{"id":10221,"date":"2021-06-07T10:42:41","date_gmt":"2021-06-07T17:42:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pandemicalliance\/?p=10221"},"modified":"2021-06-08T11:01:50","modified_gmt":"2021-06-08T18:01:50","slug":"covid-19-literature-situation-report-june-7-2021","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pandemicalliance\/2021\/06\/07\/covid-19-literature-situation-report-june-7-2021\/","title":{"rendered":"COVID-19 Literature Situation Report June 7, 2021"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The scientific literature on COVID-19 is rapidly evolving and these articles were selected for review based on their relevance to Washington State decision making around COVID-19 response efforts. Included in these Lit Reps are some manuscripts that have been made available online as pre-prints but have not yet undergone peer review. Please be aware of this when reviewing articles included in the Lit Reps.<\/p>\n<p><em>Today&#8217;s summary is based on a review of 1006 articles (926 published, 80 in preprint)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pandemicalliance\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/LitRep_20210603.pdf\">View the PDF version here.<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<h2>Key Takeaways<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>A study of the impact of <\/b><b>Washington State&#8217;s exposure notification tool, WA Notify, estimated that the tool averted 6,240 COVID-19 cases and saved 30-120 lives during the<\/b><b> first four months of implementation<\/b><b> based on an estimated COVID-19 case fatality of 1.4%, a secondary attack rate of 12% and a quarantine effectiveness of 53%.<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.06.04.21257951\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">More<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>A longitudinal study detected anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in 97% of convalescent plasma donors at initial presentation and found that 91.4% of the 116 donors presenting for repeat timepoints had detectable IgG levels up to 11 months post-symptom recovery, suggesting that immunological memory lasts for at least 11 months after recovery from COVID-19.<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiab295\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">More<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Reports from seven cases of acute myocarditis among adolescent males who developed chest pain within four days of receiving the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine and were hospitalized found that six of seven patients had negative SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibody assays (indicating no prior infection), and all patients\u2019 symptoms resolved with anti-inflammatory medications or intravenous immunoglobulin.<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2021-052478\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">More<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"uw-accordion-shortcode\">\n<h3>Article Summaries<\/h3>\n<div class=\"js-accordion\" data-accordion-prefix-classes=\"uw-accordion-shortcode\">\n<div class=\"js-accordion__panel\" >\n<h2 class=\"js-accordion__header\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"su-posts su-posts-default-loop\">\n<div id=\"su-post-10223\" class=\"su-post\">\n<h5 class=\"su-post-title\">Early Epidemiological Evidence of Public Health Value of WA Notify a Smartphone-Based Exposure Notification Tool Modeling COVID-19 Cases Averted in Washington State<\/h5>\n<p>\t\t\t\t<!-- \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"su-post-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t: \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n --><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-post-excerpt\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">[Pre-print, not peer-reviewed]<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> A study of the impact of <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Washington State&#8217;s exposure notification tool, WA Notify, in mitigating the spread of COVID-19 during <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">the<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> first four months of implementation found that based on an estimated COVID-19 case fatality of 1.4%, WA Notify saved 30-120 lives <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">over this <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">period. A model <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">was <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">run on a range of secondary attack rates (5.1-13.7%) and quarantine effectiveness (53<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">64%)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">; a<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">ssuming a 12% secondary attack rate and 53% quarantine effectiveness, 6,240 cases were expected to be<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">averted statewide during the <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">four-month <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">period.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Segal et al.\u00a0(June 7, 2021). Early Epidemiological Evidence of Public Health Value of WA Notify a Smartphone-Based Exposure Notification Tool Modeling COVID-19 Cases Averted in Washington State. Pre-print downloaded Jun 7 from <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.06.04.21257951\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.06.04.21257951<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- <a href=\"\" class=\"su-post-comments-link\"><\/a> --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"js-accordion__panel\" >\n<h2 class=\"js-accordion__header\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Transmission<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"su-posts su-posts-default-loop\">\n<div id=\"su-post-10227\" class=\"su-post\">\n<h5 class=\"su-post-title\">Early Epidemiological Signatures of Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variants Establishment of B.1.617.2 in England<\/h5>\n<p>\t\t\t\t<!-- \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"su-post-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t: \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n --><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-post-excerpt\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">[Pre-print, not peer-reviewed]<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> A study in the UK suggested that many SARS-CoV-2 cases were S-gene positive, a pattern associated with the B.1.617.2 variant, which the authors suggest may become dominant over B.1.1.7. In early 2021, the majority of positive SARS-CoV-2 tests in England were genomically sequenced (74% in April 2021), with the sequencing subject to processing delays: 21% of sequencing results were available within 1 week, 44% within 2 weeks, and 66% within 3 weeks (as of 27th May 2021). S-gene positive cases were estimated to be doubling every 7 days overall in England, and as rapidly as every 5 days in some regions with known outbreaks of B.1.617.2. The authors suggest prioritizing sequencing of S-gene positive cases in countries where this variant is newly detected.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Challen et al.\u00a0(June 7, 2021). Early Epidemiological Signatures of Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variants Establishment of B.1.617.2 in England. Pre-print downloaded Jun 7 from <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.06.05.21258365\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.06.05.21258365<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- <a href=\"\" class=\"su-post-comments-link\"><\/a> --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"su-post-10225\" class=\"su-post\">\n<h5 class=\"su-post-title\">Comparative Household Secondary Attack Rates Associated with B.1.1.7 B.1.351 and P.1 SARS-CoV-2 Variants<\/h5>\n<p>\t\t\t\t<!-- \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"su-post-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t: \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n --><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-post-excerpt\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">[Pre-print, not peer-reviewed]<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> A study conducted in Ontario, Canada found that household<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> secondary attack rates were 20.2% <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">for <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">wild-type, 25.1% <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">for <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">B.1.1.7, 27.2% <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">for <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">B.1.351 or P.1, and 23.3% <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">for <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">non-<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">variants of concern (VOC)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> mutat<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">ions in SARS-CoV-2<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Cases were grouped into households based on reported residential address: 7,555 (28%) were wild-type, 17,058 (63%) were B.1.1.7, 1674 (6%) were B.1.351 or P.1, and 601 (2%) were non-VOC mutations. In adjusted analyses, index cases infected with the B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1 VOC had the highest transmissibility (B.1.1.7 aOR<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">= 1.5, B.1.351 or P.1 aOR = 1.6).\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Brown et al.\u00a0(June 4, 2021). Comparative Household Secondary Attack Rates Associated with B.1.1.7 B.1.351 and P.1 SARS-CoV-2 Variants. Pre-print downloaded Jun 7 from <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.06.03.21258302\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.06.03.21258302<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- <a href=\"\" class=\"su-post-comments-link\"><\/a> --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"js-accordion__panel\" >\n<h2 class=\"js-accordion__header\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Geographic Spread<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"su-posts su-posts-default-loop\">\n<div id=\"su-post-10229\" class=\"su-post\">\n<h5 class=\"su-post-title\">2020 SARS-CoV-2 Diversification in the United States Establishing a Pre-Vaccination Baseline<\/h5>\n<p>\t\t\t\t<!-- \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"su-post-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t: \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n --><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-post-excerpt\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">[Pre-print, not peer-reviewed]<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> A study investigating <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">SARS-CoV-2 genetic diversity in the US using sequences publicly available prior to December 15<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, 2020, when vaccination was initiated in the U.S., found that the <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">regional distribution of COVID-19 cases varied by pandemic phase and was not always correlated with the level of viral sequencing in different regions.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> In Phase 1 (winter\/spring<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> 2020<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">), sequences were dominated by the D614G spike mutation and by Phase 3 (fall<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> 2020<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">), genetic diversity of the viral population had tripled and at least 54 new amino acid changes had emerged at frequencies above 5%, several of which were within known antibody epitopes. The authors <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">suggest <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">that these findings highlight the need to track the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants in the U<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">S.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Capoferri et al.\u00a0(June 4, 2021). 2020 SARS-CoV-2 Diversification in the United States Establishing a Pre-Vaccination Baseline. Pre-print downloaded Jun 7 from <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.06.01.21258185\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.06.01.21258185<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- <a href=\"\" class=\"su-post-comments-link\"><\/a> --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"js-accordion__panel\" >\n<h2 class=\"js-accordion__header\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Testing and Treatment<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"su-posts su-posts-default-loop\">\n<div id=\"su-post-10231\" class=\"su-post\">\n<h5 class=\"su-post-title\">Early Monoclonal Antibody Administration Can Reduce Both Hospitalizations and Mortality in High-Risk Outpatients with COVID-19<\/h5>\n<p>\t\t\t\t<!-- \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"su-post-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t: \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n --><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-post-excerpt\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Treatment with monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy, including casirivimab\/imdevimab and bamlanivimab, was associated with a significant reduction in the frequency of hospitalization compared to controls not receiving mAb treatment (1.7% vs. 24%) in a retrospective study of 617 outpatients with COVID-19 classified as high-risk (n = 175 received mAb). There were no COVID-19-related deaths in the mAb group vs. 12 (2.7%) among controls (p=0.024). The authors note that the mAb group was older, was more likely to be male, had more comorbidities, and a higher COVID-19 risk score.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jenks et al.\u00a0(June 6, 2021). Early Monoclonal Antibody Administration Can Reduce Both Hospitalizations and Mortality in High-Risk Outpatients with COVID-19. Clinical Infectious Diseases. <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciab522\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciab522<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- <a href=\"\" class=\"su-post-comments-link\"><\/a> --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"js-accordion__panel\" >\n<h2 class=\"js-accordion__header\">Vaccines and Immunity<\/h2>\n<div class=\"su-posts su-posts-default-loop\">\n<div id=\"su-post-10245\" class=\"su-post\">\n<h5 class=\"su-post-title\">Neutralising Antibody Activity against SARS-CoV-2 VOCs B.1.617.2 and B.1.351 by BNT162b2 Vaccination<\/h5>\n<p>\t\t\t\t<!-- \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"su-post-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t: \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n --><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-post-excerpt\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A study of the effectiveness of neutralizing antibody titers (NAbTs) against the B.1.617.2 SARS-CoV-2 variant, first identified in India and now widely circulating in the UK, found that two doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine elicited anti-wild-type spike antibodies in all participants, while NAbTs were reduced 5.8-fold against B.1.617.2 relative to wild-type, a significantly greater reduction than against B.1.1.7, but similar to the reduction observed against B.1.351. The authors note that these data are insufficient to assess the extent to which the reduction in NAbTs will impact vaccine efficacy.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Wall et al.\u00a0(June 2021). Neutralising Antibody Activity against SARS-CoV-2 VOCs B.1.617.2 and B.1.351 by BNT162b2 Vaccination. The Lancet. <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01290-3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01290-3<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- <a href=\"\" class=\"su-post-comments-link\"><\/a> --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"su-post-10243\" class=\"su-post\">\n<h5 class=\"su-post-title\">Adverse Outcomes Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Variant B.1.351 Infection in Vaccinated Residents of a Long Term Care Home, Ontario, Canada<\/h5>\n<p>\t\t\t\t<!-- \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"su-post-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t: \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n --><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-post-excerpt\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Over a period of 3 weeks, an outbreak at a long-term care facility in Ontario, Canada likely originating from an unvaccinated staff member infected with the B.1.351 variant sickened 4 staff members (2 fully vaccinated, 1 single dose, one unvaccinated) and 9 fully vaccinated residents. Two unvaccinated staff members had infections due to other variants (one B.1.1.7, and one B.1.617.2) and 3 (1 fully vaccinated, 2 single dose) had positive tests with concentrations too low to identify lineage. Genomic analysis revealed that all B.1.351 genomes were highly related. 138 of 139 residents were fully vaccinated with the Pfizer vaccine, with doses received between January 9th and March 18th, 2021. Of 243 staff, 204 (84%) received at least one dose of an mRNA vaccine (122 fully vaccinated, and 82 with second dose delayed as per Canadian vaccination strategy).\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vanker et al.\u00a0(June 6, 2021). Adverse Outcomes Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Variant B.1.351 Infection in Vaccinated Residents of a Long Term Care Home, Ontario, Canada. Clinical Infectious Diseases. <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciab523\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciab523<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- <a href=\"\" class=\"su-post-comments-link\"><\/a> --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"su-post-10241\" class=\"su-post\">\n<h5 class=\"su-post-title\">Effectiveness of MRNA COVID-19 Vaccines among Employees in an American Healthcare System<\/h5>\n<p>\t\t\t\t<!-- \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"su-post-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t: \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n --><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-post-excerpt\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">[Pre-print, not peer-reviewed]<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> A study of SARS-CoV-2 infections among employees of the Cleveland Clinic Health System found that after <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">adjusting for the slope of the epidemic curve, age, and job type, vaccination was associated with a significantly reduced risk of infection (HR = 0.03), corresponding to a vaccine effectiveness of 97.1%. Vaccine effectiveness was 89.2% at 7 days and 95.0% at 14 days after the first dose. Among 46,866 employees, 28,223 (60%) were vaccinated by the end of the study period, and only 15 (0.7%) of the 2,154 SARS-CoV-2 infections during the study occurred among those who were vaccinated.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Shrestha et al.\u00a0(June 5, 2021). Effectiveness of MRNA COVID-19 Vaccines among Employees in an American Healthcare System. Pre-print downloaded Jun 7 from <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.06.02.21258231\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.06.02.21258231<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- <a href=\"\" class=\"su-post-comments-link\"><\/a> --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"su-post-10239\" class=\"su-post\">\n<h5 class=\"su-post-title\">Marked Increase in Avidity of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Antibodies 7-8 Months after Infection Is Not Diminished in Old Age<\/h5>\n<p>\t\t\t\t<!-- \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"su-post-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t: \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n --><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-post-excerpt\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A study assessing the avidity, or binding strength, of IgG among 217 participants in Austria soon after SARS-CoV-2 infection and 7-8 months later found that avidity increased from 18% to 42% and did not diminish among older participants. High avidity was associated with a residual neutralization capacity in 97% of participants (211\/217). The authors suggest that robust immunity may persist for 7-8 months after infection and is not impaired in older individuals.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pichler et al.\u00a0(June 2021). Marked Increase in Avidity of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Antibodies 7-8 Months after Infection Is Not Diminished in Old Age. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiab300\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiab300<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- <a href=\"\" class=\"su-post-comments-link\"><\/a> --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"su-post-10237\" class=\"su-post\">\n<h5 class=\"su-post-title\">Symptomatic Acute Myocarditis in Seven Adolescents Following Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccination<\/h5>\n<p>\t\t\t\t<!-- \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"su-post-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t: \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n --><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-post-excerpt\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reports from seven cases of acute myocarditis (inflammation of the heart) or myopericarditis among adolescent males who developed chest pain within four days of receiving the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine and were hospitalized found that six of seven patients had negative SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibody assays (indicating no prior infection), and all patients\u2019 symptoms resolved quickly. Three patients were treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and 4 received intravenous immune globulin and corticosteroids. Diagnostic evaluation for other myocarditis etiologies, including respiratory pathogens from nasopharyngeal swabs, and diagnostics for other infectious agents, were all negative.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Marshall et al.\u00a0(June 4, 2021). Symptomatic Acute Myocarditis in Seven Adolescents Following Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccination. Pediatrics. <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2021-052478\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2021-052478<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- <a href=\"\" class=\"su-post-comments-link\"><\/a> --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"su-post-10235\" class=\"su-post\">\n<h5 class=\"su-post-title\">Naturally Acquired SARS-CoV-2 Immunity Persists for up to 11 Months Following Infection<\/h5>\n<p>\t\t\t\t<!-- \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"su-post-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t: \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n --><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-post-excerpt\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A longitudinal study of convalescent plasma donors (n = 228) detected anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in 97% of donors at initial presentation, and found that 91.4% of the 116 donors presenting for repeat timepoints had detectable IgG levels up to 11 months post-symptom recovery. The VITROS\u00ae Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Total and IgG assays, and an in-house fluorescence reduction neutralization assay, were used to test samples. 63% of donors had detectable neutralizing titers, while 25% had neutralizing levels that dropped to an undetectable titer over time. The authors suggest their results indicate that immunological memory lasts for at least 11 months after recovery from COVID-19.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">De Giorgi et al.\u00a0(June 2021). Naturally Acquired SARS-CoV-2 Immunity Persists for up to 11 Months Following Infection. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiab295\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiab295<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- <a href=\"\" class=\"su-post-comments-link\"><\/a> --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"su-post-10233\" class=\"su-post\">\n<h5 class=\"su-post-title\">Adverse Events Following MRNA SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination among U.S. Nursing Home Residents<\/h5>\n<p>\t\t\t\t<!-- \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"su-post-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t: \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n --><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-post-excerpt\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">No major safety problems were detected following the first or second dose of either of the two mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in a study of electronic health records from US nursing home residents (n = 8,553) between December 18, 2020 and March 7, 2021. The analysis of pre-specified adverse events did not detect statistical signals for any pre-specified outcomes, including anaphylaxis, seizures, Guillain-Barre Syndrome, or myocarditis.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bardenheier et al.\u00a0(May 2021). Adverse Events Following MRNA SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination among U.S. Nursing Home Residents. Vaccine. <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.05.088\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.05.088<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- <a href=\"\" class=\"su-post-comments-link\"><\/a> --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"js-accordion__panel\" >\n<h2 class=\"js-accordion__header\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Clinical Characteristics and Health Care Setting<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"su-posts su-posts-default-loop\">\n<div id=\"su-post-10249\" class=\"su-post\">\n<h5 class=\"su-post-title\">The Role of HIV Infection in the Clinical Spectrum of COVID-19 a Population-Based Cohort Analysis Based on US National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) Enclave Data<\/h5>\n<p>\t\t\t\t<!-- \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"su-post-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t: \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n --><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-post-excerpt\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">[Pre-print, not peer-reviewed]<\/span><\/i> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A study using electronic health record data from 54 clinical sites in the National COVID Cohort Collaborative found that people living with HIV (PLWH, n=13,170) had a higher risk of COVID-19 death and hospitalization after adjusting for age and sex.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The associations were attenuated, but remained significant, after adjusting for smoking status, BMI, and comorbidities (death aOR = 1.4, hospitalization = 1.2). PLWH were more likely to have severe <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">COVID-19 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">when only controlling for demographics, smoking, and BMI, although the estimated risk was obviated after controlling for comorbidities. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Analysis for effect modification found<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that the <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">HIV-associated <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">risk was higher among older <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">people<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, males, and Black\/African American individuals.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yang et al.\u00a0(June 6, 2021). The Role of HIV Infection in the Clinical Spectrum of COVID-19 a Population-Based Cohort Analysis Based on US National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) Enclave Data. Pre-print downloaded Jun 7 from <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.06.03.21258324\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.06.03.21258324<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- <a href=\"\" class=\"su-post-comments-link\"><\/a> --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"su-post-10247\" class=\"su-post\">\n<h5 class=\"su-post-title\">Plasma ACE2 Predicts Outcome of COVID-19 in Hospitalized Patients<\/h5>\n<p>\t\t\t\t<!-- \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"su-post-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t: \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n --><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-post-excerpt\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">mong patients with COVID-19 (n=306), high plasma levels of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) at hospital admission were associated with increased illness severity within 28 days (OR = 1.8), and plasma ACE2 was significantly higher among patients with hypertension. Circulating ACE2 was also significantly higher in patients with COVID-19 with pre-existing heart conditions and kidney disease. The authors suggest that ACE2 may predict <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">COVID-19<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">disease outcome.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kragstrup et al.\u00a0(June 4, 2021). Plasma ACE2 Predicts Outcome of COVID-19 in Hospitalized Patients. PLOS ONE. <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0252799\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0252799<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- <a href=\"\" class=\"su-post-comments-link\"><\/a> --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"js-accordion__panel\" >\n<h2 class=\"js-accordion__header\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Modeling and Prediction<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"su-posts su-posts-default-loop\">\n<div id=\"su-post-10251\" class=\"su-post\">\n<h5 class=\"su-post-title\">Slight Reduction in SARS-CoV-2 Exposure Viral Load Due to Masking Results in a Significant Reduction in Transmission with Widespread Implementation<\/h5>\n<p>\t\t\t\t<!-- \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"su-post-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t: \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n --><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-post-excerpt\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A mathematical model fit to data from King County, Washington found that in a scenario where masks only lowered viral exposure by about 50%, they were still effective at controlling SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">moderately efficacious masks would reduce exposure viral load ten-fold among people who get infected despite masking in the era before vaccines were available, potentially limiting infection severity. Additional benefits were predicted with an increase in masking compliance from 75% of people masking 75% of the time to 90% of people masking 90% of the time. The model also found that in the absence of additional interventions, mask wearing decreased R<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">e<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0from 1.3\u20131.5 to\u2009~\u20091.0 between June and September 2020.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Goyal et al.\u00a0(Dec 4, 2021). Slight Reduction in SARS-CoV-2 Exposure Viral Load Due to Masking Results in a Significant Reduction in Transmission with Widespread Implementation. Scientific Reports. <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-91338-5\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-91338-5<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- <a href=\"\" class=\"su-post-comments-link\"><\/a> --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Other Resources and Commentaries<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.06.02.21258229\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vaccine Nationalism and the Dynamics and Control of SARS-CoV-2<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 MedRxiv (June 5)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-021-01520-y\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Coronapod: Uncertainty and the COVID \u201clab-Leak\u201d Theory<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 Nature (June 4)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-021-01480-3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u2018The Perfect Storm\u2019: Lax Social Distancing Fuelled a Coronavirus Variant\u2019s Brazilian Surge<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 Nature (June 3)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00204-2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mitigating the Impacts of COVID-19: Where Are the Mental Health Trials<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 The Lancet Psychiatry (June)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.05.085\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy: Lessons from Israel<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 Vaccine (May)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2352-3018(21)00107-7\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">COVID-19 Shows Need for UN General Assembly Push to End AIDS<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 The Lancet HIV (June)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00179-6\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A Lost Generation? COVID-19 and Adolescent Mental Health<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 The Lancet Psychiatry (June)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciab518\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Incidence and Characteristics of Delayed Injection Site Reaction to the MRNA-1273 SARS-CoV2 Vaccine (Moderna) in a Cohort of Hospital Employees<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 Clinical Infectious Diseases (June 4)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.06.03.21258228\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Persistent SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Intra-Host Evolution in Association with Advanced HIV Infection<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 MedRxiv (June 4)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.06.01.21258181\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mutations in Emerging Variant of Concern Lineages Disrupt Genomic Sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 Clinical Specimens<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 MedRxiv (June 4)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-021-01505-x\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Six Months of COVID Vaccines: What 1.7 Billion Doses Have Taught Scientists<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 Nature (June 10)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00324-8\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Can the USA Return to Pre-COVID-19 Normal by July 4<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 The Lancet Infectious Diseases (June)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000762\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vaccine Allergy<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 Current Opinion in Allergy &amp; Clinical Immunology (June 4)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2021-052644\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Myocarditis after SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination: True, True, And\u2026Related<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 Pediatrics (June 4)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.16661.1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tracking the International Spread of SARS-CoV-2 Lineages B.1.1.7 and B.1.351\/501Y-V2<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 Wellcome Open Research (May 19)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2024815118\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Total Number and Mass of SARS-CoV-2 Virions<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (June 22)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-021-01501-1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">First Science Adviser in US President\u2019s Cabinet Talks COVID, Spying and More<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 Nature (June 4)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.1974\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Children and COVID-19 Vaccines<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 JAMA Pediatrics (June 4)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n1445\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Covid-19: Delta Variant Is Now UK\u2019s Most Dominant Strain and Spreading through Schools<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 BMJ (June 4)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2352-3018(21)00099-0\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Failure to Seroconvert after Two Doses of BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in a Patient with Uncontrolled HIV<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 The Lancet HIV (June)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Report prepared by the UW Alliance for Pandemic Preparedness and Global Health Security and the START Center in collaboration with and on behalf of WA DOH COVID-19 Incident Management Team<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A study of the impact of Washington State&#8217;s exposure notification tool, WA Notify, estimated that the tool averted 6,240 COVID-19 cases and saved 30-120 lives during the first four months of implementation based on an estimated COVID-19 case fatality of 1.4%, a secondary attack rate of 12% and a quarantine effectiveness of 53%.<\/p>\n<div><a class=\"more\" href=\"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pandemicalliance\/2021\/06\/07\/slight-reduction-in-sars-cov-2-exposure-viral-load-due-to-masking-results-in-a-significant-reduction-in-transmission-with-widespread-implementation\/\">Read more<\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":9210,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"topic":[],"class_list":["post-10221","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-covid-19-literature-situation-report"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pandemicalliance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10221","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pandemicalliance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pandemicalliance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pandemicalliance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pandemicalliance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10221"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pandemicalliance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10221\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10253,"href":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pandemicalliance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10221\/revisions\/10253"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pandemicalliance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9210"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pandemicalliance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10221"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pandemicalliance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10221"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pandemicalliance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10221"},{"taxonomy":"topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pandemicalliance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic?post=10221"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}