus
     'The lake is like that then.'

448. Tabï'aghlhim'it'iyhtl'iwenilgit.
     verysooniceit doesandit's dangerous
     'Ice forms very quickly and it's dangerous (then).'

449. C'ikwahhiynïnlïtibik'itnyenneditiyhti'et 'awitsafehonlï.
     creekit flows on itwhenon itacrossit freezes acrosswhenthenit is
     'When the creek flows over it and it freezes up across, then it's safe to walk on.'

450. LM: Hmm

451. Tindedïltaylhëkh,tin?
     icehow thickit getsice
     'How thick does the ice get?'

AJ:

452. C'ikwah?
     river
     'the river?'

LM:

453. mi'tl'idik'is
     yesandor
     'yes'

454. AJ: Oh, about two feet

455. LM: hmm

456. AJ: three feet

457. Lake Kathlynlhim'its'ilh'ahevery winter about eighteen inches'ohiy yeghthick.
     icewe makethere
     'At Lake Kathlyn we cut ice every winter, about 18 inches thick there.'

458. 'Elhikhkhiyt1950'ohiy yeghLake Kathlynlhimwelew.
     one timein winterthenicenone
     'One winter around 1950, there was no ice at Lake Kathlyn.'

459. Lhimweolïl.
     iceit's missing in it
     'There was no ice.'

460. NyeghJasper'ohLake LucernehiyilhnïhotslhimCNRlhimwitsaay(dilhgguh).
     theretherethey call itthereiceicethey brought
     'The CNR brought ice from Jasper, Lake Lucerne.'12

461. Freight trainbïdohneeydïnïnle,Jasperwinet39 inches thick
     with itaround herethey brought themaround
     'They brought the chunks of ice here on a freight train, 39 inches thick around Jasper.'

462. LM: hmm

AJ:

463. 'ikw'is4 feet
     almost
     'nearly four feet'

LM:

464. Tintl'akhlhok ha'iwht'ah?
     iceunderyou pl. fished
     'Did you guys go ice fishing?'

AJ:

465. Lhokmi'c'oolhges.
     fishyesthey fish for
     'Yes, they go fishing.'

LM:

466. Ndu hiy---

AJ:

467. Lhatinyez,nik,yeghnikRobinson Lakekwanu'againyeghRoss Lake'ohiy yeghMarch'ohiy yegh'et 'awit'ohlhin---'awitc'oolhges.
     many placeslittleuphill therethereuphill thereagainupriver theretheretherethenthentherethenthey fish
     'West of Ross lake too around March they went ice fishing.'

LM:

468. Nduhiyulhges?
     whatthey fish for
     'What kind of fish did they fish for?'

AJ:

469. Dzilhlhok
     mountainfish
     'cutthroat trout'

LM:

470. K'aydohwidïzilhso'tinwestinhozlï'?
     nowaround thistime of yeariceit doesn't freezeit became
     'Now around this time of year the ice doesn't freeze?'

471. Tabïwinïzil.
     reallyit's warm
     'It's really warm.'

472. AJ: huh?

LM:

473. K'aydohwidïzilhso'tinwestin,sa'wits'in?
     nowthistime of yeariceit doesn't freezelong timesince
     'Has it been a long time since the ice doesn't freeze around this time of year?'

474. AJ: oh

475. Kwats'iyewhlhimbink'it'aghneditiyh.
     againallicelakeonquicklyit freezes over
     'The ice freezes over quickly on the lake.'

476. Hiyk'itnidïlh'aw.
     they on itwalkeven
     'People can even walk on it.'

477. C'ikwah'etts'isa' yez ho'ayhneditiyh.
     rivertherereportedlylater onit freezes across
     'The river takes a little longer to freeze.'

LM:

478. C'olilhtahnts'ëwhdzilhk'itc'olït?
     springtimewhenwhenmountainonit melts
     'In the springtime when does the snow melt on the mountain?'

AJ:

479. gen'et 'awitdohiy'et 'awitMarch'ohiy yegh
     herethenaround herethenthen
     'here around the end of March'

480. end of March, or mid-March

LM:

481. Nts'ëwhyis k'it'oh de'tadilbïh?
     whenyearback thenit floods
     'What time of year back then would it flood?'

482. AJ: huh?

LM:

483. tadilbïh
     it floods
     'it floods'

484. AJ: Oh

485. about tenth of May'ohiy yegh
     around then
     'around the tenth of May'

LM:

486. every year lhk'in'a'oondzin?
     sameit is
     'Is it the same every year?'

487. AJ: yeah

LM:

488. Nts'ëwhyis k'itt'ighisbit'anwilhëkh?
     whenyearpoplarits leavesbecome
     'What time of year do the poplar leaves come out?'

489. AJ: Oh

490. Genggitnc'adzitbridgeneyïn'aevery year 26th of April'et 'awitc'it'anwilhëkh.
     herethereacross thereyen'it goes acrossthenleafbecome
     'Where the bridge goes across, every year the leaves come out around the 26th of April.'

491. so never miss

492. GedohiyTsë Cakhhots'etabout one weekwik'ëtsMoricetownk'idziyec'it'anwilhëkh.
     herearound hereHagwilgettherethereafterWitsëtalreadyleafbecome
     'In Witsët the leaves start to come out about one week later than Hagwilget.'

LM:

493. 'Etnduwasibedohiy'aghc'it'anwilhëkhtl'inu''etsa'?
     thatwhyI wonderaround heresoonleafhappenandupriver theretherelate
     'I wonder why the leaves come out soon here and late upriver?'

494. AJ: Well

495. Nggïyeto' k'its,nïlhts'iynilwisyesdïts'in'a.
     thatcoastwindit's warmit extends from across
     'The coastal air flows across (the Skeena R. watershed).'

496. LM: hmm

AJ:

497. Nggïyi'eyyeto' k'itswinïlhts'iynilwis.
     thatthatcoastits windit's warm
     'That coastal air is warm.'

498. 'Eybighe'aghlhok uh---yiswelewtl'iyi'eyniksdïts'in'awinïnts'iykwa'etyi'eynusdïts'in'a'eyggïyists'iyewh'aghbilhhots'iyh.
     thatbecause of itquicklysnowis goneandthatfrom east?its windagainthereitfrom upriveritthatsnowallquicklywith itblows it away
     'Because of it the snow melts fast, and the wind that is blowing from the east is cold too.'

499. Tl'iyoh'etdoondzin'ohyisbilhnïlhts'iy.
     andaround therethusit istheresnowwith itwind blows
     'That's what happens there, the wind blows snow.'

LM:

500. Bits'alhk'iz.
     cold air comes from it
     'Cold air comes from it.'

AJ:

501. Weninwesadïndï'ohdohiy yeghggïnïlhts'iywindts'iyewhyisbilhhots'iyh.
     hillsidesun shines ontherearound herethatwindallsnowwith itit blows
     'The sun shines against the hills and the wind blows all the snow away.'

502. 'Engga'agh,'aghc'olilh.
     that's whyearlyspring
     'That's why spring is early.'

503. LM: mmm

504. K'aydohwidïzilh'etwihulïts'oondzinhozlï'?
     nowaround thistime of yearthattoodifferentit isit became
     'This time of the year, is it different now?

505. 'Awitsiczihhots'in'a'oondzinc'it'an,'aghc'it'anwilhëkhdohwidïzilh?
     stilljustlike thatit isleavesearlyleavesoccuraround thistime of year
     'Do the leaves still come out early this time of year?'

AJ:

506. nts'ë?
     where
     'where?'

LM:

507. Sa'on'a'but,wighilhdiyï'oondzin,k'is'awitsic'etzih'oondzin?
     long time agodifferentit isorstillthatjustit is
     'Is it different from a long time ago or is still the same?'

508. AJ: well

LM:

509. 'Etwighidec'enïnzin?
     thatwhat do you think about it
     'What do think about it?'

AJ:

510. C'ide''awitso' ts'e'in,yoh,c'olilhwehozïtl'ikhiyttabïhozk'its.
     in the pastthennot mucharound therespringby itthey nameandwinterveryit's cold
     'They had a name for when it was very cold in the winter and there was not much of a spring.'

511. Tl'i'awilhyïzggïyists'ësnïditaytl'i'etwihso'yinwestin.
     andalwaysthatsnowtooit's thickandthattoogroundit doesn't freeze
     'Whenever the snow gets too deep the ground will not freeze.'

512. K'ayho'ggecnggï.
     nownotthat
     'It's not like that now.'

513. So'ts'e'inweok'itsk'ay.
     not muchit's coldnow
     'It's not very cold now.'

LM:

514. Diknïnyikhde'ndïtnïc'iyehts'iywinï?
     upyou're growingin the pastwhichbirdthere are
     'When you were growing up, what kind of birds were there?'

515. AJ: Oh (laughs), oh

516. Ggïhiley.
     thatthey are many
     'There were many.'

517. Bilikhnïdetsantl'i'enï'oh'indzoh'et'ohdeendzintëkh gguzïhtl'idetsangguzïh.
     some of themcrowandtheytherejustthustherethey arekingfisherandcrowjay
     'Some of them are always around, crows, kingfishers, jays.'

518. So'newetisdïtl,c'itsit.
     they don't leaveruffed grouse
     'The ruffed grouse (too) don't leave (the area).'

519. Tl'igginïc'its'isggekhalht'im'yez,sparrows'enïlichibaatnï,wik'iz bundï,'enïwih'oh'etdeen(dzin)-
     andthosechickadeelittlelittletheymaybethey call themsnow buntingtheytootheretherethey are
     'And those little chickadees, maybe they call them sparrows, (and) snow bunting, are there too.'

520. 'Enïwih'ohwewilew.
     theytootheregone
     'They're gone too.'

521. 'Enï'awhhiwit'iy.
     theytherethey live
     'They lived there too.'

522. Sokh'adic zihtsëtwitsanedilh.
     robinby themselvesfirstthey come back
     'Robins come back first.'

523. Wik'ëtl'atsgwaïn'ëngginc'icalhts'iswitsanedilh.
     afterwardsthatthatswallowthey come back
     'Swallows come back after that.'

(laughs)

524. Wihgginïhibuzï'c'awitnï'enïwihyoh.
     alsothosetheir namesit sounds funnythosetoothere
     'And those too, their names sound funny.'

525. Hidilhggis.Sokhdaalco.
     they're blackrobinthey're as big as
     'They're black. They're as big as a robin.'

526. 'Entsikw dilc'eyhiyilhnï.
     itthey call them
     'They are called tsikw dilc'ey.'13

527. LM: hmm

528. AJ: uh

529. C'its'isggekdilhggis'ey,ggunek'enïwih,nde'hibilhhonets'idilh.
     chickadeeit's blackithummingbirdthosetoodownriverwith themone goes back down
     'The hummingbirds too come back downriver with the black chickadees.'

530. 'Oh'enïgheticketshokëtk'idziyewitsanedilhgginkhikhtl'ihibifeathers,hibits'int'a'wiyiggit'ohhang onhenlï.
     therethosefromthey buyfinallythey come back herethatgooseandtheir featherstheir wingsbelowtherethey are
     'Hummingbirds have to buy a ticket from geese to come back by hanging onto their wing.'

531. LM: mmm

AJ:

532. Hitch-hikehenlïwitsanedilh.
     they arethey come back
     'They come back by hitch-hiking.'

533. Ggunekhayïlht'im'yeztl'inïlhdze'hibeweo---
     hummingbirdlittlelittleandit's farfor them
     'Hummingbirds are little and it's far for them---'

534. 'Engga'enïhots'in'anikëdidekh.
     that's whytheythat's howthey travel
     'That is how they travel.'

535. Ngginïnde'honedilhnïhibilhduckstl'it'aco'enïhibilhhibit'akwik'aadïlhts'iytl'iwitsaneedilh.
     thosedownriver therethe ones who come backwith themandducktheywith themtheir backsthey sit onandthey come back here
     'They sit on the backs of the ones who come back downriver, the ducks.'

LM:

536. Khikh,dïlh,tl'its'enco'enwelewhoonïnlï'?
     goose,crane,andswangoneitit's starting to be
     'The geese, cranes and swans are all disappearing?'

537. AJ: yeah

538. Dik'in'adik'iwit'ahggïjet planetabïggïjet plane airplane,'eytsëtwitsaendïlwits'indikho'ggec.
     upwardsup thereit's happeningthatreallythatitfirstthey came heresinceup therenothing
     'Things have not been right up there (in the sky) since the jet plane first came here.'

539. Bilikhc'iyehts'iywelewhoonïnlï'.
     somebirdgoneit's starting to be
     'Some birds are getting scarce.'

LM:

540. Nduc'iyehts'iywitside'wesëwh'ën''eyk'aydohwinï?
     whatbirdpreviouslyyou pl. didn't seeitnowaround herethere is
     'What kind of birds are there now that you didn't see before?'

AJ:

541. oh,lek'ohk'ayts'i---
     I don't knownow---
     'Oh, I don't know.'

LM:

542. Ts'e'inc'iyehts'iywelewhoonïnlï'?
     not muchbirdgoneit's starting to be
     'Are the birds declining around here?'

543. AJ: yeah

544. Yeah,ts'ëwhiynggïgginïc'its'isggekso'c'ididlï'enïts'iyewhwelewhizdlï'.
     anywherethatthosechickadeewellsingstheyallgonethey became
     'Yes, those chickadees that sing good have become scarce everywhere.'

545. Yohnts'ëwhdicinwinï,dicints'ohondïz'a,tl'it'ighisnïwhninezdidïlhtl'igginïhilhghen'c'iyehts'iyts'iyewhc'aadidlï.
     therewheretimberthere istimbersprucethey stick upandpoplarback therewe walk aroundandthoseeveningbirdallthey sing
     'Back wherever there were trees, spruce and poplar, we used to go for a walk and those birds would sing in the evening.'

546. K'ayho'ggec'elhghinwezdis̈ts'ik.
     nownothingonewe don't hear
     'Now we don't hear a single one.'

LM:

547. Sa'on'acënwidiggïdik'iscënnewilhtiyh?
     long time agosummerit's dryorsummerit's raining
     'A long time ago, was the weather dry or rainy in the summer?'

AJ:

548. Dohiy'awilhye---tabïwinilwisgenhonzu.
     around herereallyit's warmhereit's nice
     'It was nice and warm around here.'

549. 'Et ho'ints'iy'wilikhtahnewilhtiyhone,'elhikhdzïnk'isnedidzïn.
     even sosometimesit's rainingone timedayortwo days
     'Even so sometimes it would rain one or two days.'

550. 'awit zih
     that's all
     'that's all'

551. One week steadynewewilhtëc.
     it doesn't rain
     'It wouldn't rain for one week steady.'

552. Ggï'enggaso'ts'iyetsicso'nit'ay,nit'aytabïc'izu'lhëkh.
     thatbecause ofveryallveryberryveryit's goodbecomes
     'Because of that the berries get very good.'

553. Tl'igennit'ay'eywihwelewhoonïnlï'.
     andhereberryittoogoneit's starting to be
     'The berrries are disappearing too around here.'

554. Yohstso'bilhnisye.
     theremy maternal grandmotherwith herI'm walking around
     'I used to go with my grandmother.'

555. Benic'isghï.
     for herI'm packing
     'I would pack things for her.'

556. Gennï'New Hazeltonwicin'so'ts'iyewh'ohc'aanilht'agh.
     hereback therebasereallyalltherethey beat (bushes)
     'On the hillside of New Hazelton, they use to beat the bushes with a stick (picking soapberries).'

557. Stso''adic zih'iwest'ën'ts'iyewhgewit'enïts'iyewhnï''oh'etdaat'ah.
     my maternal grandmotherby herselfshe didn't doallherepeopleallbacktherethusthey do
     'It wasn't only my grandmother but all the people from here were doing that.'

558. Tl'ik'ayho'ggec.
     andnownothing
     'And now there's nothing.'

559. Ts'iyewhyoh,yohc'aanilht'aghts'iyewhdinïhiwit'iy.
     alltherethey beat (bushes)allpeoplethey're living
     'Wherever they picked berries, (white) people are living there now.'

560. Yintimï'wihso'wets'ës'ën'.
     low-bush blueberrytoowe don't see it
     'We don't see low-bush blueberries anymore.'

561. Digï,tl'iggïdinïh'eywihho'ggec.
     huckleberryandthatkinnikinnikittoonone
     'Huckleberries and kinnikinnik are gone also.'

562. Stso''itnïgenc'ide'gentl'iHazeltonnyohcisyeznidïst'ayso'ts'iyewh'awilhyïzhiwdïlhk'in.
     my maternal grandmothersaysherein the pasthereandthereridgelittlethey are here and therereallyallalwaysthey burn
     'My grandmother told me that they burned all the ridges around here.'14

563. Digï'ohso'ninnïlhdze'weetisditldigïhoyïn.
     huckleberrythereover thereit's farthey don't gohuckleberrythey're picking
     'They didn't have to travel far when they pick berries.'

564. Tl'igwahyinyohtiybeghyintimï'so''eyggeck'ayts'iyewh'ohfarmerhozdletl'idinïwit'iy.
     andlandthereroadsidelow-bush blueberryreallyitjustnowalltherethey haveandpeoplelive
     'Along the side of the road, farmers are now living where there were low-bush blueberries.'

565. So'wewdïlhk'in.
     they don't burn
     'They don't burn.'

566. Tl'i'engganyenyohdzilhnidïst'ayts'iyewh'etdoondzints'iyewhc'ooyïn.
     andbecause of thatacrosstheremountainthey areallthusthey areallthey're picking
     'Because of that people go across to the mountains to pick berries.'

567. K'ay'et 'awitnyeghnikDease Lakewits'ah200 mile awayhotsdigï'aalh'ah.
     nownowthereup theretowardstherehuckleberrythey do
     'People pick huckleberries 200 miles away in Dease Lake now.'

(clock chiming)

568. 'Etwihho'ggeck'ayso'yi'ey.
     theretoogonenowthat
     'There is no more there now.'

LM:

569. Nts'ëwh'islikk'ay'izdïnïlh?
     whereI wondernowwe were saying
     'Now where were we?'

570. C'ikwahyezyenwidiggïsa'on'a'c'ikwahyez.
     creeksmallthey all dry uplong time agocreeksmall
     'The small creeks used to dry up.'

(to SH)

571. genk'aybilenghen'
     herenowhalf
     'now here half'15

(to AJ)

572. C'ikwahyezyenwidiggï,sa'on'a'.
     creeksmallthey all dry uplong time ago
     'The small creeks used to dry up.'

573. AJ: Oh, yeah

LM:

574. sa'on'a'
     long time ago
     'long time ago'

575. AJ: yeah

LM:

576. K'aydohwidïzilh'etdeondzin?
     nowthistime of yearthathow is it
     'How is that now this time of year?'

577. Lhghulïts'oondzin?
     differentit is
     'Is it different?;

578. AJ: yeah. Well

579. Ggit'awyohc'ato'ts'anlïts'iyewhde'yendiggïdiggitnis'Intsuwehiwitnï'etde''awilhyïzc'olilhtahc'ikwah'awilhyïztonïnlï.
     therealthoughtherepondwater flows fromallin the pastthey all dry upup thereaheadthey call itthenpastalwaysspringtimeincreekalwayswaterit flows
     'Although the water coming from the ponds would all dry up in 'Intsuwe the creek always flowed in the springtime.'

580. K'ay'etwihho'ggec'et.
     nowthattoonothingthere
     'Now there's no (water) there.'

581. C'ato'ts'iyewhbik'ityikhhozdle.
     pondallon ithousethey are
     'There are houses on all the ponds.'

LM:

582. Sa'on'a'nit'aydendzïn'?
     long time agoberryhow was it
     'How were the berries a long time ago?'

583. Tabïliclhay?
     reallyyes/no Qmany
     'Were there lots?

584. AJ: oh yeah, really

585. Tl'inïncaghlhëkh,ggïdigï.
     andround object is bigbecomethathuckleberry
     'The huckleberries used to be big.'

586. K'ayho'ggecnggïdigï'indzohyintimïyezlïnlï,tl'its'ilkiy'.
     nownothathuckleberryjustlow-bush blueberrylittleit's likeandit's sour
     'Now the huckleberries are small like low-bush blueberries, and they're sour.'

587. LM: hmm

AJ:

588. So' ts'e'inbik'it'awilhyïznewilhtiyh.
     reallyon italwaysit's raining
     'It's always raining on them.'

LM:

589. Nïlhdze'tiwhdilhc'oniwhyïn?
     faryou pl. walkyou pl. pick
     'Did you guys walk far when you picked berries?'

590. AJ: ndu?

LM:

591. Nïlhdze'tiwhdilhc'oniwhyïn?
     faryou pl. walkyou pl. pick
     'Did you guys walk far when you picked berries?'

AJ:

592. Nts'ëwh?
     where
     'where?'

LM:

593. Nïlhdze'tiwhdilhc'oniwhyïn?
     faryou pl. walkedyou pl. picked
     'Did you guys walk far when you picked berries?'

594. AJ: yeah

595. Genk'ay,k'aynïlhdze'tabïnïlhdze'nits'idïlh,digïk'ëts.
     herenownowfarreallyfarwe walk aroundhuckleberrytowards
     'Now we walk far for huckleberries.'

596. C'ide''eyggitnyidisnïntsin'Old Townwits'ah'indzoh,ggïdigï'awilhyïz'aghnaadidïlhtahhiy---c'aanilhggï.
     alreadyitthatI told youdownhill thereTsin'towardsjustthathuckleberryalwaysquicklythey go pickwhenthey dry them
     'I told you close to Old Town people picked huckleberries fast and they dried them.'

597. Bilikhhiyïnïracks'iyeelïlh,dzohgï.
     somethey for themdzohgïthey makerack
     'Some people made racks for them.'

598. Tl'ihiynilhggï.
     andthey dried them
     'And they dried (the huckleberries).'

599. Raisinsk'i'aayilh'ëkh.
     they made them like
     'They used to make them like raisins.'

600. 'Eyts'iyewhLhts'imsanïts'iyewhhiyukët.
     itallTsimshianallthey buy them
     'The Tsimshian people would buy the huckleberries.'

601. Swïniklhakë'isk'ët nïïyilïh.
     herring eggsseaweedthey traded for
     'They traded for herring eggs and seaweed.'

602. Tl'igwaNisgha,Utsënï'enïsleghï'enk'ët nïïyilïh.
     andcoast peopletheyoolachen greasetheythey traded for
     'They traded the Nisgha and coast people for oolachen grease.'

LM:

603. Sa'on'a'skakïnlïlhoklhay?
     long time agochildyou aresalmonmany
     'Were there a lot of salmon a long time ago when you were a child?'

604. AJ: oh yeah, gee

605. Nggï,ggïtsë'awitdïz'ay1959witsëh'58,'59.
     thatthatrockthereit is in therebefore
     'That rock was there in 1959, before 1958-59.'

606. Ggïtsëhiydïzc'ey'et 'awitho'ggecwelewsilï'.
     thatrockthey blasted itthennothinggoneit became
     'They blasted that rock and then there was nothing.'

607. Witsëtde'ggïtsëco'etdïz'aywis---ntsin'witsedzitggïlhokhotslhay k'ëtts'iyewh,ts'iyewhwidilhggis.
     beforein the pastthatrockbigthereit isdownbelow itthatsalmonthereso manyallarea is black
     'Before that when that big stone was there below the big rock there was lots of salmon and it was just black with them.'16

LM:

608. Nts'ëwhlhoktsëhtilwis?
     whensalmonfirstit runs
     'When was the first salmon run?'

609. AJ: huh?

LM:

610. Nts'ëwhlhoktsëhtilwis?
     whensalmonfirstit runs
     'When was the first salmon run?'

AJ:

611. Ggïs'et 'awitMay 10'ohiy yeghtatilbïh.
     spring salmonthenaround thenit starts to flood
     'Spring salmon, around May 10 it starts to flood.'

612. About towards,towards second or third week of May'et 'awitggïsholhdzekh.
     thenspring salmonthey gaff
     'They gaffed spring salmon towards the second or third week of May.'

LM:

613. Tl'ik'ay'etdeondzin?
     andnowthathow is it
     'How is it now?'

614. 'Awitlhokwelewhownïnlï'?
     nowsalmongoneit started to be
     'Are the salmon declining?'

615. AJ: well

616. Lhokwelew.
     salmongone
     'The salmon are gone.'

617. Ggïtsëwelewsilï''et 'awit'inuniwhlhokso'mbïwec'itilhdzik.
     thatrockgoneit becamethenweour fishnobodydoesn't gaff
     'When that rock became gone, nobody gaffs for fish.'

618. Lhokmbïlhho'ints'iyhiyï'iwedzin.
     fishneteventhey don't use
     'They can't even use a fishnet.'

LM:

619. Ggïswelewhoonïnlï'.
     spring salmongonethey're starting to be
     'The salmon are declining everywhere.'

620. Talok,dedzikh,sdimon,tësdlï'awitwelewhoonïnlï'.
     sockeyecohohumpback salmonsteelheadnowgonethey're starting to be
     'The sockeye, coho, humpback and steelhead are starting to decline now.'

621. AJ: yeah

LM:

622. 'Ulhcoh'etdoogegh.
     everywherethusit happened
     'That's happening everywhere.'

AJ:

623. Ggenïs'entabï'agh'igegh.
     dog salmonitveryearlyit happened
     'The dog salmon was quite early (this year?).'

624. dog salmon

625. LM: mmm

AJ:

626. 'Aghwelewsilï'.
     earlygoneit became
     'The run finished early.'

LM:

627. Nts'ëwh yis k'itts'ëlkiy'tanedilh?
     what time of yeareelit arrives again
     'What time of year do eels arrive?'

AJ:

628. Ts'ëlkiy''enï'a---,talokhibilhighewh.
     eeltheysockeyesame time as them
     'Eels (come) at the same time as the sockeye.'

LM:

629. 'Enïwih'awitwelewhoonïnlï'.
     theytoonowgoneit's starting to be
     'They are disappearing also.'

630. AJ: yeah

LM:

631. Tl'iwitsëde'hileyhënlï'.
     andpreviouslymanythey were
     'There used to be many before.'

632. AJ: yeah

LM:

633. Sishileyhoonïnlï'.
     black bearthey are manythey started to become
     'There are getting to be lots of black bears.'

AJ:

634. ndu?
     what
     'what?'

LM:

635. Sis.sis
     black bear
     'black bears'

636. AJ: oh yeah

LM:

637. cas
     grizzly bear
     'grizzly bear'

AJ:

638. 'Enïwihli---tabï19, 6, oh, 2006'ohiy yegh'adzitDoraapples'andinïnle.
     theytooreallythenoutside thereshe planted them
     'In 2006 Dora had a crab apple tree outside.'

639. So'ts'iyewh'ikw'ists'iyewhhiyïn'al,everynight.
     reallyallalmostallthey ate it
     'The bears just about ate it all.'

640. Hiley'oh de'.
     they are manyback then
     'There were many then.'

641. K'ay07ho'ggecso'.
     nownone
     'In 2007 there are none.'

642. So''elhghinwitsaweyel.
     oneit didn't come here
     'Not a single one came here.'

AJ:

643. 'Enïwihhawindinïndegh.
     theytoothey're running out
     'They are starting to decline also.'

LM:

644. Siswitside'dinïyïnilgit.
     black bearpreviouslypeoplethey're scared of them
     'The bears used to be scared of people.'

645. 'Etk'ayweenïlgit.
     thatnowthey're not scared
     'They're not scared like that any more.'

AJ:

646. Well,ggitnin c'itikat'awilhyïzdinïhë'en̈.
     theregarbage dumpalwayspeoplethey see
     'They see people at the dump all the time.'

LM:

647. Khiytts'iyhnaalh'assis?
     winterin the openthey're walking aroundblack bear
     'The bears are still around in the open during the winter?'

648. 'Etdiwest'ën'?
     thusthey're not doing
     'Are they doing that?'

AJ:

649. Sis?
     black bear
     'Black bears'?

LM:

650. Mi',ts'iyhnaalh'asdik'is
     yesin the openthey're walking aroundor
     'Yes, are they out in the open or'

651. AJ: no

LM:

652. c'i'an'aneel'is?
     denthey go back in
     'do they go back in their dens?'

653. AJ: no

654. Hibilhhatadibïh'etts'i'etdaat'ah.
     on themit floods outthenreportedlythusthey do
     'If their cave floods out, then they'll come out.'

655. LM: oh

656. Cas'eywih'etdit'ah.
     grizzly bearittoothusit does
     'Grizzly bear do the same.'

657. AJ: yeah

LM:

658. Niltu'
     deer
     'deer'

AJ:

659. Niltu''enïso'hoo'---
     deertheyno
     'No, not the deer.'

LM:

660. Hiley.
     they are many
     'There are many of them.'

AJ:

661. Hiley,yeah
     they are many
     'Yes, there are many of them.'

LM:

662. hida
     moose
     'moose'

AJ:

663. 'Enïwihhiley'awitsic.
     thosetoothey are manystill
     'There are still a lot of moose.'

LM:

664. Hidabiye'ntsiy'lhëkh.
     mooseits tickit's badit gets
     'Moose ticks get bad.'

AJ: (no answer)

LM:

665. Wesiyhileydik'is'enïwihwelewhoonïnlï'?
     lynxthey are manyortheytoogonethey're starting to be
     'Are there a lot of lynx or are they declining too?'

666. AJ: mhm

LM:

667. Wesiy,ggikh,nekizgï,nibe,ts'iyewhwelewhoonïnlï'.
     lynxrabbitfoxweaselallgonethey're starting to be
     'Lynx, rabbit, fox, weasel, they're all starting to decline.'

668. AJ: yeah

669. Dilkw'akh'eyho'ggec.
     frogitnone
     'There are no frogs.'

670. Hileyti'ohhighwaylhë'naalh'as'awilhyïz.
     they are manywhenthereacrossthey go aroundalways
     'There were always lots crossing the highway.'

671. K'ayho'ggec'elhghin'et'ohniwesye'.
     nownoneonethustheredoesn't walk around
     'Now we don't see a single one.'

672. Dohiywihtl'ighiswihwelewhoonïnlï'.
     around heretoosnaketoogoneit's starting to be
     'Even the snakes are starting to disappear too.'

LM:

673. Cindu dilhghishibighidec'enïnzin?
     pine beetlewhat do you think about them
     'What do you think about the pine beetle?'

674. cindu dilhghis,pinebeetle
     pine beetle
     'the pine beetle'

675. AJ: oh

LM:

676. 'Enïwihhileyhizlï'.
     theytoothey are manythey became
     'There are lots of them too.'

677. AJ: yeah

LM:

678. Yin tah'awit'ulhcohhontsiy'hoolhtsiy.
     territorynoweverywhereit's badthey made it
     'The pine beetle caused damage throughout the territory.'

679. AJ: yeah

LM:

680. Dicinc'itsiy''iyeelïlhtah
     woodbadthey're usingwhen
     'When they use the bad wood...'

AJ:

681. Khiyttah,khiythozk'its'etgginïwewilew,beetle.
     winterduringwinterit's coldthenthosethey're gone
     'When it's very cold in the winter, there are no pine beetles.'

LM:

682. Wik'izhiyk'ëyedlekh.
     coldthey die from it
     'They die from the cold weather.'

683. AJ: huh?

LM:

684. Wik'izhiyk'ëyedlekh.
     coldthey die from it
     'They die from the cold weather.'

685. AJ: yeah

686. Sa'delhtsichitnï'isdlik,40 below 2 weeksk'idziyewelewhibilh---lhëkh.
     long timehow manythey say(question)nowgoneit usually does
     'When the weather is 40 below for 2 weeks, that gets rid of them (pine beetle).'

LM:

687. K'ayso'dohwidïzilh'etdiweolk'itshozlï'.
     nowthistime of yearthusit's that coldit became
     'It is not as cold as that this time of the year.'

688. AJ: yeah

LM:

689. Cinïhcinduhiytahwit'iy.
     martenpinethey among itlive
     'Martens live in the jack pine area.'

690. AJ: huh?

LM:

691. Cinïhcindu,cinduhiytahwit'iy.
     martenpinepinethey among itlive
     'Martens live in the jack pine area.'

692. 'Endeetadzïlh?
     themwhat will be
     'What's going to happen to them?'

693. AJ: well

694. 'Enïwihhaadïndegh'aw
     theytoothey're disappearingbut
     'Marten are declining too.'

695. Hibika'west'ën'.
     they don't trap them
     'No one traps for them.'

696. Tsalicwih,tsalicwelewsilï''et 'awitcinïh'enïwihwelew'et---'eyhiykë'indzin.
     squirreltoosquirrelgoneit becamethenmartentheytoogoneitthey live on them
     'When the squirrels disappear, the marten will disappear too, because they live on them.'

697. LM: mmm

AJ:

698. cinïhtl'itsalictl'inibe
     martenandsquirrelandweasel
     'marten, squirrel, and weasel'

699. GgïMorice Lakeïn'ënPat Namoxbibep,Alfred NamoxC'olugityighinsiye.
     thatWidzin Binthat personhis fatherhe invited him
     'Alfred Namox invited C'olugit to Morice lake.'

700. 'Elhikhkhiythibilh'itat'elh.
     one timewinterwith themhe's going to work
     'He was going to work with them for one winter.'

701. Alfred Namoxdiyin' tahts'ësnïlhanïwe'indzintl'a,ggïnunïtsiy'ts'iyewhts'ësnï'agh'aayilh'ah.
     his territorytoo manymany peopleuse itandthosefur-bearing animalsalltooquicklythey're doing to them
     'Too many people were using Alfred Namox's territory and trapping too much out of it.'

702. 'Enggats'iyewh'etdeendzinconservation.
     because of thatallthusthey are
     'Because of that they were all like that, (practicing) conservation.'

703. Hidiyin' tahti'oh'elhikhkhiythotsnineweesditl.
     their territorythereone timewintertherethey don't go back
     'They wouldn't go back to their territory for one winter.'

704. 'EtlicgginC'olugityighinsiyeMorice Lake.
     thenmaybethathe invited himWidzin Bin
     'He invited C'olugit to Morice Lake.'

705. 'Elhikhinc'ikwahndiknts'ëwedïnlïwits'indzïn'elhikhts'iniktsayïlhnïïyilïh.
     one placeriverup therewhereit flows fromfromdayoneuptrapthey set them
     'One day they set traps where the river flows out.'17

706. Yiwnts'ëwedïnlï'etwits'incaanilyïh.
     therewhereit flows fromtherefromthey camp
     'They camped where the river flows out.'

707. Tl'ik'ikhneedidilhwilhnetdzïnnggïtsayïlhts'iyewhtah,ts'iyewhhaneeyulïhhibilhnïC'olugit.
     andbackthey go backseconddaythattrapallthey remove themhe told them
     'On the second day as they were returning, C'olugit told them to remove all the traps.'

708. 'Et licAlfred Namoxso''inïnzin,nduwahaneztalïlhnggï?
     then maybehe thinkswhywe're going to remove themthat
     'Then Alfred Namox thought, why are we going to take them out?'

709. Cinïhlhay.
     martenmany
     'There are lots of marten.'

710. 'Enggats'iditsayïlhkwanïnenïnle.
     for that reasonhis trapagainhe set them
     'So he set his traps again.'

711. Ts'iyewhwitsaneedïl'et ts'ihibudilhkit"niwhtsayïlhts'iyewhlichanewhle?"
     allthey returnedthenhe asked themyour pl. trapsallyes/no Qyou removed them
     'When they all returned, he asked them, "did you remove all your traps?"

712. 'ElhikhAlfred Namox'itnï,"hoo'siysc'e''awitkwa,kwanïnenis'ay."
     one timehe saysnoImy belongingsnowagainI set
     'Then Alfred Namox said, "no, I set my traps again."'

"Oh.

713. Lhkan'awitbikinenge'.
     tomorrowthengo get them
     'Tomorrow go and remove the traps.'

714. 'Elhikhzihgewe'its'endzin.
     oncejustherewe use them
     'We use them only once.'

715. 'Elhikhone year, one set of trapstahc'ikwahlhayMorice Lake.
     one yearduringcreeklotsWidzin Bin
     'One year one set of traps is used in the Morice L. area.'

716. So'net,nettahtsayïlhnïweeyisdlïc.
     twicetrapthey don't set them
     'They don't set the traps for a second time.'

717. Wilhnet'aat'iyh'et 'awitggïts'iyewhwipe outhibaalh(tsiyh).
     secondthey dothenthatallthey do
     'If they do that a second time, they'll wipe out all the animals.'

718. 'Engga'elhikhtahwe'eendzin."
     that's whyoncethey use it
     'That's why they only use the area once per year."

719. "Oh."

720. LM: okay

721. Ts'iyenin,
     last thing
     'The last thing,'

722. AJ: oh

LM:

723. 'aw k'is ndubigheyetalhdicwika'nïnzin.
     anythingyou're going to talk about ityou want to
     'anything you want to talk about.'

724. Nkinicdïdita'alhfinal, anythingbighiyetalhdicwika'nïnzin.
     your languageshe'll recordyou'll talk about ityou want to
     'She'll record you, whatever you want to talk about.'

725. AJ: oh

SH: (to LM)

726. Yin kakulïts'in'awiditëzit.
     worldit's differentit is spreading
     'The environment is changing.'

LM:

727. Yin kakulïts'in'awiditëzit'etwighidec'enïnzin?
     worlddifferentit is spreadingthatwhat do you think about it
     'What do you think about environmental change?'

728. AJ: mhm

LM:

729. Sa'on'a'wik'in'a'iwewidzin.
     long time agolike itit's not
     'It was not like that a long time ago.'

AJ:

730. K'ayngginïskakskiy ze'hibaatnï,lhanïwighiyeelhdic,so'weniwhozïlhts'ay.
     nowthosechildrenthey call themmany peoplethey talk about itthey don't listen to us
     'Those kids that are called skiy ze', lots of people talk about it, they don't listen to us.'

731. Nts'ën'ac'ide'nts'ën'atah---niwhgheetnï.
     howin the pasthowthey gave us advice
     'A long time ago they gave us advice.'

732. Tsëh widïlhdzilhnïts'iyewhhibits'ozïlhts'ay.
     eldersallwe listen to them
     'We listened to our elders.'

733. K'ayho'ggec.
     nowno
     'Now no one does that.'

734. Schooltabïlhk'uhenlïyeenlï'.
     verysmartthey arethey all are
     'They learn quite a bit in school.'

735. Tl'i'inundubighiyets'ilhdicts'ihibe ndu weyïlïh.
     anduswhatwe talk about itthey don't care about it
     'They don't care about what we have to say.'

736. 'Aghts'iyewhnïdok'in'ayewdïlhyehitnï.
     quicklyallwhite manlikethey all knowthey say
     'They quickly tell us they know all about it in the white man's way.'18

737. 'Et ts'itsëh widïlhdzilhnïts'iyewhc'ide'ts'i'awitkëzditadikh'et ts'ilhc'itkeyikhts'itayelh---ts'iztayelhtahniwhgheetnï.
     so theneldersallin the pastnowwe'll travelso thendifferent placevillageone will go towhenthey advise us
     'A long time ago, before we would travel to a different village, the elders gave us advice before we left.'

738. Ts'iyewhhots'in'azihwighiyeelhdic.
     allthat wayjustthey talk about it
     'They all talk about the same thing.'

739. 'Etnduwadiniwhaatnï?
     thuswhythey talk to us
     'Why are they talking to us like that?'

740. Degegh'ethots'in'aniwhilhyeelhdic'et'awidïwh'aatnïts'iditagïhwenï'iniwhaatnïnis widïzilh.
     whythatthat wayto usthey're talkingthatright awaythey saywe'll survivein order tothey talk to usin the future
     'They're giving us advice because they want us to survive in the future.'

741. 'Etwihk'ayskak'iltsicnïso'mbïweozïlhts'ay.
     thattoonowchildrenhow manynobodydoesn't listen
     'There are so many young people who don't listen to anyone.'

742. Bilikhnïgenliccouncilhilhëkh.
     some peopleheremaybethey become
     'Some become (band) council members.'

743. 'Enïwihnts'ën'ac'ide'dinï ts'ënlï'wits'oodilhye'.
     theytoohowin the pastwe livedthey don't know how
     'They don't know how we lived when we were young.'

744. Ts'iyewhskakggec'ohnïnendïl.
     allkidsjustaround therethey came back
     'All the young people came back.'

745. Tl'ilhc'itkeyikhweedïndïl,niwhkeyikhwidïzbin.
     anddifferent placevillagethey came fromour villageit's full
     'Our village is full of these young people from a different village.'

746. 'Enïwihdeendzinniwh'it'ënhiyts'oodilhye'.
     theytoohow they areour feast businessthey don't know it
     'They too don't know our feast business.'

747. 'Adichibi'it'ënts'iyewhwelewsilï'.
     by themselvestheir feast businessallthere is noneit became
     'They don't hold feasts any more.'

748. 1968gginHaidawit'enniwh---nic'izdigheswighininiwhnilhtin.
     thatpersonwe carvehe's teaching us how
     'In 1968, a Haida man was teaching us how to carve.'19

749. Sighinsiye.
     he invited me
     'He invited me.'

750. Massetdicinhoditatsiyh.
     poleit will be raised
     'A totem pole was going to be raised in Masset.'

751. 'Enggasiynde'hotsPrince Rupertts'inhotsts'ozkwiz.
     because of thatIdownrivertheretotherewe drove to
     'We drove to Prince Rupert.'

752. Tl'iairplanebïMassetnïznïndïl,siytl'iPaulie Sergeant,Mary MacKenzie.
     andwith itwe got toIand
     'Paulie Sargent, Mary Mackenzie, and I flew to Masset.'

753. Tl'idicinhodïtkiy'etRobert Davidsonudiclhkit"storets'isëlhgguh."
     andpoleit was raisedthenI ask himtoyou drive me
     'When the totem pole was raised, I asked Robert Davidson to drive me to a store.'

754. "Oh.Nduutankit?"
     whatyou will buy
     '(He said) "what are you going to buy?"'

755. "Oh, applesutaskitdinï deta'iswenï."
     I will buyfuture feastfor it
     "'I'm going to buy some apples for the feast."'

756. 'Indzohhatloh.
     justhe laughed out
     'He just laughed out loud.'

757. "Oh, we don't do that. You don't need it. It's all there."

758. "Oh."

759. Tl'idinïhalldeznïndïl.
     andpeoplewe went inside
     'We went into the feast hall.'

760. Ho'ggec.Lidapggecyikhts'iyenïsilver,silverwaretablek'itwidïzbin,crystal,glasses,everything.
     nothingtablejusthallallonit's full
     'When we got to the feast hall the tables (were set) with silverware, crystal, glasses, etc.'

761. Bow tiewihbï'eendzin.
     toothey're wearing it
     'They were wearing bow tie.'

762. Ts'iyenïdress upsilï'.
     everyoneit became
     'Everybody was dressed up.'

763. 'Ethinsdlah'elhghinmilanelhdicbik'ëlhawtalhtselh.
     thensuddenlyone personbuttonblankethe will pay for it
     'Then all of a sudden one person was going to pay for their regalia.'

764. 'Etgwahnikhotstigilggeyh,sunye.
     thenup therethereI'm running offmoney
     'There too I was going up with money.'

(laughing)

765. 'Etwih'etdisaatnï.
     thattoothusthey're telling me
     'They told me that too.'

766. 'Adicyik'ëlhawtalhtselh.
     himselfhe will pay for it
     'He has to pay for it himself.'

767. Mbïyilegh 'iweta(snïtl).
     no onewill not help him
     'No one will help him.'

768. "Oh, okay."

769. Tl'i'etRobert Davidsonbitsetsdidïnye.
     andthenhis grandfatherhe stood up
     'Then Robert Davidson's grandfather got up.'

770. Tabïdinïtiy.
     verymanold
     'He was a really old man.'

771. 1968'ohiy yegh
     around then
     '(It was) around 1968.'

772. Hoyenïlhdic.
     he started to speak
     'He started to speak.'

773. 'Et'itnï,"k'idziye'oh80 years, 80 yearswits'ink'idziye'oh de'dinï denïn'az,"nï,"genkeyikh."
     thushe's sayingnowthensincenowback thenfeast was heldhe saysthisvillage
     'He said, "this is the first time in 80 years that a feast has been held in this village."'

LM:

774. Nts'ëwhiy'aat'ah?
     whereaboutsthey're doing
     'Where did they do it?'

775. AJ: huh?

LM:

776. Nts'ëwhiy'aat'ah?
     whereaboutsthey're doing
     'Where did they do it?'

777. AJ: in Masset, 80 years ago

778. LM: Masset

779. AJ: That's 1968.20

780. LM: hmmm

AJ:

781. "'Oh de'wits'inso'dinï dewes'atshozdlï"'nï.
     back thensincenotthere has not been a feastit becamehe said
     "'Ever since that time there has been no feast gathering," he said.'

782. "Tl'i'enïk'aydohniwh'it'ënhiyts'udilhye'."
     andtheynowaround hereour businessthey don't know it
     "'Those people don't know our feast system."'

783. 'Etkwaland claims startsilï''etwihniwhghinhozyehots.
     thenagainit becamethentoothey invited usthere
     'They invited us again when the land claims was ongoing.'

784. Siy,Marvin George,Tiger'etSkidegatets'i'its'ët'ën'.
     Itheretowe were
     'Marvin George, Tiger and I were in Skidegate.'

785. 'Etwihnts'ën'acourt casewenïlha'izdigeghhibizdïnï'.
     thattoohowfor itwe preparedwe told them
     'We told them about how we prepared for the court case.'

786. 'Etwihelders'et'aatnï,"ho'ggecnts'ën'asibe'inuwenïhots'in'alha'izdunekh.
     thattoothatthey saynohowI don't knowwefor itthat waywe will prepare
     'The elders also said, "we don't know how we will prepare for it.'

787. Dinï dewets'isdlïc
     we don't hold feasts
     'We don't hold traditional feasts.'

788. Wedding'etts'ilhits'o(dilh)---dinï dets'ilïh'etgwaulïts'in'a'ohnïdok'in'a.
     thatwe gatherwe hold feastthatdifferent waytherewhite peoplelike
     'People have feasts for weddings, but in the white man's way.'

789. Tl'i'etk'aygen,genwih'etdoonïgegh.
     andthatnowhereheretoothusit started to happen
     'That has started to happen here too.'

790. Hinsdlahk'ayskakwelewsilï'nïngginïdinï bïtsniwesdïtlnïts'iyewhlhoozdïl.
     suddenlynowyoung peoplethere are nonethe ones who becamethose peoplefeastthe ones who don't go toallthey gathered
     'The young people that weren't going to the feasts all gathered here.'

791. So'k'idziye'ohggechibilh 'oot'ën'.
     veryfinallytherejustthey did with them
     'They went with them for the first time.'

792. Gen'etGidimt'enzihdinï deelïh,Sboksbiyikhtl'i'inu.
     herethatjustthey hold feasthis houseandus
     'The Gidimt'en was the hosting clan here, Sboks' house and us.'

793. LikhsilyuRon Austin'adiczih'enwih.
     by himselfonlyhetoo
     'From the Likhsilyu there was just Ron Austin.'

794. Bilikhnïho'ggec.
     some peopleno
     'Some people didn't come.'

795. Ts'iyewhyekëdïndegh.
     allthey all travelled
     'They're all scattered out there.'

796. 'Etho'ints'iyk'ëtsso'hiwinïlh'ën'nts'ën'anduwadinï de'as.
     thateven soafterwellthey looked aroundhowwhyfeast is held
     'But now they've seen for themselves how and why the traditional feast happens.'

797. K'ayso'yeztl'igwa'oodzïn'.
     nowgoodlittleandthey will be
     'Now they might be a little better.'

LM:

798. 'awitzih
     that's all
     'that's all'

799. AJ: yeah

800. LM: okay