Dan Michell (Wegidimsts'ol)

This was one of the first interviews.  Dan and Lillian were both
wearing microphones pinned on their clothes. From time to time there
is a little noise from the microphone cord rubbing on their clothes.
Translation by Lillian Morris and Sharon Hargus. Transcription by
Sharon Hargus.
LM: 

1. C'iyehts'iytsëhyighiyetalh-bighiyetalhdicwika'nïnzin.
   birdsfirstyou'll talk about itshe wants
   'She wants you to first talk about the birds.'

2. Diknïnyikhde'c'iyehts'iydeendzïn'?
   upyou're growingwhenbirdshow were they
   'When you were growing up, what were the birds like?'

3. Hileylic?
   they are manyyes/no Q
   'Were there lots of them?'

DM:

4. Mi',c'iyehts'iy,nts'ëwitsaneetadilhnïwizicso' 'ohtime'etwitsaneedilh.
   yesbirdswhenthey'll come backit's time for iton timethenthey'll come back
   'When it's time for them to come back they'll come back at that time.'

5. Khiyttahc'iyehts'iywelew.
   winterinbirdsthere are none
   'In the winter there are no birds.'

6. K'ayc'itsitnet'ikhdïndzinmisdzï'awezihdohiyhiwinï,gguzïh co,tl'igguzïh,tl'itëkh gguzïh'eyts'iyewh.
   nowruffed grousespruce grousefor exampleowlonlyaround herethey are therechicken hawkandcamprobberandkingfisherthatall
   'Now the only ones around here are ruffed grouse, spruce grouse, for example, or owl, chicken hawks, camprobbers and kingfishers.'

7. C'olilh'et 'awitc'iyehts'iy'eykhikh,t'acoph(phone rings)'eytl'its'enco'eyts'iyewhdïtswitsaneedilh,dïlh.
   springthenbirdsthosegeesemallardthoseandswansthoseallherethey come backcrane
   'In the spring the small birds, geese, mallards, swans and cranes all come back here.'

(phone rings again)

8. LM: Okay,

9. K'aynts'ëwhhislikhënyïlh?
   nowwhereI wonderyou're speaking
   'Now where were you?'

DM:

10. t'aco,dïlh
    mallardcrane
    'mallard, crane'

LM:

11. Ts'enco,khikh,dit'ay,wewilewhoonïnlï'lic?
    swansgeeseducksthey're goneit started to becomeyes/no Q
    'The swans, geese and ducks have really gone down?'

DM:

12. Mi'.Tl'isiyil,sggïgit,
    yesandospreybald eagle
    'yes, also the ospreys and bald eagles'

13. that's

14. LM: eagle

DM:

15. Binghenlhiyil'eylic,siyilhiyilhnï.
    its headit is whiteitmaybeospreythey call it
    'The one whose head is white is called siyil.'

16. 'Eydilcodilggïnï'eysiyil'eysggï---.
    thatentirethe grey onesitospreyit
    'The ones that are all grey are siyil.'1

(pause)

LM:

17. Bilikh we-,bilikhnïwewilewhoonïnlï''etwighidec'enïnzin?
    some of themscarcethey're becomingthatwhat do you think about it
    'Do you think some of them have become fewer in number?'

18. 'Awitsichiley?
    stillthey are many
    'Are there still lots?'

DM:

19. Misdzïdeoldzikhwits'inmisdzïwets'ës'ën'.
    owlhow long timesinceowlwe haven't seen
    'We haven't seen owls for a long time.'

20. T'aco'ey'awitsichiley.
    mallarditstillthey are many
    'There are still lots of mallard.'

21. Ts'enco,tl'idïlh'eyzehts'e'inwitsanewec'isditllïonlï.
    swanandcraneittoofewerthey don't come backit looks like
    'It looks like not too many swans and cranes come back.'

22. Dïlh,
    crane
    'crane'

23. that's crane

(pause)

24. LM: He's done with those questions. now it's lhok

25. C'iyehts'iylha'aabizdïnlegh.
    birdwe finished them
    'We finished with birds.'

26. Lhok.
    fish
    'fish'

27. DM: yeah

LM:

28. Lhok.
    fish
    'fish'

29. Sa'on'a'skakïnlïdiknïnyikhlhokhileylic?
    long agochildyou areupyou're growingfishthey are manyyes/no Q
    'Long ago when you were a child growing up were there lots of fish?'

DM:

30. Mi',lhok'ey,c'olilhphJune month'oh'ohph time'et 'awittaloktidilh.
    yes,fishitspringaround thenthensockeyethey are running
    'Yes, back then in the spring sockeye would run in June.'

oh,

31. Ggïshibidisnï,ggïstidilh.
    spring salmonI mean themspring salmonthey're running
    'Oh, I mean spring salmon. Spring salmon would run.'

32. 'Eywik'ëtswewindinïzilh'et 'awittalok.
    thatafterfollowingthensockeye
    'A little while later sockeye would follow.'

33. Tl'italoktabïntsetdiyiktabïlhayïnlï'.
    andsockeyereallydowncanyonreallythere is lotspast
    'There used to be lots of sockeye in the canyon.'

34. K'ayphLouie Tommy family'enk'ondzetëëlh'ay.
    nowtheyfish trapthey have set in water
    'Louie Tommy's family would set a fish trap.'

35. Lhoktabïlhay'aayilh'iyhcëntiwitsic.
    fishreallylotsthey getsummerevery
    'Every summer they would get lots of fish.'

36. 'Ett'ak'ëtts'iwinïts'et'awitdedzikhwihtidilh.
    thenfalltowardsthencohotooitruns
    'Then when it was getting to be fall the coho would run.'

37. Tl'iggïlhokwitsanedilh'eynde'k'ayphChina Creekhiwilhnïnyests'iyc'ikwahts'ënsilï'ohiyegh.
    andthatfishit comes backitdownriver therenowSkwits'ëkwthey call itacrosscreekit flows inthere
    'And the fish return to a place downriver across from China Creek, where the creek comes in.'

38. Ggïlhokso'widibïht'ak'ët.
    itfishveryit's fullfall
    'It's just full of fish in the fall.'

39. 'Eydïsk'ëdilhhiyilhnïdïspawninghenlï.
    itthey're spawningthey call itthisthey are
    'They're spawning.'

40. 'Eytsetdiyikhawdïztsalfish ladderwighineenïnle.
    itdownhill at placecanyonthey blastedthey put it in
    'Down where they blasted the canyon they put a fish ladder in.'

41. 'Etwits'inggïwik'ëtl'atsnde'c'ikwah'iwidisnï hinlhoklhaydïsk'ëdilhdilconduwelewggïwitsëh.
    thatfromthatafter thatdownrivercreekthe one I was talking aboutfishlotsthey're spawningentirelynothingthere isthatpreviously
    'Since that time in that creek downriver I was talking about where there were lots of spawning fish, there's no more there now (compared to previously).'

42. Sayts'ëtsay k'itggechonlï.
    sandin the opensandbaronlyis there
    'There's just sand.'

43. Tsicc'it'ansiggïwidikhanenïlye.
    all aroundleavesdriedareait's overgrown
    'It's all overgrown.'

44. So'lhokwelew.
    fishthere isn't
    'There are no fish.'

45. 'Eydeeyïnlegh?
    itwhat did they do to it
    'What did they (fisheries) do to them?'

46. Ggïlhoknts'ëwenedïdilhnts'ëhotshanedilhgen.
    thosefishwherethey come fromwheretherethey come back uphere
    'They're coming back up here to where they came from (to spawn).'

47. Siy'iniszintsetdiyikhighi--'etlhokggïspawning'italïlhni'eywenïlhi'aadit'iyh'eyyiggit'etwit'anïdilh'et.
    II thinkdowncanyonwherefishthoseit will beitfor itthey're readyitdown theretherethey turn backthere
    'I think down in the canyon they're ready to spawn but they turn back (at the fish ladder).'

48. Tsin'c'ikwahts'oonedïlhlhokspawninghenlï.
    downhill therecreekthey're going back tofishthey are
    'They turn around and go back to the creek to spawn.'2

49. 'Eyulïts'in'ahibibe'oonlegh.
    itit's different forfor themthey made it
    'They made it different for them.'

50. Tl'i'et 'awitggïlhokyikzih'ët'ën''oh de'wits'in.
    andthenthosefishdownjustit didback thensince
    'And then the fish numbers have decreased since then.'

51. Tl'ilhatin'etdoonleghk'aynu'wozï'binewdigilnekhggï,someplace.
    andmany placesitthey did thatnowupriverits nameI'm forgetting itthat
    'And they did that (what they did here) in many places upriver, I forget the name of the place.'

52. Albertawinu',Mica Damhiwilhnïwilïhts'i'awitsic'eyc'ikwahdilcohilhc'itlhineenïzle.
    eastthey callmaybereportedlystillitcreekentiredifferent placethey moved
    'East of Alberta at Mica Dam maybe they moved the whole creek.'

53. Nggïlhoksac de'c'ikwahk'inedilhin'ohiy yeghwit'anïneenidïlh.
    thosefishpreviouscreekwhere they traveltherethey turned back
    'When the fish came back to the creek (that they moved) they turned back.'

54. Tabïlhayggïlhokts'iyewhyedlekh.
    reallylotsthosefishallthey're dying
    'A lot of fish are dying.'

55. Hitnïggitconstruction'aat'iyhnï\niwhilhneewilnick'ay.
    they saythereworkersthey told us about itnow
    'The workers there told us about the construction they're doing.'

56. Alfred Mitchell, Kenny Mitchellsilhnaaz'az.
    with methey went
    'Alfred Mitchell and Kenny Mitchell went with me.

57. Nu'hotsnits'izkwiz.
    upriver theretherewe drove up there
    'We drove up there.'

58. 'Eynts'ën'aUdiggï'oonlegh'eylhok'aabïnleghhots'in'azihwenï'eendzintl'ikwaulïts'in'ahibilegh 'oot'ahwika'aat'ah.
    ithowGodmade itthosefishhe made themlike thatjustforthey areandagaindifferent waythey're helping themthey're trying
    'They're made for the way that God made them and they're trying to help them more in a different way.'

59. K'is'etwinishibibedzikh'oogegh.
    insteadthatmorefor themdamagethey did
    'But instead they did more damage to them.'

60. Tl'i'etlhatlhanïhibilhnewigilnicggï'eylhokhots'in'ayik'aagegh.
    andthatmany timesmany peopleI told themthatitfishthat waydownthey became
    'Many times I have told many people that's how the fish decreased.'

61. K'ayc'ide'nïdowelewde'.
    nowlong agowhite peoplenonein the past
    'There were no white people here long ago.'

62. 'Inuniwhtside'nïTsayumin---phSam Goosely Lakehiwilhnïk'aynïdohotshiwilhnïk'aynïdohotsNelhdzï Tëzlï'inuniwhk'in'ahotsdinï henlï'inuniwhtside'nï.
    usour ancestorsTsayu clanthey call itnowwhite peoplethereSam Goosely L.wein our languagetherethey livedweour ancestors
    'Our ancestors, the Tsayu clan, (used to live) where the white people call Sam Goosely Lake and which we call Nelhdzï Tëzlï.'

63. Tl'i'etggit(di)ndinïdezaytl'its'i'awittadzïnbïyïnlï'diggit.
    andtheretherethis persondiedandreportedlythen3 dayshe was in itup there
    'There a person died and went to heaven for three days.'

64. Wegïz,dezayïnts'iybiyïst'iy'awitk'ayts'aane'indzin'awit'etdïndzin.
    he's not breathinghe diedeven sohis bodystillnowwe're aliveit isnowthusit is
    'He wasn't breathing and he died but even so his body remained like our living ones.'

65. Tl'its'iwe'aayulekhts'iwelew'awh'indzohhiyghedïlhts'iy.
    andreportedlywith itthey docouldn'ttherejustthey sit by him
    'They were sitting beside him not knowing what to do with him.'

66. Kwiletdzïnwighinïnlï'etts'ihanesdzitggindinï.
    fivedaysthey take care of situationthenreportedlyhe came tothatman
    'He returned to life after five days.'

67. Dinedïge.
    he got up again
    'He got up again.'

68. Tl'i'enbuzï'Bïnïhiyilhnï.
    andhimhis namethey called him
    'His name was Bïnï.'

69. K'aynisnï'witat'ën'ts'iyewhwik'inewilnic,hibilh newilnic.
    nowfuturethings will happenallhe's talking abouthe told them
    'He told them about the future he foresaw.'

70. 'EnïnïdoProphethibaalhnï.
    theywhite peoplethey called him
    'The white people called him a prophet.'

71. 'Ey'inuniwhk'in'aBïnï.
    itwein our language
    'We called him Bïnï.'

72. 'Enkwa'oonleghggitc'ikë k'ikhk'ay'awitwewdït'ën.
    itagainthey madetherefootprintsnowstillthey're visible
    'You can still see the footprints he made there.'

73. 'Et'aayeyhtl'inikdzilhhiyts'idïnyïn'ey.
    thatthey step inandup theremountainthey face itit
    'They step into them (footprints) and face the mountain.'

74. Ts'enis'in'ahiwnïlh'ënggi'etso' 'etsaha'ayhlhëkh'etts'i'awit,dïtsneedidilh.
    straight aheadthey lookthereright theresunit comes upcustomarilythenreportedlythenherethey return
    'They look straight ahead at where the sun comes up, then they return here (to Witset).'

75. Tl'i'etgenïneedilh'et 'awitso'lhok'eywihndetshadilh.
    andthenherethey come backtherewhenfishittoofrom downriverthey come up
    'Then people come back at the same time the fish come upriver.'

76. So'hiyghewhgenïneedilh.
    they according to itherethey come back
    'They come back then according to it.'

77. 'Etwenïts'iggïcalendark'in'ahiwi-we'eendzin.
    itfor thatreportedlythatlikethey use it
    'They used it as a calendar.'

LM:

78. Lhokwitsanedilhso'lateweelïh.
    fishcome backnotthey are not
    'When the fish come back they're not late.'

79. DM: No.

80. LM: On time.

81. DM: yeah.

82. Dic'enk'ikhggïc'ikë k'ikh'etwewdïlh'iyh.
    wellittrackthatfootprintthatit marks
    'They used the footprints as a marker (of time).'

83. LM: mhm

84. Lhoktsëhïlwistl'ic'ik'ëtstilwis'eywihso'ts'e'inon timetilwis?
    fishfirstrunandlaterrunittooexactlyrightitruns
    'Are the first and later fish runs right on time?'

DM:

85. Mi'.Genhiwit'iy'enïkwande'Tsë Cakhhibileghts'iuudïlhye.
    yesherethey residethose peopletoodownriverHagwilgethelping themthey know
    'Yes. People living here know too because the Hagwilget people help them.'

86. Tsë Cakh'ettsëhlhoknedilh.
    Hagwilgettherefirstfishthey come back
    'The fish come back first to Hagwilget.'

87. 'Etgewit'enïbilikhnïnde'hotslhokhaadit'iyh.
    therehereresidentssome of themdownriver theretherefishthey get
    'Some people from here go for fish down there.'

88. 'Etgenlhokwilhëkh'et 'awitgenlhoklhayTsë Cakhts'e'inlhokwelew.
    thereherefishthere arethenherefishmanyHagwilgettoo muchfishthere isn't
    'When there are lots of fish here in Witset, there are not too many in Hagwilget.'

LM:

89. Tsin'diyikts'ëlkiy'tabïlhayhënlï'.
    downhillcanyoneelreallylotsthey were
    'There used to be lots of eels down in the canyon.'

DM:

90. Mi'.
    yes
    'yes'

91. 'Etggï'ey'idisnïk'aygginLouie Tommy family'enzihtabïso'hiyudïlhyenï'aayilh'ën'.
    thatthatthatI saynowthattheyonlyreallyreallythey know itthey work with it
    'That Louie Tommy family I was talking about, they were the only ones who knew how to work with them.'

LM:

92. Tl'ik'aydohwidïzilh'awitwewilewhozlï'.
    andnowthistime of yearstillnoneit became
    'And now there's none around here now.'

93. DM: Mhm.

94. 'Etdaagegh.
    thatit happened
    'Mhm, that's what happened.'

LM:

95. K'ayRupertts'its'ahhibaalïhhotsts'iwinï.
    nowfromthey bring themtherereportedlythere are
    'Now people go to Rupert to get them when they are there.'

96. DM: oh

LM:

97. Gendiyiknduwelew.
    herecanyonnonethere are none
    'There are none in the canyon.'

98. Nde'Rupertts'its'ëlkiy'haayilïh.
    downriverfromeelthey bring up
    'People get eels from Rupert.'

DM:

99. Mi','eywidiggitnenlïwitsedzit'etde'lhaylhëkh.
    yesthatup at placefallsbelowtherein the pastmanythere were
    'Below the falls used to be lots.'

100. K'ayfish ladderwinïso'ggec.
     nowthere isnothing
     'Now that there's a fish ladder there's nothing.'

101. 'Eywihlic'etdit'ahggit'etnedilh.
     ittoomaybethusit doestheretherethey run
     'They might come back just like the fish do.'

102. Tilikhk'in'alic'etdit'ah.
     it swims under waterlikemaybethusit does
     'They might swim under the water.'

103. Lhaywitsadilhggit'etts'iyewh.
     manythey come heretherethereall
     'Lots come up.'

LM:

104. 'Etnts'ëwhyis k'itdinïts'ëlkiy'witsanedilh'etzihwiwewdïlhyeh?
     thenwhenyeartheseeelit comes backthatjustyou don't know
     'Do you know what time of year these eels used to come back?'

105. DM: Tl'i 'et---

LM:

106. lhokhibilhlhighewh?
     fishwith themtogether
     'at the same time as the salmon?'

DM:

107. hoo',cën
     nosummer
     'no, in the summer'

LM:

108. cën
     summer
     'in the summer'

DM:

109. lhoktsëhwitsadilhwik'ëts'awit
     fishfirstthey comeafter thatthen
     'after the fish come back'

110. T'ak'ëtts'iwinïtswits'ah'etggïts'ëlkiy'tidilh.
     falltowardstothenthoseeelsrun
     'Close to fall the eels come back.'

111. Tl'i'oh de'tabïlhaynikMorice Riverts'itiy.
     andback thenreallylotsuphill thereWidzin Kwahroad to
     'There were lots on the road up Morice R.'

112. 'Et'elhikhinTs'ëlkiy'Kwahcëkhiwilhnï.
     thereone placeeelrivermouththey call it
     'Up on Morice R. there's a place called Lamprey Creek.'

113. 'EyMorice Westts'ootiyhin'etc'ikwahWidzin Kwahk'ënlïhin'et.
     itroadtherecreekBulkley R.it flows intothere
     'It (Lamprey Creek) flows into the Bulkley R. at Morice West road.'

114. Lamprey Creek signwaadïlh'ayk'ay.
     they have upnow
     'They have a sign up now, Lamprey Creek.'

115. 'Ey'et'ohiy yeghwihlhaylhëkhïnlï'c'ide'.
     ittherearound theretoolotscustomarilypastlong ago
     'There used to be lots there in the past.'

116. LM: okay,

117. Dinlhokk'ay'et 'awitlha'izdïnlegh.
     thisfishnowthenwe finished
     'Okay, we're finished with these fish now.'

LM:

118. C'olilh.
     springtime.
     'springtime'

(pause)

119. Nts'ëwhdzilhk'ityisulït---ulït?
     whenmountainonsnowit melts
     'What time of year does the snow melt on the mountain?'

120. DM: Oh,

121. 'Elh-,'elhikhinwinewdïzigilnikhbidiggitC'ilhggic Ntsec dzilh,ggïyisbïdikhac'olic.
     one placeI forgetup thereTwo-mile Mountainthatsnowbetween themmelts
     'At one place I forgot up there on C'ilhggic Ntsec mountain the snow melts in the middle.'3

122. 'Et 'awitudïlhyelhokwitsatadilhso'wighewhts'i'it'iyh,hitnï.
     thenit's knownfishthey will comeexactlyaccording to itreportedlyit doesthey say
     'Then they say they know from that that they (fish) are coming at the same time.'

123. Dzilhk'itsc'olicdïnï?
     mountainonit usually meltsyou're saying
     'Are you saying "(when) it (snow) melts on the mountain"?'

LM:

124. Mi'.
     yes
     yes

125. DM: oh

LM:

126. Dzilhk'itc'olic.
     mountainonit melts
     '(When) it customarily melts on the mountain.'

127. DM: oh,

128. 'Et 'awitmonthofJune
     then
     'in June'

129. LM: June

DM:

130. Lhighet tiwitsiclicso'nts'ëwh'iwit'iyhhin'et'ohtimes'iwit'iyhnik.
     every yearmaybewhenit doesthenback thenit doesup there
     'It happens the same time every year up there.'

131. Hots'in'awewewdïlh'ën.
     that wayfrom itit's marked
     'It's a signal.'4

132. 'Etk'ay'et'etdiwewidzin.
     thatnowtherethusit's not
     'Now it's not like that.'

133. Kwandïts'oot'elh.
     differentit's happening
     'It's all different.'

LM:

134. Nts'ëwhyis k'ittadilbïh,wiwewdïlhyeh?
     whenyearit floodsyou don't know
     'Do you know what time of year it floods?'

135. DM: May

136. LM: May, May month.

137. Every year,tadilbïh.
     it floods
     'It floods.'

138. DM: yeah

(pause)

LM:

139. 'Ulhcohtadilbïhnisc'ika'iwht'ah'ohiytl'idohiy.
     everywhereit floodsout on the territoryyou're hunting/trappingaround thereandaround here
     'It's the same out there where you hunt and trap as it is around here.'

DM:

140. Mi'
     yes
     'yes'

(pause)

LM:

141. Nts'ëwhyis k'itt'ighisbit'anwilhëkh,c'olilhnts'ëwhyis k'it,t'ighisbit'anwilhëkh,tsëhc'it'anwilhëkh?
     whenyearcottonwoodleavesoccurspringtimewhenyearcottonwoodleavesoccurfirstleavescome out
     'What time of year do the cottonwood leaves come out, in the spring?'

142. DM: oh.

143. 'Etwih'awitMaywik'ëlewewindinïzicdik'isJune'et'iwit'iyh.
     thattoothenendit followsorthenit happens
     'That (happens) too towards the end of May or in June.'

144. LM: early May

145. DM: like end of May too, somewhere first week of June

LM:

146. Sa'on'a'tl'ik'aybilh'etwighidec'enïnzin?
     long agoandnowtoothatwhat do you think about it
     'What do you think about now vs. a long time ago?'

147. Sa'c'it'anwilhëkhdik'is'aghc'it'anwilhëkh?
     lateleaveshappenorearlyleavesusually occur
     'Do the leaves appear late or early?'

148. Nde'Hagwilget'enïtabïniwhtsëhc'it'anwilhëkh.
     downriver thereTsë Cakhtheyreallyahead of usleavesusually become
     'Downriver the Hagwilget people get leaves before we do.

149. 'Etgen'inutabïlatec'it'anwilhëkh.
     thathereusreallyleavesusually become
     'Here the leaves come out really late.'

DM:

150. Dic'et'eywihggïyin k'itdeondzin'etlicwighe'iwit'ahniszin.
     wellthatittoothatlandhow it isthatmaybebecause ofit's happeningI think
     'I think it might depend on how the land is.'

151. Tsë Cakh,Hazeltonso'hac'iniyekhtabï.
     Hagwilgetbetterit growsreally
     'In Hagwilget, Hazelton crops grow a lot better.'

152. K'aycrabapple treesdïndzinti'eyhonts'iyhaaynilhyekhndoh'etdiwewidzin.
     nowfor exampleiteventhey grow themaround herethusit isn't
     'Around here they can't even grow crabapple trees, for example, very well.'

(pause)

LM:

153. K'aykwacënwighiyetalhdic.
     nowagainsummeryou'll talk about it
     'Now you'll talk about summer.'

154. Sa'on'a'cënwidiggïdik'iscënnewilhtiyh?
     long agosummerit's dryorsummerit rains
     'Long ago was summer dry or wet?'

155. 'Etwighidec'enïnzin?
     thatwhat do you think about it
     'What do you think about that?'

DM:

156. 'Etwihc'ide''eyyis'eyïnts'iy'etdigegh.
     ittoolong agoitsnowiteventhusit happened
     'Even the snow was like that too.'

157. C'ide'k'in'a'iwewidzinhozlï'k'ay.
     long agolikeit isn'tit becamenow
     'It's not like in the past.'

158. K'ay'ohlhighinnekatwilikhtahtabï,tabïnekic.
     nowtheremany timesit snowssometimesreallyit snows
     'Sometimes it snows often and sometimes quite heavily.'

159. C'ide''etdiwewidzin.
     pastthusit's not
     'In the past it wasn't like that.'

160. So''awnït'iyhneonïkic.
     hardlyit would start to snow
     'It hardly started to snow.'

161. Sa'on'a''et,'elhikh tizih'etdoogeghgen.
     long agothenone timeonlythathappenshere
     'It (heavy snow) just happened once before here.'

162. (Niwh)dik hankat.
     we were snowed in
     'We were snowed in.'

163. K'aysnowplowCedarvalewedïnkëz'ey'awezihwinïdohyin k'it.
     nowit came from ititonlythere isaround hereland
     'There was just one snow plow around here, which came from Cedarvale.'

164. 'Eynu'hotsSmithershotsleghewidïnziw.
     itupriver theretherethereit plowed through
     'And it plowed up to Smithers.'

165. 'Etwits'inso' carniweskathozlï''ohtime.
     thatfromdidn't go aroundit wasaround then
     'Cars weren't able to go anywhere back then.'

166. K'ay,k'aygen'akw'isone weektatdzïn'oh tahnekat.
     nowherealmost3daysaround hereit snows
     'Now it snows maybe one week or three days.'

167. 'Etdiwewidzinc'idek'ëts.
     thusit isn'tlong time ago
     'It wasn't like that a long time ago.'

168. 'Elhyisnekictabïsa''awhbik'ëdikhoz'ayso' 'eninneweskat.
     one timesnowit would fallreallylong timearound therein betweenit isno longerit doesn't snow
     'It would snow one time and then it was a long time before it snowed again.'5

(pause)

LM:

169. C'ikwahtl'ic'ikwah yezk'isbin,bintoyik'igegh'etwighidec'enïnzin?
     riverandcreekorlakelakewaterdownit wentthatwhat do you think about it
     'Do you think the water level in the rivers, creeks or lakes is low?'

DM:

170. 'Et'ulhcoh'etdoogeghndïyin kak.
     thateverywherethatit happensthisworld
     'They say that's happening everywhere on this planet.'

171. K'aynu''inulhok ha'ts'it'ahhin'etwih'eybintak'ëde'Normantl'iFredayu,Brenda'eyniwhts'iybïtsële nkëkotstëc'aazle.
     nowupriverwewe fishwherewhentoothatlakelast fallandFreda and familyitour boatwith itrockit went overtherethey set net
     'When Norman, Freda and her family and Brenda set a net out in the lake our boat got caught on a rock because the water's low.'

172. Ts'iyts'iyetsicbitl'akhnenc'il.
     boatallits bottomit's torn
     'The boat got all torn on the bottom.'

(pause)

LM:

173. Nts'ëwhyis k'it'oh de'yi'eycreekdik'isbin,yinwihyendiggï?
     whenyearback thenthatorlakelandtoothey all dry out
     'What time of year did the creeks, lakes or land dry out?'

174. K'ay'awitevery year'etdoonïgegh,pheh?
     nownowthatit started to happen
     'Now that's starting to happen every year, eh?'

DM:

175. mi'
     yes
     'yes'

LM:

176. Sa'on'a'so''etdiwewidzin.
     long time agonotthusit isn't
     'It wasn't like that a long time ago.'

177. DM: no,

178. 'Indzohkhiyde'yis'iltsicïnlï'honts'iyso'todik'inewetnïlso'bink'it.
     justlast wintersnowamountit waseven sonotwaterupit didn't happennotlakeon
     'There was lots of snow last winter but the lake didn't go back up.'

(pause)

LM:

179. K'aydohwidïzilh'etdeondzin?
     nowadaysaround heretimethathow is it
     'Nowadays how it is?'

180. Kwa'awitnts'ën'azih?
     againthenthusjust
     'Is it still the same?'

181. 'Awit'etdoondzin.
     nowthusit is
     'It's still the same.'

182. DM: Mi'.

LM:

183. Gginïn'ënWillie WilliamninBabine'adicts'ibinyic'olhdzikh.
     that personthat personover therehe himselfreportedlylakehe measures it
     'Willie William over in Babine measures the lake himself.'

184. DM: huh

LM:

185. Last year'etts'ibinto'eywihts'iyik'it'aheveryyear.
     thenreportedlylakewaterittooreportedlylowit's doing
     'The water in the lake is low every year.'

DM:

186. Mi'.NikPopley Lakewihtabïuyik'oondzin.
     yesup theretooreallyway lowit is
     'Yes, it's really low up in Popley L. too.'

LM:

187. Sa'on'a'nit'ay'eydendzin?
     long agoberriesithow is it
     'How were the berries long ago?'

188. Tabïliclhay?
     lotsyes/no Qthere are many
     'Were there lots?'

DM:

189. Lhayïnts'iyk'aytiywiley.
     manyalthoughnowroadthere are many in area
     'There are many even though there are lots of roads now.'

190. C'ide'nïlhdze'nit'ayk'ëtshooyeyh-,u-këtiyzihhotshontiyholh'aynïlhdze'ggï,nit'ayhiykididilh.
     in the pastit's farberrytowalkingfoottrailonlytheretrail goesit isfarthatberrythey go for them
     'In the past they walked a long way for berries.'

191. K'aydenï'hadït'aynï'eybik'itdigïts'oyïhhiyilhnï.
     nowjust back therethat which sticks outthaton ithuckleberrieswe pickthey call it
     'Now we pick huckleberries on that outcropping just back here.'

LM:

192. Sa'on'a'dïnit'aytabïlhayïnlï'tl'ik'ay'et lic'awitbilikhwelewhonïnlï'.
     long agotheseberriesreallylotsthere wereandnowmaybethensomethere are noneit started to be
     'Long ago there were lots of berries and now some might be getting scarce.'

193. Wenïnzin?
     you don't think
     'Don't you think so?'

DM:

194. 'Etdigegh.
     thatit happened
     'That has happened.'

LM:

195. Hmm!Dï'awitlha'izdïnlegh,nit'ay.
     thisnowwe're finishedberries
     'We're finished with berries now.'

196. K'ayhineyyighiyetalhdic.
     nowanimalsshe's going to talk about them
     'Now it'll be about animals.'

197. Sishileyhonïnlï'dik'iswewilewhoonïnlï'?
     black bearmanyit started to beorscarceit started to be
     'Have black bears increased in number or become scarce?'

DM:

198. 'Eydic,c'idek'ëtssis'eyggeczihwinï.
     thatwelllong agoblack bearitonlyonlythere are
     'There were more black bears then.'

199. Hiley'enggalichawedisdektl'a.
     they are manybecause ofmaybethey're not running lowand
     'Maybe they're not running out (there are still lots) because there are many.'

200. 'Oh de'so'Yinkadinï''adicwigheenlïyin tah.
     back thenIndigenousthemselvesthey look after itterritory
     'Back then the Indigenous people looked after things themselves on their territory.'

201. 'Eyhiyghec'olï.
     itthey would look after
     'They would look after them.'

202. So'deltsichiyï 'itadzïlh'eyzihhiyïlhcic,dic'ah'aw k'is du.
     as many asthey will usethatonlythey take anythingin the bushany
     'They would only take as many (animals) as they needed.'

203. C'ide'so'moosewelewdohyin k'it.
     in the pasthidathere are nonearound hereland
     'In the past there were no moose around here.'

204. 1911hitnïbilhhididlïde''oh.
     they saywith itwe du. areback thenaround there
     'They say we got moose in 1911.'

205. Moosehozlï'.
     hidait became
     'Moose appeared.'

LM:

206. Sisc'i'an'aneweelh'itswiwewdïlhyeh?
     black beardenthey don't go intoyou don't know
     'Do you know if black bears aren't going into their holes?'

207. K'is'enïwihc'i'an'aneel'is?
     ortheytoodenthey go in
     'Or are they going into their holes?'

DM:

208. Dic,every yearsisc'i'an'aneel'is'oh.
     wellblack beardenthey go inaround then
     'Well, black bears used to go in their dens (around now).'

209. K'aydohhawdizic'et 'awitso'sists'ëtniweelh'ats.
     nowthistime of yearthenblack bearin the openthey're not going around
     'This time of year black bears don't stay out in the open.'

LM:

210. Khiytso'ts'iyhniweelh'ats,ha?
     winternotin the openthey don't go aroundright?
     'They don't walk around in the winter, right?'

211. Sis,ts'iyewh'aneel'is.
     black bearallthey go into dens
     'Black bears go into their dens.'

DM:

212. mi'
     yes
     'yes'

(pause)

LM:

213. Cas'enïco'deendzin?
     grizzly bearthosehow abouthow are they
     'How are the grizzly bears doing?'

DM:

214. 'eywih
     ittoo
     'that too'

LM:

215. Hiley.
     theyaremany
     'There are lots of them.'

DM:

216. Mi',dzilhïnin'ohzihhic'i'anhoozle.
     yes,mountainsidethereonlytheir densthey have them
     'Their dens are only on the sides of mountains.'

LM:

217. 'Enïwihlicwewilewhoonïnlï'?
     theytooyes/no Qscarcethey are starting to be
     'They're getting scarce now too?'

DM:

218. 'Eywih'etdaageghlïonlïc'ide'.
     ittoothatit happenedit looks likein the past
     'It looks like that happened in the past too.'

LM:

219. Niltu',hida.Hida'eyhibighidec'enïnzin?
     deermoosemooseitwhat do you think about them
     'Deer, moose. What do you think about moose?'

220. Ggïyi'eybilikhhibiye'wilhëkhtl'iwik'ëyeedlekh.
     thatitsome of themtheir licecustomarily getandthey die from it
     'Some get lice and die from that.'

DM:

221. dic
     well
     'well'

LM:

222. 'Enïwihlic'awitwewilewhoonïnlï'?
     themtooyes/no Qnowscarceit's getting to be
     'They're getting scarce now too?'

223. DM: 'ey, 'aw-

LM:

224. 'Awitsichiley?
     stillthey are many
     'There are still lots of them?'

225. DM: oh, last 20, 30 years

226. 'Awit 'et'adicbiye'wilhëkhc'olilh'et.
     nowthemselvestheir licecustomarily becomespringtimethen
     'Now in the last 20, 30 years they get (bad) lice in the spring.'

(pause)

LM:

227. Wesiy,ggikh,nibe,nunïtsiy'co,dilkw'akh?
     lynxrabbitweaselsmall animalsbigfrog
     'lynx, rabbits, weasel, the bigger fur-bearing animals, frogs?'

DM:

228. Dilkw'akhts'e'inwelewhozlï'.
     frogreallyscarceit became
     'Frogs have really become scarce.'

LM:

229. Cindudilhghiswihk'ayc'ik'iyizggiz.
     pinebeetletoonowshe wrote down
     'Now pine beetles too.'

230. Ggï,'et,'eybighidec'enïnzin?
     nowthatthatwhat do you think about it
     'What do you think about those now?'

DM:

231. 'Eywihk'ayhozlï'ggï.
     thosetoonowadaysthey have appearedthat
     'They have appeared recently.'

LM:

232. Ggïyi'eyhineytl'init'ayts'iyewhcitsiy'talïlhggïcinduc'itsiy'yenlï'witah.
     thatitanimalsandberriesallbadit will becomethatpinebadthey arein it
     'There will be bad consequences for the animals and the berries in that bad pine.'

233. DM: yeah

LM:

234. 'Etwighidec'enïnzin?
     thatwhat do you think about it
     'What do you think about that?'

DM:

235. Dic,'eynts'ën'a t'ohk'aybilegh 'ootanïlh?
     wellithownowthey will be helped
     'Well, what can be done about it now?'

236. 'Eyc'ide'so''etdiwewidzin.
     itin the pastnotthusit wasn't
     'It didn't used to be like that in the past.'

237. 'Eysiyhots'in'awik'ininïniclhdzitggï.
     itIthusI think about itthat
     'I've thought about that.'

238. Yin kakc'isdewhtabï,tabï'aageghts'in---logging'aat'ahnïtiwihts'iyewh.
     landreallyreallythey're affectingthey're doingwhileall
     'All the logging they're doing is really affecting the land.'

239. Tabïsunyelhayk'itsdinï henlïzihuudïl'iy'tl'a,'eydicinhawedisdekk'in'a'eyhiynïlht'icts'i'aat'ah.
     reallymoneylotsonthey're livingonlythey're used toandthattimberit's not running outlikeitthey're not stopping itreportedlythey're doing
     'People are used to living on too much money and they keep going as if the logs were not running out.'

240. 'Etwileghts'ilic.
     thatbecause of itmaybe
     'It could be because of that.'

241. Tl'iso'mbïggïdicin'iyïnleghwighininïwenisdek.
     andwhothosetreeshe made itthey don't think about it
     'And nobody thinks of who made the trees.'

242. Udiggïts'iyetsic'iyïnlegh.
     Godallhe made it
     'God made all the trees.'

243. 'Eyso'be ndiwewilïhk'in'a,k'inï'aayil'ën'.
     itdoesn't careas ifthey do whatever they want
     'They do what they want with it as if they don't care.'

244. 'Enggalic'iwit'iw.
     for thatyes/no Qit's happening
     'Maybe that's why it's happening.'

245. C'ide'Biblewik'itc'ik'oostggiz.
     in the pastonit's written
     'It is written on the Bible.'

246. 'Etwih'etdaat'ahggï.
     thattoothusthey dothat
     'They're doing the same thing there.'

247. Hibidicin'kwayink'ëc'elh'isggïphbugs'ibidiwhnï'eyk'in'a.
     their timberagainlandit is the samethosewhat you pl. are talking aboutitlike
     'The land is the same as their timber, like those bugs you guys are talking about.'

248. Ts'iyewhhiydi'alhdicin.
     allthey eat woodtimber
     'They're eating all the trees.'

249. 'EtwihBiblek'oostggiz.
     thattooit's written on it
     'That too is written on the Bible.'

250. Siyhots'in'awik'ininïniclhdzitc'isdewhtabïyin kakwinïts'iyetsic.
     IthusI'm keeping track of thingsreallyreallyearththere iseverything
     'I'm keeping track of all the things that are happening on the earth.'

251. Hibe nde wewilïhk'in'ak'inï'aayïl'ën'hizlï'yin kak'ulhcoh.
     they don't carelikethey do whatever they wantthey becameworldeverywhere
     'Everywhere around the world people have become so that they do whatever that want as if they don't care.'

LM:

252. Neggizgïbinewdïzigilnikh,ggikhtl'inibe.
     foxI forgotrabbitandweasel
     'I forgot about foxes, rabbits and weasels.'

253. 'Enï'awitsichiley,k'is'enïwihwewilew?
     theystillthey are manyortheytooare scarce
     'Are there still lots of them or are they scarce too?

DM:

254. Ts'e'inhibï'iwewidzink'in'a'enk'ay.
     not muchthey're not usedlikeitnow
     'It's as if they're not used much now.'

255. C'ide'neggizgïhidïztiy'ti'etts'iyenïhibika'it'ah.
     in the pastfoxit's valuablewheneverybodytrapped for them
     'In the past when fox got a good price everybody trapped for them.'

256. K'ay,k'ay'etdiweydzintl'iso',mbïneggizgïha'west'ën'.
     nowthusit's notandnobodyfoxtraps
     'Now it's not like that, and nobody traps fox.'

LM:

257. Ggïdicincitsiy'yenlï','eynts'ën'abï'iwitadzïlhk'ay?
     thatwoodbadit's all overithowit will be usednow
     'How can the bad wood that's all over be used?'

258. Fundinghibighe'ayhonterritory.
     (someone) gives them
     'They give them funding on the territory.'6

259. Tl'i'etk'iniydighittl'i'awits'in'azihhiyï c'odikët.
     andthereit's cutandstilljustthey sell it
     'They cut it and somehow they sell it.'

DM:

260. 'Eywide'hiyghiyelhdick'ayphStates'awenïhiyudikëtggïdzïhtël.
     ittoothey talk about itnowonlythey buy itthatlumber
     'They say they only buy that lumber in the U.S. now.'

261. Ggïtabïts'idigguzsilï'dicin'ey.
     thatreallyreportedlyit's friableit becamewoodthat
     '(After the pine beetle damage) the wood is brittle.'

262. Dzïhtëlhiyïlh'iyh.
     lumberthey use for
     'They use it for lumber.'

263. Wilikhtahggïlogs'awithiydïlhdzilhts'ihibilhk'inyiditicdzusliyezwi'anhoz'ahitnïde'gginlogging 'it'ahnï.
     sometimesthosestillthey're draggingreportedlyon themit breaksa littleholesthey saidin the pastthoseloggers
     'Sometimes while they're still dragging the logs a little ways it cracks up on them on the holes, the loggers said.'7

264. 'Eywihnints'iweeyuditaskëtlïonlï.
     ittooover therereportedlythey will not buy themit looks like
     'It looks like the damaged trees will not be bought there.'

LM:

265. Cinïhggïcinduhiytah wit'iy,'endeetadzïlhggïdicints'iyewhc'itsiy'yenlï'?
     martenthatpinethey live in ittheywhat will happen to themthattimberallbadit's all over
     'What will happen to the marten with all the bad timber?'

266. 'Etwighidec'enïnzin,cinïh?
     thatwhat do you think about itmarten
     'What do you think about marten?'

267. DM: n, ggï c'ide'

268. LM: that's not going to affect them, eh?

DM:

269. Oh,'eywihlichidïdikh.
     ittoothere are different kinds
     'There are different kinds (of marten).'

270. 'Eycindutahwicinic'eyde'tabïdilhggishitnï.
     itpineinmartenittooreallyit's blackthey say
     'They say that marten that comes from the jack pine area is very black.'

271. 'Eyhiydïlhtiy'distl'is ukët.
     itthey price it highfur buyer
     'Fur traders paid a high price for it.'

272. Tl'ikwa'eynawhts'e'incinduwelewnï'eylight brownhenlï.
     Andagainitelsewherenot muchpinenoneitthey are
     'The ones that live where there isn't much jack pine are light brown.'

273. Hots'in'ats'ahAlfredts'itnï'inwighininiwhnilhtinnikc'ika'aat'ahnï.
     thusreportedlylatehe instructs usup theretrappers
     'That's how the late Alfred (Namox) taught us trappers up there.'

LM:

274. K'aydoh widïzilhcinïh'awitsichileytl'isa'on'a'wits'in'etdeondzin?
     Nowaround this timemartenstillthey are manyandlong agosincethathow is it
     'Nowadays are there still lots of marten?'

275. Mbedeondzin?
     for youhow is it?
     'How does it seem to you?'

DM:

276. 'Eywihwilikhinyink'it'ettabïlhaywilikhtah.
     ittoosome placeslandontherereallylotssometimes
     'Some places sometimes there are really lots.'

277. 'Eywihbighiwedlïhti'et'eywihwelewlhëkh.
     ittooit's not looked afterifittoononebecomes
     'That too disappears if it's not looked after.'

278. K'ayyin tahk'is nts'ëyintahggïhiyikë hineyhiyi'alhnïc'isdewhhileylhëkhtl'i'etkwayeedlekhdoot'ën.
     nowterritoryanywherelandonthatthey live onwhat they eatverymanythere areandthatagainthey're dyingthey look like
     'Now everywhere on the land what (people) live on, there's lots of what they eat and it looks like it's dying out.'

279. K'ayDennis familynikUnishiwitnïBurnie Lakewinet'eycinïhtabïts'ilhay'indzoh'ohnic'itiyhoolh'ay.
     nowupit is calledTalhdze Wico Binarounditmartenreallymanyjustaround theretrailsthey have
     'Now the Dennis family up at what is called Unis (say that) around Burnie L. the marten have lots of trails.'8

280. T'ak'ëthiyka'it'ah.
     fallthey trap them
     'They trap them in the fall.'

281. 'EtJimmy Dennists'itnï'intsëhTerracets'anetnegenAlecyulicnikhotsplanebïhotsnaabaalht'aghtl'ic'ika'aatat'elh(wenï).
     thenlatefirstmoved backhereAlec's peoplemaybeup theretherewiththerethey flew themandtrappingfor
     'When the late Jimmy Dennis first moved back from Terrace he and Alec's people flew in with a plane to go trapping.'

282. So'ggecduwelewts'i.
     nothingnothingthere isreportedly
     'There was nothing there.'

283. LM: oh

DM:

284. C'ide'lhayhiykatsëwilï'eyts'i'etdiwewidzin.
     in the pastmanythey expecteditreportedlythusit isn't
     'In the past they would have expected lots (of animals) but there were none.'

285. 'Eydegeghwits'oodilhye'.
     itwhat happenedthey don't know
     'They don't know why.'

LM:

286. Kotsïn'ënNenikëkhhotswih'etdoondzin.
     thereyou seeNanikatheretoothusit is
     'You see how it is there at Nanika too.'

287. Mbïc'ika'west'ën'hozlï'.
     nobodythey trappedit became
     'Nobody traps there any more.'

288. Tl'isa'on'a'hotsde'sbepwik'inewilnic.
     andlong time agotheretoomy dadhe told me about it
     'And a long time ago my dad told me about that place too.'

289. C'ika'ët'ën'.
     he trapped
     'He trapped.'

290. Tabïts'icinïhhileytl'icinïh cowihhiley.
     reallyreportedlymartenthey are manyandfishertoothey are many
     'There were lots of marten and fisher.'

291. DM: hmm

LM:

292. Wik'inewilnic.
     he told me about it
     'He told (me) about it.'

293. Tl'ik'ay'awit1949wits'inso'nikmbïc'ika'west'ën'.
     andnownowsincenotup therenobodydoesn't trap
     'And now nobody has trapped up there since 1949.'

294. Tl'iso'mbïwika newetisdechozlï'.
     andnobodydoesn't check for themit became
     'And nobody checks (traps) any more.'

(pause)

Okay.

295. Dï'et 'awitlha'digegh.
     thisthenit's finished
     'Okay, now this is finished.'

LM:

296. K'ayyisyighiyetalhdic.
     nowsnowshe'll talk about it
     'Now it'll be about snow.'

297. Sa'on'a'tsalhtsëunïnyïn'...
     long agohigh-bush cranberriesyou picked
     'Long ago did you pick high-bush cranberries...'

298. I can't read this word

299. SH: netakilh

300. LM: oh,

301. ...netakilhwitsëhdik'iswik'ëtl'ats?
     it'll snowbeforeorafter
     '... before it snowed or after?'

302. Tsalhtsëfall time'ohiy'awitwinïwen-
     high-bush cranberriest'ak'ëtthennowthere is
     'There are high-bush cranberries in the fall.'

303. DM: mi'

LM:

304. 'Alha''idisnï.
     rightI'm saying
     'I'm right.'

DM:

305. t'ak'ëtnetakilhwitsëhde''ey
     fallit'll snowbeforeit
     'before it snows in the fall'

306. 'Etwilikhtahggïlhighikhnit'ay'eylhighewhwit'iy.
     theresometimesthatsaskatoonberryittogetherit resides
     'Sometimes saskatoon grows in the same place (as high-bush cranberries).'

307. 'Eydïlhts'aydïlhnïmixhiyïlh'iyh.
     itthisit's mixedthey do
     'They mix them together.'

308. LM: mmm.

309. lhighewh
     together
     'together'

DM:

310. mi'
     yes
     yes

LM:

311. Bilhighewhnit'ayh.
     together with itit gets ripe
     'They get ripe at the same time.'

DM:

312. Mi'.
     yes
     'yes'

313. Tl'isa''awhdighendinïndzec.
     andlong timearound therethey stay up
     'And they'll stay there (on the branch) for a long time.'

314. Dewest'ën',nit'ayhwik'ëts.
     nothing happens to itit ripensafter
     'It won't get damaged after it gets ripe.'

LM:

315. Nts'ëwhtsëhnekatdiknïnyikhde'?
     whenfirstit snowsupyou growpast
     'When did it first snow when you were growing up?'

DM:

316. Novemberdohhawizicts'i
     around thistime of yearreportedly
     'around November'

317. K'ay'idisnïulïts'i.
     nowI saydifferent
     'It's different now.'

318. Nekic'elhnekicnewewisdlïtts'i.
     it snowsone timeit snowsit doesn't meltreportedly
     '(In the past) it would snow one time and it wouldn't melt.'

(sigh)

LM:

319. Sa'on'a'tl'ik'aywe-k'aydohwidïzilhwits'inlhghulïts'i'oondzin.
     long agoandnownowthistime of yearsincedifferent from each otherit is
     'It's different now than in the past.'

DM:

320. Mi'
     yes
     'yes'

LM:

321. sa'on'a'tl'ik'ay
     long agoandnow
     'then vs. now'

DM:

322. K'ayggïnekatts'i...
     nowhereit snowsreportedly
     'Now it snows...'

LM:

323. 'Awidïwhnewidlic.
     right awayit melts
     'It melts right away'

DM:

324. Newidlic.
     It melts.
     'It melts.'

325. Witsëhde'coast'ohzihde''etdoondzin.
     previouslyyeto'around thereonlyin the pastthusit is
     'It used to be like that only on the coast.'

326. Yiswelew.
     snowno
     'There was no snow.'

LM:

327. Sa'on'a'tabïlichozk'its?
     long agoreallyyes/no Qit's cold
     'A long time ago was it really cold?'

328. Deolk'its'oh de'?
     how cold is itback then
     'How cold was it back then?'

DM:

329. Mi',tabïhozk'its.
     yesreallyit's cold
     'Yes, it was really cold.'

330. K'ayc'ika'ts'it'ahtink'itnits'idïlh'ey.
     nowwe go huntingiceonwe goit
     'We would go hunting on the ice.'

331. Hozk'its.
     it's cold
     'It was cold.'

332. Niwhkëbik'ëts'ëzuh'awidïwhwitin.
     our footwearwe spit on itright awayit freezes
     'When we spit on our shoes it would freeze right away.'

333. 'Et 'awittabïhozk'its.
     thenreallyit's cold
     'It was really cold then.'

LM:

334. K'aydoh widïzilh'etulïts'oondzin,ha?
     nowadaysaround nowthatdifferentit isisn't it
     'It's different now, isn't it?'

DM:

335. Mi'
     yes
     'yes'

LM:

336. K'aykwatinyighiyetalhdic.
     nowiceit'll talk about it
     'Now it'll be about ice.'

337. Diknïnyikhde'nts'ën'ato'aadil'ahkhiythozk'itstah?
     upyou're growingin the pasthowwaterthey dowinterit's coldduring
     'When you were growing up, how did they get water when it was cold?'

338. Nts'ën'ato'aadil'ah?
     howwaterthey do
     'How did they get water?'

DM:

339. Tinnïneniwitsiyhtl'ik'aywellhozlï'ti'etyi'etbideticwinï.
     icethey drill holesandnowit becamewhen thereits coverthere is
     'They drill holes in the ice and get a well, then put a cover on it.'

340. Sealhonlï'eywestin.
     it isitit doesn't freeze
     'When it's sealed it doesn't freeze.'

341. 'Etc'ikwahti'ettinnïneniditsëlh.
     thereriveramong thereicethey chop holes
     'On the river they used an axe to chop open the ice (holes).'

342. Dïtabïtinditayïnlï',khiyttiwitsic.
     thisreallyiceit's thickpastwinterevery
     'The ice was thick every winter.'

343. K'aydïice gangbe'its'ët'ën'.
     nowthisforwe worked
     'We worked on the ice gang.'9

344. Ggïlhim2 feetwi'in'idïltay'eyhineydighit.
     thatice chunkwideit's as thick as ititthey cut it out
     'They would cut ice chunks as wide as 2 feet.'

345. Tl'its'iyewhboxcarbïyilïh.
     andallthey're put in it
     'And they're all put in a boxcar.'

346. 'Eytrain---c'ide'so'electric refrigeratorwelew.
     itin the pastthere isn't
     'There was no electric refrigerator on the train in the past.'

347. Ggïlhim'eyzihhiyï'indzin,passengertrain.
     thaticeitonlythey use it
     'They used only ice on the passenger trains.'

348. K'aySmithersPrince Georgets'iEndako Pacific'ohiy yeghice househozle.
     nowtothereit has
     'Pacific (cannery) had ice houses in Smithers, Prince George and Endako.'

349. 'Enïtiwehhibibe'its'ët'ën'ggï.
     theyalsofor themwe workedthat
     'We worked for them too.'

350. 'Eyk'ayhozk'itsdisnïnde'Mosquito Flatnyensbepï'inpole camphozle.
     itnowit's coldI saiddownriver thereacross theremy fatherlatehe has
     'My late father had a pole camp across from Mosquito Flat.'

351. Tinditiyhcarbïhiyk'itlhë'nikwiz.
     iceit freezeswith iton itacrossit goes
     'When the ice would freeze they would go across by car.'

352. Tintabïditaylhëkh.
     icereallyit's thickcustomarily
     'The ice used to get really thick.'

LM:

353. Lhë'nenditin?
     acrossit froze
     'It froze across?'

DM:

354. Mi'
     yes
     

LM:

355. 'Oh de'nts'ëwhyis k'it?
     back thenwhenyear
     'What year was that back then?'

356. DM: uh,

357. 1947'ohiy yeghde''awitsicso'tinwilhëkh.
     around that timestillveryiceit gets
     'Around 1947 the ice was still very (solid).'

LM:

358. K'ayso'hots'in'a'etdiwewist'ën'hozlï'.
     nowreallylike thatthusit doesn't doit became
     'Now it doesn't get like that.'

DM:

359. K'ay'awit3 yearsyi'eyice fishingwinïtenthist'iybï'iwesdzin.
     nownowthatthere isnïmbelI haveI don't use it
     'The last three years I haven't used a tent when ice fishing.'

(laughs)

360. LM: Oh.

361. 'Oh de'lhë'nenditindeolk'its?
     back thenacrossit freezeshow cold is it
     'Back then how cold would it be when it froze across?'

362. DM: oh, 40 below, Fahrenheit, that's 40

LM:

363. Tinudiltalhti'etdeolk'itstitinudiltalh?
     iceit crackswhenthenhow cold is itwheniceit cracks
     'How cold would it be when the ice cracks?'

DM:

364. kwa'ohzih40
     againtherejust
     'also just around 40 (below)'

365. K'ayde'1943licNelhdzï Tëzlïsbepï'intinbeghwikë tiynïc'itiyholh'ay'ohiy yeghtsiclhk'ënec'inïntsël.
     nowin the pastmaybeSam Goosely L.my fatherlateicearoundfoot trailhe had trailsaround thereallhe chopped it out
     'Around 1943 around Sam Goosely L. my father opened up his trails around the shore ice.'

366. Tiyso' 'ineonlegh.
     trailhe repaired it
     'He fixed the trail.'

367. So''elhidzïn'oolh'ën'binbeghlhnetiyhoztsiy.
     one dayhe did itlakearoundhe opened the trail
     'He worked on the trail one (whole) day.'

368. 'Ethilhghen'niwhilhtëlhk'az.
     thateveningon usit got cold
     'That same evening it got very cold on us.'

369. Ggïtin'oh de''int'ënïszïl'ohsiwskakhislï.
     thaticeback thenI wondered about itthen?childI am
     'I wondered about the ice, being a child.'

370. Tintadïtnichitin.
     iceit's noisyit freezes
     'The ice is noisy when it freezes.'

371. 'Eywilhkaybin''awde'k'itstinyinïdïnïntsël.
     early morningmorningalreadyonicehe chopped a hole in it
     'Early in the morning he had already chopped a hole in the ice.'

372. 'Awde'bik'itnits'idïlhtsicstin.
     alreadyon itwe're walkingallit's frozen
     'We were already walking on it, all frozen.'

373. LM: hmm

DM:

374. Tl'its'enektabeghlhnetiyhoz'ay.
     andfor nothingshorehe fixed the trail
     'So he fixed the trail for nothing.'

375. Bink'it,tink'itk'inets'idïlh.
     lakeoniceonwe walk through
     'We were walking on the lake, on the ice.'

LM:

376. Tabïditaylhëkh'oh de'.
     reallyit's thickit getsthen
     'The ice got really thick back then.'

377. DM: yeah

LM:

378. Tl'iice fishinghiwhlï'etwitinnïniditsëlh?
     andyou pl. arethereicethey chop holes
     'When you (pl.) are ice fishing you chop holes in the ice?'

DM:

379. Mi'
     yes
     'yes'

LM:

380. Tabïditay.
     reallyit's thick
     'It was really thick.'

381. DM: yeah,

382. drillbïwinïnc'izdilhghiz.
     with itwe drilled holes in it
     'Yeah, we drilled it with a drill.'

383. LM: oh

384. K'aydohwidïzilhso''etdiwewidzinhozlï'.
     nowthistime of yearnotthusit isn'tit became
     'Nowadays it's not like that.'

385. Tin,tintabïco'wewik'its.
     icereallyas forit's not cold
     'The ice isn't really cold.'

DM:

386. Mi',c'ide'dicbink'its,bin k'itswilokkhiyttibilhka'it'ah.
     yesin the pastwelllakeonfishwinterduring?they fish for
     'Yes, in the past they really used to fish for lake fish in the winter.'

387. Tinhiynïnwitsëlh'eyyi'eylhok mbïlhtintl'akhlhaayniggis.
     icethey chop holesititfishneticeunderthey tie it
     'They chopped holes in the ice and tied the fish net under the ice.'

388. 'Eylhi'in tahwinïniwitsiy.
     itone after anotherthey chop holes
     'They chopped holes close together.'10

389. Tl'ihotslhaayilhdluh.
     andtherethey pull it
     'And they put it there.'

390. Hots'in'akhiytlhok hiyka'it'ah.
     that waywinterthey fish
     'That's how they'd fish in the winter.'

LM:

391. Sa'on'a'so'c'ik'ënishozk'its'awitsicwiwewdïlhyeh?
     in the pastverymostit's coldstillyou don't know
     'Do you still remember the coldest (temperature)?'

DM:

392. 'Ey40'ohiysiysitime.
     itthenmemy-
     'It was (minus) 40 in my time.'

393. LM: 19-

394. DM: mi'

395. LM: 1940?

396. DM: 19, no, minus, 40 below zero

(pause)

LM:

397. K'ayso''awit'etdiweolk'itshozlï'.
     nownotnowthatit's not as cold asit became
     'Nowadays it's not as cold as that.'

DM:

398. hoo'
     no
     'no'

LM:

399. sa'on'a'wits'in
     long time agosince
     'not for a long time'

400. DM: no.

401. LM: when

402. yindiknïnyikh
     youupyou're growing
     'when you were growing up'

DM:

403. K'ayyi'eyFahrenheit'eywinu'Celsius,39'etso'k'ënishozk'itsudiclhye,'etde'Parrot Lake camp.
     nowitittothatmoreit's coldI knowthenin the past
     'Now Fahrenheit to Celsius, I know (minus) 39 is colder, back then in Parrot L. camp.'

404. LM: hmm

405. DM: 39 that's how much Fahrenheit

406. deltsic
     howmuch?
     'how much?'

407. LM: (turning to SH) would you know? 39

DM: 39\footnote-39 Celsius = -38.2 Fahrenheit

408. SH: 39

409. DM: Celsius

410. SH: It's very close to 39 Fahrenheit, -39. I know they're the same at -40. They (scales) come together.

411. DM: Huh. Yeah, it's only that time it was cold. But after that it never come that cold.

LM:

412. Nis unisc'ika'iwht'ah'ohiydzilhtahtabïhozk'its,k'ay?
     out thereyou're trappingtheremountainsinreallyit's coldnow
     'Is it very cold now when you're out trapping in the mountains?'

DM:

413. Mi'.K'ay 'awitnik'inuniwhyin tahnenkatten inchestl'ëde'.
     yesnowup thereweon our territoryit snowedlast night
     'It snowed ten inches last night on our territory.'

LM:

414. Hotsk'inïngguh?
     thereyou drive through
     'Do you drive there?'

DM:

415. Mi'
     yes
     'yes'

416. LM: oh

DM:

417. Tsësde' bin'minewighinlï hinphonenesilhtsiy.
     this morningthe one who looks afterhe did again
     'The man that looks after the mine phoned me again this morning.'

LM:

418. So'hotstsayïlhwenlïh?
     theretrapsyou aren't
     'Do you set traps there?'

419. DM: no

420. LM: no.

421. Nïlhdze'.
     it's a long time
     'It's been a long time.'

DM:

422. Dicints'iyewhsc'anaaynïztsël.
     treesallon methey chopped down
     'They logged all the trees.'

(laughs)

423. LM: oh

DM:

424. Bitl'akhtsayïlhuclh'a'welew.
     under ittrapI putthere isn't
     'I have nothing to put the traps under.'

LM:

425. K'aynisk'inewhdilhyiwnit'ay'eymbedendzin?
     nowoutyou pl. go throughthereberriesitfor youhow is it
     'Now when you go to the territory, how are the berries?'

426. 'Awitsicnit'aylhay?
     stillberriesmany
     'Are there still lots?'

DM:

427. ho'ggec
     no
     'no'

LM:

428. Loggingts'iyewhhawdïnghit.
     allit's logged out
     'It's all logged/clear-cut.'

DM:

429. Dic,'eywihclear cuthiwdïlhk'ayhtiwik'ëtsso'digïhanilhyekh.
     wellittoothey burnwhenafterhuckleberriesit grows
     'Well, after they burn the clear-cut the huckleberies will grow out after that.'

430. LM: oh

DM:

431. K'ay'etwihk'idze'eywih'oonlegh'indzoh.
     nowittoostopittooit didjust
     'Now that stopped too (the burning).'

432. Machinebïyinyenedilht'atl'i'anec'aanilïh.
     with itlandthey chop itandthey replant it
     'They use a machine to chop up the land and replant it.'

LM:

433. Tl'iwilikhtah'et lic'awithontsiy'hoolh'iy(h)?
     andsometimesisn't itnowdamagethey do
     'And sometimes they damage it, don't they?'

434. DM: Yeah.

LM:

435. Han[e]wec'inistyek,nit'ay.
     they don't grow backberry
     'The berries don't grow back.'

DM:

436. Yeah,'eyggï,'eydicinhaneenilïhhiytahchemicalbïsprayhoolh'iyh.
     itthatittreethey plant themin itwith itthey do
     'After planting the trees they use a chemical spray.'

437. LM: hmm.

438. 'Et'awit zih.Dïhinic'awitlha'digegh.
     nowthat's allthislanguagenowit's finished
     'That's all. This interview is finished.'

439. Misiyh.
     thank you
     'thank you'

DM:

440. hëkwa
     all right
     'all right'

Notes

1. previously identified as "osprey"; here Dan seems to indicate the term might refer to juvenile bald eagle
2. I.e. they turn back at the canyon, they have to go back to the channels to spawn.
3. between peaks
4. to leave for fishing
5. I.e. there's a long spell without snow
6. to cut down the damaged trees
7. For example, if the log strikes even a small bump it breaks.
8. Their territory is called Unis; i.e. Burnie L., Nanika L., Popley L.
9. getting ice from Tasdlïz (Lake Kathlyn)
10. They cut holes for the length of the net.