Catherine Arsenault (Hagwilgginaw')

Length of interview:  1:04:25.
Translation by Lillian Morris and Sharon Hargus. Transcription mostly by Sharon Hargus.
LM:  Interview with Catherine Arsenault November 14, 2007...recording
technician Sharon Hargus.

1. Yin kakulïts'in'awiditëzit'ey,'etwighindïdistl'is'iyilekh.
   worldit's differentit's spreadingitthatfor itthispapershe's doing
   'She's collecting information about how the world is changing.'

2. Khiytdiknïnyikhde'so'c'ik'ënishozk'its'awitsiclicudïlhye?
   winterupyou're growingin the pastreallymostit's coldstillyes/no Qyou know
   'When you were growing up, do you remember the coldest winter?'

3. CA: yeah

LM:

4. 'Etwighiyetalhdic.
   thatyou'll talk about it
   'That's what you're going to talk about.'

5. CA: I think 1938 we were at Beamont.

SH:

6. Yinkadinï'k'iyelhdic.
   Witsuwit'enyou talk in
   'Talk in Witsuwit'en.'

7. CA: oh

8. Beamontts'iwit'iyyi'ey,camp.
   we're livingit
   'We were living at Beeman camp.'

9. We---Nïmbel be yikhts'iwit'iy.
   tentwe're living
   'We were living in a tent.'

10. Khiythozk'its.
    winterit's cold
    'The winter was cold.'

11. Ne'tl'itsetsbilhggïkikhhizizkëkëtl'o'niwhbeyilh'iy'Adambilh.
    motherandgrandfatherwith herthatrabbitskinsockfor usshe makes italso
    'My grandmother and grandfather made rabbit skin socks for Adam (Brown) and me.'1

12. Kikhzizkëkëtl'o'niwhbe'aayilhdzinkhiytts'iztëz.
    rabbitskinsockfor usthey madewinterwe slept
    'They had rabbit skins for socks for us for when we went to bed in the winter.'

13. Tabïïhozk'its.
    reallyit's cold
    'It was very cold.'

14. Ho'ints'idïtso'wets'isditinyikhts'oot'iy',1938.
    however/even sonotwe didn't freezehousewe lived
    'Even so we didn't freeze where we lived in 1938.'

LM:

15. nïmbeltl'akh---?
    tentunder
    'under the tent?'

CA:

16. nïmbeltl'akh
    tentunder
    'under the tent'

LM:

17. Deolk'its?
    how cold is it
    'How cold was it?'

18. CA: We don't know.

19. LM: hmm

CA:

20. Bits'udiclhye'deoltis---deltis.Tabïhozk'its.
    I don't knowhow strong it isveryit's cold
    'I don't know how strong (the cold was). It was very cold.'

21. Nye---bï wik'iz ghidlïwets'et'iyh'indzoh.
    thermometerwe didn't havejust
    'We just didn't have a thermometer at the time.'

22. Yiw'atslhimudiltalh.
    thereoutsideiceit's cracking
    'The (river) ice was cracking loud.'

23. Tabïskakts'enlïdzikh nits'izdegh.
    reallychildwe arewe suffered
    'When we were kids we went through hard times.'

24. 'Adambilhlhighewhdindinïditye.
    with himtogetherwe 2 grew up
    'Adam and I grew up together.'

25. Cecelia, mum, my mum, grandpa, Ne'ts'iyewh'alhk'ikhnïmbelncaghcobitl'akhts'iwit'iy.
    alltogethertentit's bigbigunder itwe live
    'We all lived together under the tent.'2

26. K'ayho'ggec.
    nowno
    'No, not anymore.'

27. Skakts'iyewh,ts'iyewhtoniweesdlï'k'ay.
    childrenallwaterthey do not packnow
    'None of the children nowadays have to pack water.'

28. Yikh'awitts'eyik'ats 'inedilh'etho'ints'idïthaaskë.
    housestillright herewashroomthateven sothey're cranky
    'Even though they have a washroom right here (at home, indoor), they're very cranky.'

29. 'Ettl'a,libotwihtinewenisggits.
    thatandcuptoothey don't wash
    'They don't even do the dishes.'

30. Hootsisyikh.
    they're lazyat home
    'They're lazy at home.'

31. C'ide'ggïtsiznï'dic'ahnikhëlhts'itilhdïlh.
    in the pastthatfirewoodback therein the bushwe were packing
    'We used to pack wood from back in the bush.'

32. Nïsdïtswilikhtahggïsleighyezbik'its'iydïzdletl'i'eybïwitsac'izdilhgguh.
    from back theresometimesthatlittlewe brought them on itanditwith itwe dragged it here
    'Sometimes we packed them on a little sled and hauled that here.'

33. Tabïdzikh nits'izdegh,'39, 1940'ohiy yiw.
    reallywe sufferedaround then
    'We went through really tough times around 1939-1940.'

34. 'Etde'at1939genschoolhon'a'about 2 house,and then,David, Tyee Lake Davidbiold hall.
    therejust over therehereit washis old hall
    'There was a school just over there in 1939 and then Tyee Lake David's (Gidimt'en) old hall.'

35. Yikhhall'etwihc'ewitsiy'.
    buildingthattooit's decrepit inside
    'The hall was very decrepit inside.'

36. So'ditsicyi'eynduhiyilhnï'awlhitsdzïhtëlggecwewnïlht'agh,onedezni---
    reallyallitwhatthey call itonlylumberjustinside walls
    'Only lumber was used all around on the walls.'

37. 'Etwihhozk'itstëkats'ilh'is.
    thattooit's coldwe (group) left sick
    'We had to leave the building (because) it was too cold.'

38. 'Indzoh'et 'awitschooltënets'indïl.
    justthenwe left
    'We didn't go back to school.'

39. Yi'ey,sdohkwin,kwineghniznï(lh)dzïlwihyiwh'in tah'its'ëndzïn'.
    itstovefireby the firewe warmed uptoolined upwe were
    'We had to stand next to the wood stove to keep warm.'

40. 'Et 'awit'indzohyikhts'ooneniwhëlhkwiz.
    thenjusthousewe were brought back to
    'We lasted for a little while and then were brought back to our homes.'

41. Tsetsï'inLouie Tommy'en'it'ahskakhibibehozk'its.
    grandfatherdeceasedhehe doeschildrenfor themit's cold
    'The late Louie Tommy did that for the children when it was cold.'

42. Yi'eysleighyïzïlhiyc'it'inec'aalïhtl'a.
    ithorsesthey put harness on the horsesand
    'My grandfather Louie Tommy got the team of horses ready.'

43. Nde'Two-milets'ooneebilhgguh.
    down therehe hauled them
    'He brought them (children) back to Two-mile.'

44. K'ayDzutsMichell,hileyTwo-mile,'Ëlsiy'oh dïndzin,Two-mileAmos'oh dïndzinggï.
    nowGeorgethey are manyElsiefor examplefor examplethere
    'There were lots of people in Two-mile, George Michell, Elsie (Michell), Amos (Naziel).'

45. Kwizhidïzbin.
    sledthey're full
    'The wagon was full.'

46. So'busbïniweesdïtl.
    with itthey didn't go
    'They didn't use a school bus.'

47. Skakhibighedzïltsilhtl'a,hitaditin.
    childrenhe pitied themandthey'll freeze
    'He felt sorry for the kids, (thinking) they would freeze.'

48. Tabïggitde'atschoolts'ënlï'1940so'ndu'iwets'uudïl'ël.
    reallythereover therewe werenothingwe didn't learn
    'When we went to school down there in 1940, we didn't learn anything.'

49. That teacher, teacher Miss Vinancehiyilhnïtabïtatne.
    they called herreallyshe drinks
    'The teacher, Miss Vinance, drank too much.'

50. 'Indzohbic'aschool'Adambilhschooltënendit'aztl'a,nuhfarmer,lemidechanikat'ohde' ts'iwitnï.
    justbecause of herwith himwe leftandupriver areapotatodig uptherewe applied for (work)
    'Adam and I quit school because of her and applied for work from a potato farmer upriver.'

51. 'Et wigheso'wewdïtiy'ten cents, hundred pound ten centsk'ëlhahac'iznilïh.
    for thatit's not much moneypaymentwe dig up round objects
    'We received ten cents as payment for digging up one hundred pound of potatoes.'

52. 'Eywihten centsbig moneytabïïsunye.
    thattoolotsmoney
    'Ten cents was a lot of money.'

53. Niwhbencaghone dollar'oh de'.
    for usit's bigback then
    'One dollar was very big money that time.'

54. K'ayhundred dollarsstorebilhnïts'iyeyhso',nduk'in'awelew'its'ëlh'iy.
    nowwith itwe stopnothinglikeit's gonewe do
    'Now, when we go to the store with one hundred dollars, we spend it like nothing.'

55. 'Oh de'ggïbutter'eywihten cents,one poundts'ëlh'iy,kofbaytwentycents.
    back thenthatittoowe docoffee
    'Back then we paid ten cents for a pound of butter, and coffee was twenty cents.'

56. Dohiymilkts'iyewhten centsnlï.
    around hereallit is
    'Milk was ten cents around here.'

57. K'aytabïïts'iyetsicdïztiy'.
    nowreallyeverythingit's expensive
    'Now everything is expensive.'

58. 'Et 'awit1940'ohiy yiwgginCatholic priest Father Allardnatnïnïnek'ayggityikhwigit'awithoz'aylhdighelhggis---
    thenaround thenthat personover there (place)he moved innowthereoldhousestillit iscross
    'In 1940 the Catholic priest Father Allard moved into the old log house next to the church.'

59. 'Et'iniwhënlegh,nuhCatholichibitinedilggïhtl'ikhiytdzuttl'ikhiytkëniwhbelhineyulïh.
    thathe did for usupriver areahe ran around collecting from peopleandwintercoatandwinterbootfor ushe collected them
    'He used to go to Smithers and collect (used) winter coats and boots for us from Catholic people.'

60. 'Ey,'et awitso'c'e'its'endzintl'ischoolts'oonets'idilhhah.
    itthenwellwe dressedandschoolwe went back to
    'We dressed well and went back to school.'

61. Tabïïdzikh nits'izdegh.
    reallywe suffered
    'We went through hard times.'

62. 'Oh de'yi'eyskaksunyewihhibighi-niwhghiwelhts'etditsicweh.
    back thenitchildrenmoneytoothey did not give usalltoo
    'Back then we did not even receive family allowance.'

63. Indian Agentniwhlegh 'itanïlhtah'awilhitsfive dollars order'awezihniwhgheyi'ayh.
    he'll help usifonlythat's allhe gives us
    'If the Indian Agent is going to help us, he would only give us a five dollar purchase order.'

64. LM: Per month?

65. CA: Mi', one month

66. lhk'iysanin
    onemonth
    'one month'

(laughs)

67. 'Etyi'eynu'hac'inidlet'ohnits'idïlh.
    thereitupriver therepotatoes were dugtherewe went
    'We went upriver to where the potatoes were dug.'

68. 'Et 'awit1941'ohiy yiw'awitEddy Johnson, Johnny Johnson'anuhibits'in'it'ënts'elhcot.
    thenaround thenthenwefrom themjobwe took
    'Around 1941 we got a job from Eddy Johnson and Johnny Johnson.'3

69. Tsiz'iyets'ëlïlh.
    woodwe were making pl.
    'We were cutting wood.'

70. 'Eywihso'wedïtiy'k'ëlhafour dollars a cord.
    thattoonotit wasn't much moneypayment
    'It was not much money, four dollars a cord.'

71. Tabïsa'ten yearsnu'Evelynts'oot'iy'.
    reallylong timeupriver therewe lived
    'We lived at Evelyn a long time, for ten years.'

72. C'ik'ëts'et 'awitso'nïkëzdïnïndegh.
    after thatthenwellwe moved
    'After that we moved to a better place.'

73. Tabïlhatdzikh nits'izdegh.
    reallymany timeswe suffered
    'We went through many hard times.'

74. Ggïcënwilhëkhtahk'ondzetooyilh'ay.
    thatsummerit comeswhenfish trapthey keep in water
    'In the summer they kept a fishtrap in the water.'

75. 'Ey'Adambilhggïbilikhlhoklhaynawh wigheyilïhk'ayDick NazielhibibepMalyanhibine',MalyanCohiyilhnï.
    itwith himthatsome of itsalmonlotshe gave it awaynowtheir fatherMaryannetheir motherMaryannebigthey called her
    'Adam and I gave away some of the many fish to elders like Dick Naziel's mother, Malyan Co she was called.'

76. Kwandinï tahlhokhibigheeyilï'eyk'ondzelhoklhayhiyaayilïh.
    everyonesalmonthey gave it to themitfish trapsalmonlotsthey take it out
    'They gave away salmon to everyone, so much salmon was taken out of the fish trap.'

77. 'Eyso'mbïlhëwetisditl'oh de'.
    itnobodythey didn't fight with each otherback then
    'People didn't argue with each other back then.'

78. Tabïggïlhok bin yikhhoncaghntsethoz'ay.
    verythatsmokehouseit's bigdownriver at locationit is
    'There was a big smokehouse down at the canyon.'

79. So'ggïhiwdilhbïh.
    reallythatthey fill up
    'They filled up the smokehouse.'

80. Wilikhtah2000'oh'aayilh'iyhggïbe'siggï.
    sometimestherethey used to makethatdry salmonit's dry
    'Sometimes they made 2000 dry salmon there.'

81. 'Oh de'yi'eycanbits'uzdilhye'ditsic wih.
    back thenitwe don't know italtogether
    'We didn't know anything about canning salmon back then.'

82. Lhokcan'iwezdilh'ën'.
    salmonwe didn't make
    'We didn't do any salmon canning.'

83. Hinsdlah---mbïsibe'it'ahyi'ey---lhokcannïdo'aat'ahlhokcan'aalekhhibighin---Sam--- Myron--- 'Adambilhhibinidil'ën.
    suddenlywhoI don't knowis workingitsalmonwhite peoplethey're makingsalmonthey're makingwith himwe 2 are looking at them
    'All of a sudden Adam and I were looking at some white people making can salmon.

84. Hinsdlahmustard jarnedidletl'ilhokcan'ididlegh.
    suddenlywe found themandsalmonwe made
    'Suddenly we found mustard jars and made our own canned salmon.'

85. Neniwhaalhtis.
    they caught us
    'They caught us.'

(laughing)

LM:

86. C'izu'silï'?
    goodit became
    'Did it turn out good?'

87. CA: No... (laughing)

88. 'Et 'awitGrandpayi'eycan machinehonkët.
    thenitthey bought
    'Grandpa (and someone else) bought a canning machine.'

89. 'Oh de'ggïcan machine\$25.
    back thenthat
    'The canning machine cost 25 dollars back then.'

90. Can machinehonkëttl'icanwihhonkët.
    they boughtandtoothey bought
    'They bought the canning machine and also cans.'

91. Wedïtiy'.
    it wasn't expensive
    'It wasn't expensive.'

92. Ggïcanwihdeltsic?4 dollars one hundredc'esile.
    thattoohow muchthey're empty
    'The empty cans were 4 dollars per hundred.'

93. K'ay'eywihtabïïdïztiy'.
    nowthattooveryit's expensive
    'That too is very expensive now.'

94. 'Eygginteachernatwit'iy,Max ButricehiyilhnïButrice,'enggïcanniwhbeyidinc'idïlhdzegh.
    thatthat personover therehe livesthey called himhethatfor ushe sealed them
    'The teacher who lived in the village named Max Butrice sealed the cans for us.'

95. Bits'its'udilhye'.
    we didn't know
    'We didn't know how (to operate the machine).'

96. 'In ts'ah'et 'awitbits'udïl'iy'.
    later onthenwe learned it
    'Later on we learned.'

97. 'Eyggïcan machineJanetlic'awhyilh'ay.
    itthatmaybestillshe has it
    'Janet (Catherine's daughter) might still have the canning machine.'

98. 'Oh de'twenty-five dollarshinlï.
    back thenit is
    'The machine cost twenty five dollars back then.'

99. K'ay'eywihtabïïdïztiy'.
    nowittooveryit's expensive
    'Now it is very expensive too.'

LM:

100. 'Oh de'nts'ëwhyis k'ittsëhcan('iwhlegh)?
     back thenwhenyearfirstyou pl. made
     'What year was that when you first canned things?'

101. CA: 1941

102. LM: Hmm, 1941

CA:

103. Tabïk'ayggïskak,sizkaknde'Kitwangadaandinïnye.
     reallynowthatchildrenmy childrendownriverthey were raised
     'All my children were raised in Kitwanga.'

104. Jamestl'iPat,Shirley,'enïKitwanga'etdaandinïnye.
     andtheytherethey were raised
     'James, Pat and Shirley were raised in Kitwanga.'

105. Kwa'etwih'etdits'it'ahtabïdzikh nits'izdegh.
     againtheretootherewe werereallywe suffered
     'We went through hard times there too.'

106. Ggindinï---'oh de'family allowanceso'weyley.
     thatpersonback thennotit isn't much
     'The family allowance was not very much then.'

107. \$5 per person15niwhghooltsic.
     they used to give us
     '\$5.00 per child, we got \$15 per month.'

108. So''ey,'eyts'iyewhniwhghayindinilc'ohtl'iyilhholwis.
     itallhe used to get mad at us for itandwith ithe ran away
     'He (my husband) would get mad at us so he could get it and would run away with it.'

109. 'Ey,Augustinesilh---nu'---nde'newziclhtiy.
     itupriverdownriverI brought her
     'I brought Augustine back down to camp.

110. Ts'o'alhwelewntsin'.
     our foodnonedown there
     'We had nothing to eat down there.'

111. Kitwanga R.'ohlhok,so'lhokts'oggïwhniwhlebï.
     over theresalmonsalmonwe catchour handswith it
     'In Kitwanga river we caught salmon with our hands.'4

112. 'Eybïcook nezdidlekh.
     itwith themwe cooked
     'We cooked them.'

113. Tabïlhawhha'ts'ët'ën'.
     reallymany wayswe did
     'We did many things (to survive).'

114. K'ay,k'ayts'iyetsicgginïskakso' ditsicyohvegetablehita'ilhwighootsis.
     nowallthosechildrennot anythatthey will eatthey don't want
     'Now children don't want to eat any vegetables.'

115. So'ts'iyetsicpizza, pophitnïti'aatnïbilikh.
     reallyallthey saythey make noisesome
     'Some of them ask for everything---pizza, pop.'

116. A\&Whitnï.
     they say
     'They ask for A\&W.'

117. 'Oh de'A\&Wwits'its'odilhye'.
     back then we don't know
     Back then we didn't know about A\&W.'

118. Tsetsï'inbilhnisye.
     grandfatherlatewith himI went
     'I went with my grandfather.'

119. About ten year old,lic 'ist'ah,store, Charlie Morrisbistoretsetsbilhnisye.
     I must behis storegrandfatherwith himI went
     'When I must have been 10 years old I went with my grandfather to Charlie Morris's store.'

120. Ggïyi'eyk'ilmosniclh'ën.
     thatitcrabI'm looking at it
     'I was looking at a crab.'

121. Chuck Morrisc'il yezggïk'ilmosyizgguhtl'iyïsighec'inïnyiz.
     crazythatcrabhe grabbed itandwith ithe scared me
     'That crazy Chuck Morris grabbed the crab and scared me with it.'5

122. Yikhhadigilghï.
     buildingI screamed out
     'I screamed in the store.'

123. LM: hmm

CA:

124. Charlie Morris'ohiy yiwdiyï'wika'yilhnï.
     thenhis sonhe got after him
     'Charlie got after his son for that.'

125. Siyist'iygit dit'ah'indzoh.
     my bodyit's like thisjust
     'My body was just like this (shaking).'

126. LM: hmm

CA:

127. Tabïïsghec'inïnyiz.
     reallyit scared me
     'It really scared me.'

128. Ggïbits'udiclhye''ohiy yegh.
     thatI didn't knowback then
     'I didn't know what it was then.'

129. Ndu'indzinhibits'udiclhye'.
     whatit isI don't know them
     'I didn't know what it was.'

LM:

130. Nts'ëstoreholh'a'?
     wherehe had it
     'Where did he have the store?'

131. CA: Charlie Morris bistore, Smithers

132. LM: Smithers, oh

CA:

133. K'aygginïskaktabïggïc'itsiy'nïhiyit'it'eyzihhiyïnïsunyehiyghidetnegh.
     nowthose peoplekidsreallythatbad stuffthey smoke itittoothey with itmoneythey're greedy for
     'Now these kids are greedy for money for the bad stuff they smoke.'

134. So'mbï'it'ënhawewdïlh'ikh.
     no oneworknot looking for
     'Nobody is looking for work.'

135. 'Indzohniggu'is-hidinï'.
     justthey go around borrowing
     'They just go around borrowing money.'

136. Dzïn'etNancywikasilhyelhdic.
     todaythatfor itwith meshe's talking
     'That's what Nancy was talking to me about today.'

137. Tabïïk'ayyin kakhontsiy'hozdlï'.
     reallynowworldit's badit became
     'Now everything in the world has become bad.'

138. Gginso'mbï'etdiwetast'etl.
     that personnobodythuswas going to do
     'No one was going to do that.'

139. Herbert Nikalgginïhippiewitsaabïnle'etwileghts'i.
     those peoplehe brought them herethatbecause of
     'It's because Herbert Nikal brought those hippies here.'

140. Dohkeyikhstarthozdlï'.
     around herevillageit became
     'It (drug use) started in this village.'

141. Tl'iso',k'ayso'ditsickeyikhc'iwitsiy'hozdlï'.
     andreallynowreallyallvillageit's badit became
     'The whole village has become bad.'

142. So'mbï'elhghinyiwcetinwesye'wi'oondzin.
     nobodyone persontheredoesn't visitit is
     'No one goes visiting anymore.'

143. C'ide'tsetsï'inLouie Tommyyiwnah---nu''oldze' coSdïleghhiwitnïïn'ënLittle Dennishibits'inhotsnilggeyheverybody.
     pastgrandfatherlatethereupriverhow long distanceStellakothey call itthat personto themtherehe runs
     'A long time ago, grandfather Louie Tommy travelled as far as Stellako to visit Little Dennis.'

144. So'dzïntl'ëttiwitsickwinni'andewhTwo-mile'ohnilggïhdinïk'anedideyh.
     nighteverylighthe carries arounddownriver aroundaround therehe runs aroundpeoplehe visits
     'At night he used a lamp and visited people around Two Mile.'

145. "Ts'iyewhso' 'oondzin"nïlhghen'niwhghidenelggïh.
     everythingit's goodhe sayseveninghe comes back home to us
     'He used to say, "everything is okay" when he came home at night to us.'

146. K'aynurseho'ggecso'mbïtinewetisditldoh'awh'indzoh.
     nownothingnobodydoesn't do home visitsaround herearound therejust
     'Now, the nurse, nobody does does home visits.'

147. Officewik'ëëdïlhts'iytl'isunye'iyeelïlhtl'a,tsetsï'inso'wec'awec'ilhdek'ohdinïk'anedideyh.
     they sit inandmoneythey makeandgrandfatherlatenothe doesn't chargetherepeoplevisiting people
     'They sit in the office and make money, but my late grandfather did not charge for visiting people.'

148. Kwa1943lic 'it'ahgginnurse,bits'udiclhye'buzï',HazeltonMarshall boyscoalhiditëlhgguh'enhibilhdesdïtshitchhikenlïtl'a,dohkeyikhso'ts'iyewhniwhtinedilggïh.
     againit must have beenthat personI don't know herher namethey're haulingthemwith themfrom downrivershe isandaround herevillagereallyeveryoneshe visits us
     'In 1943 I think it was the nurse, I don't know her name, caught a ride from downriver with the Marshell boys in Hazelton hauling coal, and did home visits with everyone in this village.'

149. Hots'in'a'ëët'ën'.
     that waythey did
     'That's how they did things.'

150. K'ayso'mbïhots'in'a'iwest'ën'.
     nowno onethat waydoesn't do
     'No one does that anymore.'

LM:

151. Yi'eyyisgenc'ik'iyizggiznts'ëwhtsëhnekicdiknïnyikhde'?
     itsnowhereshe wrote itwhenfirstsnow fallsupyou're growingin the past
     'That snow which she wrote here, when you were growing up when would you get the first snowfall (of the year)?'

CA:

152. 'aghtabï--
     earlyreally
     'really early'

LM:

153. K'ay,k'aytl'isa' hon'a'wilhdiyï?
     nowandlong time agodifferent
     '(Is it) different now compared to back then?'

CA:

154. K'ay,'oh de'tsëtnekicOctoberggit'iwit'iyhnekic'etts'it'un'yezyis.
     nowback thenfirstsnow fallsthereit happensit snowsthenit's very thinlittlesnow
     'Back then we would get the first snowfall in October, and it was very thin.'

155. 'EtNovember'ohiy yegh'et 'awityisditayyezlhëkh.
     thenaround thenthensnowit's deeplittleit gets
     'Around November the snow would get a little deeper.'

156. K'ayho'ggec.
     notnothing
     'Now (there's) nothing.'

157. So'ulïts'in'aggecwiditëzit.
     reallydifferentjustit's spreading
     'Everything is changing.'

158. 'Indzohhozk'its.
     justit's cold
     'It is just cold.'

159. 1947'etdits'igeghne'---February 4wits'inso'neweskat.
     thusit happened to usuntilnotit didn't snow
     'In 1947 we didn't get any snow until February 4.'

160. Cënk'it'awithoz'ay.
     summerlikenowit is
     'It looked like summer.'

161. Hinsdlahso'netakilh'etdiwewit'ënhinsdlahbin'yisabout 4 feetk'idïltay.
     suddenlynotit's going to snowthusit doesn't look likesuddenlymorningsnowit's thick
     'All of a sudden, it didn't look like it was going to snow but in the morning there was about four feet of snow.'

162. 'Eymum'atstëzyeyisyikhggïyisditsicwihyikhdentgit.
     itoutsideshe wentsnowhousethatsnowalltoohousefell in
     'When my mother was going out, she opened the door and the snow fell inside.'

163. Tl'ishovelwihts'ëtweyïlïhtl'iweninyists'iditoye'ts'iwelew.
     andtooin the openit isn'tandcan'toversnowwe walkcan't
     'We didn't have a shovel handy, and couldn't walk in the deep snow.'

164. So''iwinïgeghggityikhnïlhdze'hozdletl'a,dikmin k'it---k'ayk'itlogs be yikhhoz'ay'etwibeweznïlhgut.
     reallycouldn't eventherebuildingfarthey areanduproofnowonlog houseit isthatfor itwe were scared
     'The sheds were far from the house, and up on the roof--- we were scared for the old log house.'

165. Sicdikmink'ëgilggïttl'iyisnints'itizoh.
     I by myselfuproofI crawledandsnowawaywe plowed
     'I myself crawled up on the roof and we shovelled the snow off the roof.'

166. Barnts'iyewhnenc'istic.
     allit caved in
     'The barn caved in.'

167. 'Oh de'1947'oogegh.
     back thenit happened
     'It happened in 1947.'

168. Hin'etyisditaysilï'.
     suddenlysnowdeepit became
     'Suddenly there was deep snow.'

LM:

169. Tl'ik'ay'etwighilhdiyï'oondzin,dohwidïzilh?
     andnowitit's different from itit isaround thistime of year
     'This time of year is different now from way back then?'

170. CA: Yeah.

171. K'ay 'awityisditaytalïlhhin'ettahhah'oondzinso'yiswelew'oh dïnyiz.
     nowsnowit's thickit'll besuddenlywhenit isnosnowthere isn'tstill
     'The snow should be deep but there's still no snow.'

LM:

172. Sa' hon'a'tsalhtsëuniwhyïnnetakilhwitsëhdik'iswik'ëtl'ats?
     long time agocranberryyou pl. pickit'll snowbeforeorafter
     'A long time ago did you guys pick high-bush cranberries before it snowed or after?'

173. Genc'ik'iyizggiz.
     hereshe wrote it down
     'She wrote it here.'

174. Tsalhtsëuniwhyïn?
     cranberryyou pl. picked
     'Did you (pl.) pick cranberries?'

175. Netakilhwitsëhtsalhtsëuniwhyïn?
     it'll snowbeforecranberryyou pl. picked
     'Did you (pl.) pick cranberries before it snowed?'

CA:

176. About August'its'it'ah.
     we do
     'We did (that) around August.'

177. LM: August

CA:

178. Mi'.
     yes
     'yes'

179. Cranberries'ey yi'eyswampk'it,nduhiwitnïdic?C'iye k'it.
     itonwhatthey callswamp
     'Cranberries on the swamp, what do they call it? C'iye k'it.'

180. LM: Hmm.

181. Mï'o?
     low-bushcranberry
     'low-bush cranberry'

CA:

182. Mi',mï'o,cranberries.
     yeslow-bush cranberry
     'yes, low-bush cranberries'

...

LM:

183. Mï'o'eyyikyïntl'akhwinï.
     low-bush cranberryitdownmossunderthere is
     'There are low-bush cranberries down under the moss.'

CA:

184. mi',yïn
     yesmoss
     'yes, moss'

LM:

185. Yïntahc'iye k'itwinï.
     mossinswampthere is
     'There are some in the moss in the swamp.'

186. 'Eykwac'its'oniyïnde',wiyewets'olhdzinniwhaatnï.
     thatagainwe pick berriesin the pastwe don't make noisethey told us
     'When we picked low-bush cranberries there, the elders used to tell us not to make noise.'6

187. Yewets'olhdic'eyts'i---
     we don't talkit
     (So) we don't talk.

CA:

188. Mi',k'ayMaglen,k'ayJanetts'itnï'ints'iyewhhencagh,Andrew,nde'c'its'oniyïn hink'ayAtrillnisc'iye k'itwiconi---
     yesnowMadeleinenowdeceasedallthey're bigdownwhere we're picking berriesnowaheadmeadowbig
     'Madeline Alfred, the late Janet George, Andrew, (her kids) were all big, we were picking at Atrill Creek out on a big meadow---.'

189. 'Oh de'gginsiyez'elhghinwelew silï'.
     back thenthat personmy childone persondied
     'At that time one of my children had died.'

190. Mumhinsdlah'itnï"nde'c'its'onuyïn"'nï.
     suddenlyshe saysdownriverlet's pick berriesshe says
     'My mother said all of a sudden, "let's pick mï'o down there."'

191. Hibilhhots'ëndïl.
     with themwe went
     'We went with them.'

192. Siczih'ohhibilhnisye.
     I myselfjusttherewith themI went
     'I went with them by myself.'

193. Skakts'iyewhniwhtso'hiyzuh dïlhts'iy.
     childrenallour grandmotherthey stayed with her
     'The kids stayed with my grandmother.'

194. Sizkaktaadïtnictl'inggï'oh de'ggïyi'eylisuczisbïts'iyidzïhso',dï yï'west'ën'.
     my childrenthey're noisyandthoseback thenthatitsugarbagwe spilled themnotnothing happens to it
     'My children were making too much noise, and back then we spill them into a sugar bag. It doesn't damage them.'

195. Ten pounddïziclhbinlisuczisbïsdzectl'ikwa.
     I filled upsugarbagI poured them inandagain
     'I filled up a ten pound sugar bag.'

196. Kwahonec'onïstyïn'ggïso'---dinïwelewhin'isdzin,'ohsiczih'ohsisde.
     againI started picking berries againthatnopeoplenonewhereI amthereI myselfonlythereI'm sitting
     'I was picking berries with no other people around.'

197. Ninhibighinenisgegginïwec'oosyïn'.
     overI went to themthose peoplethey hadn't picked anything
     'I went back to the ones who hadn't picked any berry pickers.'

198. 'Usa'ikw'ishiyzulh'ohnaayilïh.
     pailalmosttheirs emptytherethey're carrying them
     'They were carrying nearly empty buckets.'

199. Maglenhinsdlah,"ggïnts'ëdic'onïnyïn'?"
     Madeleinesuddenlythatwhereyou picked
     'Madeleine suddenly (said), "where did you pick?"'

200. Noh'agh yiwninnïlhdze'de(wewdisnï').
     over thereover thereoverfarthere's no noise
     'Way over there where there was no noise.'

201. "Ggin,gginmï'oniwhaadïts'aghyikhoneelghes'idiwhnïdisnï."
     thatlow-bush cranberrythey hears usdownthey run backyou're making noiseI'm saying
     'I told you guys "when that low-bush cranberry hears you guys, it will run back (under the moss)."'

202. Skakwic'aabinïyut'eykwawiyeewilhdzin.
     childrenthey are forbiddenitagainthey make noise
     'The kids are not to make noise too (while picking.)'

203. Siytabïlhayusyïn'.
     IverymanyI picked
     'I picked lots.'

204. Mumï'inbighenisdzects'iyewh.
     lateI gave them to herall
     'I gave it all to my late mother.'

LM:

205. K'aynisitdohwidïzilh'awitsicwinï.
     nowout therethistime of yearstillthere are
     'There are still some now this time of year.'

CA:

206. 'Awitsicwinïnïdots'iyewh"no trespassing"wik'aazggiz.
     stillthere arewhite peopleallthey write
     'There are, (but) the white (farmers) all have no trespassing signs.'

207. LM: hmm

208. CA: We can't get through anywhere.

LM:

209. tl'ik'ayïnts'iyso'c'ontatyïn,ha?
     andnowstillwellthey are pickedisn't it
     'They can still be picked now, can't they?'

210. CA: Yes.

LM:

211. Tabïc'izu'.
     veryit's good
     'That's good.'

212. CA: yeah,

213. YiwNin K'it Digï Ts'oyïhwit'akhotslhatc'its'oyïnk'ay'etweh.
     there(hill south of Moricetown)further backtheremany timeswe pick berriesnowtheretoo
     'Many times now we've picked them behind Nin K'it Digï Ts'oyïh too.'

214. 'Etwidec'aadïlh'ayhitnï.
     therethey closed itthey say
     'They say the road is closed.'

215. Ts'iyewhts'iyetsicyiwnits'idïlhts'iyewhnïdosignwaadïnle.
     allalltherewe're walkingallwhite peoplethey have up
     'Everywhere we go the white people have signs up.'

216. No trespassingwik'inistggiz.
     it's written there
     'No trespassing is written.'

LM:

217. Gentinwihc'ik'iyizggiz.
     hereicetooshe wrote it down
     'She has ice written here too.'

218. Tsëhnekat,'awidïwhyisulïtdik'is'awidïwhwewislitsa' hon'a'?
     firstit snowsimmediatelysnowit meltsorimmediatelyit doesn't meltlong time ago
     'A long time ago when the first snowfall (of the year) came did it melt right away or did it not melt right away?'

CA:

219. Yistsëtnekicso'weusdlït'oh'awh'etdïndzin.
     snowfirst timeit snowsnotit doesn't meltsimplythenthusit is
     'The first time it snows it doesn't melt.'

220. Tsetsï'in'itnïyi'ey"bïyinhitin"nï.
     grandfatherdeceasedhe saysitwith itgroundit freezeshe says
     'My grandfather used to call the first snowfall "bï yin hitin" (it (snow) freezes the ground).'

cold

221. Bïggïyis'eybïyeditin'indzin.
     with itthatsnowitwith iteverything freezesit is
     'Everything freezes because of that snow.'

222. Wilhnetin'et 'awityintabïtatin.
     next timethengroundreallyit will freeze
     'The next time the ground will really freeze.'

223. "Yisditaywitalïlh"nï.
     snowit's deepit'll behe says
     'The snow will get deep.'

224. K'ayzih'etdiwewist'ën'.
     nowjustthusit doesn't do
     'Now it is not like that anymore.'

225. LM: hmm

226. 'Awitsa'wits'inlic'etdoondzin?
     nowlong timesinceyes/no Qthusit is
     'Has it been like that for a long time?'

227. CA: Yeah

LM:

228. Diknïnyikhde',nts'ën'ato'aadil'ah,khiythozk'itstah?
     upyou're growingin the pasthowwaterthey getwinterit's coldwhen
     'When you were growing up, how did they get water when it was cold?'

CA:

229. Lhok?
     fish
     'fish?'

LM:

230. To.Nts'ën'ato'aadil'ah,khiythozk'itstah?
     waterhowwaterthey getwinterit's coldwhen
     'Water. How did they get water when it was cold?'

231. CA: Oh.

232. Ggï,nduhiwitnï,thattak'iz k'ëthiwitnï,it's spring water'eytak'iz k'ëthotsts'iyewh'alhkikh'ikw'iswellwico.
     thatwhatthey call itspringthey call ititspringtherealltogetheralmostbig
     'That, what do they call it, spring, it was like a big well.'

233. Yin'misdusdiwhiyiwhibibetodïnts'ilhdzaghtl'a.
     groundcattlearound herefor themwaterwe waterand
     'Every one gets water from there for livestock.'

234. Tohibizents'ilhdzaghtl'i'usabïtaatne.
     waterwe give them waterbucketin itthey drink
     'We gave them water and they would drink from the buckets.'

235. Tabeghwigheebits'olï.
     water edgewe prevent them
     'We didn't let them go near the water.'7

236. Hinsdlahtsetsyï'inggïyi'eyts'iycohiyinditëzghittl'a.
     suddenlygrandfatherdeceasedthatitcottonwoodbigthey felled itand
     'All of a sudden my grandfather felled a big cottonwood.'

237. Hiyaontsëltl'i'eyggitwidekk'ayAugustineyikhholh'ay,Bernice.
     they chopped it outandittherecrest of hillnowhouseshe has
     'They chopped it out, right where Augustine and Bernice have their house.'

238. 'Etwidikwik'aayilhtantl'iggïditsicbït hoz'ay'indzoh.
     thatupthey put it onandthatentirespace in itjust
     'They put it on top of the hill and there was just like a big space inside it.'

239. Ts'iyts'iydut'ën.
     cottonwoodboatit looks like
     'The cottonwood tree looked like a boat.'

240. 'Eylhok,tili---tontsesdïtshats'ilïhtl'imisdushibibedïnts'iyilhdzagh.
     itfishwaterfrom belowwe pack upandcattlefor themwe pour water in
     'We packed water up from the well and poured water in for the cows and horses.'

241. LM: hmm

CA:

242. Yïzïlhiytiwehtaatne.
     horsestoothey drink water
     'The horses drank water too.'

243. Tsetsyï'in'itnï"gginïmisdushibikëtatin,"niwhilhnïtl'a.
     grandfatherdeceasedhe saysthosecattletheir feetwill freezehe told usand
     'Grandfather told us that the cows' feet were going to get really cold.'

244. C'ide''anuchac'iznilhyekh.
     in the pastwe ourselveswe're growing
     'We grew all our vegetables in the past.'

245. So',lemidecwets'oskët,carrotswets'oskët,'anuc.
     notpotatowe didn't buywe didn't buywe ourselves
     'We never bought potatoes or carrots.'

246. Hac'iznilïh.
     we dug them up (round objects)
     'We dug them up.'

247. K'ayts'iyeninPeter Alfredbi'at,Maglen,'ents'iyenin'ëst'ën'yi'ey,lemidectl'iyohcarrotsdïndzinlesucam'oh'aaynilïh.
     nowlast timehis wifeMadeleineshelast timeI saw heritpotatoandtherefor exampleturniptherethey're planting
     'Peter Alfred's wife Madeleine is the last person I seen planting.'

248. Haaynilïh,hac'inilhyekh.
     they're digging upshe's growing vegetables
     'They were digging up the vegetables (she grew).'

249. 'En'ohts'iyenin'ëst'ën'.
     shetherelast oneI saw her
     'She's the last one I've seen.'

LM:

250. Tin,dik,'ohk'ay'etgenweh,k'aywikanyudilhkitnts'ën'ato'aadil'ahkhiythozk'its.
     iceuptherenowthatheretoonowI'm asking you forhowwaterthey dowinterit's cold
     'Ice, now she's asking you how they got water during the cold winters.'

CA:

251. Dic,ggit'eyggï
     wellthereitthat
     'Well, that'

252. LM: oh,

253. 'Eyk'aybik'itlhëëzïnye.
     itnowon ityou spoke
     'Oh, you just finished explaining that.'

254. CA: yeah.

255. 'Ey'aayilhnïtak'iz k'ëthiwitnï.
     itthey call itspringthey call it
     '(It was) what they call a spring.'

LM:

256. Nts'ëwhyis k'itbindik'isc'ikwahneyenditin,'oh de'?
     whenyearlakeorriverit freezes acrossback then
     'In the past what time of year did the lakes or creeks freeze over?'

257. Hiyk'itlhë'nidïlh,tabïlichozk'its.
     they on itacrossthey walkverymust beit's cold
     'For people to walk across on it it must have been very cold.'

CA:

258. Tabïhozk'its.
     veryit's cold
     'It was very cold.'

259. K'ayts'iyeninnu'Chippin Lake'ohnikëzdïzdeghc'ika'ts'it'ah.
     nowlast timeuprivertherewe travelledwe were trapping
     'Now the last time we went trapping up at Chippin Lake.'

260. 'Awilhitsts'iyewhcinïh'oh dïndzin'awezehts'olhggïwh.
     onlyallmartenfor examplethat's allwe trapped
     'We only trapped marten.'

261. 'Eywihso'wedïtiy'.
     ittoonotit's not expensive
     'The price was not very high.'

262. Tsetsbiyin' tah,Quick'ohnikëzdïzdegh.
     grandfatherhis territorytherewe travelled
     'We travelled through my grandfather's territory at Quick.'

LM:

263. 'Oh de'deolk'itsggïc'ikwahdik'isbinneditiyh?
     back thenhow cold is itthatriverorlakeit freezes across
     'How cold was it back then when the rivers or lakes froze over?'

CA:

264. Ggïyi'eylhimtabïditay'oh de'.
     thatiticeveryit's thickback then
     'The ice was very thick back then.'

265. About one foot'oh l(ic)ditinwetggïbin k'it'eytabïditay,lhim.
     about thatit freezesin itthatlake surfaceitveryit's thickice
     'The surface of the lake had very thick ice, about one foot thick.'

LM:

266. Yendikwiz,tin,k'isyendiltalh?
     it all cracksiceorit bursts open
     'Does the ice crack when it freezes or bust open?'

CA:

267. mi'
     yes
     'Yes'

LM:

268. Ice fishing henlïtintl'akhlhok ha'aat'ah?
     they go ice fishingiceunderthey fish
     'Do they go ice fishing, under the ice?'

CA:

269. 'Et,'awilhits'elhikhinzihsiyice fishing, fishing ïsdlï'ggitQuickts'iwit'iy.
     thereonlyone timeonlyII went ice fishingtherewe lived
     'I went ice fishing only once, when we were living at Quick.'

270. Bulkley Riverhotsto'iclh'ah.
     therewaterI'm getting
     'I used to pack water from the Bulkley River.'

271. K'ayShirley was my first baby in the hospital.
     now
     'Now Shirley was my first baby in the hospital.'

272. 'Eynistohisyehinsdlahggïlhotsdoh'aalcohiley.
     thataheadwaterI'm going forsuddenlythatwhitefishherethey're so bigthey are many
     'All of sudden there were lots of big white fish in the water.'

273. Tonaadïlh,tok'it.
     waterthey're walkingwateron
     'They were walking on the ice.'

274. Hibïnïgisuskëttl'ibaconc'inïsigiltsiytl'i'eybïhibuclhges.
     with themhookI boughtandbaitI made for myselfanditwith itI fished for them
     'I bought a fish hook and used bacon for bait, and I was catching them with that.'

275. Ninwik'ëëbïsic.
     over thereI threw them on
     'I threw them over there on the ice.'

276. Nts'ën'asibeggintsetsyï'inudïlhye.
     howI don't knowthatgrandfatherdeceasedhe knows
     'I don't know how grandfather knew.'

277. Hinsdlahts'itso'---'awitsdetsin'---"Katlinbits'intasyelh,"nïts'i.
     suddenlyreportedlygrandmotherstillshe's livingdownCatherineI'll visit hershe saysreportedly
     'All of a sudden my grandmother---she was still living down there---said, "I'm going to visit Catherine down there."'

278. Ggïlhotslhay'ooslhëkh holïl.
     thatwhitefishmanyI didn't know what to do with
     'I didn't know what to do with so many whitefish.'

279. Hinsdlahdinïtiyniwhghilggec.
     suddenlymanoldhe ran to us
     'All of a sudden my grandfather came along.'

280. Sinïlh'ën."Nts'ëtahlhok ha'ënt'ën'?"
     he's looking at mewhereyou fished
     'He looked at me. "Where did you go fishing?"'

281. Denis,gginïSarah, Sarah Joseph'iwhoonicggï.
     just up aheadthosethey found outthat
     'Sarah Joseph (and someone else) found out about it.'

282. 'Awide''enïggithibito k'ittsin'hibik'uulhgheztl'i'anuniwhto k'it,'et.
     alreadytheytheretheir water holedownthey ran past themandweour water holethere
     'They passed their water hole and came to ours.'

283. 'Eyggïkhiytlhayyi'ey'atsweyenhiyilhtin.
     itthatwintermanyitoutsidein itthey freeze them
     'There were lots of fish that winter and they froze them outside.'

LM:

284. 'Oh de'nts'ëwhyis k'it?
     back thenwhenyear
     'What year was that?'

285. CA: 1948. That time, it was 1948.

SH:

286. Ndubika,ndïtnïlhok?
     whatfor itwhichfish
     'For what kind of fish?'

LM:

287. Lhots,lhotsdïnï'?
     whitefishyou said
     'You said whitefish.'

288. CA: Mi', lhots. whitefish

SH:

289. Dik'ayweh?
     rainbow trouttoo
     'rainbow trout too?'

CA:

290. No.yi'ey---
     it
     'No, (just) that'

SH:

291. lhotszeh
     whitefishjust
     'just whitefish'

CA:

292. lhots
     whitefish
     'whitefish'

LM:

293. 'Awezeh.
     that's all
     'That's all.'

294. K'aydohwidïzilhggïtin,tinwelew.
     nowthistime of yearthaticenone
     'Now this time of year, there is no ice.'

295. Weok'its.
     it's not cold
     'It's not very cold.'

296. 'Etwighidec'enïnzin?
     thatwhat do you think about it
     'What do you think about it?'

CA:

297. K'ay'oh dïnyizlhokwenï'awmbïlhok ha'west'ën'.
     nowstillfishforbutno onedoesn't fish
     'There are still fish now but no one goes fishing.'

298. Tësdlïhiley.
     steelheadthey are many
     'There are lots of steelhead.'

299. K'ay'Adambilhtsin'ggitdede'Lhok Dik Tilwisde'.
     herewith himdowntherejust downriver(fishing site across Bulkley R.)in the past
     'Adam and I were just downriver at a previous fishing site, Lhok Dik Tilwis (fish jumps up).'

300. Nyests'iysdityïnbe'hineniwhaalh'a'.
     acrosswe stooddry salmonthey sent us
     'They sent us for some dry salmon.'

301. 'Oh de'ggïyi'eytsacinhiyilhnïyi'ey,yikhwikëcinwinï,four legsdikudikyikhtsëwdïn'ay.
     back thenthatitcachethey call ititbuildingits legsthere areupway upbuildingit's higher off the ground
     'Back then that cache has four legs, and it's up off the ground.'

302. Tsacinbïtshots,hots,ggï'eybe'kinedit'asnyenbe'hinedidit'ashots.
     cachein ittherethatitdry salmonwe 2 go foracrossdry salmonwe go forthere
     'We went across there to the cache for dry salmon.'

303. "Diyikwinudil'ën"'nï'enggahotshodit'azhinsdlahLhok Dik Tilwis.
     canyonlet's look aroundhe sayssotherewe 2 wentsuddenly(fishing site)
     'He said, "let's look around at the canyon" so all of a sudden we went down to Lhok Dik Tilwis.'

304. LM: hmm

CA:

305. Ho'ggec.Adam'itnï,"oh,Jack Josephdïyi'eytl'olhtl'isikhbilhdiyïc'olhges.
     nohe saysthisitropeandhookandwith ithe fishes
     'No. Adam said, "Jack Joseph used to fish with rope and hook.'

306. Kotsbilok bin yikhwintaclh'ën"nï.
     therehis smoke houseI'll look aroundhe says
     'I'll look around his smokehouse there," he said.'

307. Sure enough, he find some rope, with gis (hook). Big gis in there.

308. Sa''iwedit'el.
     long timewe didn't do
     'It didn't take us long.'

309. Lhokfour disdilgis.
     fishwe caught
     'We caught four fish.'

LM:

310. Tësdlï?
     steelhead
     'steelhead?'

311. CA: mi'.

312. LM: mm

CA:

313. 'Et,gginDavid Dennisggitwidekwit'iy.
     therethatthereon crest of hillhe lives
     'David Dennis lives on top of the hill.'

314. Niwhaanïlh'ën.
     they're watching us
     'They were watching us.'

315. Nindinï tiyhibits'inilhggectl'a---
     overold manhe ran to themand
     'He ran over to the old man and our family.'

316. 'Oh de'phonewelew.
     back thennone
     'There was no phone those days.'

317. "Gginïskaktsin'to hibitizïlhghïtl.
     thosechildrendownthey will drown
     "'Those kids are going to drown down there.'

318. Tabeghnaa'as."
     by the waterthey're walking around
     'They're walking around by the water."'

319. Dinï tiydicinïtelhtl'iniksdïtswibedïlggec,niwhyawintalht'ikhwenï.
     old manstickhe's carryingandfrom abovehe came over the hillhe's going to spank usin order to
     'My grandfather came running down over the hill with a stick in his hand to spank us.'

320. Adam"belhoknïnlïlh"disnïnikbidinedïsdilggec.
     for himfishcarry themI told himuphill therewe ran to meet him
     'I told Adam to take the fish and we ran to meet him.'

321. Dicinnin hoydïlht'aghtl'ilhokyilhhonelggec.
     stickhe threw it awayandfishwith himhe ran home
     'He throw away the stick and took the steelhead home.'

322. That's the last winter that we had, and.

LM:

323. 'Oh de'skakhiwhlï?
     back thenchildyou pl. are
     'You guys were kids back then?

CA:

324. Mi',skakhididlï.
     yeschildwe 2 are
     'Yes, we were kids.'

LM:

325. Nts'ëwhniwhyis k'it?
     whatyour pl. age
     'How old were you guys?'

326. CA: Adam, him about 12 year old

327. Siy14lic'isdzin.
     ImaybeI am
     'I might have been about 14.'

328. Tabïïtabegh'anuczihniztayelhniwhbeweenilgit.
     reallyshorewe by ourselvesjustwe'll go tofor usthey're scared
     'They were scared for us to go to the canyon alone by ourselves.'

LM:

329. C'olilh.
     springtime
     'springtime'

330. Nts'ëwhdzilhk'ityisulït?
     whenmountainonsnowit melts
     'When does the snow melt on the mountain?'

331. CA: Ah,

332. Tabïc'olilhabout July'ohiy yiwggitc'olic.
     reallyspringaround thenthereit melts
     'In the spring snow melts on the mountain around July.'

LM:

333. Nts'ëwhyis k'it'oh de'c'olilhtadilbïh?
     whenyearback thenspringit floods
     'What time of year back then did it flood in the spring?'

334. 'Awitsiclicudïlhye?
     stillyes/no Qyou know
     'Do you still remember?'

335. CA: oh yeah

LM:

336. Tadilbïh.
     it floods
     'It floods'

CA:

337. Todik'it'iyhyi'eyulï'ts'iMaytl'iJunebilh'iwit'ah.
     waterhighit doesitfor goodandandit does
     'The water gets high around May or June.'

LM:

338. Nts'ëwhyis k'itt'ighisbit'anwilhëkhc'olilh?
     whenyearpoplarleafappearspringtime
     'What time of year do the poplar leaves first come out?'

339. Sa' hon'a'tl'ik'aybilhwihwilhdiyï'oondzin?
     long time agoandnowandtoodifferentit is
     'Is it different now than in the past?'

CA:

340. Mi',c'ide'---
     yesin the past
     'yes, in the past'

LM:

341. Lhdiyï'oondzin.
     differentit is
     'it's different'

CA:

342. K'aytabï---'oh de'yi'eyMay'ohiy yiwc'it'anwih,c'it'anwilhëkh.
     nowreallyback thenitaround thenleaftooleafappear
     'Around May the leaves come out.'

LM:

343. Nde'niwhtsëhc'it'anhit'iytl'igen'anusa'c'it'anwilhëkh,dohiy.
     downriverbefore usleafthey haveandherewelateleafappeararound here
     'Downriver the leaves come out sooner than they do here for us.'

CA:

344. Mi'.K'ay1963'ohiy yiwlic'aat'ahyi'eyelectricityniwhghinïïnïnle.
     yesnowaround thenmaybethey're doingitthey brought us
     'Yes. It must have been 1963 when we got electricity.'

LM:

345. 'Et 'awitskakhotsisyeenlï'?
     thenchildrenlazythey are
     'The children got lazy then?'

CA:

346. Hileyhizdlï'.
     they are manythey became
     'Many of them got (that way).'

LM: (laughs)

CA:

347. C'ide'ditsicsdohtsiz,cook stovetsizts'idïlhk'intl'ilhësts'iyewhovenbïtsyints'ilht'ëstl'i'eyts'i'alh.
     in the pastallstovewoodwoodwe burnedandbreadallin itwe baked itanditwe eat it
     'We used a wood cook stove to cook bread in the oven and that's what we ate.'

348. Wilikhtahgrandma'atskwindïlhk'in.
     sometimesoutsidefireshe burns
     'Sometimes my grandmother had a fire going outside.'

349. Tl'ilhësggïyikyi'eyfrying pan.
     anddoughthatdownit
     'And she (would put) dough down in the frying pan.'

350. Ggitso'hawdigguctl'iggïwik'iyilhtan'indzoh.
     therereallyshe digsandthatshe puts it onjust
     'She would dig a place for it near the fire and put it (frying pan) on it.'

351. Ovenbïst'ëlïlhëkh.
     it's cooked in itlooks likebecomes
     'It looked like it was cooked in the oven.'

352. K'ayWinnie'oh dïnyizwighiyelhdic.
     nowstillshe talks about it
     'Winnie still talks about that kind of bread.'

353. "Grandmatabïso'cook nlï."
     reallygoodshe cooks
     'She said, "grandma is a good cook."'

LM:

354. Genc'iyehts'iy,diknïnyikhde',c'iyehts'iydeendzïn'?
     herebirdupyou're growingin the pastbirdhow are they
     'Now birds, when you were growing up, how were the birds?'

355. CA: oh

LM:

356. Hileylic?
     manyyes/no Q
     'Were there many?'

CA:

357. Tabïïc'iyehts'iylhayk'ayso''etdiwewidzin.
     reallybirdsmanynownotthusit isn't
     'There were lots of birds, but it's not like that anymore.'

358. Wilikhtahtëkh gguzïhho'ints'idïtweebits'ës'ën'.
     sometimeskingfisherevenwe don't see them
     'We don't even see jays anymore.'8

359. whiskey jack

LM:

360. dit'ay,khikh
     duckgoose
     'ducks, geese...'

CA:

361. Blue birdstl'ic'ide'hiley.
     andin the pastthey are many
     'There were many blue birds a long time ago.'

362. K'ay'eywihwewilew.
     nowittoothey're gone
     'They are gone now.'

363. SH: Mbï ts'itnï bluebird?

LM:

364. Blue bird'eynts'ën'a'anucniwhk'in'ahiyuzï,blue bird?
     ithowweour languagethey name it
     'What is blue bird called in our own language?'

365. CA: Ah

366. Ts'iyewhc'iyehts'iyhibaatnï.
     allbirdthey call them
     'All birds were called c'iyehts'iy.'

367. Tsetsï'inulï'ts'ihots'in'ahiboozï.
     grandfatherdeceasedfor goodthat waythey name them
     'Grandfather (and someone else) always called them that.'

368. C'iyehts'iyhibaatnï.
     birdthey call them
     'They called them c'iyehts'iy.'

LM:

369. Siy"c'iyehts'iydildzen"bidisnï.
     Ibirdit's blueI call it
     'I call them blue birds.'

CA:

370. mi'
     yes
     'yes'

LM:

371. Buzï'ïclht'iy.blue.Dildzen?
     its nameI made itit's blue
     'I call it (that).'

372. CA: yeah

LM:

373. C'iyehts'iydildzen?
     birdit's blue
     'Blue bird?'

CA:

374. mi'
     yes
     'yes'

LM:

375. Ts'enco,dïlh,'enwihlichileyhënlï'?
     swancraneittooyes/no Qthey are manythey were
     'Swans and cranes, did there used to be lots?'

376. Ts'enco,dïlh,khikh,
     swancranegoose
     'swans, cranes, geese'

377. CA: yeah

378. Ts'enco'enïtabïhileyc'ide'.
     swantheyreallythey are manyin the past
     'There used to be lots of them.'

379. K'ay'eywih'ikw'iswewilew.
     nowittooalmostgone
     'There are hardly any now.'

380. Khikh'enïhiley.
     goosetheythey are many
     'There are plenty of geese.'

LM:

381. Witside'c'iyehts'iywesëwh'ën'k'aydohwinï?Weylïh?
     previouslybirdyou pl. didn't seenowaround herethere areare there
     'Are there are birds around here that you have never seen before?'

CA:

382. Ho'ggec.Ggïyi'ey,nduhiyilhnïti,gguzïhcohibaatnï,eagle,'enwilikhtahdohweebits'ës'ën'.
     nothatitwhatthey call itjaybigthey call themtheysometimesaround herewe don't see them
     'Some eagles that we never saw before are around here.'

383. 'Enïwilikhtahhileyhibits'ë'ën.
     theysometimesthey are manywe see them
     'Sometimes we see lots of them.'

384. C'ide'ggïyi'ey,nduhiyilhnï'isdlik,'eytiyeto' k'itnaalghesnduhibaatnï?
     in the pastthatitwhatthey call it(trying to remember)itcoastthey fly aroundwhatthey call them
     'Those ones that fly around down on the coast, what do they call them?'

385. LM: seagull

386. CA: that white one

SH:

387. ts'enco?
     swan
     'swan'?

LM:

388. ts'enco?
     swan
     'swan'?

389. CA: no.

390. Hoo',yi'eyyeto' k'its,binewdïzigilnikh.
     noitcoastI forgot it
     'The one on the coast, I forgot it(s name).'

LM:

391. Yeto' k'itnidïlhlhiyilc'iyehts'iyco
     coastthey flyit's whitebirdbig
     'a big white bird that flies around on the coast'

SH:

392. ncaghnïorhalht'im'nï
     big oneslittle ones
     'big or little?'

CA:

393. 'Awithencaghdoh 'aalhco.
     nowthey're bigthey're this big
     'They're big, about this big.'

394. Hibilec'izditsic.
     we give them food
     'We give them food.'

395. LM: seagull

CA:

396. Mi','enï
     yesthey
     'yes, those'

397. LM: seagull?

CA:

398. mi'
     yes
     'yes'

399. SH: hmm

LM:

400. 'Anucniwhk'in'anduhibaatnï.
     usin our languagewhatthey call them
     'What do we call them in our language?'

401. You---bik'isenggiz,inyourdictionary.
     you wrote it down
     'You wrote it down in your dictionary.'

SH:

402. bïsk'iy?
     seagull
     'seagull'?

CA:

403. mi'
     yes
     'yes'

LM:

404. bïsk'iy
     seagull
     'seagull'

CA:

405. mi'
     yes
     'yes'

406. LM: oh

CA:

407. 'Eyde'ntsin'tabïhiley.
     thatin the pastdownreallythey are many
     'There used to be lots of them down at the canyon.'

408. K'ay'enïwihso'weebits'ës'ën'.
     nowtheytoonotwe don't see them
     'Now we don't see them any more.'

LM:

409. Wewilewhozlï'?
     goneit became
     'They're gone?'

CA:

410. mi'
     yes
     'yes'

LM:

411. 'Enlicggïlhokhiylhighewh nidïlh?
     ityes/no Qthatfishthey come at the same time as
     'Do they come at the same as the fish?'

CA:

412. mi'
     yes
     'yes'

413. LM: okay.

414. Cën.
     summer
     'summer'

415. Cënsa' hon'a'widiggïlicdik'isnewilhtiyh?
     summerlong time agoweather is dryyes/no Qorit's raining
     'A long time ago, was the weather very dry or did it rain?'

416. C'ikwah,dik'isc'ikwah yezbints'iyewhlicyendiggï?
     riverorcreeklakeallyes/no Qthey dry out
     'Did all the rivers, creeks, and lakes dry out?'

417. 'Etyinwighidec'enïnzin?
     thatyouwhat do you think about it
     'What do you think about that?'

418. CA: Ah,

419. So'wilikhtah1956ts'itabïyindïzggïtah.
     reallysometimesreallylandit dried outwhen
     'Sometimes, in 1956 the land was very dry.'

420. Tsin'c'ikwahwihwidïzggï.
     downhill therecreekalsothey dried out
     'The creeks dried out down there.'

421. K'ay'etdiwewidzin.
     nowthusit isn't
     'Now it's not like that.'

LM:

422. K'aywihulïts'in'ambeulïts'in'a'oondzin,sa' hon'a'wits'in?
     nowtooit's differentfor youit's differentit islong agosince
     'Is it different for you compared to long ago?'

CA:

423. Mi'.Tabïdzikhggecwiditëzit.
     yesreallybadgoneit's spreading
     'Things are taking a turn for the worst.'

424. So',c'ide'dinï,dinï ts'enlïk'in'awewditëzilhditsic.
     reallyin the pastwe livedsame asit did not turn outentirely
     'It's not at all the same as how we used to live (when we were kids).'

425. Skakkwandïts'ëët'elh.
     childrenmany thingsthey're doing
     'Kids nowadays are doing things that we never did.'

426. So' c'iweolïh yez'ohwighezul dinenc'aatggiz.
     it's not muchtherebecause of itthey hang themselves
     'They hang themselves for no good reason.'

427. 'Ettabïwighehontsiy'hozdlï'.
     thatreallybecause of itit's badit became
     'That's why it's gotten very bad nowadays.'

428. C'ide'so'hots'in'aninïweznisdek,dzikh nits'ideghho'ints'idït.
     in the pastnotlike thatwe don't thinkwe suffereven
     'When we were kids, we didn't think like that even if we went through hard times.'

429. Tabïtëne-niwhtsetstënedidlïtl'a.
     reallyour grandfatherhe praysand
     'Our grandfather prayed a lot.'

430. Niwhilhnï"dïyin'awit'ësle' 'itanïlhanytime.
     he told usthisworldnowit will end
     'He told us, "the world is going to come to an end any time.'

431. Nuhlh'ënlesnïnts'iywihbï'iwitanïlh"nï.
     you pl. will seedefinitelywindtoowill cause troublehe says
     'You'll see the wind is going to be bad," he said.'

432. "Tl'ikwaso'wikatsëwewidlïc.
     andagainnotit will not be expected
     "'And also when it is least expected.'

433. Kwatoyebeghhibilhdïditalt'ikh"nï.
     againwatershoreon themit will floodhe says
     'There will also be flooding on the coast," he said.'

434. "Tl'ikwa'etkwaggïyin niltlikh'eywihhibilhstart yitalïlh.
     andagainthattoothatlandslideittooon themit will start
     "'There will start to be landslides too.'

435. 'Ey2000 year'iwitanïlh,"niwhilhnï.
     itit will happenhe told us
     'These things will happen in the year 2000," he told us.'

436. Hots'in'aniwhilhlhëëzye.
     that waywith ushe spoke
     'Those were his words to us.'

LM:

437. Sa' hon'a'nit'aydendzïn'?
     in the pastberryhow was it
     'In the past how were the berries?'

438. Tabïliclhay?
     reallyyes/no Qmany
     'Were there many?'

CA:

439. C'ide'tabïnit'aylhay.
     in the pastreallyberrymany
     'In the past, there were lots of berries.'

440. K'ay'etdiwewidzin.
     nowthusit isn't
     'Now it's not like that.'

LM:

441. Nïlhdze'tiwhdilhlicnit'ay?
     faryou walkyes/no Qberry
     'Did you walk far to pick berries?'

442. CA: No.

443. Nïlhdze'weztisdilhyoh.
     farwe don't walkthere
     'No, we didn't go far.'

444. K'ayVantunenwit'iy'ohiy'ohdigïnisggïyintimï'lhayntsin'.
     nowhe livesaround theretherehuckleberryoutthatlow-bush blueberrylotsdownhill there
     'Where Vantunen lives now, there used to be lots of huckleberries and blueberries down around there.'

445. Yoh'ulhcohtl'o k'itlhayyiwyintimï'.
     thereeverywheremeadowmanytherelow-bush blueberry
     'All over there were lots of blueberries on the meadows.'

446. 'Ohyintimï'ts'oyïnso'mbïwikadec'eweniwhdisnï'.
     therelow-bush blueberrywe picknobodyabout itsays nothing to us
     'When we picked blueberries there, no one said anything to us about it.'

447. K'aytabïïwighineesdlït.
     nowverythey're guarding places
     'Now, every place is watched closely.'

448. KwaMumï'inbilhyi'eyc'olilhggïdicinhiydilk'in'ey.
     againdeceasedanditspringtimethattreethey harvest sapit
     'My late mother and I used to get sap in the spring too'

449. Nduhiyilhnïdicindusap,nduhiyilhnï'isdlik?
     whatthey call itpinewhatthey call it(trying to remember'
     'What do they call that pine sap?'

450. SH: k'inïh

451. CA: k'inïh

452. LM: k'inïh

CA:

453. k'inïh.
     sap
     'sap'

454. 'Eynï'dicindaa-Larrywit'iy hinwinï'nidit'as,Mumbilh.
     itack theretreewhere he livesbehind itwe 2 goand
     'My mother and I were walking around behind where Larry (Tommy) lives.'

455. HinsdlahgginïForestryhibaatnïhotsniwhilh nïïltsit.
     suddenlythosethey call themtherethey jumped on us
     'All of a sudden those Forestry workers got after us for that.'

456. You better---"chargeniwhaatalhtselh"ts'ihitnï.
     they will dothey say
     'They said, "they're going to charge you guys."'

457. Ïde' sa'wewi'alnu''awittabï'oogegh.
     long time agoit wasn'tupriver therethenreallyit happened
     'The last time it happened upriver not long ago.'

458. Bug killerhitnï.Degegh---
     it's calledwhat's wrong
     'They're called killer bugs.'9

459. "Bug killerso'licwihchargeweebïwhlh'iy?"hibidisnï.
     yes/no Qtooyou pl. didn't do to themI told them
     "'Did you charge the killer bugs too?" I told them.'

460. Phone hibïclh'iy'indzohsigheetloh.
     I phoned themjustthey laughed at me
     'I phoned them and they just laughed at me.'

461. K'ayyin kakditsichontsiy'hozdlï',ggïyiwh.
     nowworldentireit's badit becamethatthere
     'All over the trees have become totally damaged.'

462. Dicinhiy-yenhiydi'alhggïyi'ey.
     woodthey eat allthatit
     'They eat all the wood.'

463. C'itsiy'nïlhayhozdlï'nts'ëwighinsibe'iwit'iw.
     bad thingsmanybecamewhybecause of itI don't knowit's happening
     'I don't why so many bad things are happening.'

464. Tsetsï'inhots'in'ade'niwhilhyelhdic.
     grandfatherdeceasedthat wayin the pastto ushe talked
     'That's what my grandfather was telling us about.'

LM:

465. Sa' hon'a'skakïnlïde',lhoktabïliclhay?
     long agochildyou werein the pastfishreallyyes/no Qmany
     'When you were a kid, were there lots of fish?'

CA:

466. K'ay'idisnïggïlhoklhaykhëlh ts'itilhdilhtl'a.
     nowI tell youthatfishmanywe would packand
     'As I was just telling you, we used to pack lots of fish down at the canyon.'

467. K'ondzebït,k'ondzeggïabout 100dohiydiyaayilïhtl'iyi'eyyenhiyilhggï.
     fish trapin itthataround herethey take outanditthey dry them
     'They removed about 100 (sockeye) from the fish trap at a time and dried them.'

468. Ggïlhokaboutbilikhtah2000'ohlic'aayilh'iyh,be'.
     thatfishsometimesthatmaybethey makedry salmon
     'They used to make maybe about 2000 dried salmon.'

469. Kwabarrelkwadicinbarrelco,40-gallonco,lisëlok'aayilh'iyh.
     againagainwoodenbigbigsalt fishthey used to make
     'They use to make salt salmon in a 40-gallon wooden barrel too.'

470. 'Eyso''iwnïgeghIndian agentggïlisëlwigheeyilïh'oh de'.
     ithardlythatsaltthey give outback then
     'The Indian Agent gave us hardly any salt those days.'

LM:

471. Nts'ëwhlhoktsëhtilwis,sa' hon'a'tl'ik'aydohwidïzilh?
     whenfishfirstit runslong agoandnowaround thistime of year
     'What time of year was the first salmon run, now vs. a long time ago?'

472. CA: June,

473. June'ohiy yiw,20'ohiy yiw'et 'awitlhoklhaywilhëkhk'ay'etdiwewidzin.
     around thenaround thenthenfishmanyusually getsnowthusit isn't
     'Around June 20, lots of fish would come in. It's not like that anymore.'

474. Ditsic,so'ulïtsggec'in'awiditëzit.
     entirereallydifferentgoneit's likeit's changing
     'Things are getting to be altogether different.'

LM:

475. Lhokwelewhoo---honïnlï'.
     fishgoneit's starting to be
     'The fish are declining?'

476. CA: yeah

477. Mi'.
     yes
     'yes'

LM:

478. Ggïswelew,talokts'iyewh'awitwewilewhoonïnlï'.
     spring salmongonesockeyeallnowgonethey're starting to be
     'Are the spring salmon and sockeye counts going down?'

CA:

479. Mi'.'Awitts'iyewh,ts'iyewhggïyi'eyggïswih'awit,so'ggïs'iwest'ën',ggïyi'ey.
     yesnowallthatitspring salmonalsothennotspring salmonit isn'tthatit
     'Now that, it's not spring salmon.'

480. Ggïs'ikw'isyidut'ën,'eylhaycënde'.
     spring salmonalmostit looks like ititmanysummerpast
     'In past summers there used to be lots of the one that almost looks like spring salmon.'

LM:

481. Biyetlhiyil.
     its fleshit's white
     'It has white flesh.'

CA:

482. Hibiyetlhiyil,yeah.
     their fleshit's white
     'They have white flesh.'

LM:

483. Hibiyetlhiyil.
     their fleshit's white
     'They have white flesh.'

CA:

484. Mi'.'Eylic'aayilhnïnïdodogfishhiyilhnï.
     yesitmaybethey callwhite peoplethey call it
     'The white people might call it dogfish.'

LM:

485. Sdimontl'itësdlï
     humpbackandsteelhead
     'humpback salmon and steelhead'

CA:

486. mi',sdimon---
     yeshumpback
     'yes, humpback salmon'

LM:

487. Nts'ëwhlhoktsëhtilwis,'oh de'?
     whensalmonfirstit runsback then
     'When did the first salmon run come in?'

CA:

488. 'Oh de'May'ohiy yiwggïyi'eytësdlï'awlhaylhëkh.
     back thenaround thenthatitsteelheadmanyusually becomes
     'Around May, there were usually lots.'10

489. 'Et 'awittodik'it'iyh.
     thenwaterhighit does
     'The water was high then.'

490. 'Et 'awitJune, Juneso'ts'iyenin'ohiy yeghts'ilhoklhaywilhëkh'oh de'time.
     thenreallylast onearound thenfishmanyusually becomesback then
     'They came in the last part of June.'

LM:

491. Ggïs?
     spring salmon
     'spring salmon?'

CA:

492. Mi',ggïstsëttilwis.
     yesspring salmonfirstit runs
     'Yes, spring salmon is the first run.'

LM:

493. Tsëhtilwis.
     firstit runs
     'It's the first run.'

494. Wik'ëts'et 'awittalok.
     afterthensockeye
     'After that is sockeye.'

CA:

495. Dedzikhghede'so'wik'in'a,August, September'ohiy yiwlhay.
     coholast yearreallylikearound thenlots
     'Last year there were lots of coho around August and September.'

496. K'ayk'idziye 'ohk'isdedzikhlhayhozdlï',thisyear.
     nowfirst timeonlycohomanyit became
     'This year for the first time there are lots of coho.'

497. LM: mmm

498. 'Oh de'nts'ëwhyis k'itso'tsëhskakïnlïlhoklhaywilhëkh?
     back thenwhenyearfirstchildyou arefishmanyusually gets
     'What year when you were a kid were there lots of fish?'

499. CA: About '38

500. LM: 1938

501. CA: '38 and '39

LM:

502. C'ik'ëtsïlwis'eywih'awidïwh'it'iyh?
     secondrunittooimmediatelyit does
     'Does the second run happen right away?'

CA:

503. mi'
     yes
     'yes'

LM:

504. Nts'ëwhyisk'itts'ëlkiy'hileyhënlï',tsin'diyik---?
     whenyeareelmanythey weredowncanyon
     'What month or year there were many eels down in the canyon?'

505. CA: ah

506. K'ay'eywihho'ggec.
     nowittoonone
     'Now that's gone too.'

507. Ggitntsetdiyikhoodïntsagh'et 'awit cënggïts'ëlkiy'welew silï'.
     theredown at placecanyonthey blastedthensummerthateelno more
     'After they blasted down in the canyon there were no more eels in the summer.'\footnotetextblasting for the fish ladder

508. 1950, 49'ohiy yiwggïts'ëlkiy'hiley.
     around thenthateelthey are many
     'Around 1950 or 49 there were many eels.'

509. Ggïdiyikhontsiy' hoolhtsiywits'inso''ikw'islhokwets'ës'ën'.
     thatcanyonthey ruinedsincenotalmostfishwe don't see
     'We haven't seen hardly any fish down there in the canyon since they ruined the canyon.'\footnotetextby blasting

SH:

510. Mbetsolnïh?
     for youit's tasty
     'Do they taste good to you?'

511. CA: mi' (laughs)

LM:

512. Lhay'aayilh'iyh.
     manythey used to make
     'They used to make lots.'

CA:

513. Mi'.Half-dryhiyilh'iyh'eywinistsolnïh.
     yesthey makeitmostit's tasty
     'Yes. Half-dry tastes the best.'

514. K'ay'eybi-grandma told me to make some
     nowit
     'Grandma told me to make some.'

515. Bits'udiclhye'.
     I don't know it
     'I didn't know how.'

516. "Nis wits'inbi'ëthahtangen,"shesaid
     in the futurewithout ityou'll get old
     "'In the future you'll grow old without it," she said.'

517. Now that's what happen.

LM:

518. K'ayRupertts'its'iywinï.
     nowsidethere is
     'There's some in Rupert now.'

519. CA: mi'

LM:

520. De'ggïts'ëlkiy'ha'aanïnzints'ihotsso'hiykitidilh.
     downriverthateelthey wanttherereallythey go for it
     'Whoever wants eels goes down to Rupert to get them.'

521. CA: huh

LM:

522. 'Eynts'ën'asibedohiywelew silï'.
     ithowI wonderaround hereit disappeared
     'I wonder why it disappeared from around here.'

CA:

523. Diyikhontsiy' hoolhtsiy.
     canyonthey ruined
     'They ruined the canyon (when they blasted it).'

524. LM: oh

CA:

525. Winïho'ints'idït.
     there isnonetheless
     'There are some.'

LM:

526. 'awnïgegh
     hardly any
     'hardly any'

527. CA: yeah

528. Ggitnts'ëwhiy yiwggïts'ëlkiy'wendïzt'ic'eyts'iyewhhoodïntsagh.
     therethereaboutsthateelthey stick on itthatallthey blasted
     'They blasted the area where they attached (to the rocks).'

LM:

529. 'Eyggïts'ëlkiy'dic'ah c'ika'aat'ah'eyts'ilimhiyit'iytl'ihiyts'i wecawisnic.
     itthateeltrappersitlunchthey have itandthey don't get hungry from it
     'They use the eel for lunch on the trap line and it keeps them from getting hungry.'

530. CA: yeah

531. 'Oh de'so'bacon and eggswees'atl.
     back thennotthey don't eat
     'They didn't eat bacon and eggs back then.'

(laughs)

LM:

532. hiney,gen
     animalhere
     'now animals'

533. Sishileyhënlï'dik'iswewilew,k'aydohwidïzilh?
     black bearthey are manythey wereorscarcenowaround nowseason
     'Are there lots of black bear or are they gone nowadays?'

CA:

534. C'ide'hidalhaywinï,nilto'wih'etdeendzin.
     long time agomoosemanythere aredeertoothusthey are
     'A long time ago there were lots of moose, deer too.'

535. K'ay 'awit'etdeendzinho'ints'idïttabïhiykawighinlï.
     nowthusthey arebutverythey protect them
     'There are still some now but they protect them.'\footnotetextThe game warden punishes people who harvest them out of season.

LM:

536. Cas.
     grizzly bear
     'grizzly bears'

CA:

537. Castabïlhay.
     grizzly bearreallymany
     'There are a lot of grizzlies.'

538. Ggïyi'eyskakyiwnikSalmon Riverts'i'its'it'ah.
     thatitchildrentherebackatwe're working
     'We were working at Salmon River.'

539. Gginïskakyi'eyperfumenaalï.
     thosechildrenitthey're carrying
     'The young kids were carrying perfume.'

540. Wika'aabidisnï.
     for thatI spoke to them
     'I got after them for that.'

541. Ggïcasyïzilehin.
     thatgrizzly beardislikes it
     'Grizzly bears don't like it (the smell of perfume).'

542. Sure enough,gginïcasso'niwhyikhwinetne---
     thosegrizzly bearour housenear
     'Sure enough, those grizzly bears near our house---'

543. Nïmbeltl'akhts'iwit'iy.
     tentunderwe're living
     'We were living under the tent.'

544. 'Oh de'Jerrybizuhsis(de).
     back thenwith himI'm living
     'Back then I was living with Jerry.'

545. HinsdlahJamessisgguhtl'ighetitstëzigilt'agh.
     suddenlyI grabbedandoverI threw him over
     'Suddenly I grabbed James and threw him over myself.'

546. Ggïyi'eyndu sibe'aayilh'ahhibinicwic'idits'aghtabï.
     thatitI don't knowthey're doingtheir noseit's noisyreally
     'The grizzly bear was making noise from its nose.'

547. LM: gee

CA:

548. 'Etwileghts'i'awidïwhwitsanets'ëtne.
     thatbecause ofright awaywe moved back here
     'We moved right back here because of that.'

549. Skak--- I don't---

550. Skakhibit'ac'itanelhwighoosisis.
     childrenthey will get hurtI don't want
     'I didn't want my children to get hurt.'

LM:

551. Perfumelhdu',yïzile?
     any kindthey dislike
     'They dislike any kind of perfume?'

CA:

552. Mi',perfumetabïï,ggïyi'ey,casyïzile.
     yes,reallythatitgrizzly beardislikes it
     'Yes, grizzly bears really don't like perfume.'

553. LM: hmm!

CA:

554. K'aygginnïdonu'Jasperlhanï,nïdoyi'eycashibi---naabinïyuthitnïggï'eyhibighe'aabaalh'iw.
     nowthatwhite peopleupriver theremany peoplewhite peopleitgrizzly bearthey chase themthey saythatitbecause of themthey're doing it
     'When those white people in Jasper say they are being chased by a grizzly, it's because of that (the smell of perfume or aftershave).'

LM:

555. Ggïyi'eysisdinïhighenyeenlï',cas'et,witsëde''etwih'etdiwewist'ën'.
     thatitblack bearpeoplethey're killingthey becamegrizzly bearthuspreviouslythattoothusthey don't do
     'Black bears and grizzlies killing humans never happened before.'

556. CA: yeah

557. 'Eyc'ide'so''etdiwewist'ën'.
     thatlong time agonotthatdon't do
     'That didn't used to happen a long time ago.'

558. Hinilgitde'.
     they're afraidpast
     'They were afraid (of people).'

559. K'ay'enïwihho'ggec.
     nowtheytoonothing
     'Now it's different.'

LM:

560. Yi'eynduwats'akucasgheweesghïtshoolh'iy?
     itwhywomengrizzly bearthey don't skinthey customarily do
     'Why can't women skin grizzly bears?'

CA:

561. Lek'ohwits'udiclhye''et.
     I don't knowI don't knowthat
     'I don't know about that.'

LM:

562. GenAllencassic'eytl'i'atsbïnïnec'isk'as.
     heregrizzly bearhe shotandoutsidefor itI'm sharpening
     'Allen shot a grizzly bear and I was outside filing my knife (to skin) it.'

563. Ggit'adzitneynïlht'aghcasco.
     thereoutsidethey dropped itgrizzlybig
     'They dropped the big grizzly there outside.'

564. CA: hmm

LM:

565. 'EynatsDavid Denniswitsanyetl'iggit"ndu yïnïnec'enk'as?"silhnï.
     itfrom overhe cameandtherewhyyou're filinghe told me
     'David Dennis came over to look at the grizzly bear and asked me, "why are you filing your knife?"'

566. Nigitbilhggïcasbinedïsyelhtl'ibïnïnec'isk'as.
     fearwiththatgrizzly bearI'm walking around itandfor itI'm filing
     'I was walking around the grizzly bear scared (but not touching it), and I was filing my knife.'

567. CA: hmm

568. Hinsdlahwika'silhnï.
     suddenlyhe got after me
     'David Dennis got after me.'

569. "Ts'akucashiyghewesggïts"nï.
     womengrizzly bearthey don't skinthey say
     'He told me "women cannot skin grizzly bears."'

570. "Lhc'itnï'senyïn"silhnï.
     elsewhereback thereyou standhe told me
     'He told me, "stay back!"'

571. Ninhonesnïnyut.
     awayhe chased me
     'He chased me away (from the grizzly).'

572. Dinï'adiczihhiygheggis.
     menthemselvesonlythey skin them
     'Only men skin them.'

573. CA: hmm

574. Mi','enïc'ide''oodïlhye.
     theya long time agothey know
     'They knew these things a long time ago.'

LM:

575. I know,so'wedistnïh.
     reallyI had a feeling about it
     'I really had a feeling about it.'

576. I'm not supposed to touch it. I felt it.

CA:

577. 'Anuwedit---yi'eyggïcashiyiz---kwasiyhiscaghggitSalmon Riverggïyi'eykambïlhco'isdlegh.
     weitthatgrizzlyagainII'm bigtherethatitsnarebigI set
     'I set a big snare at Salmon River.'

578. Kwandutaclhtselhsibe.
     againwhatI'm going to makeI don't know
     'I don't know why I did it.'

579. Yiwc'itiyhon'adic'ezisdle.
     theretrailthere isI set snare
     'There's a little trail going by where I set the snare.'

580. Gginïntsin'hoendïl.
     those peopledownhill therethey ran
     'They ran down the hill.'

581. 'Anu---Jameshalht'im'tabï.
     wehe's smallvery
     'James was very small.'

582. Hinsdlahgginïntsesdïtshonetsëëldïl.
     suddenlythose peoplefrom downhillthey came back scared
     'Suddenly they all came back up scared.'

583. "Kabïnewhlhghes"hitnï.
     carin ityou pl. runthey say
     'They told us to get in the car.

584. Ggïcassdluh.
     thatgrizzly bearit's snared
     'A grizzly bear was snared.'

585. Cassdluhtahhibilh tëlhts'itnec'ibusdlucge.
     grizzly bearit's snaredwhenit started to chase themit's pulled back by snare)here
     'The grizzly was chasing them but the snare pulled it back.'

586. Dicinghititstëlhtlikh.
     treeoverit jumped
     'It jumped over a tree (log?).'

587. So'hibit'awelggïh.'Awitwedïnt'ic.
     it didn't catch up to themstillit's tied up
     'It didn't catch up to them. It was still tied up.'

588. Hiyc'awitsanetsëldïl.
     because of itthey came back scared
     'They all came back scared of the grizzly.'

589. 'Eygame wardenhiyka niwhëlhcot.
     ithe came after us
     'The game warden came after us for that.'

LM:

590. Tl'imbï,bïlhnïnïnleweedisnï'?
     andwhosnareset themthey didn't say
     'Did they ask who set the snare?'

CA:

591. Siy'isdlegh.
     II did it
     'I did it.'

(laughs)

LM:

592. Wika'wenyaadïnïl?
     they didn't get after you for it
     'Did they get after you for that?'

593. CA: ah,

594. Tabïhiyka wighinlïchargehiytalhtselhhitnï.
     reallythey're going to go after itthey're going to dothey say
     'They said they were going to charge me.'11

595. Roy Morrishibilh nïltsi[t].
     he went after them
     'Roy Morris went after the game warden for that.'

596. 'Et 'awitwenezdïdïl.
     thenwe left
     'We left Salmon River.'

597. Ggitc'isdewhcaslhayggïhotslhok'iyets'elïlh.
     theretoo manygrizzly bearmanythattherefishwe make pl.
     'There were lots of grizzly as we were working on lots of fish there.'

LM:

598. Nts'ëwhiy?
     whereabouts
     'Where?'

599. CA: Salmon River.

LM:

600. Wesiy'enï,'enïdeendzin?
     lynxtheyhow are they
     'How were the lynx?'

CA:

601. 'Enïc'ide'---'enïwihhiley.
     theylong agotheytoothey are many
     'There used to be lots of lynx a long time ago.'

602. K'ay'enïwih'awitwewilewhownïnlï'.
     nowtheytoonowscarcestarting to be
     'Now they're getting scarce too.'

LM:

603. Tl'i'enc'ide'hidïztiy'?
     anditin the pastthey're expensive
     'Was the price high for lynx (pelts)?'

CA:

604. 'Enïwihhidïztiy'.
     thosetoothey're expensive
     'They too get a high price.'

605. K'aycinïh co'ende'so'k'e"nishidïztiy'armystarthozdlï'1938.
     nowfishertheyin the pastreallymostthey're expensiveit became
     'Fisher was very expensive in 1938 when the army started.'

606. 'Eyk'ayzih'enïwe---so' nduweelïhhizdlï'.
     itnowjusttheynothingthey aren'tthey became
     'They're nothing now.'

607. 'Oh de'dedïltiy'?
     back thenhow expensive was it
     'What was the price then?'

608. 'Oh de'ggïcinïh cohundred and fiftyhiyïlh'iy.
     back thenthatfisherthey used to do
     'Fisher used to be hundred and fifty each.'

609. Nibe'ohtabïdïztiy'.
     weaselaround thenreallyit's expensive
     'Weasel was expensive then.'

610. Gginïnduhiyilh'iyhsibe'eydinïkun tinetideyh.
     those peoplewhatthey didI don't knowitpersonhe went from house to house
     'I don't know what they used it for but a man was going from house to house.'

611. Nusdïtshayeyhtl'i'adicdohkeyikhhiyukët.
     from upriverhe used to comeandhe himselfaround herevillagethey buy it
     'He came from the Smithers area and he bought the weasel.'

LM:

612. Ggikh.
     rabbit
     'rabbit'

CA:

613. Ggikhk'ay---
     rabbitnow
     'Now rabbits---'

LM:

614. neggizgï
     fox
     'fox'

CA:

615. Kikhc'ide''eywihlhay.
     rabbitlong agoittoolots
     'There used to be a lot of rabbits.'

616. K'ay'eywih'etdiwewidzin.
     nowittoothusit's not
     'They're declining too.'

617. LM: fox, neggizgï?

CA:

618. Mi','enïhiley.
     yestheythey are many
     'Yes, there are many fox.'

LM:

619. nibe
     weasel
     'weasels'

CA:

620. Nibe,hibik'ikhzihts'o'ënggï.
     weaselthey tracksonlywe seethat
     'We only see the tracks of the weasel.'

LM:

621. 'Enwih'awitwewilewhozlï'.
     ittoonowscarceit became
     'They are declining too.'

CA:

622. Mi'
     yes
     'yes'

LM:

623. Dilkw'akh,'enwih?
     frogittoo
     'What about frogs?'

CA:

624. Dilkw'akhsa'wits'indilkw'akhwesës'ën'.
     froglong timesincefrogI haven't seen
     'I haven't seen any frogs for a long time.'

LM:

625. Wewilewhownïnlï'tl'isa' hon'a'tabïlichiley?
     scarceit's getting to beandlong time agomanyyes/no Qthey are many
     'They're getting scarce but a long time ago there were many?'

CA:

626. C'ide'hiley.
     long time agothey are many
     'A long time ago there were lots.'

LM:

627. Cindu dilhghisk'ayggitbighiyetëzïlhdic.
     pine beetlenowthereyou started to talk about it
     'You mentioned the pine beetle before.'

628. Cindu dilhghis,pine beetle,bighidec'enïnzink'ay?
     pine beetlewhat do you think about itnow
     'What do you think about the pine beetle now?'

629. CA: Ah

630. Tabïggïcindutabï,Forestrytabïhiykëc'izile'oh de'.
     verythatjack pineveryverythey get after peopleback then
     'Forestry used to be strict about the jack pine.'

631. Ggïk'inïh'iyets'ëlïlh'etwikaniniwhaaniyut.
     thatsapwe makethatfor itthey used to chase us
     'When we made jack pine sap, they used to go after us for that.'

632. K'ayso'mbïwentistyucggï'ey.
     nownobodythey don't chase anybodythatit
     'Now they don't chase anybody.'

633. Yi'eycindugginïnïdohiyinilhtsëlh.
     itjack pinethose peoplewhite peoplethey chop it
     'White people chop the jack pine bark off.'

634. K'ayhibiniclh'ën.hiniyilh---
     nowI'm looking at them
     'I was watching them.'

635. "Ggin'entiwil'ohchargehiytalhtselhyiwhayïlhtiy?"hibidisnïShirley, Nancy.
     thatthat onewonderingtherethey'll maketherethey brought himI told them
     'I was telling Shirley and Nancy, "are they gonna charge that white man for chopping the bark off?"'

636. Tlo k'ët witsalbis.
     they're rolling around laughing
     'They really laughed about it.'

637. Ggïtabïïc'ide'so''etdiwewidzin.
     thatreallylong agonotthusit wasn't
     'They never used to be like that long time ago.'

638. 'Oh de'yi'eyk'ayhalht'um'yezdoh'ilhco.
     back thenitnowvery smalllittlearound thisit's big
     'Back then there was a very small one, this small.'

639. 'Eyk'is ndïtnïyohdicindïlhgitde'yidilhghisde'.
     itany kindtherewoodrottenin the pastit drills itback then
     'It used to eat any kind of rotten wood.'

640. Yi'eydicindilhghishiyilhnï.
     itwoodit drillsthey call it
     'They called it dicin dilhghis then.'

641. K'ay'ey,'eyk'iskwawewilewhizdlï'tl'ik'ay'oot'ën'indzoh.
     nowitinsteadagainit's gonethey becameandnowit looks differentjust
     'Now that is gone and (the recent pine beetle) looks different.'

642. Bed bugscodut'ëndicinhi'alh.
     bigit looks likewoodit eats
     'They look like big bed bugs and they eat wood.'

LM:

643. 'Et'ulhcohhontsiy'hoolhtsiy.
     thereeverywheredamagethey did
     'Everywhere there has been damage.'

644. Tl'ik'aydicinc'itsiy'yelïlhnts'ën'atibï'iwtadzïlh?
     andnowwoodit's badthey arehowit will be used
     'When the jack pine is damaged, how is it going to be used?'

645. Cinïhwihhiytah wit'iy.
     martentoothey live in it
     'Marten live there too.'

CA:

646. Dic,'eygginïnïdo'adic'aagegh.
     wellitthose peoplewhite peoplethemselvesthey caused
     'Those white people caused it themselves.'

647. Ggïyoh,ggïyuc'itsiy'sprayhiyïlh'iy.
     thattherethatchemicalbadthey used to use
     'They used that chemical spray there.'

648. 'Eybï'iwit'ahso'.
     itfrom itit's doingreally
     'It's really caused by that.'

649. k'ayggin---
     nowthat
     'Now that---'

650. 'Enïzih'aat'ahkwaggïyi'eyhotsniknduhiwitnïtahMeziadinc'ooniyïn.
     theyjustthey're doingagainthatitthereback therewhatthey call itatthey're picking berries
     'At Meziadin they were just picking berries, and Forestry came after them for it.'

651. GginïForestryc'onityïnwikadicintahditsicsprayhoolhtsiy.
     those peopleberries are pickedbecause of itbushinentirethey did
     'Because people were picking berries, they sprayed the whole area in the bush with a chemical spray.'

652. Tl'ik'ayso'digïwelew'oh.
     andnowhuckleberryit's gonearound there
     'In that area there's no more huckleberries.'

LM:

653. Cinïhsa' hon'a'tabïdïztiy'?
     martenlong time agoveryit's expensive
     'A long time ago was the price for marten very high?'

CA:

654. Mi',k'aynduweylïh.
     yesnownothingit isn't
     'Yes, now it's not much.'

LM:

655. 'Oh de'dedïltiy'?
     back thenhow expensive is it
     'How much was it then?'

656. Cinïhdictsësde'de'nyidisnï150.
     martenwellpreviouslyin the pastI tell you
     'As I already told you, they were a hundred and fifty each.'

LM:

657. okay,diggit
     up there
     'up there'12

CA:

658. Bilikh100hiyïlh'iy.
     some of itthey do it
     'some of them 100'

659. Delcohighewhhiyc'olhdzikhtl'a.
     how big it isaccording tothey measure itand
     'They measure the marten and it depends on the size.'

LM:

660. Dilhggisnïtl'ikwawinisdïztiy'.
     black onesandagainmostit's expensive
     'The black ones get the highest price.'

661. Light brown'eywedïtiy'.
     itit's not expensive
     'They don't pay too much for the light brown ones.'

662. 'Alha''idisnï?
     rightI'm saying
     'Am I right?'

CA:

663. Mi'
     yes
     'yes'

LM:

664. Tl'i'awitts'iyenin'aw k'is ndubighiyetalhdic,ndubighiyetalhdicwika'nïnzin,hintahlicc'inewdïzïlnikh.
     andnowlast thingwhateveryou'll talk about itwhatyou'll talk about ityou wantin casemaybeyou forgot something
     'The last thing, you'll gonna talk about anything, whatever you want to talk about, in case you might have forgotten something.'

CA:

665. Gginïskaktabïhibïsdzï ndide.
     those peoplekidsveryabout themI'm sad
     'I'm very sad about the kids.'

666. Yi'eyso'dinïweozïlhts'ay.
     itnotpeoplethey don't listen
     'They don't listen to anybody.'

667. Yohcounsellordïndzintahhibighebaalïhtahc'iwitazu'.
     therefor exampleifthey advise themifit'll be good
     'It would be nice if the counsellors came and spoke to them.'

668. Gginïto tsiy'bï c'okëtnïwihtabïhileyhizdlï'tl'idek'a c'itsiy'bï c'okëtnïwihhileyhizdlï'genkeyikh.
     those peoplealcoholsellerstooreallythey are manythey becameandmarijuanasellerstoothey are manythey becameherevillage
     'There have gotten to be a lot of people selling alcohol and marijuana in this village.'

669. Tl'igginïskakhiyïnïsunyediwedïlyeh.
     andthose peoplekidsthey because of itmoneyhave nothing in pocket
     'The kids have no money in their pocket because of that.'

670. So'brokehenlïtl'iyohmbïyiwyour old age pensionhibighilhdilkëtnï'enïsunyekahibï nidïzt'ic.
     reallythey areandthereanybodytherewhen it comes to themtheymoneyforthey hang onto them
     'They're really broke, and they go after your old age pension when it comes.'

671. 'Ettabï'ethontsiy'hozdlï'tl'ik'ayskak'aat'ah.
     thatreallythatit's badit becameandnowkidsthey're doing
     'What the kids are doing has become really bad.'

672. Hidinilhyekhnïhibï---hibaaghen.
     their parentswith itthey're killing
     'They're killing their parents.'

673. Genk'aykeyikh'awitnïlht'ikw'etdiwitat'elhdoot'ën.
     herenowvillagethensoonthusit will occurit looks like
     'It looks like that will happen soon in our village.'

674. Tabï,tabïwewnigithozdlï'.
     veryit's scaryit became
     'It's getting very scary.'

675. Tl'ik'ayluckyts'enlï.'Ohniwh---niwhbecookhenlï.
     andnowwe arearound therefor usthey are
     'We're lucky now. People cook for us.'

676. Tl'iyoheldersniwhlec'aaditsic.
     andtherethey give us foodin the past
     'They give us elders food.'

677. C'ide'so',elderswihhibewec'its'ilh'ëk.
     toofor themwe didn't cook
     'We never used to cook for the elders in the past.'

678. Tl'i'adic'ohiybe'tsaadïlhyetl'ibe'hi'alhde'.
     andthem themselvesaround thendried fishthey put in mouthanddried fishthey eatin the past
     'They just put dried fish in their mouths and ate it.'

679. Bighuwelewnï'enïkwahammeryi'eyblock of wood'ethiydïlh'aytl'iggïbe'hiyidziltl'ide'hiyi'alhde'.
     his/her teeththose who have notheyagainittherethey keep itandthatdried fishthey pound itandin the pastthey eat itin the past
     'Those with no teeth hammered the dried fish on a block of wood so they could eat it.'

680. K'ay'etwihso'ggec.
     nowthattoonothing
     'Now it's not like that any more.'

LM:

681. C'ide'hindidetah'adicggï---
     in the pastthey're sickwhenby themselvesthat
     'A long time ago when they were sick they themselves---'

CA:

682. Dicinyu
     woodmedicine
     'medicine from the bush'

LM:

683. Dicinyubïwika'aadilh'iw.
     woodmedicinewith itthey looked for
     'They looked for (and got) medicine from the bush.'

CA:

684. Mi'.K'ayskaknikdic'ahnïlhdze'Jamestl'iShirleybilh'awit'aabusle---
     yesnowchildrenupin the bushfarandwith himthenI did with themever
     'Yes. James and Shirley were way out in the bush and I couldn't do anything for them.'\footnotetextKatherine probably meant to finish the sentence: 'aabusle gheyt'ah ts'iwelew 'I couldn't do anything for them'

685. Double pneumoniahizdlï'.
     they became
     'They got double pneumonia.'

686. 'Oh de'de'Sarah Dennisgendezay.
     back thenin the pasthereshe died
     'Around that time Sarah Dennis died in our village.'

687. Nde'sts'iyeelhdic.
     downriver therethey phoned me
     'They phoned me downriver (about it).'

688. Netwicogginïskak'akw'it 'aanekh.
     twicegreatlythose peoplechildrenthey're very sick
     'My two children were very sick.'

689. Nts'ën'ahibitaclhtëlhnis.
     howI'll transport themout in bush
     'I was wondering how I was gonna bring them (from) out in the bush.'

690. Ggïyi'eyts'iyco---'oh de'mbï'islik'isilhnï,David Denniswilicggï'isilhnï---"skakhindidehilh'ëkhtahggïts'iyyiwsaha'ayhts'ists'iyhiniwhlhtsëlhtl'itiwhlïztl'iskakbïtaabuhlhghis"niwhilhnï.
     thatitcottonwoodbigback thenwhowonderingmaybethathe told mechildrenthey're sickthey getwhenthatcottonwoodtheresunit comes upsideyou pl. chop it outandyou boil itandchildrenwith ityou bathe themhe told us
     'I wonder who told me this back then---maybe David Dennis--"when children are sick, you chop out the cottonwood on the side where the sun hits it, you boil it and bathe the children with it."'

691. Gginïskak'etdaabïsdleghtl'ihinsdlahso''aagegh.
     those peoplechildrenthusI did themandsuddenlygoodthey became
     'I did that to those kids and suddenly they got better.'

692. David Dennis prescription (laughs)

LM:

693. Tl'iïnlïz?
     andyou boiled it
     'You boiled it?'

CA:

694. Mi',sisdlïztl'ibito'skakbïtaabiziclhghiznelt'oh.
     yesI boiled itandits waterchildrenwith itI bathed themtwo of them
     'Yes, I boiled it and bathed the two kids with the water.'

695. 'Etde'Mumyï'insodilhkit,nduwa---"mbïtahwinyudïlh'iy'?"silhnï.
     thenin the pastdeceasedshe asked mewhywhotaught you howshe said to me
     'Back then my late mother asked me, "who taught you about this?"'

696. K'aygginïC'itnewih'etdaatnïïde'.
     nowthose peopleGitksantoothusthey sayway back then
     'The Gitksan people said the same thing.'

697. Tabïdigilkwishinsdlahsleghïsighideenïn'aytl'i"'eyts'ilhk'iykecipusziz"hitnï.
     reallyI'm coughingsuddenlyoolachen greasethey brought in the house for meanditonespoonI sip itthey said
     'I was coughing a lot and they brought me oolachen grease and they said I should take one spoonful.'

698. Tl'i'etdiclh'ëkh.
     andthusI do
     'And that's what I did.'

699. Diabetichisdlïho'ints'idïtteaspoonbï 'iclh'ëkh.
     I amevenI use
     'Even though I was a diabetic I took a teaspoon.'

700. Gentahdic'inildohslegh 'igegh.
     herebubbleit helped me
     'It helped me (get rid of) the bubbles (in my chest).'

LM:

701. So'nlegh 'igegh?
     wellit helped you
     'It really helped you?'

702. CA: mi'. I check up my blood sugar and never go up.

703. Sizkiy'so'dik'iwest'ën'.
     my bloodnotupit doesn't do
     'My blood (sugar) didn't go up.'

704. Nts'ë'indzin'awit zih'etdïndzin.
     whereit isthat's allthusit is
     'It stayed where it was.'

LM:

705. Ggïyi'eyBobby'itnïggïhuckleberries'eyts'ic'izu'.
     thatithe saysthatitreportedlyit's good
     'Bobby says huckleberries are good.'\footnotetextfor diabetics' blood sugar level

706. Ggïyi'ey---
     thatit
     'That---'

CA:

707. Digï
     huckleberry
     'huckleberries'

LM:

708. mi'
     yes
     'yes'

CA:

709. 'Eyho---ïde'kwaslec'aadïntsit.
     ita long time agoagainthey gave me some
     'A while back someone gave me some more.'

710. Ghe'igildzin.
     I'm saving for myself
     'I'm saving them for myself.'

711. Lisuc'ëtts'i'alh.
     sugarwithoutwe eat it
     'We eat them without sugar.'

712. Ts'ilkiy'.
     it's sour
     'They're sour.'

LM:

713. 'Etho'ints'iyso'nlegh 'it'ah?
     thatnonethelessreallyit helps you
     'Even so, does it really help you?'

CA:

714. mi'
     yes
     'yes'

LM:

715. 'awit zih.
     that's all
     'That's it.'