Lucy Namox (Gguhlat)

Length of interview:  0:44:17
Translation by Lillian Morris and Sharon Hargus. Transcription mostly by
Sharon Hargus.
...
LM:

1. Lucy,nts'ëwhdiklhinïzinyehawilht'im' yezwighiyetalhdic.
   whereupyou grew uplittle bityou'll talk about it
   'Lucy, tell us about a little about where you grew up.'

2. Nts'ëwhdiklhinïzïnye?
   whereupyou grew
   'Where did you grow up?'

LN:

3. Two-mile'etyents'inïzye'.
   therewe all grew up
   'We all grew up in Two-Mile.'

4. LM: oh

LN:

5. `Eyniwhtsetstl'iniwhts'inï''enïhibilek'ëts hinïzye,Arthur Michelltl'iAmelia Michell.
   thatour grandfatherandour paternal grandmothertheythey took care of usand
   'We were raised by our grandmother and grandfather.'

6. My auntie Josephine (Michell) still there yet.

7. 'Enïniwhaani-niwhgheedïnï'tl'iniwhaanilhyekh.
   theythey gave us adviceandthey raised us
   'They gave us advice and raised us.'

8. C'ide'dewit'ah'etwik'iniwhilhneewilnic.
   ancientlywhat's going onthatthey talked about it with us
   'They told us about what happened long time ago.'

9. Dïyin kaknts'ën'awidïzilh'ohwik'ineewilnic.
   thison earthhowit's happeningaround thenthey talked about
   'They told us about how things are happening.'

10. Hibits'ozïlhts'ay.
    we listen to them
    'We listened to them.'

LM:

11. Nts'ëc'ika'ëwht'ën'tl'imbïbilhnisenye?
    whereyou pl. trappedandwhowith him/heryou went
    'Where did you go trapping and who did you go with?'

LN:

12. Cika'ts'ët'ën'k'ayTrout Creek to Beamont.
    we trappednow
    'We were trapping from Trout Creek to Beamont.'

13. 'Etsbeptl'ibifamily,Amelia Michell,Hagwilnekhlh'en.
    theremy fatherandhis familyshe
    'I went with my dad and his family, Amelia, Hagwilnegh.'

14. Hibiterritory'oondzin.
    their territoryit is
    'It is their territory.'

15. 'Ey'ohiy yeghhibilhc'ika'ëst'ën'.
    itaround therewith themI trapped
    'I used to go hunting/traping with them.'

16. Denikwozï'binewdïzigilnikh.
    just uphill thereits nameI forgot
    'I forget its name.'

17. SbepyeghSide Mt.diknïlhdze'bin' five o'clockcoal oilnïsbepbilhhosye.
    my fatherthereup therefarearlycoal oilthey callmy fatherwith himI went
    'I used to go with my dad a long ways up Side Mt., using a kerosene (lamp) and leaving about five in the morning.'

18. About 10 years oldhislï'ohiy yegh.
    I amaround then
    'I was ten years old around then.'

19. 'Eynikhilhghen'hotsawnïlhggiskwacoal oilbighinedit'is.
    ituphill thereeveningit's starting to get darkagainwe 2 reach it
    'Towards the evening, as we're running home we came back to the lamp.'1

20. Kwayilenekwini('ayh)'eybïyikhts'inewdit'is.
    againhe lights lampitwith ithomewe get back
    'He lit it up and we used it to get home.'

21. 'Eydik,udikc'inïh co'aat'ah'etwenïhotsdiknïlhdze'hotshadit'is.
    itup thereway upfisherthey're trappingthatforthereup therefartherewe 2 walk up
    'He trapped fisher so that's why we went higher on the mountain.'

22. C'ika'ist'ahtabïhonist'iy'.
    I'm trappingreallyI like
    'I liked trapping.'

23. Hibilhnigilggeyh.
    with themI run around
    'I used to go with them.'

24. 'Etkwa'enbilhnisye'etkwande'ts'inï'Amelia Michellbilhhosye.
    thatagainherwith herI walk aroundthatagaindownriverpaternal grandmotherwith herI went
    'After that I went with Amelia Michell.'

25. 'Enyeghnde'Two-Milewide'ts'iyin'hinde'hodit'is.
    hertheredownriver therefurther downriveron footdownriverwe 2 walk
    'We walked past Two-Mile.'

26. 14:10hiwilhnï.
    they call it
    'They called it 14:10.'

27. Ndet2-milewidedzit'elhikhintsëhyiktiyhon'ay'et.
    downriver at placefurther downriver at placeone placefirstdown therethere is trailthere
    'At one place there is a trail downhill.'

28. K'inïc'il'ahiwilhnï,'eywozï'.
    they call ititits name
    'The first road going in is called K'inïc'il'a.'2

29. LM: mmm

LN:

30. Tl'i'etwi'adzit'etkwa24-milehiwilhnï.
    andtherefurther over therethereagainthey call it
    'Further over is 24-mile.'

31. 'Ey'oh yeghnikhonc'aadïlht'ic.
    thataround thereuphill therethey had traplines
    'She had traplines up there.'

32. Hotsts'inï'bilhk'inesdeyh.
    therepaternal grandmotherwith herI would go through
    'I went with grandma there.'

33. 'Etudiclhye.
    thatI know
    'I know about that.'

34. Wozï'wighinisnilhtints'inï''en.
    its nameshe instructs me about itpaternal grandmothershe
    'She taught me about all the names around there.'

35. Hibiterritoryhonlï'et 'enghawighinisnilhtin.
    their territoryit isthat's whyshe instructs me about it
    'She taught me about it because it was their territory.'

36. 'Etudiclhye.
    thatI know
    'That's how I know.'

LM:

37. Dik nïnyikhde',so'c'ik'ënishozk'its?
    you're growingupreallymostit's cold
    'When you were growing up, how cold was it?'

38. LN: 60 below

39. 'Ethok'asso'mbï'atsniwesye',c'ide'.
    thusit gets coldnobodyoutsidedoesn't go aroundlong time ago
    'When it got that cold no one went out a long time ago.'

LM:

40. 'Oh de'nts'ëwhyis k'it?
    back thenwhatyear
    'What year was that?'

41. LN: I think around 1940. That's cold.

42. 'Etso'k'ënisithozk'its,60 below.
    thatthe mostit's cold
    '60 below was the coldest.'

43. Dicindiltitlyin'tabïwidil-,lhts'ënwidikwiz.
    treeit's crackinggroundreallyit breaks open
    'The trees and ground were crackling loud.'

44. Yi'eyyikh'awhhidïlhts'iy.
    ithousearound therethey stay
    'We had to stay in the house.'

45. 'Atsweztisyecniwhëëlh'iy'.
    outsidewe don't gothey allowed
    'We were not allowed to go outside.'

46. About 2 days'ohiy yeghlhilhk'istah.
    therecold spell goes throughduring
    'The cold spell might last two days.'

47. Wilikhtahone week'idzïhggïwik'iz.
    sometimesit isthatcold
    'Sometimes the cold lasted one week.'

48. Hiyghenïdilhso'mbï'atswetisyec.
    they arrive at itnobodyoutsidedoesn't go
    'Everything stopped and no one went outside.'

LM:

49. K'aydoh widïzilh'etmbedeondzin?
    nowaround this timethatto youhow is it
    'This time of the year, how is for you now?'

50. Wighulïts'oondzin?
    differentit is
    'Is it different?'

LN:

51. K'aydoh widïzilhso'ggec.
    nowaround this timenothing
    'Now there's nothing this time of year.'

52. Tabïulïts'in'aniwhëwidïzilhhozlï'.
    verydifferentfor usseason isit became
    'Everything is different from way back.'

53. 'Etwik'ininïniclhdzit.
    thatI'm keeping track of it
    'I'm keeping track of that.'

54. Every yearso'ulïts'in'aggecniwhënewdïzit.
    reallydifferentjustfor usseason is becoming
    'Every year everything is different as the year goes by.'

55. 'Indzoh'alha''indzinwesiysbek'ayniwhtsetsniwhghedïnï',"yinnïlht'ikwsilï''etzihdïyin kaklhattahha'witat'elh.
    justrighthe isabout itIto menowmy grandfatherhe advised usworldsoonit endedthatjustthisworldmany timesthings will happen
    'My grandfather used to say "when the world is coming to an end, lots of things are going to happen."'

56. Wewnigit'ohts'iniwhilhnï'iwtat'ën'.
    it's dangerousaround therereportedlyto usthings will happen
    'Some things will be very dangerous.'

57. 'Eyts'itsetsï'inhiyï niwhilh yelhdic.
    itreportedlymy grandfatherlatethey talked about it with us
    'This is the advice my grandfather gave us.'

58. 'Enghatënezdudlï'niwhaatnï.
    for that reasonwe praythey told us
    'They told us to pray too.'

59. "Bin'tsëhyitiwh'iyh'awit,ninediwhlhnïhSeziglï'enbibe,"nïtsetsï'in.
    morningfirstyou (pl.) open eyesthenyou (pl.) make sign of crossJesus Christhimto himsaysgrandfatherlate
    "'When you first open your eyes in the morning, make the sign of the cross and pray to Jesus," grandfather said.'

60. Tl'ik'aynts'ëwhyi'ey'etwinewdïzigilnikhc'ide'tabïto nilht'agh.
    andnowwhenitthatI forgot itlong time agoreallywater is flooding
    'I forgot what year we had the flood.'

61. 'Ey"tonisibegh",hiwilhnï.
    itwaterit floodedthey called it
    'That is called to nisibegh.' % Water is at war- flooding.

62. 'Eytabïbïwnigit,to.
    itreallyit's dangerouswater
    'Floods are very dangerous.'

63. K'aycënde'kwa'et doogeghtl'a.
    nowlast summeragainit happened thusand
    'Last summer it happened again.'

64. 'Etyeghhonlï'iwitanïlhtl'in'etwileghts'idïto'it'iyh.
    thatthereit isit will happenandthatbecause ofthiswaterit does
    'When there is high water at the canyon that is a sign that something bad is going to happen.'

65. Tabïtilt'ikh'olhdikcoto'ëndzïn'.
    reallyit is high waterhow highbigwaterit was
    'How high the water was was (a sign).'

66. Tabïwewnïzgut,cënde',to.
    veryit was dangerouslast summerwater
    'Last summer the water was very dangerous.'

(pause)

LM:

67. Tsëhnekic.
    firstit would snow
    'The first time it would snow.'

LN:

68. 'ey
    it
    'that'

LM:

69. Oh,lha'dïnekh.
    ohfinish
    'Finish (what you were saying).'

LN:

70. 'Eyhiyïwdïlh'ënc'ide',tl'idïdiksaï'alh'eywihhiyghinlïsiysbep.
    itthey keep track of itlong time agoandthisup theresunit's goingittoothey watch itImy father
    'My dad use to keep track of the moon.'

71. Every nighttiyeyh.
    he goes
    'He went out every night.'

72. 12 o'clockdiksaneynil'iyh.
    up theremoonhe checks on it
    'He would check the moon at midnight.'

73. Genniwhghiwelew talïlhwitsëh'awitsicso'niye'et'itnï.
    herehe will pass away on usbeforestillwellhe walksthathe says
    'Before he passed away he could still walk around good and he said this.'

74. "Yinniwhilhhoolts'it,'awitso'wiwewdïwhlhyeh.
    earthon usit movedstillnotyou (pl.) don't know about it
    "You (pl.) don't know the earth has moved on us.'

75. Ts'iyewhniwhënï welew"niwhilhnï,bibihhitnï.
    allyou (pl.) are crazyhe told usdadhe says
    'All of you are crazy he told us," dad said.'

76. "Yinniwhilhtëlhts'itggï'indzinsak'islhc'itho'ay."
    earthon usit wentthisit ismoonordifferent placeit went forth
    "'The moon went in a different direction on us."'

77. Bighislïtl'ëttiwinïldzic.
    I watch itnightevery
    'I myself watch the moon at night.'

78. Tl'ët uzehiyilhnï,'eyyighinlï,moon.
    moonthey call itithe watches it
    'He watched the moon at night.'

79. LM: Tl'ët uzï?

LN:

80. Tl'ët uze.
    nightsun
    'moon'

81. LM: uze

82. LN: uze

LM:

83. Nts'ëwhtsëhnekic,'awidïwhliculïtdik'isweuslït?
    whenfirstit snowsimmediately(yes/no Q)it meltsorit doesn't melt
    'When the snow first fell did it melt right away or not?'

LN:

84. C'ide',newilhtiyh'ettsëhstart wilhëkh,netakilhwitsëh.
    long time agoit's rainingthenfirstit startsit will snowbefore
    'A long time ago, the rain came first before it snowed.'

85. November... 5th'ohiy yeghlic'iwit'iyh,yinhitin.
    around thenmaybeit doesgroundit's freezing
    'November 5th was when the ground first froze.'

86. 15'ohiy yegh'et,'et 'awitneonïkicc'ide',November15.
    around thenthenthenit would start snowinglong time ago
    'November 15 it would start to snow.'

87. Yints'iyewhhitinwik'ëtl'ats'et k'idzenoonï-noonï-noonïkictl'a,'et 'awitulï'ts'i'it'iyh.
    groundallit's freezingafterfinallyit would start to snowandthenfor goodit does
    'After the ground froze then it would start to snow, and the snow stayed for good.'

88. So'newewisdlïtso'.
    notit doesn't meltnot
    'It doesn't melt.'

89. K'ay'iwit'iwnekictl'igwahnewilhtiyh.
    Nowit doesit snowsandit rains
    'Now when it snows, it rains again.'

90. 'Indzohyiswelew nedlekh.
    justsnowit disappears
    'The snow is just gone again.'

91. K'ay dzïn'etulïts'in'awidïzilh.
    todaythendifferentit is becoming
    'These days it's different.'

...

LM:

92. Dik nïnyikhde',to'aadil'ahkhiythozk'itstah?
    you're growing upin the pastwaterthey work onwinterit's coldduring
    'When you were growing up, how did they get their water in the winter when it was cold?'

93. Nts'ën'ato'aadil'ah,dik nïnyikhde'?
    howwaterthey work onyou grew upwhen
    'How did they used to get water when you were growing up?'

94. LN: To

95. To,dic'ey,todicc'e'ineedil'iyh.
    waterwellitwaterwellthey dress up
    'They dress up.'

96. Tl'i'indzohtoto k'ët hoz'ay'ettohinedidilh.
    andjustwaterwater sitetherewaterthey go for
    'And they went for water at the water site.'

LM:

97. Tak'izk'it?
    watersite
    'A water site?'3

LN:

98. Totak'iz k'ëthon'a'2-mile.
    waterspringthere was
    'There was a spring at 2-mile.'

99. LM: oh

LN:

100. Tl'iggitc'ikwah yeznïnlïk'idze 'iwesnekts'ihok'asho'ints'idït.
     andtherecreekit flowsit doesn't stopreportedlyit gets coldeven
     'The small creek was always flowing even if it got cold.'

101. Tinec'aaggis'etyishiyilhghekh'eyhiyï tinec'iggis.
     they wash clothestheresnowthey meltitthey wash with it
     'When they washed clothes, they melted snow to do laundry.'

(pause)

(simultaneously)

102. LM: Nts'ëwh-

103. LN: Khït-

LM:

104. Oh,lha'dïngegh?
     you finished
     H L (HL across word) \glt 'You finished?'

LN:

105. Mi'
     yes
     'yes'

LM:

106. Nts'ëwh yis k'itbindik'isc'ikwahneyenditin?
     what timelakeorriverit freezes across
     'What month does the river or lake freeze over?'

107. Deolk'itstahlhë'niditin?
     how coldduringacrossit freezes
     'How cold was it when it froze up?'

108. Lhimlhë'niditindeolk'its,sa'on'a'?
     iceacrossit freezeshow coldlong time ago
     'How cold was it when it froze up, a long time ago?'

LN:

109. So'niditinyoutalkaboutdrops.
     wellit freezes
     '()'4

110. LM: oh

111. So'neditiyh.
     wellit freezes across
     'It freezes up good.'

LN:

112. So'neditiyh--
     wellit freezes across
     'It freezes up good.'

LM:

113. neditiyh
     it freezes across
     'It freezes across.'

LN:

114. Hitin.
     it's freezing
     'It's freezing.'

115. LM: mi'

LN:

116. Neditiyh.
     it freezes across
     'It freezes across.'

LM:

117. Neditiyh.
     it freezes across
     'It freezes across.'

LN:

118. Hok'asdic'awitlhimts'iyewhditaylhëkh.
     it coldwelltheniceallit's thickit becomes
     'Whenever it's very cold, all the river and lakes freeze.'

119. 'Ulhcohc'ikwahtl'ibindïndzintahtabïditaylhëkhts'iyewhditin.
     everywhereriverandlakeit iswhenreallyit's thickbecomesallit freezes
     'The ice on the river and lakes got very thick when it froze.'

120. 'Eywighinhiwitsëlhtl'ihotstots'ekayh.
     itthey chop throughandtherewaterwe dip
     'They chopped a hole in the ice to get our water.'

121. Hotstots'ekayhhoolh'iy.
     therewaterwe dipthey allow
     'There we're able to get water.'

122. Hots'in'awigheenlï.
     that's howthey look after it
     'That is how they looked after it.'

LM:

123. Deolk'itstinyendikwiztl'iyendiltalh?
     how coldiceit splitsandit cracks
     'How cold does it get before the ice start to crack?'

LN:

124. K'aydisnï60 belowwilhëkh.
     recentlyI sayit becomes
     'As I just said it got to 60 below.'

125. LM: 60 below

126. LN: yeah

LM:

127. Tintabïditaylhëkh'oh de'?
     iceveryit's thickbecomesback then
     'The ice got very thick at that time?'

128. LN: yeah

129. Tabïditaylhëkh.
     veryit's thickbecomes
     'It got very thick.'

LM:

130. Tintl'akhliclhok ha'aat'ah?
     iceunder(yes/no Q)they fish
     'Did they used to go fishing under the ice?'

131. LN: Yeah, dad used to do that then.

132. Mosquito Flatts'iwit'iy'etyi'eytësdlihibulhges.
     we livethereitsteelheadthey fish for
     'They went fishing for steelhead where we lived at Mosquito Flat.' %he went ice fishing,

133. Tl'ibïyikyikatec'i'ayhdzïn'awittosi'ay.
     andwith itunder therefor ithe puts something in waterdaythenin waterit is
     'He had a hook under the ice all day.'

134. Check yïlh'iytl'ilhk'iyyizeltlic,gisbï.
     he checksandonehe caught in mouthhookwith it
     "esdli ̈steelhead was the one he caught.' \glt 'He checked the hook and he got one using a hook.'

LM:

135. 'Oh de'nts'ëwhyis k'it?
     back thenwhenyear
     'What year was it back then?'

LN:

136. 1945'etts'iyeninniszin.
     thenlast timeI think
     '1945 was the last time I think.'

137. '40'ohiy yeghde''et'it'iw.
     around thenback thenthathe's doing
     'He did it around 1940.'

138. 1940,'etudiclhye.
     thatI know it
     'I know it was 1940.'

LM:

139. Tësdlï'awezihyika'it'ah?
     steelheadonlyhe fished for it
     'He always went fishing only for steelhead?'

140. LN: yeah

141. 'Ey'awezihwinïkhiyttahndulhokwelew.
     itonlythere iswinterduringnofishthere isn't
     'That was always around in the winter when other fish were not.'

142. 'Eyzihwinï.
     itonlythere is
     'There was only that.'

LM:

143. K'aydoh widïzilhso'mbïtintl'akhlhok ha'west'ën'?
     nowaround this timenobodyiceunderthey don't fish
     'Now nobody goes ice fishing these days?'

144. LN: no

LM:

145. Nts'ëwhdzilhk'ityisulït,cën,c'olilh?
     whenmountainonsnowit meltssummerspring
     'What time of year did the snow melt on the mountain in the summer or spring?'

146. C'olilh.
     spring
     'spring'

LN:

147. C'olilh,tl'a,dzilhk'itts'iyewhc'olicaround May.
     springandmountainonallit meltsaround then
     'In the spring all the snow would on the mountain around May.'

148. 'Ohiy yegh'et 'awitdzilhk'itts'iyewhc'olic.
     thenmountainonallit melts
     'Around then the snow would all melt on the mountain.'

149. Juneso''et 'awitdilhcoyiswelew wilhëkh.
     thenwhole areasnowit disappears
     'In June snow disappeared from the whole area quickly.'

LM:

150. 'Oh timetadilbïh?
     back thenit floods
     'Did it flood back then?'

151. LN: yeah

152. 'Ettadilbïh,to.
     thenit floodswater
     'The water flooded then.'

LM:

153. Nts'ëwhyis k'itt'ighisbit'anwilhëkhc'olilh?
     whenyearcottonwoodleafbecomesspringtime
     'What time of year would the cottonwood leaves come out in the spring?'

154. LN: May five

LM:

155. 'Aghbit'anwilhëkhdik'is...
     earlyits leavesbecomeor
     'Did they come out early or...'

LN:

156. 'Aghbit'anwilhëkh.
     earlyits leavesbecomes
     'They came out early.'

LM:

157. ...sa'?
     late
     'late?'

158. LN: yeah

159. May 5'et 'awitc'it'an,bit'anhaalwists'iyewh.
     thenleavesits leavesthey run out quicklyall
     'The leaves came out fast, around May 5.'

LM:

160. K'aydoh widïzilh'et tahmbedeondzin?
     nowthis time of yearthenfor youhow is it
     'How is this time of year now to you?'

LN:

161. 'Etso'ggec.Tabïlate.
     thatnothingreally
     'Nothing (happens). It's really late.'

162. LM: oh

163. LN: Tabï late.

LM:

164. C'iyehts'iywihgen.
     birdalsohere
     'Birds here too.'

165. LN: yeah

LM:

166. Dik nïnyikhde'c'iyehts'iydeendzïn'?
     you grew upwhenbirdhow are they
     'When you were growing up, how were the birds?'

167. Hileylic?
     they are many(yes/no Q)
     'Were there a lot of them?'

168. LN: yeah.

169. Tabïhileyc'iyehts'iyhibik'ënïstaywih'idïnï.
     verythey are manybirdI miss themasyou say
     'There were a lot of birds, which I miss.'

170. C'iyehts'iytabïhileydic'ah,dic'ahdinï ts'ënlï'.
     birdverythey are manyin the bushwe lived
     'There were lots of birds when we lived in the bush.'

171. Sbeppole'ilh'ahbilh'its'it'ah.
     my fatherhe works onwith himwe're working
     'My father worked on poles and we worked with him.'

172. Tl'inik dzïtnïtshibibets'ilimhist'iy.
     andnoonfor themlunchI have
     'I made lunch for them at noon up there.'

173. Yi'eygguzïhyez,gguzïh yeztl'iyi'eytëkh gguzïhhiyilhnï'eyhibilec'izditsic.
     itcamprobberlittleandthatkingfisherthey call ititwe used to feed them
     'We used to feed those little camprobbers and kingfishers.'

174. Hibighinïsnic.
     I enjoyed them
     'I enjoyed them.'

175. Tl'irobin'enkwawitsaneedilharound March'ohiy yeghde''aat'ah.
     andsokhitalsothey come backaround thenback thenthey doing
     'And the robins would come back again around March.'

176. K'ayso'ggec.
     nownothing
     'Now nothing.'

177. So'Marchrobinwitsaweest'ik.
     sokhthey don't fly back
     'In March the robins don't fly back.'

178. 'Eywihso'ts'e'in wec'iwilewhozlï'so'.
     ittoonotnot manyit becamenot
     'There aren't many of those any more.'

LM:

179. Dit'ay,khikh,dïlh,ts'enco,khiyttahdoh,'awhhidïlhts'iy?
     duckgoosecraneswanwinterduringaround herearound therethey stay
     'Are ducks, geese, cranes and swans here in the winter?'

180. LN: no.

LM:

181. k'is
     or
     'or'

LN:

182. Honeedilhts'iyewh.
     they fly awayall
     'They all fly away.'

LM:

183. Honeedilh.
     they fly away
     'They fly away.'

LN:

184. 'Enïwih'awitwewilew hoonïnlï'?
     theytoonowthey became scarce
     'They're become scarce too?'

185. LM: yeah

LN:

186. Hayilht'im'tabï.
     they are fewreally
     'There are few of them.'

LM:

187. 'Awk'is nduc'iyehts'iywelew honïnlï'?
     all kinds ofbirdare becoming scarce
     'All kinds of birds are becoming more scarce?'

188. LN: yeah

189. 'Etdoogeghtl'iso' ts'e'inc'iyehts'iywelew hozlï'.
     thusit happenedandnot manybirdthey disappeared
     'That's happened and there aren't too many birds any more.'

LM:

190. misdzï
     owl
     'owls'

LN:

191. Misdzï'enwihk'ayso'ggecyoh yezde'aatnï.
     owlittoonownothingclose bythey make noise
     'We used to hear owls close by.'

192. K'ayso'ggec,'eywih.
     nownothingittoo
     'Now there's none of them either.'

LM:

193. Nduc'iyehts'iywitside'wesëwh'ën'k'aydohwinï?
     whatbirdpreviouslyyou (pl.) didn't seenowaround herethere are
     'What kind of birds did you not see before but are around now?'

194. Witside'wesëwh'ën'?
     previouslyyou (pl.) didn't see
     'You didn't see them before?'

195. LN: uh

196. Nduc'iyehts'iysibe.
     nobirdI don't know
     'I don't know what kind of birds.'

197. Ts'iyewhhibighislïso'ulïts ut'ënwesës'ën'so'.
     allI watch themdifferent kindI don't see
     'I don't see any new birds.'

198. LM: oh

199. LN: ggï

(pause)

LM:

200. Sa'on'a'cënwidiggïlicdik'iscënnewilhtiyh?
     long time agosummerit's drying out(yes/no Q)orsummerit's raining
     'Long ago were the summers dry of did it rain in the summer?'

201. K'aywighilhdiyï'oondzin?
     nowdifferentit is
     '(Is it the same now?)'

202. LN: oh

203. Cënsa'on'a'dic,oh,sa'on'a'c'olilhti'etnewilhtiyh.
     summerlong time agowelllong time agospringtimeduringit's raining
     'Summer long ago, well, in the spring it rained long ago.'

204. Tabïnewilhtiyh.
     reallyit's raining
     'It rained a lot.'

205. 'Ey,'ey, 'eyhah'aatnïnïwilyenïwighiyeelhdic.
     itthey talk about itknowledgeable peoplethey talk about it
     'Wise people talked about it.'

206. 'Ey'awitnit'aybï yintat'ay'it'iwhitnïggïtabïnewilhtiyhc'olilhtah.
     itthenberryit will ripen themit isthey saythatreallyit's rainingspringtimeduring
     'They said there would be lots of berries when it rained in the spring.'

207. 'Et'ulhcohtabïnewilhtiyh'etdic'ahnit'ayts'iyewhc'izu' lhëkh.
     theneverywherereallyit's rainingthenin bushberryallthey turn out good
     'Then when it rained hard the berries were good everywhere in the bush.'

208. Widïzggïtahnit'ayts'iyewhniggïc'itsiy' lhëkh.
     it's drywhenberryallit (berry) driesthey turn out bad
     'When it's dry all the berries dry out and get bad.'

LM:

209. C'ikwah yezdik'isc'ikwah,bintots'iyewhlicyik'iyenïlh?
     creekorriverlakewaterall(yes/no Q)downit's getting
     'Are all the water levels dropping?'

210. LN: yeah

211. 'Et dit'iyh.Witanitsët.
     it's doing thatwater drains out
     'That is happening. The water drains out.'

LM:

212. Nts'ëwhyis k'it'oh de'?
     whatyearback then
     'What year back then?'

213. K'ay'etdoh widïzilh'etdeondzin?
     nowthenaround this timethushow is it
     'How is it now?'

LN:

214. 1938, 39, 40'ohiy yeghtabïhonzu.
     around thenreallyit's good
     'It was really good around 1938, 1939, 1940.'

215. K'ay dzïnso'hots'in'a'iwewisdzin.
     todaylike thatit isn't
     'Today it's not like that.'

LM:

216. Sa'on'a'nit'aydendzïn'?
     long time agoberryhow were they
     'How were the berries long ago?'

217. Tabïliclhay?
     really(yes/no Q)many
     'Were there lots?'

LN:

218. Tabïlhay'ulhcoh,lhay.
     reallylotseverywherelots
     'There were lots everywhere, lots.'

219. C'ide'deet'iwnts'ëyiwyi'eyts'akuteyeyhtahyikhhibaalhdeulï'ts'i.
     in the pasthow they arewheretherethosewomenget periodwhenhousethey make staydifferent
     'In the past when girls first menstruated, they made them stay in a different building.'

220. Yin be yikh'ohhibaalhdeso'.
     cellar (like)therethey keep themwell
     'They made them stay in something like an underground house.'

221. Yikhï'ints'idïtweeydehhibeelh'iy.
     houseeventhey don't staythey allow them
     'They don't let them stay even in the house.'

222. One yearhotshibidic'aadïlh'iy.
     therethey lock them up
     'For one year they lock them up there.'

223. Yeghnit'ayt'akh,nit'ay nit'aywik'ëweedïst'ëtshibeelh'iy.
     thereberryunderberry patchthey don't let them step onthey allow
     'They don't let them pick berries.'

224. 'Etdaat'iyhtahtl'iggïnit'ayts'iyewhwelew lhëkh.
     thusthey doifandthatberryalldisappears
     'If they do that, then there will be no berries.'

225. Lhokwihweeyis'atl.
     fishthey don't eat it
     'They didn't eat fish.'

226. Lhokwih'etdit'iyh.
     fishtoothusthey do
     'They do that to the fish too.'

227. Hiyï tsayit'ayhtah'etts'ilhokwelew lhëkhhitnï.
     they put it in their mouthsifthenreportedlyfishdisappearsthey say
     'If they put it in their mouths, then the fish disappears, they say.'

228. 'Enggamï nïteyeyhtahskakso'lhoknï'aalh'ën'webeelh'iyh.
     for that reasonit is forbiddenmenstruateswhenchildjustfishthey're work onthey disallow
     'For that reason menstruants are not allowed to work on fish.'

229. 'Eyhots'in'ac'ide'hibigheenlï.
     thatthat wayin the pastthey look after them
     'That's how they looked after them in the past.'

230. Tl'i'et'aat'ahyi'eynts'ë tah'awilhyïzc'ooniyïnyeghSide Mt.
     andthenthey work onitwherealwaysthey pickthere
     'They always picked berries on Side Mt.'

231. 'Awitnit'ayggïc'ooniyïn,hiyuniyïntl'ibit'anbilikhyedlegh,huh?
     thenberrythatthey pickthey pick themandits bushsomethey die
     'If they (menstruants) pick, it kills some of the bushes.'

232. LM: yeah

LN:

233. 'Etdit'ahtl'init'aynewenist'ay'et'awit'aat'iyh.
     thusthey doandberrythey don't ripenthusthenthey do
     'If they do that, then they have to burn the berry patch.'

234. Wekwinhiti'ayh.
     in itthey burn
     'They burn it.'

235. Nu---ninewdilk'in'eyggïnit'aylhk'uhanenityekh.
     they burnitthatberrydifferentit grows back
     'They burn it and it grows back.'

236. 'Et wenï'oowilh'iwc'ide'.
     for that reasonthey do to itin the past
     'That's why they do that to it.'

237. Hots'in'awigheenlï'.
     that waythey looked after it
     'That's how they looked after it.'

LM:

238. K'ayso''etdiwest'ën'.
     nowthatit isn't done
     'Now they don't do that.'

239. LN: no

240. 'Etdiwest'ën',so'ggec.
     thatit isn't doneno
     'That isn't done, nothing.'

241. Dicforestrynts'ën'abizuhkwinhiditak'in'?
     wellhownext to itthey will burn
     'How are they going to burn next to forestry?'

242. 'Enïggecwigheenlï.
     theyonlythey look after it
     'They are the only ones looking after it.'

LM:

243. Nïlhdze'tiwhdilh...
     faryou (pl.) walk
     'You used to walk far...'

244. LN: yeah

LM:

245. ...c'oniwhyïn
     you (pl.) pick
     '... picking berries.'

LN:

246. Nïlhdze'ts'itidilh.
     farwe used to walk
     'We used to walk a long ways.'

247. Yeah,nu'nit'ayhiztidïlh,Kwis Co Winïwinu'hotstl'ideyenwih.
     upriver thereberrywe walk forHudson Bay Ranchfurther upriverthereandjust acrossalso
     'We used to walk upriver for berries.'

248. Ts'inï'hibiterritory'oondzindeyen'etwih,yeghnyen.
     paternal grandmothertheir territoryit isjust acrosstherealsothereacross
     'It was grandmother's (clan's) territory just across there.'

249. Nit'ay k'ëtts'itidilhts'inï'udiclhkit"log building nec'idïlhgitmbïbiyikhtah'oondzin?"
     berry patchwe walkpaternal grandmotherI askit's starting to rotwhotheir houseit is
     'I asked grandmother "whose is that log building starting to rot?"'

250. Silhtsenbiyikhhah'oondzingenc'ika'ët'ën'wighe hot'iy'nïts'inï'.
     my brotherhis houseit isherehe trappedwhile he livedsaysgrandmother
     "'It was my brother's trapping cabin," my grandmother said.'

251. LM: oh

LN:

252. Nyedzitts'inï'bilhtsen.
     across theregrandmotherher brother
     'My grandmother's brother (lived) across there.'

253. LM: oh

LN:

254. Nyedzit,yegh,'en.K'ayHenry'enc'e' wit'iy.
     across therehenowhehe has it
     'Across there. Now Henry (Alfred) has it.'

255. LM: hmm

LM:

256. Lhoksa'on'a'skakïnlïde'lhoklhay?
     fishlong agochildyou werein the pastfishlots
     'When you were a child, where there lots of salmon?'

257. LN: yeah

258. Tabïlhoklhay.
     lotsfishthere are many
     'There were lots of salmon.'

259. Lhok,oh,tabïlhanïlhok ha'ëët'ën'c'ide',k'ayPatbilhmarriedsdidlï'.
     fishreallymany peoplethey fishedlong agonowwith himlimalyaswe 2 became
     'Many people went fishing when Pat and I got married.'

260. K'aybine'silh newilnicyeghLouie Tommydelhtsicnï4000ts'ahone year'aayilh'iyh,be'.
     nowhis mothershe told metherehow manyreportedlythey used to makedry fish
     'His mother told me Louie Tommy's family made 4000 dry salmon one summer.'

261. Yi'eyhay rackbïyikhts'oetilhgguh.
     itwith ithousethey delivered it to
     'They delivered the dry salmon by hay rack.'

262. Siywihhaclht'im'de'hibïs'ën.
     metooI'm littleback thenI see them
     'I saw them when I was very small.'

LM:

263. 'Oh de'nts'ëwhyis k'it?
     back thenwhatyear
     'What year was this?'

264. LN: I think about 1939.

265. Tl'i'iltsicnïlhokto 'aayilïh.
     andthat many thingsfishthey take out of water
     'And people took so many fish out (of the canyon).'

266. Next yearwinis 'iltsicwitsanedilh.
     there are that manythey come back
     'The next year there were just as many fish.'

267. So'lhokhawetisdek.
     fishit didn't run out
     'We never ran out of salmon.'

268. LM: hmm!

LN:

269. K'ayggïlhokyegh'adicc'ikwah yeznïdïlh'etbizkakyeolïlh.
     nowthatfishthereby themselvescreekthey gotheretheir offspringthey become
     'The salmon go to the creek to spawn.'

270. K'aygginwigheenlïhizlï'wits'inlhokc'itsiy'hiyilhtsiy.
     nowthatthey look after itit becamesince itfishbadthey made it
     'Now since the fisheries have been looking after the salmon, it has declined.'

271. Siyso'sbelhokzihzenewelhnicsilï'k'ay.
     Ito mefishjustit doesn't tasteit becamenow
     'To me it doesn't taste like fish anymore long time ago.'

272. C'ide'lhoktsolnïh.
     in the pastfishit's tasty
     'In the past the salmon tasted good.'

273. Nezdidlïz.
     we boil it
     'We cooked it on the stove.'

274. Bïcookts'en(lï)tabïc'izu'.
     with itwe areveryit's good
     'That way it was very good.'

275. K'ayso'lhokzenewelhnic.
     nowfishit doesn't taste
     'Now, it doesn't taste like fish anymore.'

276. Or(?)'eywihsbeulïts'indzin.
     ittooto medifferentit is
     'It is different.'

277. Lhokc'itsiy'hiyilhtsiy'eywih.
     fishbadthey made itittoo
     'The salmon has been damaged.'

LM:

278. Ggïtsin'diyikhiwdïzc'eytl'i'etwighidec'enïnzin?
     thatdownhillcanyonthey blastedandthatwhat do you think about it
     'What do you think about the fisheries blasting the rock at the canyon?'

LN:

279. Dic'eyso',so' 'iwewidzin'oowinlegh.
     wellitit isn't goodthey made it
     'They ruined it.'

280. LM: hmm

LN:

281. Lhokdiktidïlh'aweyeghk'inedilhhinhontsiy'hoolhtsiy'etwih'aagegh.
     fishupit goesthereit goes throughwhereit's badthey made itthattoothey did
     'They damaged where the salmon travels.'

LM:

282. Ggïswelew honïnlï'?
     spring salmonit is declining
     'The spring salmon count is declining?'

283. LN: yeah

LM:

284. talok,dedzikh,sdimon,tësdlï
     sockeyecohopinksteelhead
     'sockeye, coho, pink, steelhead'

285. LN: yeah

286. Ggin'adichin'aayilh'iw.
     that personby him/herselfthey're doing
     'They themselves are doing that.'

287. Fisheryne'aaditnï'enïhi'aat'ah.
     they call themselvestheythey're doing
     'Yes, Fisheries is doing that (damaging the salmon).'

288. 'Enïlhokwelew hooynïlhtsiy.
     theyfishmade decline
     'They made the fish decline."

289. C'ide''etdiwewidzin.
     long time agothusit was not
     'It wasn't like that long time ago.'

LM:

290. Nts'ëwhlhoktsëhtilwis,'oh de'?
     whenfishfirstit runsback then
     'When does the first salmon run comes?'

LN:

291. June month'et 'awitts'iyenïyenc'aalhggïntsin'lhok bin yikh'etudiclhye.
     theneveryonethey dry alldownhillsmokehousethatI know
     'I know that in June everyone finished drying salmon down at the canyon in the smokehouses.'

292. 'Et 'awitts'iyenïyenc'aalhbe'lha'yeedïlïlh.
     theneveryonethey make dry salmonthey finish
     'At that time everyone would finish making dry salmon.'

293. K'ayso'ggecso''etdiwewidzin.
     nownothingthusit isn't
     'It is not like that anymore.'

LM:

294. Tabïlhayïnlï'lhok?
     reallylotsthere werefish
     'There were lots of salmon?'

295. LN: Yeah, yeah.

LM:

296. C'ik'ëtsïlwis'ey'awidïwhhonlï'it'iyh?
     lastrunitimmediatelyit wasit used to do
     'The last salmon run happens soon after?'

297. LN: yeah

LM:

298. c'ik'ëtsïlwis
     lastrun
     'the last run'

299. LN: yeah

300. Tsëhggïstilwis,wik'ëtl'atstalok.
     firstspring salmonit runsafterwardssockeye
     'Yes, the first run is the spring salmon, then sockeye.'

301. Wik'ikhts'i'etdedzikhtilwis.
     after thatreportedlythencohoit runs
     'Then coho after that.'

302. 'Et 'awittësdlïwihbilh'iyit'iyh.
     thensteelheadalsowith itit does
     'Then steelhead comes along too.'

303. T'ak'ët'etgwahwhitefishntsin'hiley.
     fallthenthendownthey are many
     'In the fall there's lots of whitefish.'5

304. 'Eyso'mbïc'ika'iwest'ën'.
     itnobodyfishes for
     'Nobody fishes for that.'

LM:

305. Nts'ëwhyis k'itts'ëlkiy'lhayntsin'diyik?
     whenyeareelmanydowncanyon
     'What year were there lots of eels at the canyon?'

306. LN: I think about 1939.

LM:

307. Tabïlhayïnlï'.
     reallylotsthere were
     'There were lots of eels then?'

308. LN: Yes,

309. Tabïlhay.
     reallylots
     'There were many.'

310. LM: hmm!

311. LN: yeah

312. Nistsëhiyindinïlhdzegh'et.
     aheadrockthey stick to itthere
     'You could see the eels attached to the rock bluff.'

313. LM: hmm!

314. 'Eywih'aayilh'iw.
     thattoothey harvest them
     'They harvested those too.'

LN:

315. Hiyilhggï.Hiyi'alh.
     they dry themthey eat them
     'They use to dry them. They ate them.'

316. Sbetsolnïhde'.
     to meit has a good tasteback then
     'It tasted good to me.'

317. Sileeditsic.
     they would give it to me
     'They used to give me some.'

LM:

318. K'ay'eywih'awitwelew silï'?
     nowthattoothenit declined
     'The eels are declining too now?'

319. LN: Yeah

320. so'ggec
     nothing
     'There's nothing.'

LM:

321. doh widïzilh
     this time of year
     'this time of year'

322. LN: yeah

LM:

323. Hiney,sishileyhonïnlï'dik'iswewilew?
     animalblack bearthey are manythey are becomingorscarce
     'Are there lots of bears or are they declining?'

LN:

324. Ndu?
     what
     'what?'

LM:

325. Sis,hileyhonïnlï'dik'iswewilew?
     black bearthey are manythey are becomingorscarce
     'Are there lots of bears or are they declining?'

LN:

326. 'Ey,tabïhileylast yearPauline,sis.
     itreallythey are manyblack bear
     'There were lots of bears last year Pauline.'6

LM:

327. mi'.
     yes
     'yes'

LN:

328. K'aythis year'etso'ggeclïonlï.
     nowthatnothingit looks like
     'This year it looks like there aren't too many.'

329. Tabïdïtiyhiley.
     reallythishighwaythey are many
     'I used to see lots of bears on the highway.'

330. So'sisnewest'eltiynghec.
     black bearI didn't seeroadbeside
     'I didn't see any beside the road.'

331. 'Aw'elhikhzihliclhk'iyts'ën'ën'de'.
     one timeonlymanyonewe sawdownriver
     'Only once we saw one towards Hazelton.'

LM:

332. Nts'ën'ak'aysisbilikhnïweenïlgittl'ikwadinï highenwihhizlï'?
     hownowblack bearsome peoplethey're afraid of themandagainman-killertoothey became
     'Why are some bears not afraid of people and have become killers?'

333. LN: yeah

LM:

334. C'ide''etdiwewidzin?
     in the pastthusit wasn't
     'It wasn't like that in the past.'

335. LN: no

336. 'Awtokadinït'aweesnec.
     wrong waypeoplethey didn't touch
     'People didn't bother it the wrong way.'

LM:

337. Ggïhiyi'alh'eytolhiyleghts'ihizkë.
     thatwhat they eatitI wonderbecause of itthey're mean
     'They're mean because of the food they eat.'

LN:

338. 'Eylichiylegh.
     itmaybethey because of
     'maybe because of that'

yeah

LM:

339. Ggïc'itsiy'naaydilhgit.
     thatbadthey spray it
     'They spray that bad (chemical).'

340. LN: yeah

LM:

341. Cas,'enïmbede(endzin)?
     grizzly beartheyto youhow are they
     'What about grizzly?'

LN:

342. 'Eywih'etdïndzin.
     thattoothusit is
     'That one is the same.'

343. Dinïtah'awit hoz'aydinït'aweesnec.
     peopleamongit's still therepeoplethey don't touch
     'The grizzly will not touch anyone (unless people bother it).'

344. Dinïïnïyïwdilhnïhts'iyewhsiswih'etdïndzinc'ide'.
     personmindthey sense itallblack bearalsothusthey arein the past
     'In the past black bear and grizzly would know what people think of them.'

345. K'ay witah'etso'ggecso',deendzinsibe.
     during this timethatnothinghow they areI wonder
     'This year I don't know how they are.'

346. 'Awit hoz'aydinït'aweesnecso'.
     for nothingpeoplethey don't botherno
     'The grizzly will not touch anyone unless someone hurts it.'

LM:

347. Sisc'i'an'aneel'is?
     black beardenthey go back into den
     'Are bears going back into their dens?'

LN:

348. T'ak'ëtNovember'et 'awit'aalh'is.
     fallthenthey go into den
     'In the fall, around November they return to their dens.'

LM:

349. Bilikhnï'enïlicts'iyhnaalh'as?
     some of themthey(yes/no Q)in openthey go around
     'Do some bears remain out in the open?'

350. 'Etdiweest'ën'?
     thusthey don't do
     'Do they do that?'

LN:

351. 'Etdiweest'ën'.
     thusthey don't do
     'No, they don't do that.'

352. So''alhk'ikhts'iyewh'aneel'is.
     togetherallthey go back into den
     'They return to their den at the same time.'

353. LM: oh

354. Niltiw',hida,'enïwihhileyhoonïnlï'?
     deermoosetheytoothey are manythey became
     'What about deer and moose, are they declining?'

355. LN: yeah.

356. Hiley'ey.
     they are manythey
     'Yes, there are lots of deer and moose.'

LM:

357. Hidahibiye'lhaylhëkhtahhontsiy'?
     moosetheir ticksmanybecomewhenit's bad
     'Is it bad when moose get lots of ticks?'

(louder)

358. Hidahibiye'lhaylhëkhtahhontsiy'.
     moosetheir ticksmanybecomewhenit's bad
     'Is it bad when moose get lots of ticks?'

359. LN: yeah.

360. 'Ey,'eybinewdïzigilnikhnts'ë wileghts'i'it'ah.
     ititI forgot itwhyit happens
     'Yes, I forgot why this happens.'

361. 'Ey,'etdit'iyh.
     itthatit happens
     'That happens.'

LM:

362. Bilikhnïhiyk'ëyedlekh.
     some of themthey die from it
     'Some (moose) die from them (ticks).'

363. LN: yeah

364. 'Etde''etdaatnï.
     thatin the pastthusthey said
     'Yes, they said that in the past.'

LM:

365. Hibiye'lhaylhëkh.
     their ticksmanybecome
     'They get lots of ticks.'

366. LN: yeah

LM:

367. Wesiy,hileyhoonïnlï'dik'is'enïwihwewilew?
     lynxthey are manythey are becomingortheytooscarce
     'Are the lynx increasing or decreasing?'

LN:

368. Wesiyts'e'inwec'isës'ën'.
     lynxhardlyI don't see
     'I don't see hardly any lynx now.'

369. LM: oh

370. Ggikh--
     rabbit--
     'rabbit'

LN:

371. C'ide'hiley.
     long timethey were many
     'Long time ago, there were lots.'

372. Tabïhiley,coyotewihhiley.
     reallythey are manytoothey are many
     'There were lots of coyote.'

373. Tl'i'eyhibika'aat'ah'eywihhibits'olïwh.
     anditthey used to huntthattoowe snare them
     'We use to hunt them with snares.'

374. Hibikakambïlh'eelhdzin,yi'eyred foxdïndzin,'ohiy ti.
     for themrabbit snarethey useditneggizgïthat kind
     'They used rabbit snares for them or for fox.'

LM:

375. Ggikh,ggikhmbedeendzin?
     rabbitfor youhow are they
     'What do you think about the rabbits?'

376. Sa' hon'a'hiley.
     long time agothey are many
     'There many a long time ago.'

LN:

377. Rabbithadïndeghk'ay 'awit,newc'onïdlï'bilh wil'ën.
     ggikhthey ran outnowthey're coming backit looks like
     'Rabbits were declining but now it looks like they're coming back.'

378. Tiyhibits'ë'ën.
     highwaywe see them
     'I see some on the highway now.'

LM:

379. Neggizgï'enïwihsa'on'a'hiley?
     foxtheytoolong time agothey are many
     'Were there lots of fox?'

LN:

380. Yeah,tabïhiley.
     manythey are
     'Yes, lots of them.'

LM:

381. Nibe.
     weasel
     'weasel'

382. LN: yeah

383. ts'iyetsictsalicdïndzin
     everythingsquirrelfor example
     'everything, even squirrels (were so many).'

LM:

384. K'ay 'awitwewilew hoonïnlï'.
     nowthey became scarce
     'Now they have become scarce.'

385. LN: yeah

386. So'wec'its'ës'ën'.
     notwe don't see any
     'Now we don't see any.'

LM:

387. tsalic
     squirrel
     'squirrel'

LM:

388. Dilkw'akhhileyhoonïnlï'dik'is'enïwihwewilew?
     frogthey are manythey becameortheytoothey are scarce
     'What about the frogs, are there many or are they declining?'

LN:

389. 'Enïwihbik'ënïstaysilhdilkw'akh.
     theytooI miss themto mefrog
     'I miss them too.'

390. Tiyso'weebits'ës'ën'.
     roadwe don't see them
     'I don't see them anymore on the highway.'

391. Tëël'ën.
     poor things
     'Poor things.'

392. Hileytiynaalh'astiynits'ikwiztahso'ggeck'ay.
     they are manyroadthey go aroundroadwe drivewhennothingnow
     'There were lots on the highway when we drove around, but now no more.'

LM:

393. Tl'ighis'eywih'etdaagegh?
     snakeittoothusthey were
     'The same with snakes?'

394. LN: yeah

395. 'Eywec'its'ës'ën'so'.
     itI don't see any
     'We don't see them anymore.'

LM:

396. Ggïtabïc'ide'gginïyiwhiyyik'ayDoughtyyeghk'ithawdït'aywik'itnoodïlh'enï'aatnïggïdikwik'itts'itl'ighiswidibïhc'olilh.
     thatreallyin the pastthosetherenowthereonhillon ithunterstheythey saythatupon itsnakethey're full of themspringtime
     'The hunters used to say that on top of the hill by Doughty east of Witsët there were lots of snakes every spring.'

397. LN: hmm

LM:

398. K'ayso'licmbïnewewnïl'ën.
     nownotmaybeanyonethey don't check it
     'I don't think anyone checks that place.'

399. LN: uhh

LM:

400. Tl'ighishileyhilhëkh.
     snakethey are manythey become
     'There were lots of snakes at that time.'

401. LN: yeah

LM:

402. 'Enïwih'awitwewilew.
     theytoonoware disappearing
     'They are disappearing too.'

403. LN: hmm

LM:

404. Cindu dilhghis,bighidec'enïnzin?
     pine beetlewhat do you think about it
     'What do you think about the pine beetles?'

405. pine beetle

406. LN: yeah

407. Yeah,'ey,nts'ëts,nts'ën'awihniwhyink'ëlh'as?
     itfrom wherehowtooour landthey came on
     'How did they come to our land?'

408. C'ide'so''ohdïndzinwelew.
     long time agonotaround therethey arenone
     'Long time ago, there were no pine beetles around there.'

409. Ndudicin,dicindi'alhso''ohniwelhggït,ndohkeyikhhon'a'so'.
     whatwoodchew woodtherethey don't crawl aroundup therecountryit was
     'They weren't crawling around eating the wood up on our territories.'

410. Nts'ëkeyikhdicin dilhghiswelew?
     wherecountrypine beetlenone
     'Is there any country with no pine beetles?'

411. Tl'ints'ëtshaalh'azsibe'it'iw.
     andfrom wherethey crawled outI wonderthey do
     'I wonder where they came from.'

412. 'Eyk'aykwa'indzindicints'iyewhyendïstsiz.
     itnowagainit istimberallthey're all rotten
     'A long time ago it was never like that.'

413. 'Ey'int'ëwnïszïl.
     itI was wondering about it
     'I was wondering about it.'

414. So'c'ide'so''ohdoondzinggïnduhiyilhnï'islikyi'ey'awiyzide'winï,yi'eyc'it'anhiyi'alhnïde'.
     in the pastaround therethey arethatwhatthey eat it(trying to remember)itonlyit isitleavesthe ones that eat themback then
     'Only those leaf-eaters were around.'

LM:

415. sanïkwah
     caterpillar
     'caterpillar'

LN:

416. sanïkwah,'awiyzih
     caterpillaronlyonly
     '(just caterpillars)'

417. 'Eyso'k'ay honlïk'idze'ey'et dit'iw.
     itrecentstoppeditis doing that
     'Some caterpillars were not even around before.'

418. Witsëhde''ey'ïnts'idïtso''ohniwelh'as.
     previouslyiteven thatnotaround therethey didn't crawl around
     'Previously even they were not around.'

Yeah.

LM:

419. Ggïpine beetleggitnïdohiyghiyelhdic'en'aatnïairplanelhk'iy,airplanebilhu'atswidïnde,tl'ibilhwitsac'et'agh.
     thattherewhite personthey're talking about ititthey sayonewith itoutsideit sits upandwith itsomething flew here
     'Some say that one pine beetle came in attached to a plane.'

420. 'Eydohnïkëdïnïnzit,ggïpine beetle,'eylhk'iyzeh.
     itaround herethey travelled herethatitoneonly
     'That is how they start to multiply (from) just one.'

LN:

421. Hots'in'a'etdiniszinso'.
     that waythusI think
     'That is what I think too, yes.'

LM:

422. 'Eydohlhk'iyzihbilh,bilhnec'et'agh'ey'igeghlhaysilï'.
     itaround hereonejustwith itit flewitit did itlotsthey became
     'One flew here on a plane and then multiplied.'

423. LN: hmm. oh gee

LM:

424. Hitnï.
     they say
     'They say.'

LN:

425. 'Adic'aayilh'ah.
     by themselvesthey did
     'They did that themselves.'

426. K'ayhots'in'ade'nïntëziszit.
     nowlike thatback thenI thought
     'That's what I thought.'

427. Yohnuhdiyaayitsic.
     thereupstream around therethey throw it out
     'They threw it out there further upriver.'

428. LM: hmm

LN:

429. Wilic'aatnï.
     `maybethey say'
     'Maybe so.'

430. Dïtskeyikh'oolekhholïl.
     herevillagethey're gettingcouldn't
     'They couldn't get to the village here.'

431. Dicinkaniwhkaknaadïlh.
     timberforour surfacethey're going
     'They (Forestry) came after us for timber.'

432. The forestry themselves caused this, I think.

LM:

433. Nts'ën'adicinc'itsiy'yeelïlhtahbï'iwitadzïlh?
     howtimberbadthey're becomingwhileit will be used
     'How are the timber are going to used after it is damaged?'

434. K'aydoh widïzilhggïdicinnishibic'e' ïnlïnïts'iyewh'awitc'itsiy' silï'.
     nowaround this timethattimberin the futurethe ones it belongs toallthenit became damaged
     'This time of the year all the trees are damaged out on the territories that belong to our people.'

LN:

435. Yeah,'et digeghnts'ën'abï'iwitadzïlh?So'ggec.
     it happenedhowit will be usednothing
     'How is it going to used after it is damaged? Nothing.'

LM:

436. ggï
     that
     'that'

LN:

437. Ggïeyc'itsiy' yilhtsiydicin dilhghis.
     thatitit damagedpine beetle
     'The pine beetle damaged all the trees.'

LM:

438. Cinïh,cinduhiytahwi---
     martenpine
     'Marten (live) in the pine---'

LN:

439. We-,hiydïlhk'inggïkwin tsëtlnekat'et'aatnï.
     they burn itthatsparkthey fallthatthey say
     'When the trees are burned, the sparks from the fire fall on the ground.'

440. Gwah'eywihhots'in'azihntayekhhitnï.
     thenittoolike thatjustit'll growthey say
     'And they will continue to multiply just the same, they said.'

441. LM: hmmm

LN:

442. Nunïtsiy'eywihlic'awit'et dunekhggï'awiy.
     small animalittoomaybethenwill become thusthatno more
     'The smaller animals will diappear because of this.'

443. Ggïmoosedïndzintahggïudïlh---
     thathidait iswhilethat
     'The moose---'

444. 'Et de'dikh ghenduyilhnï'islik,nïdo k'in'adikh ghede',nensit'ic'eymoosehiyi'alh,'eyhiyk'ë dinï yinlï.
     back thenblack tree mosswhatthey call it(trying to remember)in Englishblack tree mossin the pastthey hang downitthey eat ititthey live on it
     'The moose live on black tree moss.'

445. LM: mmm.

LN:

446. Nduhiyilhnï'islik?bu--
     whatthey call it(trying to remember)
     'What do they call it?'

447. LM: no

LN:

448. Bik'ënïnenïndzït.
     remember it
     'Remember it.'

449. LM: I heard about it

450. LN: maybe

451. LM: Murphy'll get it.

452. LN: yi'ey

453. LM: dikh ghe

LN:

454. Dikh ghe,nduhiyilhnï'islik?
     black tree mosswhatthey call it(trying to remember)
     'Dikh ghe, what do they call it?'

LM:

455. nïdobik'in'a
     Englishin it
     'in English'

LN:

456. Binewdïzigilnikh.
     I forgot it
     'I forgot it.'

(laughs)

SH:

457. Dilhggis?dikh ghe.
     it's blackblack tree moss
     'It's black? Dikh ghe.

458. LN: Look like hair from the tree. The moose eating that one.

459. SH: Hida hibiyu'alh7

LM:

460. hiyi'alh
     what they eat
     'their food'

461. LN: yeah

LM:

462. Cindutah,cinïhhiyitah wit'iy'enïdeetadzïlh,cinïh?
     pineinmartenthey live in ittheywhat will happen tomarten
     'What is going to happen to the marten that live in the jack pine area?'

LN:

463. 'Enïwihlicwelew holï'.
     theytoomaybeit will disappear
     'Maybe they will disappear too.'

464. Ggï'awiyhiyi'alhdic.
     thatonlywhat they eatwell
     'That is their only food.'

LM:

465. yi'ey---
     it
     'it'

466. LN: c'it'an

467. LM: mi'

LM:

468. Okay,k'ay'akw'itlha'izdinekh.
     nowalmostwe're finishing
     'Lucy this is the last part of the interview.'

469. 'Aw k'is ndubighiyetalhdic,gen'awitts'iyenin.
     anythingyou will talk about itherethenlast thing
     'You can talk about anything you want.'

470. 'Aw k'is ndu,ndudïnï'islikhozk'its,khiytso'c'ik'enishozk'its.
     anythingsomethingyou sayit's coldwintercoldestit's cold
     'Anything, as you were saying, the cold, or the coldest winter.'

471. 'Awitsiclicudïlhyeskakïnlï,'etgents'iyeninwighiyetalhdic.
     stillmaybeyou know itchildyou arethenherelast thingyou will talk with us
     'Whatever you knew as a child talk about it as the last thing.'

472. Skakïnlïde'so'c'ik'ënis hozk'its'awitsiclicudïlhye?
     childyou areback thenit's coldeststill(yes/no Q)you know it
     'When you were growing up, do you remember the coldest weather?'

LN:

473. Yeah,dick'ay'et de'ggitsicc'ik'ënisit'et 'awithok'astah60 below.
     wellnowback thenthereImostit's coldwhenthen
     'The coldest weather was 60 below.'

474. 'Eydic'ahnï'aat'ën'tah'elhikhin tahk'idze 'aat'ah.
     itin bushthey're workingat oncethey stop
     'When they went out to the territory to trap, all the trappers quit trapping.'

475. Mbï'atswetisyeyhwih.
     no oneoutsidedoesn't gotoo
     'No one went out.'

476. Wik'izhiyghe dilts'iyh.
     coldthey stay put on account of it
     'They stayed indoors because of the cold weather.'

477. Ulhk'az'et k'idze,'et k'idzeneetidilhkwac'ika'aat'ah.
     it stops being coldafter thatthey goagainthey're trapping
     'After the cold spell, the trappers started trapping again.'

478. 'Eyhots'in'anï'aast'ën'.
     itthat's howthey worked
     'That is how our elders did their business.'

LM:

479. Deoldzikhhok'as?2weeks?
     how longit's cold
     'How long did the cold spell last? Two weeks?'

LN:

480. Wilikhtahone week'ohiy yeghlhilhk'is,tl'iwilikhtah'et'agh'iwidzïhyegh.
     sometimestherecold lastsandsometimestherequicklyit isthere
     'Sometimes it lasted one week, sometimes it was over quickly.'

481. One week'etudiclhyeyeghMosquito Flatsts'iwit'iyde'one week'etyikh'awhts'idïlts'iy'.
     thatI knowtherewe liveback thenthenhousearound therewe stayed
     'I remember when we were living in Mosquito Flat, we stayed indoors for one week.'

482. I think I was about ten years old,

483. Hagilt'im' yezpole campsilh 'iwit'ah.
     I'm smallI'm working with them
     'I was small when I worked at the pole camp.'

484. K'aygginten years oldnlï.
     nowthat personmaybe
     'Now that one is ten years old.'8

485. I was ten years old.

486. Loggingsbepbilegh 'ëst'ën'.
     my fatherI helped him
     'When I was logging, I helped my dad.'

487. Logging pole camp'ët'ën'sbepcontractuntanHanson and Companyhibits'in.
     he workedmy fatherhe holdsfrom them
     'He had a contract from Hanson and Company.'

488. Right through I was working with my dad.

489. Tabïï'ëst'ën',pole camp,hacking ties,fence post.
     really hardI worked
     'I used to work hard, hacking ties and fence posts.'

490. Ts'iyetsic'aayïlh'ën'c'ide'tl'ihidiyin' tahwihtabïso'wigheenlï'.
     everythingthey didlong time agoandon their territoryalsoreallywellthey looked after it
     'They did everything long time ago and they looked after their territory well.'

491. So'c'ika'aat'ahevery winterdic'ah 'aat'ah.
     they're trappingthey're working in bush
     'Every winter they trapped.'

492. 'Etwihtsayïlhhizlelicc'ika'aat'ah.
     thattootrapthey havemaybethey're trapping
     'In between they trapped.

493. Hots'in'adiyin' tahwigheenlï'.
     that wayin their landthey looked after
     'That is how they took care of their territory.'

494. Ggïts'inï'tabïnïsgen'et ho'ints'idïttahdic'ahwihnisisyesiy.
     thatpaternal grandmotherreallyshe's oldeven sowhilein the bushtooI wentI
     'Even though my grandmother was very old, I still went with her into the bush.'

495. Tl'iwighinisnilhtannduwozï'nlïts'iyewhwighinisnilhtin.
     andshe taught me itwhattheir namesareallshe's teaching me about it
     'She told me about all the names out on the territory.'

496. Hots'in'aniwhilh yehilhdic.
     that's howthey talked to us
     'That is how they talked to us.'

497. Tabïcënwilhëkhwihnit'ay'its'ilh'iw.
     reallysummerit istooberrywe're working on
     'When it was summer, we were busy with berries.'

498. Bin'dizdïlwisniwhëlh'iyh.
     earlywe get up quicklythey make us
     'They made us get up early.'

499. Tabïfarmerwihhënlï'Two-mile.
     reallytoothey were
     'They had a farm in Two-mile too.'

500. Misdusmaybeabout 100lichibeet'iy'c'ide'.
     cattlemaybethey hadin the past
     'They had 100 cattle.'

501. Tl'iïzlhiy'enwihhibudiclhye40 horsehibeet'iy'.
     andhorseittooI know themthey had them
     'And they had 40 horses.'

502. Hibï'aat'ahdic'ah.
     with themthey're workingin bush
     'They used the horses to go to work in the bush.'

503. Pigwihhibaanïlhye,lïggocwihhibaanïlhye.
     ggosohtoothey raised themchickentoothey raised them
     'They raised pigs and chickens.'

504. 'Adicnec'aatghen,'eyhiyi'alhkhiyttah,cëntahkhiyttah.
     they themselvesthey killed someitwhat they eatwinterduringsummerwinterduring
     'They killed some for food during winter and summer.'

LM:

505. Yinnyitso'?
     youyour maternal grandmother
     'Your grandmother?'

LN:

506. Yeah,ts'inï'.
     paternal grandmother
     'Yes, my grandmother on father's side.'

507. LM: In Two-mile?

508. LN: yeah.

509. LM: oh ts'inï',

510. Siysbep'enso'hibilh'ët'ën'so'.
     Imy fatherhereallywith themhe workedreally
     'My dad worked alongside them.'

511. Cëntl'o'ilh'iwlimiyos'its'ilh'iw.
     summerhayhe makeshay stackwe make
     'In the summer they made hay.'

512. Tl'ots'iditilhgguhtiwih'its'it'ah.
     grasswe haulalsowe're doing
     'And they hauled the hay (to the barn).'

513. Cënso'busyts'enlï,mbïwentisletl.
     summerwe arenobodydoesn't sleep
     'We were very busy in the summer; no one slept.'

514. Bin'5 o'clock'et 'awitdiniwhaadïtsic'et 'awitstart ts'ilh'ëkh'its'it'ah.
     earlythenthey would get us upthenwe start workwe're working
     'They kicked us out of bed at five in the morning.'

515. Tabï'its'it'ahniwhëëlh'iyhtl'a,ts'iyewh'its'it'iyhkwatsizk'ints'idighitlhts'ënts'idilhkwiz.
     hardwe're workingthey make usandeverythingwe doagainfire woodwe chop in twowe split wood
     'They made us work very hard, and when we finished there, we split wood.'

516. Tl'iyikhdeztilïh.
     andhousewe pile inside
     'And we piled wood inside the house.'

517. Ts'iyewh'its'it'iyhkwatots'itilïh.
     allwe work onagainwaterwe pack
     'And we packed water.'

518. Tabï'its'ët'ën'skakts'enlïde'.
     reallywe workedchildwe arein the past
     'When we were kids, we used to work hard.'

519. Ts'iyek'aysizkakscayhibilh newgilnic'indzohhibibe 'aw 'idisnï.
     allnowmy childrenmy grandchildrenI tell themjustthey don't believe me
     'When I tell my children about what we did they don't believe me.'

520. Nts'ënï'sist'ën''ohhibilh newgilnic.
     whereI workedaround thereI told them
     'I told them about what I did.'

521. Tabï'its'it'ahniwhëëlh'iy'so',tl'iniwhgheetnï.
     reallywe're workingthey made usandthey gave us advice
     'They made us work hard, and they gave us advice at the same time.'

522. Niwhilh yeelhdic,'eybit'atsk'ay dzïnhisnek'in'a'isdzin.
     they're talking to usitaccording to ittodayI'm aliveaccording toI am
     'I am alive today because of the advice.'

523. Tëneedïdlï'strong Catholictabï.
     they prayedvery
     'They prayed, very strong Catholics.'

524. Bin'one hourtëneedidlilhghen'neentatis'et de'one hourtëneedidlïsts'inï'.
     morningthey prayeveningthey're going to bedback thenthey praymy paternal grandmother
     'In the morning they prayed one hour, and one hour at bed time.'

525. Rosaryts'iyewhhiyk'it tëneedidlï,tl'icinnektahhiyudïlïh.
     allthey pray on itandsongtwowhilethey sing it
     'They said the whole rosary and sang two songs.'

526. 'Eyniwhkwitbïniznïlhdzïlniwhëëlh'iy.
     itour kneewith itwe standthey made us
     'They made us kneel.'

527. GgïAlfred Mitchellbi'atbilh'entabïïhibilegh 'ëdit'ën'.
     thathis wifeandshereallywe helped them
     'Alfred Mitchell's wife and I helped them a lot.'

528. Tabï'its'ët'ën'niwhëëlh'iy'.
     reallywe workedthey made us
     'They made us work hard.'

529. So''elhikhdzïnyikhhotsntilelhweylïh.
     notone timedayhousethereis sleepingis not
     'Not once did we sleep around the house.'

530. So'dzïnlhile'its'ët'elhniwhëëlh'iy'.
     daysteadilywe're workingthey make us
     'They made us work right through.'

531. Cënwilhëkhnit'ay k'ëts,cënlhokwilhëkhkwantsin'lhokkhëlhts'itilhdilhdiyik.
     summerit isberry patchsummerfishit isagaindownhillfishpackwe gocanyon
     'In the summer we picked berries and packed fish down at the canyon.'

532. 'Etwihnits'ilghesweniwhëëlh'iyh.
     theretoowe run aroundthey disallow us
     'There too they didn't let us run around.'

533. Tsin'bil,diyinïbibil k'ikhhah'oondzin.
     downmedicine personhis/her vision(?)it is
     'The canyon is where the Indigenous doctors walked, their dreams took place.'

534. "So',hin'ettolhggïhgin.
     suddenlyyou (pl.) rundon't
     "'Don't run on the bridge.'

535. Bridgek'itnegguslïlhë'newhyeyh,"niwha(atnï).
     yen'onslowlyyou pl. walk acrossthey tell us
     'Walk very slow across," they told us.'

536. "Tabeghwihtawedïwhtnic."
     shoretoodon't (you pl.) be noisy
     "'Do not make noise by the river."'

537. Dewezdisnï'tabeghnits'idïlh.
     we don't make noiseshorewe walk
     'We don't make noise when we walk around the river.'

538. Weznilgit.
     we're scared
     'We were scared.'

539. We didn't make noise when we were at the canyon.

540. Yegh'etnenïsay.
     therethatI'm tired
     'I'm tired now.'

541. LM: mi'

542. LM: okay

543. LN: summer time we go up mountain, September

544. SH: Yinkadinï' k'in'a

LM:

545. yicnk'in'a
     your ownyour language
     'in Witsuwit'en'

LN:

546. September'etnikdzilhk'itshots'idilh.
     thenup theremountainonwe go
     'In the summertime we went up the mountain, in September.'

547. Sbephibilhnisyesiytl'iBecbilh.
     my fatherwith themI goIandBecwith her
     'Elizabeth and I went with my dad.'

548. Tl'a,wilikhtahniwhghaantil'iyh'ethiboonidil'iyh.
     andsometimesthey hide from usthenwe sneak after them
     'Sometimes they sneaked away on us but we still followed them.'

549. Tl'ic'idilghïl.
     andwe 2 packed something up
     'We made our packs.'

550. Dzilhk'ithonist'iy'.
     mountainonI like
     'I really liked it on the mountain.

551. Groundhoghiyika'it'iwtl'ilhiyil'eyhiyutsëkhtl'ikwinhiyneeyilïh.
     ditnïthey hunt themandmountain goatitthey shoot themandfirethey put them on it
     'They hunted groundhog and goats.'

552. 'Eyhiyilhggï'ey'et wenï'aat'iwcëntah.
     itthey dry ititfor thatthey dosummerduring
     'After they shot them, they brought them back home to be dried.'

553. Dï'eydinï bïts'etwenï'aayilh'iw.
     thisitfeastthatforthey're doing
     'They prepared the meat for the feast.'

554. 'Eyhigh chief'enïzihhibileeyilïhdinï bïts.
     itdinï ze' cotheyjustthey give to themfeast
     'The dried meat was then given to only the high chiefs.'

555. So'hizkakhibileweeyislicggï'ey.
     childrenthey don't give themthatit
     'It was not given to the children.'

yeah

556. Lhiyiltsiytl'igroundhog,nduhiyilhnï'isliklhiyiltsiy.
     mountain goatmeatandditnïwhatthey call it(trying to remember)mountain goatmeat
     'Goat meat and groundhog'

557. SH: ditnï

LN:

558. Ditnï,ditnï,'eytabïc'izu',t'alh.
     groundhogitreallygoodfood
     'Groundhog was very good food.'

559. Hiyunt'iy'.
     they liked it
     '(The chiefs) liked it.'

560. Dinï bïtshiyi'alh.
     feastthey eat it
     'They ate it at the feast hall.'

561. 'Ey'etwenï'aat'ah,'atokadzilhk'itc'aaghentl'i'atokanï'weeyilh'ën'.
     itthereforthey're workingwronglymountainonthey kill themandwronglythey're not doing
     'They did not mishandle the meat when preparing them.'

562. Tabïïc'itsiydïztiy'.
     verymeatit is valuable
     'Meat is very valuable.'

563. Hibibedïztiy'hiyghec'olïtabï.
     for themit's valuablethey take care of itreally
     'Meat is very valuable to them and they took good care of it.'

564. Yeah,hots'in'awigheenlï.
     that's howthey look after it
     'This is how they looked after things.'

565. Dzilhk'it'etwihhibic'e'honlï.
     mountainonthattootheir belongingsit is
     'The mountains belonged to them too (to each individual house chief).'

566. Hotszihk'inedilh.
     therejustthey go through
     'They only went there (to their own mountain).'

567. 'Etsiyudiclhye.
     thatIknow it
     'That is all I know.

568. Hëkwa'et 'awit zihmisiyh.
     okaythat's allthank you
     'That is all, thank you.'

569. LM: Good, that's a good part.