{"id":9650,"date":"2021-05-07T14:50:52","date_gmt":"2021-05-07T21:50:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pandemicalliance\/?p=9650"},"modified":"2021-05-12T15:19:04","modified_gmt":"2021-05-12T22:19:04","slug":"covid-19-literature-situation-report-may-7-2021","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pandemicalliance\/2021\/05\/07\/covid-19-literature-situation-report-may-7-2021\/","title":{"rendered":"COVID-19 Literature Situation Report May 7, 2021"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The scientific literature on COVID-19 is rapidly evolving and these articles were selected for review based on their relevance to Washington State decision making around COVID-19 response efforts. Included in these Lit Reps are some manuscripts that have been made available online as pre-prints but have not yet undergone peer review. Please be aware of this when reviewing articles included in the Lit Reps.<\/p>\n<p><em>Today&#8217;s summary is based on a review of 299 articles (292 published, 7 in preprint)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pandemicalliance\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/LitRep_20210507.pdf\">View the PDF version here.<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<h2>Key Takeaways<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><b>A prospective cohort study of SpaceX employees (N=4,111) found a 91% lower odds of SARS-CoV-2\u00a0 reinfection over 6 months of follow-up among participants with detectable SARS-CoV-2 antibodies\u00a0 at baseline, potentially indicating that previous infection provides at least 6 months of protection\u00a0 from SARS-CoV-2 reinfection for most individuals. <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.05.04.21256609\"><b>More<\/b><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/a><\/li>\n<li><b>A study of humoral immune responses in 229 patients with asymptomatic, mild, moderate, and\u00a0 severe COVID-19 found that persons with delayed neutralizing antibody generation had a higher\u00a0 risk of mortality compared to survivors. <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-021-01355-0\"><b>More<\/b><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/a><\/li>\n<li><b>Preliminary results from a clinical trial (N=80) of a modified Moderna mRNA COVID-19 vaccine\u00a0 administered as a booster 6 months after the two-dose vaccine series induced increases in\u00a0 antibody neutralization titers to the wild type and variant strains B.1.351 and P.1. <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.05.05.21256716\"><b>More<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"uw-accordion-shortcode\">\n<h3>Article Summaries<\/h3>\n<div class=\"js-accordion\" data-accordion-prefix-classes=\"uw-accordion-shortcode\">\n<div class=\"js-accordion__panel\" >\n<h2 class=\"js-accordion__header\">T<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">esting and Treatment<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"su-posts su-posts-default-loop\">\n<div id=\"su-post-9652\" class=\"su-post\">\n<h5 class=\"su-post-title\">Performance of Unobserved Self-Collected Nasal Swabs for Detection\u00a0 of SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR Utilizing a Remote Specimen Collection Strategy<\/h5>\n<p>\t\t\t\t<!-- \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"su-post-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t: \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n --><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-post-excerpt\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A large, retrospective study (N=47,000) comparing unobserved self-collected anterior nasal swabs\u00a0 and healthcare provider-collected nasopharyngeal swabs found that cycle threshold values for\u00a0 detection of human RNase P (RP), an indicator of sample adequacy for RT-PCR testing, were not\u00a0 significantly different. However, cycle thresholds for detection of SARS-CoV-2 were significantly\u00a0 higher for self-collected than provider-collected swabs, particularly among persons with\u00a0 asymptomatic infection. These results suggest that patient self-collection can provide adequate\u00a0 samples for SARS-CoV-2 testing with low risk of false-negative results.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kagan et al. (Apr 1, 2021). Performance of Unobserved Self-Collected Nasal Swabs for Detection\u00a0 of SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR Utilizing a Remote Specimen Collection Strategy. Open Forum\u00a0 Infectious Diseases. <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofab039\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofab039<\/span> <\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- <a href=\"\" class=\"su-post-comments-link\"><\/a> --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"js-accordion__panel\" >\n<h2 class=\"js-accordion__header\">Vaccines and Immunity<\/h2>\n<div class=\"su-posts su-posts-default-loop\">\n<div id=\"su-post-9660\" class=\"su-post\">\n<h5 class=\"su-post-title\">Preliminary Analysis of Safety and Immunogenicity of a SARS-CoV-2\u00a0 Variant Vaccine Booster<\/h5>\n<p>\t\t\t\t<!-- \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"su-post-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t: \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n --><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-post-excerpt\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">[Pre-print, not peer-reviewed] <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Preliminary results from a clinical trial (N=80) of a modified Moderna\u00a0 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine administered as a booster 6 months after the two-dose vaccine series\u00a0 induced increases in antibody neutralization titers to the wild type and variant strains B.1.351 and\u00a0 P.1. The authors note that these results demonstrate the ability of a third vaccine dose to boost\u00a0 immunity to titers that may exceed peak titers following the primary two-dose vaccination series\u00a0 against both wild-type virus and variants.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Wu et al. (May 6, 2021). Preliminary Analysis of Safety and Immunogenicity of a SARS-CoV-2\u00a0 Variant Vaccine Booster. Pre-print downloaded May 7 from\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.05.05.21256716\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.05.05.21256716<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- <a href=\"\" class=\"su-post-comments-link\"><\/a> --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"su-post-9658\" class=\"su-post\">\n<h5 class=\"su-post-title\">Antibody Response to MRNA SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine among Kidney\u00a0 Transplant Recipients \u2013 Prospective Cohort Study<\/h5>\n<p>\t\t\t\t<!-- \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"su-post-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t: \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n --><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-post-excerpt\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A study of kidney transplant recipients who received the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine (N=308) found that\u00a0 only 36% tested positive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies 2-4 weeks after receiving the second dose.\u00a0 Factors associated with antibody detection included younger age, higher renal function, and\u00a0 reduced immunosuppression. The authors note that although correlation between antibody levels\u00a0 and protection has not been proven, detection of antibodies is much higher in non immunocompromised persons after receipt of the vaccine. These results may indicate a need for\u00a0 additional booster doses, modified vaccine dosing, or mixing vaccine types to improve immune\u00a0 response to vaccinations in transplant recipients.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rozen-Zvi et al. (May 2021). Antibody Response to MRNA SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine among Kidney\u00a0 Transplant Recipients \u2013 Prospective Cohort Study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection.\u00a0 <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.04.028\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.04.028<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- <a href=\"\" class=\"su-post-comments-link\"><\/a> --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"su-post-9656\" class=\"su-post\">\n<h5 class=\"su-post-title\">Delayed Production of Neutralizing Antibodies Correlates with Fatal\u00a0 COVID-19<\/h5>\n<p>\t\t\t\t<!-- \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"su-post-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t: \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n --><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-post-excerpt\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A study of humoral immune responses among 229 patients with asymptomatic, mild, moderate, and\u00a0 severe COVID-19 found that persons with delayed neutralizing antibody generation had a higher risk\u00a0 of mortality compared to survivors. Investigators collected multiple serum samples from patients\u00a0 during the course of their illness and examined SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies and IgG levels. Although nearly all persons (85%) displayed some level of SARS-CoV-2 neutralization, development\u00a0 of neutralizing antibodies within 14 days of symptom onset was associated with improved disease\u00a0 trajectory. The authors note that antibody therapy may be most effective when administered as\u00a0 early as possible after symptom onset.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lucas et al. (May 5, 2021). Delayed Production of Neutralizing Antibodies Correlates with Fatal\u00a0 COVID-19. Nature Medicine. <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-021-01355-0\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-021-01355-0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- <a href=\"\" class=\"su-post-comments-link\"><\/a> --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"su-post-9654\" class=\"su-post\">\n<h5 class=\"su-post-title\">SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Reinfection in a Seroepidemiological\u00a0 Workplace Cohort in the United States<\/h5>\n<p>\t\t\t\t<!-- \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"su-post-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t: \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n --><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-post-excerpt\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">[Pre-print, not peer-reviewed] <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A prospective cohort study of SpaceX employees (N=4,111) found a 91% lower odds of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection over 6 months of follow-up among participants with\u00a0 detectable SARS-CoV-2 antibodies at baseline. The study authors adjusted for underlying health\u00a0 conditions and increased risk of exposure as potential confounders. The results suggest that previous infection may provide at least 6 months of protection from SARS-CoV-2 reinfection for\u00a0 most individuals.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Finch et al. (May 6, 2021). SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Reinfection in a Seroepidemiological\u00a0 Workplace Cohort in the United States. Pre-print downloaded May 7 from\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.05.04.21256609\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.05.04.21256609<\/span> <\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- <a href=\"\" class=\"su-post-comments-link\"><\/a> --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"js-accordion__panel\" >\n<h2 class=\"js-accordion__header\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Clinical Characteristics and Health Care Setting<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"su-posts su-posts-default-loop\">\n<div id=\"su-post-9666\" class=\"su-post\">\n<h5 class=\"su-post-title\">Prevalence and Outcomes of Co-Infection and Superinfection with\u00a0 SARS-CoV-2 and Other Pathogens: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis<\/h5>\n<p>\t\t\t\t<!-- \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"su-post-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t: \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n --><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-post-excerpt\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A meta-analysis of 118 studies reporting the clinical features and outcomes of persons with SARS CoV-2 infection found that up to 19% had co-infections (pathogens detected at the time of SARS CoV-2 diagnosis) and 24% had superinfections (other pathogens detected during SARS-CoV-2 care). Persons with co- and super-infections had a higher risk of mortality (OR = 3.3) compared to persons\u00a0 with only SARS-CoV-2 infection. The most frequently detected pathogens among co-infected\u00a0 persons were influenza A and B, and respiratory syncytial virus. The authors suggest that testing and\u00a0 treatment for other pathogens may be necessary to improve outcomes in persons with COVID-19.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Musuuza et al. (May 6, 2021). Prevalence and Outcomes of Co-Infection and Superinfection with\u00a0 SARS-CoV-2 and Other Pathogens: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLOS ONE.\u00a0 <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0251170\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0251170<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- <a href=\"\" class=\"su-post-comments-link\"><\/a> --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"su-post-9664\" class=\"su-post\">\n<h5 class=\"su-post-title\">Risk Factors For Infection And Health Impacts Of The Covid-19\u00a0 Pandemic In People With Autoimmune Diseases<\/h5>\n<p>\t\t\t\t<!-- \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"su-post-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t: \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n --><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-post-excerpt\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A prospective cohort study of persons with autoimmune or inflammatory conditions (N=4,666)\u00a0 found that persons with diabetes (OR=1.7), cardiovascular disease (OR=1.7) and kidney disease\u00a0 (OR=1.8) and patients taking glucocorticoid drugs (OR=1.4) had higher risks of COVID-19. Interruptions to healthcare were common, and persons with changes in their ability to pay for\u00a0 healthcare costs and those who experienced a COVID-19-related change to employment were most\u00a0 vulnerable to care disruptions. The authors note that these results suggest that persons with\u00a0 autoimmune or inflammatory disorders may be particularly vulnerable to downstream effects of pandemic-related disruptions to healthcare access.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fitzgerald et al. (May 6, 2021). Risk Factors For Infection And Health Impacts Of The Covid-19\u00a0 Pandemic In People With Autoimmune Diseases. Clinical Infectious Diseases.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciab407\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciab407<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- <a href=\"\" class=\"su-post-comments-link\"><\/a> --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"su-post-9662\" class=\"su-post\">\n<h5 class=\"su-post-title\">Risk of COVID-19 in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A National Veterans\u00a0 Affairs Matched Cohort Study in At-Risk Individuals<\/h5>\n<p>\t\t\t\t<!-- \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"su-post-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t: \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n --><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-post-excerpt\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A matched cohort study of US veterans (N=66,772) found that persons with rheumatoid arthritis had\u00a0 a higher risk of COVID-19 disease (HR=1.25) and COVID-19 associated hospitalization or death\u00a0 (HR=1.35) compared to age-, sex-, and Veterans Administration-site-matched persons without\u00a0 rheumatoid arthritis. Persons on immunosuppressant drugs (DMARDS and prednisone) had the highest risk of COVID-19 and severe disease after controlling for demographics, other comorbidities,\u00a0 healthcare utilization, and county-level COVID-19 incidence. The authors suggest that persons with rheumatoid arthritis should be prioritized for COVID-19 prevention and management.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">England et al. (May 5, 2021). Risk of COVID-19 in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A National Veterans\u00a0 Affairs Matched Cohort Study in At-Risk Individuals. Arthritis &amp; Rheumatology.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.41800\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.41800<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- <a href=\"\" class=\"su-post-comments-link\"><\/a> --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"js-accordion__panel\" >\n<h2 class=\"js-accordion__header\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Modeling and Prediction<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"su-posts su-posts-default-loop\">\n<div id=\"su-post-9668\" class=\"su-post\">\n<h5 class=\"su-post-title\">Lives and Costs Saved by Expanding and Expediting COVID-19\u00a0 Vaccination<\/h5>\n<p>\t\t\t\t<!-- \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"su-post-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t: \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n --><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-post-excerpt\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A modeling study of US population dynamics and COVID-19 vaccination scenarios demonstrated that every 1% increase in coverage could avert an average of 876,800 cases, depending on the number of\u00a0 people already vaccinated, with the greatest gains achieved when increasing vaccine coverage in the\u00a0 population from 0% to 50%. Additionally, the study demonstrated that increasing vaccination coverage may avert more cases compared to increasing vaccine efficacy. For example, increasing\u00a0 vaccination coverage from 50% to 70% would prevent 9.2 million cases at a vaccine efficacy of 70%,\u00a0 while increasing vaccine efficacy from 70% to 90% would prevent 7.1 million cases with 50%\u00a0 vaccination coverage. The authors note these results emphasize the need to reach high vaccination\u00a0 coverage levels as soon as possible before the fall\/winter to prevent another surge in cases and\u00a0 deaths.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bartsch et al. (May 6, 2021). Lives and Costs Saved by Expanding and Expediting COVID-19\u00a0 Vaccination. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiab233\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiab233<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- <a href=\"\" class=\"su-post-comments-link\"><\/a> --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"js-accordion__panel\" >\n<h2 class=\"js-accordion__header\">Public Health Policy and Practice<\/h2>\n<div class=\"su-posts su-posts-default-loop\">\n<div id=\"su-post-9674\" class=\"su-post\">\n<h5 class=\"su-post-title\">COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Its Determinants Among Adults with\u00a0 a History of Tobacco or Marijuana Use<\/h5>\n<p>\t\t\t\t<!-- \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"su-post-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t: \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n --><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-post-excerpt\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">An internet survey of US adults with a history of tobacco and\/or cannabis use (N=387) found that\u00a0 26% were unwilling to receive a COVID-19 vaccine while another 25% were unsure about willingness\u00a0 to be vaccinated. Respondents who reported living with 5 or more other persons or by themselves,\u00a0 living in a suburban or rural area, and those who were not stressed about the COVID-19 pandemic\u00a0 were less likely to report being willing to receive a vaccine, while those who reported receiving an\u00a0 influenza vaccine every year were more likely to be willing to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. The use of\u00a0 cigarettes, e-cigarettes, cannabis, and heavy alcohol use were not associated with willingness to\u00a0 receive a vaccine.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yang et al. (May 6, 2021). COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Its Determinants Among Adults with\u00a0 a History of Tobacco or Marijuana Use. Journal of Community Health.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10900-021-00993-2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10900-021-00993-2<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- <a href=\"\" class=\"su-post-comments-link\"><\/a> --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"su-post-9672\" class=\"su-post\">\n<h5 class=\"su-post-title\">Changes in Emergency Medical Services before and during COVID 19 in the United States, January 2018-December 2020<\/h5>\n<p>\t\t\t\t<!-- \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"su-post-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t: \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n --><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-post-excerpt\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A retrospective study of emergency medical service activations between 2018 and 2020 found that\u00a0 while the number of activations decreased in 2020, increases in the proportion of activations for on scene death (1.3% to 2.4%), cardiac arrest (1.3% to 2.2%), and opioid use\/overdose (0.6 to 1.6%) were observed compared to 2018-2019. These frequencies subsequently declined but remained\u00a0 above pre-pandemic levels through the end of 2020. The authors suggest that these changes may be\u00a0 related to disruptions in access to healthcare, particularly for substance use disorders and mental\u00a0 health conditions.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Handberry et al. (May 2021). Changes in Emergency Medical Services before and during COVID 19 in the United States, January 2018-December 2020. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official\u00a0 Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciab373\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciab373<\/span> <\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- <a href=\"\" class=\"su-post-comments-link\"><\/a> --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"su-post-9670\" class=\"su-post\">\n<h5 class=\"su-post-title\">Emergency Department Visits for Emergent Conditions Among Older\u00a0 Adults During the COVID -19 Pandemic<\/h5>\n<p>\t\t\t\t<!-- \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"su-post-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t: \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n --><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-post-excerpt\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A retrospective cohort study of non-COVID related emergency department visits among US adults\u00a0 found that visits for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stroke, and sepsis declined precipitously\u00a0 during the early pandemic period and remained lower than pre-pandemic levels through the\u00a0 summer and fall, particularly among adults age \u226575. In contrast, visits for hip fractures and falls did\u00a0 not significantly change between January 2019 and November 2020. The authors suggest this\u00a0 difference may be attributable to vague or atypical symptoms in AMI or stroke that were not\u00a0 recognized by older adults, coupled with isolation from family and friends who may have otherwise\u00a0 recognized changes in health status and assisted with accessing medical care. The authors note that\u00a0 these changes in care seeking may be one cause of excess non-COVID-19 mortality in older adults\u00a0 during the pandemic.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Janke et al. (May 6, 2021). Emergency Department Visits for Emergent Conditions Among Older\u00a0 Adults During the COVID -19 Pandemic. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.\u00a0 <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgs.17227\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgs.17227<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- <a href=\"\" class=\"su-post-comments-link\"><\/a> --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Other Resources and Commentaries<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/erv.2837\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Eating Behaviour and Symptom Trajectories in Patients with a History of Binge Eating Disorder <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">during COVID-19 Pandemic<\/span><\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8212; European Eating Disorders Review (May 6)\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-021-06861-y\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Care for Incarcerated Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19 <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8212; Journal of General Internal Medicine\u00a0 (May 5)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/tbm\/ibab050\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Prejudicial Beliefs and COVID-19 Disruptions among Sexual Minority Men Living with and Not Living <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">with HIV in a High SARS-CoV-2 Prevalence Area <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8212; Translational Behavioral Medicine (May)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/irv.12866\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Which Influenza Viruses Will Emerge Following the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic<\/span><\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8212; Influenza and Other\u00a0 Respiratory Viruses (May 6)\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jmbe.v22i1.2285\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A Crucial Role for Antimicrobial Stewardship in the Midst of COVID-19<\/span><\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8212; Journal of Microbiology &amp;\u00a0 Biology Education (2021)\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciab387\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Delayed Tuberculosis Diagnoses During the COVID-19 Pandemic in 2020 \u2014 King County, Washington<\/span><\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8212; Clinical Infectious Diseases (May 6)\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10550887.2021.1916420\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Adolescents and Opioid-Related Outcomes amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8212; Journal of Addictive\u00a0 Diseases (May 6)\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pbc.29049\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">How We Approach Thrombosis Risk in Children with COVID-19 Infection and MIS-C<\/span> <\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8212; Pediatric Blood\u00a0 &amp; Cancer (May)\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciab409\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Combination Therapy with Tocilizumab and Dexamethasone Cost-Effectively Reduces Coronavirus <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Disease 2019 Mortality <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8212; Clinical Infectious Diseases : An Official Publication of the Infectious\u00a0 Diseases Society of America (May)\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Report prepared by the UW Alliance for Pandemic Preparedness and Global Health Security and the\u00a0 START Center in collaboration with and on behalf of WA DOH COVID-19 Incident Management Team<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A prospective cohort study of SpaceX employees (N=4,111) found a 91% lower odds of SARS-CoV-2  reinfection over 6 months of follow-up among participants with detectable SARS-CoV-2 antibodies  at baseline, potentially indicating that previous infection provides at least 6 months of protection  from SARS-CoV-2 reinfection for most individuals.<\/p>\n<div><a class=\"more\" href=\"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pandemicalliance\/2021\/05\/07\/emergency-department-visits-for-emergent-conditions-among-older-adults-during-the-covid-19-pandemic\/\">Read more<\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":345,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"topic":[],"class_list":["post-9650","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-covid-19-literature-situation-report"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pandemicalliance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9650","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pandemicalliance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pandemicalliance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pandemicalliance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pandemicalliance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9650"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pandemicalliance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9650\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9676,"href":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pandemicalliance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9650\/revisions\/9676"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pandemicalliance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/345"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pandemicalliance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9650"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pandemicalliance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9650"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pandemicalliance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9650"},{"taxonomy":"topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pandemicalliance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic?post=9650"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}