Down syndrome (trisomy 21)

Description

Down syndrome is caused by an “extra” 21st chromosome. Children with Down syndrome often have mental retardation, cardiac defects, and hypotonia (decreased muscle tone). Duodenal atresia (blockage of the intestine) may be present. Oral problems can include oral hypotonia, small oral cavity causing tongue protrusion, and delayed and/or abnormal tooth eruption. They are at increased risk for celiac disease.

Possible effects on nutrient needs

Inadequate nutrient intakes may be a problem in infancy and early childhood:

• a narrow palate and/or small oral cavity preventing proper sucking and other oral-motor problems including tooth abnormalities
• hypotonia and delayed feeding skill development making feeding difficult
• malabsorption among children with GI malformations

Lower energy needs can lead to overweight and obesity as children get older:

• children with Down syndrome tend to be shorter than typically-developing peers
• hypotonia and muscle coordination problems interfere with physical activity, decreasing energy needs
• less dramatic adolescent growth spurt than typically-developing children

Possible medication-nutrient interactions

• cardiac medications
• many nutritional supplements promoted to families of children with Down syndrome