Emerging Infections of International Public Health Importance

Readings

MODULE 1:

The Paradigm of Emergence

1. Overview of Surveillance and Emerging Infections

Ann Marie Kimball, MD, MPH

Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States (1992)(Textbook), Institute of Medicine
http://www.nap.edu/books/0309047412/html/

Rana A. Hajjeh, David Relman, Paul R. Cieslak, et al..Surveillance for unexplained Deaths and Critical Illnesses Due to possibly Infectious Causes, United States, 1995-1998, in Emerging Infectious Diseases from CDC vol .8, No.2 February 2002
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol8no2/01-0165.htm

2. Antibiotic Resistance
Carrie Horwitch, MD, MPH
White DG, Zhao S, Sudler R, Ayers S, Friedman S, Chen S, McDermott PF, McDermott S, Wagner DD, Meng J: The isolation of antibiotic-resistant salmonella from retail ground meats. N Engl J Med 2001 Oct 18;345(16):1147-54 Tenover FC, Hughes JM: The challenges of emerging infectious diseases. Development and spread of multiply-resistant bacterial pathogens. JAMA 1996 Jan 24-31;275(4):300-4 Manges AR, Johnson JR, Foxman B, O'Bryan TT, Fullerton KE, Riley LW: Widespread distribution of urinary tract infections caused by a multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli clonal group. N Engl J Med 2001 Oct 4;345(14):1007-13

3. Travel and Emerging Infections
Elaine Jong, MD
Gratz NG: Emerging and resurging vector-borne diseases. Annu Rev Entomol. 1999. 44:51-75. Isaacson M. Viral hemorrhagic fever hazards for travelers in Africa. Clin Infect Dis. 2001. 33:1707-12 Katz AR, Ansdell VE, Effler PV. Assessment of the clinical presentation and treatment of 353 cases of laboratory-confirmed leptospirosis in Hawaii, 1974-1998. Clin Infect Dis. 2001. 33: 1834-1841. Malaria Surveillance--United States, 2000. MMWR. 2002. 51 (SS05):9-23 (July 12, 2002) http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/ss/ss5105.pdf#page=11 Freedman DO and Woodall J. Emerging infectious diseases and risk to the traveler. 1999. Med Clin North Am 83:865-883.

4. Trade and Emerging Infections
Ann Marie Kimball, MD, MPH
Davis R, Kimball AM. The Economics of Emerging Infections in the Asia-Pacific Region: What Do We Know and What Do We Need to Know?. Plagues & Politics: Infectious Disease and International Policy (Global Issues Series) (New York, N.Y. 1999) by Andrew T. Price-Smith (editor) Hardcover May 2001.

MODULE 2:
Current Challenges in Infectious Disease

New Agents

1. HIV and AIDS

Helene Gayle, MD, MPH

Gayle, HD, Hill, GL. Global Impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and AIDS. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, Apr. 2001, p. 327-335, Vol. 14, No.2

Ainsworth, M, Teokul, W. Breaking the Silence: setting realistic priorities for AIDS control in less-developed countries. Lancet 2000; 356: 55-60

Beyond Our Means? The Cost of Treating HIV/AIDS in the Developing World. London, England: Panos Institute; 2000. Available at:

Piot P, Bartos M, Ghys PD, Walker N, Schwartlander B. The Global Impact of HIV/AIDS. Nature 2001 Apr 19;410(6831):968-73

2. Prion Diseases
Christina Marra, MD
Hsich G, Kenney K, Gibbs CJ, Lee KH, Harrington MG. The 14-3-3 brain protein in cerebrospinal fluid as a marker for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. N Engl J Med 1996;335(13):924-30. Prusiner SB. Shattuck lecture--neurodegenerative diseases and prions. N Engl J Med. 2001 May 17;344(20):1516-26. Roos RP. Controlling new prion diseases. N Engl J Med. 2001 May 17;344(20):1548-51. Will RG, Zeidler M, Stewart GE, Macleod MA, Ironside JW, Cousens SN, et al. Diagnosis of new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Ann Neurol 2000;47(5):575-82.

3. New Sexually-transmitted Diseases
King Holmes, MD, PhD
Introduction. In: Holmes KK, Sparling PF, Mrdh P-A, Lemon SM, Stamm WE, Wasserheit JW, eds. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 3rd ed. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1999. Aral SO, Holmes KK. Epidemiology and social/behavioral determinants of STD: Industrialized and developing countries. Ibid The role of M. genitalium in non-gonococcal urethritis. Editorial. Taylor Robinson D, Horner PJ. Sex Trans Infect 2001;77:229-231.

Highly-infectious Agents

4. Influenza

Kathy Neuzil, MD

Glezen WP. Emerging infections: pandemic influenza. Epidemiol Rev. 1996;18(1):64-76.

Reichert TA, Sugaya N, Fedson DS, Glezen WP, Simonsen L, Tashiro M. The Japanese experience with vaccinating schoolchildren against influenza. N Engl J Med. 2001 Mar 22;344(12):889-96.

Claas EC, Osterhaus AD, van Beek R, De Jong JC, Rimmelzwaan GF, Senne DA, Krauss S, Shortridge KF, Webster RG. Human influenza A H5N1 virus related to a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Lancet. 1998 Feb 14;351(9101):472-7.

5. Tuberculosis
Carrie Horwitch, MD, MPH
Cohn DL, Bustreo F, Raviglione MC: Drug-resistant tuberculosis: review of the worldwide situation and the WHO/IUATLD Global Surveillance Project. International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. Clin Infect Dis 1997 Jan;24 Suppl 1:S121-30 Kenyon TA, Valway SE, Ihle WW, Onorato IM, Castro KG: Transmission of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis during a long airplane flight. N Engl J Med 1996 Apr 11;334(15):933-8 Dye C, Scheele S, Dolin P, Pathania V, Raviglione MC: Consensus statement. Global burden of tuberculosis: estimated incidence, prevalence, and mortality by country. WHO Global Surveillance and Monitoring Project. JAMA 1999 Aug 18;282(7):677-86

Common Exposures

6. Food-borne Infections

John Kobayashi, MD, MPH

Diagnosis and Management of Foodborne Illnesses: A Primer for Physicians, MMWR, Recommendations: January 26, 2001 Vol. 50 No. RR--2 (67 pages)

Read "A Primer for Physicians", (pages 1-15)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5002.pdf#page=9

Read "Case study on E. coli O157:H7", (pages 35-40)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5002.pdf#page=43

Bell BP, Goldoft M, Griffin PM, Davis MA, Gordon DC, Tarr PI, Bartleson CA, Lewis JH, Barrett TJ, Wells JG, Baron R, Kobayashi J
"A Multistate Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 - Associated Bloody Diarrhea and Hemolytic Syndrome From Hamburgers: The Washington State Experience. JAMA 272:1349, November 2, 1994

Optional Readings and General References:

CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/mmwr_rr.html

Mead PS et al. "Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis, 1999 Sep- Oct; 5(5): 607-25. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol5no5/mead.htm

Slutsker, L et al. "A Nationwide Case-Control Study of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infection in the United States. J Infect Dis, 1998;177:962-6.

Armstrong GL et al. “Emerging foodborne pathogens: Escherichia coli 0157:H7 as a model of entry of a new pathogen into the food supply of the developed world.” Epidemiologic Reviews, 1996; 18(1): 29-51.

Hedberg, C. "Changing Epidemiology of Food-Borne Disease: A Minnesota Perspective." Clinical Infectious Diseases 1994;18: 671-82.

7. Vector-borne Diseases
Duane Gubler, PhD
Gubler, D.J. Silent threat: Infectious diseases and U.S. biosecurity. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs II(2):15-23, 2001. http://www.ciaonet.org/olj/gjia/gjia_sumfal01a.pdf#page=12 Gubler, D.J. The President's Address. Prevention and control of tropical diseases in the 21st century: back to the field. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 65(1):v-xi; 2001. Gubler, D. Resurgent Vector-Borne Diseases as a Global Health Problem. Emerging Infectious Diseases 4:442-50, 1998. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol4no3/gubler.htm Gubler, D.J. Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 11(3):480-496, 1998. Emerging Infectious Diseases. Vol. 7, No. 4, July-August 2001 (Articles on West Nile Virus) http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol7no4/contents.htm

MODULE 3:
Public Health Response

1. Bioterrorism: Alert and Response
Col. Patrick Kelley, MD, DrPH
Pavlin JA. “Epidemiology of bioterrorism.” Emerg Infect Dis, 1999 Jul-Aug; 5(4): 528-30. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol5no4/pavlin.htm Danzig R, Berkowsky PB. “Why should we be concerned about biological warfare?” JAMA, 1997; 278(5): 431-432. Torok TJ, Tauxe RV, Wise RP, Livengood JR, Sokolow R, Mauvais S, Birkness KA, Skeels MR, Horan JM, Foster LR. “A large community outbreak of salmonellosis caused by intentional contamination of restaurant salad bars.”, JAMA, 278(5): 389-395. Holloway HC, Norwood AE, Fullerton CS, Engel CC Jr, Ursano RJ. “The threat of biological weapons: prophylaxis and mitagation of psychological and social consequences.” JAMA, 1997; 278(5): 425-427. (optional)

2. Describing Place: Geographic Information Systems
Dick Hoskins, PhD, MPH
Richards TB, Croner CM, Novick LF. “Geographic information systems (GIS) for state and local public health practitioners, Part 1.” J Public Health Manag Pract, 1999 Mar; 5(2): 73-6. Richards TB, Croner CM, Novick LF. “Geographic information systems in public health, part 2.” J Public Health Manag Pract, 1999 Jul; 5(4): 1-6.

3. Vaccine Initiatives and Institutional Structure
Mark Kane, MD
Kane MA. “Status of hepatitis B immunization programmes in 1998.” Vaccine, 1998 Nov; 16 Suppl: S104-8. Simonsen L, Kane A, Lloyd J, Zaffran M, Kane M. “Unsafe injections in the developing world and transmission of bloodborne pathogens: a review.” Bull World Health Organ, 1999; 77(10): 789-800. http://www.who.int/bulletin/pdf/issue10/simonsen.pdf Maynard JE, Kane MA, Hadler SC. “Global control of hepatitis B through vaccination: role of hepatitis B vaccine in the Expanded Programme on Immunization.” Rev Infect Dis, 1989 May-Jun; 11 Suppl 3: S574-8.

4. World Health Organization: Outbreak Verification and Response
David Heymann, MD
Grein TW, Kamara KB, Rodier G, Plant AJ, Bovier P, Ryan MJ, Ohyama T, Heymann DL. Rumors of disease in the global village: outbreak verification. Emerg Infect Dis. 2000 Mar-Apr;6(2):97-102. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol6no2/grein.htm WHO Reports on Infectious Diseases - 1999: Removing Obstacles to Healthy Development - 2000: Overcoming antimicrobial resistance Both accessible from: http://www.who.int/infectious-disease-report/ The tools and strategies for success in disease control Read online Health: a key to prosperity. Success stories in developing countries http://www.who.int/inf-new/ Responding to the deliberate use of biological agents and chemicals as weapons (includes WHO guidance on anthrax and smallpox and a link to the draft revised edition of Health aspects of biological and chemical weapons) http://www.who.int/csr/delibepidemics/en/ Plotkin BJ, Kimball AM. Designing an international policy and legal framework for the control of emerging infectious diseases: first steps. Emerg Infect Dis. 1997 Jan-Mar;3(1):1-9. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol3no1/plotkin.htm Weekly Epidemiologiy Record. Disseminates timely epidemiological information and revisions of international health regulations http://www.who.int/wer/ Steve Charnovitz. The Supervision of Health and Biosafety Regulation by World Trade Rules, 13 Tulane Environmental Law Journal 271 (2001) http://geocities.com/charnovitz/Tulane.htm WTO. SPS Measures http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/sps_e/sps_e.htm WTO. Understanding the WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measure (1998) http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/sps_e/spsund_e.htm D. Bodansky. Technical Briefing Series: Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: What Makes International Agreements Effective? Some Pointers for the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, WHO/NCO/TFI/99.4 (Geneva, 1999) http://www5.who.int/tobacco/repository/stp41/FCTC4.pdf

© 2002 University of Washington Department of Health Services
Box 357660, Seattle, WA 98195-7660
e-mail: carrieho@u.washington.edu