{"id":1935,"date":"2024-12-07T23:51:34","date_gmt":"2024-12-08T07:51:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/?page_id=1935"},"modified":"2025-01-10T10:23:53","modified_gmt":"2025-01-10T18:23:53","slug":"enamel_microstructure","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/projects\/enamel_microstructure\/","title":{"rendered":"Enamel microstructure"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1935\" class=\"elementor elementor-1935\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-392db3ab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"392db3ab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column 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data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Microstructural Inspiration from Enamel<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c49cc5e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5c49cc5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">As a bioinspired <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.engr.washington.edu\/news\/article\/2024-08-12\/biting-fracture-resistant-materials\" style=\"color: #3366ff;\">blueprint<\/a><\/span> for the design of hard-yet-durable materials, teeth stand out in several ways. The outermost layer, enamel, provides a highly mineralized surface (~96% hydroxyapatite mineral, ~2% organic content, ~2% water), yet survives decades of use without any cellular repair mechanisms. The underlying dentin is softer, but serves as a durable substrate that can stop cracks in the tooth from becoming catastrophic. Understanding how these two materials function and how they are altered by diseases (e.g. age, amelogenesis imperfecta, diabetes) is one of the primary focuses of our group.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-33820a86 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"33820a86\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-256f87a1\" data-id=\"256f87a1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44efc9f2 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"44efc9f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1614\" height=\"898\" src=\"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Enamel-Microstructure-Damage-Tolerance.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-1168\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Enamel-Microstructure-Damage-Tolerance.jpg 1614w, https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Enamel-Microstructure-Damage-Tolerance-300x167.jpg 300w, https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Enamel-Microstructure-Damage-Tolerance-1024x570.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Enamel-Microstructure-Damage-Tolerance-768x427.jpg 768w, https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Enamel-Microstructure-Damage-Tolerance-1536x855.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1614px) 100vw, 1614px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">Mechanisms of crack growth resistance in enamel.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9b18899 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9b18899\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0729d10\" data-id=\"0729d10\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4bc134a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4bc134a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">For enamel, the resistance to failure is facilitated by the complex weaving microstructure called decussation, which has been shown to be a key factor that resists the growth of incident cracks (<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.04.017\" style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Bajaj &amp; Arola, 2009<\/a><\/span>). This suggests that a next-generation material with high-damage tolerance could be derived from the microstructural features seen in enamel. Decussation is a feature seen across almost all of Mammalia, but characterization outside of Homo sapiens is relatively scarce in the literature. To address this, our group has <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.engr.washington.edu\/news\/article\/2024-08-12\/biting-fracture-resistant-materials\" style=\"color: #3366ff;\">collaborated<\/a> <\/span>with the <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.burkemuseum.org\/\" style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture<\/a><\/span> at the University of Washington to study the enamel of non-human mammals. The results suggest that the enamel tissue evolves to enable the diet of the animal, and furthermore, provides different sources of inspiration depending on the design objectives.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-aac35e8\" data-id=\"aac35e8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ed91a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1ed91a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/20240712_Materials-Science-Engineering-Enamel-Research_1317-small-1024x683.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2776\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/20240712_Materials-Science-Engineering-Enamel-Research_1317-small-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/20240712_Materials-Science-Engineering-Enamel-Research_1317-small-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/20240712_Materials-Science-Engineering-Enamel-Research_1317-small-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/20240712_Materials-Science-Engineering-Enamel-Research_1317-small-1536x1025.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/20240712_Materials-Science-Engineering-Enamel-Research_1317-small-2048x1366.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/20240712_Materials-Science-Engineering-Enamel-Research_1317-small-360x240.jpg 360w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">From left to right: Jeff Bradley, Dwayne Arola, Cameron Renteria, and Jack Grimm discussing tooth specimens in the Burke Museum's Mammaology Department. (Photo:Dennis Wise\/University of Washington)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-725e6237 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"725e6237\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-315edee3\" data-id=\"315edee3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18b2fbf7 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"18b2fbf7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1444\" src=\"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/uCT-GA-scaled.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-1868\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/uCT-GA-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/uCT-GA-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/uCT-GA-1024x578.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/uCT-GA-768x433.jpg 768w, https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/uCT-GA-1536x866.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/uCT-GA-2048x1155.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">Synchrotron micro-computed tomogrpahy enables tracking of individual rods in three-dimensional space through the full thickness of the enamel layer. This provides accurate measurement of the variations in rod paths (i.e. pitch & yaw) for individual rods and across diazone (D+, D-) and parazone (P) bands for a variety of species. <\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-542835b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"542835b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f50be9c\" data-id=\"f50be9c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ab059e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4ab059e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">The rod microstructures, due to their fiber-like nature, are poised to be translated into other materials through e.g., additive manufacturing. Therefore, there is great value in systematically quantifying the rod patterns from multiple species. To this end, we have used synchrotron micro- and nano-computed tomography (<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actbio.2024.02.038\" style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Marsico et. al., 2024<\/a><\/span>, <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actbio.2024.04.033\" style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Guo et. al., 2024<\/a><\/span>) to fully evaluate the rod structure in three dimensions. Like the mechanical properties, we observed that species with a higher bite force have a wider range of rod curvatures and more frequent oscillations in pitch variations.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ed68a58 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ed68a58\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-18f4dabc\" data-id=\"18f4dabc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b304de2 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b304de2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11e73eee elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"11e73eee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Select Publications<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7789b753 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7789b753\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">C. Marsico, C. Renteria, J.R. Grimm, J. Fernandez-Arteaga, D. Guillen, D. Arola, A Machine Learning Approach to Quantitative Analysis of Enamel Microstructure from Scanning Electron Microscopy Images, Small Struct. (2024). <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sstr.202400510\" style=\"color: #3366ff;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sstr.202400510<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">C. Marsico, J.R. Grimm, C. Renteria, D.P. Guillen, K. Tang, V. Nikitin, D.D. Arola, Characterizing the Microstructures of Mammalian Enamel by Synchrotron Phase Contrast microCT, <em>Acta Biomater.<\/em> <strong>178<\/strong> (2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actbio.2024.02.038\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actbio.2024.02.038<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">Z. Guo, D.P. Guillen, J.R. Grimm, C. Renteria, C. Marsico, V. Nikitin, D. Arola, High Throughput Automated Characterization of Enamel Microstructure using Synchrotron Tomography and Optical Flow Imaging, <em>Acta Biomater<\/em>. <strong>181<\/strong> (2024). <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actbio.2024.04.033\" style=\"color: #3366ff;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actbio.2024.04.033<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">D. Guatelli-Steinberg, C. Renteria, J.R. Grimm, I.M. Carpenter, D.D. Arola, W.S. McGraw, How mangabey molar form differs under routine vs. fallback hard-object feeding regimes, <em>PeerJ<\/em> <strong>11<\/strong> (2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.16534\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.16534<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">C. Renteria, J.M. Fern\u00e1ndez-Arteaga, J. Grimm, E.A. Ossa, D. Arola, Mammalian enamel: A universal tissue and diverse source of inspiration, <em>Acta Biomater.<\/em> <strong>136<\/strong> (2021). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.09.016\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.09.016<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">M. Yahyazadehfar, J. Ivancik, H. Majd, B. An, D. Zhang, D. Arola, On the Mechanics of Fatigue and Fracture in Teeth, <em>Appl Mech Rev<\/em> <strong>66<\/strong> (2014). <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4027431<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">M. Yahyazadehfar, D. Bajaj, D.D. Arola, Hidden contributions of the enamel rods on the fracture resistance of human teeth, <em>Acta Biomater<\/em> <strong>9<\/strong> (2013). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actbio.2012.09.020\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actbio.2012.09.020<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">D. Bajaj, D.D. Arola, On the R-curve behavior of human tooth enamel, <em>Biomaterials<\/em> <strong>30<\/strong> (2009). <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.04.017<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;\">D. Bajaj, D. Arola, Role of prism decussation on fatigue crack growth and fracture of human enamel, <em>Acta Biomater<\/em> <strong>5<\/strong> (2009). <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actbio.2009.04.013<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14b5b687 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"14b5b687\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b881506 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"b881506\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/projects\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Back to Projects Page<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Menu Home Capabilities Current Projects People Sponsors Wiki Home Microstructural Inspiration from Enamel As a bioinspired blueprint for the design of hard-yet-durable materials, teeth stand out in several ways. The outermost layer, enamel, provides a highly mineralized surface (~96% hydroxyapatite mineral, ~2% organic content, ~2% water), yet survives decades of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":23,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_canvas","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1935","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1935","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1935"}],"version-history":[{"count":20,"href":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1935\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2782,"href":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1935\/revisions\/2782"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/23"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/lampr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1935"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}