{"id":1924,"date":"2024-12-07T23:51:34","date_gmt":"2024-12-08T07:51:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/?page_id=1924"},"modified":"2024-12-09T21:32:03","modified_gmt":"2024-12-10T05:32:03","slug":"titanium_am","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/projects\/titanium_am\/","title":{"rendered":"Titanium AM"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1924\" class=\"elementor elementor-1924\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2490352f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2490352f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column 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data-settings=\"{&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;width&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;%&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;width_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;%&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;width_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;%&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;space&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;%&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;space_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;%&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;space_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;%&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;image_border_radius&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true},&quot;image_border_radius_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true},&quot;image_border_radius_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true},&quot;caption_padding&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true},&quot;caption_padding_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true},&quot;caption_padding_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true},&quot;caption_space&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:0,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;caption_space_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;caption_space_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" 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href=\"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\"><span class=\"hfe-breadcrumbs-text\">Home<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5f724243 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5f724243\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-65ce0f5b\" data-id=\"65ce0f5b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b81652d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b81652d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Improving Consistency and Efficiency Across Builds<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11b5d6a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11b5d6a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">The aerospace industry, a staple of the economy in the Pacific Northwest, is beginning to capitalize on the versatility of additive manufacturing to produce parts that might otherwise be impossible or prohibitively difficult to produce. The industry and regulators enforce the strictest tolerances for consistency and performance, regardless of the production method. Our group collaborates with several prominent aerospace companies nationwide as well as metal additive manufacturing system producers to better understand the variables that significantly impact the porosity, fatigue life, and mechanical performance of 3D printed metal parts. Only once those parameters are understood can they be optimized to produce ever more efficient parts. <\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Certification of the 3D printing process is a major hurdle to using this technology to produce parts for commercial aerospace. In order to meet or exceed the reliability requirements of the FAA, a better understanding of the underlying causes of variability in 3D printed metal parts is needed. Our research focuses on identifying sources of defects in the metal. We look at factors such as powder quality, gas flow dynamics, process monitoring, laser-powder interactions, and part design, to determine the most significant factors contributing to defect formation and metal variability.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-68dfc6b8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"68dfc6b8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-683af801\" data-id=\"683af801\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38eed3ba elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"38eed3ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1528\" height=\"2197\" src=\"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/materials-15-05617-g002.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-1169\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">Render of the build file for a design of experiments for titanium fatigue test coupons. Three parameters are indicated, the gage thickness T of a coupon, and the height H and radial distance R from the center of the base plate. From  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma15165617<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-714c5e62 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"714c5e62\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-27521a6a\" data-id=\"27521a6a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74f34cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74f34cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Post-processing treatments such as stress-relief heat treatments, hot isostatic pressing (HIP), and cavitation abrasive surface finishing (CASF) are used to modify the microstructure of the part to achieve the desired properties. We use micro-computed tomography to monitor pores, along with fractographic analysis of tensile and fatigue coupons to identify where pores are likely to happen and how much of a problem they may be. Ti-6Al-4V (6 wt.% aluminum, 4 wt.% vanadium) is an alpha-beta alloy, meaning that the final microstructure is a complex mixture of both alpha and beta phases. The rapid melting and solidification cycles that the printed material experiences during printing, followed by the heat treatment for densification, only complicate this further. As with any other alloy, the microstructure is one of the primary controlling factors of the properties of the final part. For these reasons, we also perform metallographic analysis of the alpha-lathes and prior beta grains and how they change in response to the print parameters (e.g. powder reuse, location in the build chamber) and post-print treatments to ensure the optimal final part is produced.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7f1c9ea3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7f1c9ea3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdf73de\" data-id=\"cdf73de\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3161ff2e elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"3161ff2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1073\" height=\"1430\" src=\"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Ti-AM-extraction.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-2138\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Ti-AM-extraction.jpg 1073w, https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Ti-AM-extraction-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Ti-AM-extraction-768x1024.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1073px) 100vw, 1073px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">Extraction of 3D printed titanium parts from the 3D printer machine. Loose, unmelted powder is vacuumed away to expose the parts.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d9d0b7 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"2d9d0b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"624\" height=\"351\" src=\"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Ti-AM-PIV.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-2140\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Ti-AM-PIV.png 624w, https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Ti-AM-PIV-300x169.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 624px) 100vw, 624px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">Particle image velocimetry (PIV) gas flow analysis inside a mock build chamber constructed to evaluate the turbulence in the inert gas used during the 3D printing process<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-23a0f5e4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"23a0f5e4\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4ffdbd98\" data-id=\"4ffdbd98\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c950a4c elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c950a4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48f7e69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48f7e69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Select Publications<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16732b0f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"16732b0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\">S. Ghods, R. Schur, A. Montelione, R. Schleusener, D.D. Arola, M. Ramulu, Importance of Build Design Parameters to the Fatigue Strength of Ti6Al4V in Electron Beam Melting Additive Manufacturing, <em>Materials<\/em> <strong>15<\/strong> (2022). <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma15165617\" style=\"color: #3366ff;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma15165617<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\">R. Schur, S. Ghods, C. Wisdom, R. Pahuja, A. Montelione, D. Arola, M. Ramulu, Mechanical anisotropy and its evolution with powder reuse in Electron Beam Melting AM of Ti6Al4V, <em>Materials and Design<\/em> <strong>200<\/strong> (2021). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.matdes.2021.109450\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.matdes.2021.109450<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p><p><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\">S. Ghods, E. Schultz, C. Wisdom, R. Schur, R. Pahuja, A. Montelione, D. Arola, M. Ramulu, Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing of Ti6Al4V: Evolution of Powder Morphology and Part Microstructure with Powder Reuse, <em>Materialia<\/em> <strong>9<\/strong> (2020). <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mtla.2020.100631\" style=\"color: #3366ff;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mtla.2020.100631<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\">A. Montelione, S. Ghods, R. Schur, C. Wisdom, D. Arola, M. Ramulu, Powder Reuse in Electron Beam Melting Additive Manufacturing of Ti6Al4V: Particle Microstructure, Oxygen Content and Mechanical Properties, <em>Additive Manufacturing<\/em> <strong>35<\/strong> (2020). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addma.2020.101216\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addma.2020.101216<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p><p><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\">R. Schur, S. Ghods, E. Schultz, C. Wisdom, R. Pahuja, A. Montelione, D. Arola, M. Ramulu, A Fractographic Analysis of Additively Manufactured Ti6Al4V by Electron Beam Melting: Effects of Powder Reuse, <em>J. Fail. Anal. Prev.<\/em>\u00a0<strong>20<\/strong> (2020). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11668-020-00875-0\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11668-020-00875-0<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5bb05 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c5bb05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7983aac6 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"7983aac6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/projects\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Back to Projects Page<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Menu Home Capabilities Current Projects People Sponsors Wiki Home Improving Consistency and Efficiency Across Builds The aerospace industry, a staple of the economy in the Pacific Northwest, is beginning to capitalize on the versatility of additive manufacturing to produce parts that might otherwise be impossible or prohibitively difficult to produce. 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