<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>
<FCCS_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="cash.xsd" schemaVersion="1.4">
  <fuelbed_number>73</fuelbed_number>
  <fuelbed_name>Koa/pukiawe forest</fuelbed_name>
  <fuelbed_description>Koa-dominated evergreen broadleaf montane seasonal forest with pukiawe (Styphelia tameiameiae) shrub and several nonnative grasses in the understory occur throughout the Hawaiian Islands at elevations between 4,000 and 6,000 feet.</fuelbed_description>
  <ecoregion>420</ecoregion>
  <vegetation_form>1</vegetation_form>
  <structural_class>7</structural_class>
  <cover_type>400</cover_type>
  <change_agent>18</change_agent>
  <natural_fire_regime>5</natural_fire_regime>
  <condition_class>1</condition_class>
  <user_name/>
  <address/>
  <affiliation/>
  <phone/>
  <file_owner_email/>
  <notes/>
  <site_photo/>
  <date_collected>2003-09-17</date_collected>
  <fuelbed_confidence>3</fuelbed_confidence>
  <fuelbed>
    <canopy>
      <trees>
        <total_percent_cover unit="number" min="30" max="90">86</total_percent_cover>
        <overstory>
          <percent_cover unit="number" min="40" max="90" reference_id="478">86</percent_cover>
          <height unit="feet" min="20" max="90" reference_id="478">57</height>
          <height_to_live_crown unit="feet" min="10" max="50" reference_id="1477">25</height_to_live_crown>
          <stem_density unit="number_per_acre" min="200" max="1000" reference_id="478">614</stem_density>
          <diameter_at_breast_height unit="inches" min="1" max="30">8.2</diameter_at_breast_height>
          <species>
            <species_description>
              <tsn>182079</tsn>
              <relative_cover>100.00</relative_cover>
            </species_description>
          </species>
        </overstory>
        <midstory>
          <percent_cover unit="number"/>
          <height unit="feet"/>
          <height_to_live_crown unit="feet"/>
          <stem_density unit="number_per_acre"/>
          <diameter_at_breast_height unit="inches"/>
          <species/>
        </midstory>
        <understory>
          <percent_cover unit="number"/>
          <height unit="feet"/>
          <height_to_live_crown unit="feet"/>
          <stem_density unit="number_per_acre"/>
          <diameter_at_breast_height unit="inches"/>
          <species/>
        </understory>
      </trees>
      <snags>
        <class_1_conifers_with_foliage>
          <percent_cover unit="number"/>
          <height_to_crown_base unit="feet"/>
          <stem_density unit="number_per_acre"/>
          <diameter unit="inches"/>
          <height unit="feet"/>
          <species/>
        </class_1_conifers_with_foliage>
        <class_1_all_others>
          <stem_density unit="number_per_acre" min="0" max="200" reference_id="478">70.5</stem_density>
          <diameter unit="inches" min="1" max="9" reference_id="478">5.2</diameter>
          <height unit="feet" min="4.5" max="70" reference_id="478">43</height>
          <species>
            <species_description>
              <tsn>182079</tsn>
              <relative_cover>100.00</relative_cover>
            </species_description>
          </species>
        </class_1_all_others>
        <class_2>
          <stem_density unit="number_per_acre" min="0" max="200" reference_id="478">70.5</stem_density>
          <diameter unit="inches" min="1" max="9" reference_id="478">5.2</diameter>
          <height unit="feet" min="4.5" max="70" reference_id="478">43</height>
          <species>
            <species_description>
              <tsn>182079</tsn>
              <relative_cover>100.00</relative_cover>
            </species_description>
          </species>
        </class_2>
        <class_3>
          <stem_density unit="number_per_acre" min="0" max="200" reference_id="478">70.5</stem_density>
          <diameter unit="inches" min="1" max="9" reference_id="478">5.2</diameter>
          <height unit="feet" min="4.5" max="60">35</height>
          <species>
            <species_description>
              <tsn>182079</tsn>
              <relative_cover>100.00</relative_cover>
            </species_description>
          </species>
        </class_3>
      </snags>
      <ladder_fuels>
        <minimum_height unit="feet"/>
        <maximum_height unit="feet"/>
        <is_vertically_contiguous/>
        <type/>
      </ladder_fuels>
    </canopy>
    <shrubs>
      <primary_layer>
        <percent_cover unit="number" min="0" max="25" reference_id="478">4</percent_cover>
        <height unit="feet" min="2" max="10" reference_id="478">3</height>
        <percent_live unit="number" min="60" max="90">80</percent_live>
        <species>
          <species_description>
            <tsn>894525</tsn>
            <relative_cover>100.00</relative_cover>
          </species_description>
        </species>
      </primary_layer>
      <secondary_layer>
        <percent_cover unit="number"/>
        <height unit="feet"/>
        <percent_live unit="number"/>
        <species/>
      </secondary_layer>
      <needle_drape>
        <is_sufficient_to_affect_fire_behavior>0</is_sufficient_to_affect_fire_behavior>
      </needle_drape>
    </shrubs>
    <herbaceous>
      <primary_layer>
        <percent_cover unit="number" min="50" max="100">80</percent_cover>
        <height unit="feet" min="0.5" max="3" reference_id="478">2.4</height>
        <percent_live unit="number" min="60" max="100" reference_id="1477">80</percent_live>
        <loading unit="tons_per_acre" min="0.1" max="5">3</loading>
        <species>
          <species_description>
            <tsn>502221</tsn>
            <relative_cover>80.00</relative_cover>
          </species_description>
          <species_description>
            <tsn>41773</tsn>
            <relative_cover>10.00</relative_cover>
          </species_description>
          <species_description>
            <tsn>193446</tsn>
            <relative_cover>6.00</relative_cover>
          </species_description>
          <species_description>
            <tsn>41395</tsn>
            <relative_cover>4.00</relative_cover>
          </species_description>
        </species>
      </primary_layer>
      <secondary_layer>
        <percent_cover unit="number"/>
        <height unit="feet"/>
        <percent_live unit="number"/>
        <loading unit="tons_per_acre"/>
        <species/>
      </secondary_layer>
    </herbaceous>
    <woody_fuel>
      <all_downed_woody_fuel>
        <total_percent_cover unit="number" min="20" max="80">40</total_percent_cover>
        <depth unit="inches" min="0" max="5" reference_id="1358">2.5</depth>
      </all_downed_woody_fuel>
      <sound_wood>
        <loadings_zero_to_three_inches>
          <zero_to_quarter_inch unit="tons_per_acre" min="0" max="2" reference_id="478">0.9</zero_to_quarter_inch>
          <quarter_inch_to_one_inch unit="tons_per_acre" min="0" max="2" reference_id="478">1.4</quarter_inch_to_one_inch>
          <one_to_three_inches unit="tons_per_acre" min="0" max="5" reference_id="478">4.5</one_to_three_inches>
        </loadings_zero_to_three_inches>
        <loadings_greater_than_three_inches>
          <three_to_nine_inches unit="tons_per_acre" min="0" max="5">0.1</three_to_nine_inches>
          <nine_to_twenty_inches unit="tons_per_acre" min="0" max="5">0.1</nine_to_twenty_inches>
          <greater_than_twenty_inches unit="tons_per_acre" min="0" max="5">0.1</greater_than_twenty_inches>
        </loadings_greater_than_three_inches>
        <all_sound_wood>
          <species>
            <species_description>
              <tsn>182079</tsn>
              <relative_cover>100.00</relative_cover>
            </species_description>
          </species>
        </all_sound_wood>
      </sound_wood>
      <rotten_wood>
        <loadings_greater_than_three_inches>
          <three_to_nine_inches unit="tons_per_acre" min="0" max="5">0.1</three_to_nine_inches>
          <nine_to_twenty_inches unit="tons_per_acre" min="0" max="5">0.1</nine_to_twenty_inches>
          <greater_than_twenty_inches unit="tons_per_acre" min="0" max="5">0.1</greater_than_twenty_inches>
        </loadings_greater_than_three_inches>
        <all_rotten_wood>
          <species>
            <species_description>
              <tsn>182079</tsn>
              <relative_cover>100.00</relative_cover>
            </species_description>
          </species>
        </all_rotten_wood>
      </rotten_wood>
      <stumps>
        <sound>
          <stem_density unit="number_per_acre"/>
          <diameter unit="inches"/>
          <height unit="feet"/>
          <species/>
        </sound>
        <rotten>
          <stem_density unit="number_per_acre"/>
          <diameter unit="inches"/>
          <height unit="feet"/>
          <species/>
        </rotten>
        <lightered_pitchy>
          <stem_density unit="number_per_acre"/>
          <diameter unit="inches"/>
          <height unit="feet"/>
          <species/>
        </lightered_pitchy>
      </stumps>
    </woody_fuel>
    <moss_lichen_litter>
      <moss>
        <percent_cover unit="number"/>
        <depth unit="inches"/>
        <type/>
      </moss>
      <ground_lichen>
        <percent_cover unit="number"/>
        <depth unit="inches"/>
      </ground_lichen>
      <litter>
        <percent_cover unit="number" min="40" max="100" reference_id="1477">90</percent_cover>
        <depth unit="inches" min="1" max="5">1.8</depth>
        <arrangement>1</arrangement>
        <litter_type>
          <short_needle_pine>
            <relative_cover/>
          </short_needle_pine>
          <long_needle_pine>
            <relative_cover/>
          </long_needle_pine>
          <other_conifer>
            <relative_cover/>
          </other_conifer>
          <broadleaf_deciduous>
            <relative_cover/>
          </broadleaf_deciduous>
          <broadleaf_evergreen>
            <relative_cover>90.00</relative_cover>
          </broadleaf_evergreen>
          <palm_frond>
            <relative_cover/>
          </palm_frond>
          <grass>
            <relative_cover>10.00</relative_cover>
          </grass>
        </litter_type>
      </litter>
    </moss_lichen_litter>
    <ground_fuel>
      <duff>
        <upper>
          <percent_cover unit="number"/>
          <depth unit="inches"/>
          <derivation/>
        </upper>
        <lower>
          <percent_cover unit="number"/>
          <depth unit="inches"/>
          <derivation/>
        </lower>
      </duff>
      <basal_accumulation>
        <radius unit="feet"/>
        <depth unit="inches"/>
        <number_per_unit_area unit="number_per_acre"/>
        <type/>
      </basal_accumulation>
      <squirrel_middens>
        <depth unit="inches"/>
        <number_per_unit_area unit="number_per_acre"/>
        <radius unit="feet"/>
      </squirrel_middens>
    </ground_fuel>
  </fuelbed>
</FCCS_file>
