7.) How do you stage clinically and pathologically adenocarcinoma of the rectum?
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TNM staging classification of carcinoma of the rectum:
T1 - involving mucosa and submucosa
T2 - invading muscularis propria
T3 - invading the perirectal fat
T4 - invading other organs or tissues
N1 - 3 or less nodes in perirectal area
N2 - 4 or more nodes in perirectal area
N3 - nodes along named vessels
M0 - no distant metastases
M1 - distant metastases
Stage I - T1-2, N0, M0
Stage II - T3-4, N0, M0
Stage III - any T, N1-3, M0
Stage IV - any T, any N, M1
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