|
Primary |
Anode |
Cathode |
Reaction Mechanism |
Voltage% |
Energy% |
Density^ |
|
Leclanche
|
Zn
|
MnO2
|
Zn + 2MnO2
à
ZnO + Mn2O3 |
1.6 |
358 |
165
|
|
Magnesium
|
Mg
|
MnO2 |
Mg + 2MnO2 + H2O
à
Mn2O3 + Mg(OH)2 |
2.8
|
759 |
195 |
|
Alkaline MnO2 |
Zn
|
MnO2 |
Zn + 2MnO2
à
ZnO + Mn2O3 |
1.5 |
358 |
400 |
|
Mercury |
Zn
|
HgO |
Zn
+ HgO à ZnO + Hg
|
1.34 |
255 |
470 |
|
Mercad |
Cd |
HgO |
Cd + HgO + H2O
à
Cd(OH)2 + Hg |
0.91 |
148 |
230 |
| Silver
Oxide |
Zn |
Ag2O
|
Zn + Ag2O
+ H2O
à
Zn(OH)2 + 2Ag |
1.6 |
288 |
525 |
|
Zinc/O2
|
Zn
|
O2
|
Zn + 0.5O2
à
ZnO |
1.65 |
1085 |
1300 |
|
Zinc/Air
|
Zn |
Air
|
Zn + 0.5O2
à
ZnO |
1.65 |
1353 |
1300 |
|
Li/SOCl2 |
Li |
SOCl2 |
4Li + 2SOCl2
à
4LiCl + S + SO2 |
3.65 |
1471 |
1100 |
|
Li/SO2 |
Li |
SO2
|
2Li + 2SO2
à
Li2S2O4
|
3.1 |
1175 |
415 |
|
LiMnO2
|
Li |
MnO2
|
Li + MnIVO2
àMnIVO2(Li+) |
3.5 |
1001 |
535 |
|
Li/FeS2
|
Li |
FeS2 |
4Li + FeS2
àLi2S
+ Fe |
1.8 |
1307 |
500 |
|
Li/(CF)n |
Li |
(CF)n
|
nLi + (CF)n
à
nLiF + nC |
3.1 |
2189 |
635 |
|
Li/I2(3)
|
Li |
I2(P2VP) |
Li + 0.5I2
à
LiI |
2.8 |
560 |
900 |
|
Secondary |
Anode |
Cathode |
Reaction Mechanism |
Voltage% |
Energy% |
Density^ |
|
Lead-Acid
|
Pb |
PbO2 |
Pb + PbO2
+ 2H2SO4
à
2PbSO4 + 2 H2O |
2.1 |
252 |
70 |
|
Edison
|
Fe |
NiO2 |
Fe + 2NiOOH + 2H2O
à
2Ni(OH)2 + Fe(OH)2 |
1.4 |
314 |
355 |
|
Nickel-Cadmium |
Cd |
NiO2
|
Cd + 2NiOOH + 2H2O
à
2Ni(OH)2 + Cd(OH)2 |
1.35 |
244 |
100 |
|
Nickel-Zinc
|
Zn |
NiO2 |
Zn + 2NiOOH + 2H2O
à
2Ni(OH)2 + Zn(OH)2 |
1.73 |
372 |
120 |
|
Nickel-Hydrogen |
H2 |
NiO2
|
H2 + 2NiOOH
à
2Ni(OH)2 |
1.5 |
434 |
60 |
|
Nickel Metal Hydride
|
MH |
NiO2
|
MH + NiOOH
à
M + Ni(OH)2 |
1.35 |
240 |
240 |
|
Silver-Zinc
|
Zn |
AgO |
Zn + AgO + H2O
à
Zn(OH)2 + Ag |
1.85 |
524
|
180 |
|
Silver-Cadmium |
Cd |
AgO |
Cd + AgO + H2O
à
Cd(OH)2 + Ag |
1.4 |
318 |
120 |
|
Zinc/Chlorine |
Zn |
Cl2 |
Zn + Cl2
à
ZnCl2 |
2.12 |
835 |
- |
|
Zinc/Bromine
|
Zn
|
Br2 |
Zn + Br2
à
Zn Br2 |
1.85 |
572 |
60 |
|
Lithium Ion
|
LixC6 |
Li(i-x)CoO2 |
LixC6 + Li(i-x)CoO2
à
LiCoO2 +C6 |
4.1 |
410 |
400 |
|
Lithium/MnO2
|
Li |
MnO2 |
Li + MnIVO2
à
MnIVO2(Li+) |
3.5 |
1001 |
265 |
|
Lithium/FeS2 |
Li(Al) |
FeS2 |
2Li(Al) + FeS2
à
Li2FeS2 + 2Al |
1.73 |
493 |
350 |
|
Lithium/FeSv |
Li(Al) |
FeS |
2Li(Al) + FeS
à
Li2S + Fe + 2Al |
1.33 |
459 |
220 |
|
Sodium/Sulfer
|
Na |
S |
2Na + 3S
à
Na2S3 |
2.1 |
792 |
345 |
|
Sodium/NiCl2
|
Na |
NiCl2 |
2Na + NiCl2
à
2NaCl + Ni |
2058
|
787 |
190 |
|
Reserve |
Anode |
Cathode |
Reaction Mechanism |
Voltage% |
Energy% |
Density^ |
|
Cuprous Chloride |
Mg |
CuCl
|
Mg + Cu2Cl2
à
MgCl2 + 2Cu |
1.6 |
386 |
80 |
|
Zinc/AgO |
Zn
|
AgO |
Zn + AgO + H20
à
Zn (OH)2 + Hg |
1.81 |
512 |
75 |
|
Thermal |
Li |
FeS2 |
Various |
2.1-1.6 |
1307 |
100 |
|
Fuel Cells |
Anode |
Cathode |
Reaction Mechanism |
Voltage% |
Energy% |
Density^ |
|
H2O2
|
H2 |
O2 |
H2 + 0.5O2
à
H2O |
1.23 |
3660
|
- |
|
H2/Air |
H2 |
Air
|
H2
+ 0.5O2
à
H2O |
1.23 |
32702 |
- |
|
Methanol/O2 |
CH3OH |
O2 |
CH3OH
+ 1.5O2
à
CO2 + 2H2O |
1.24
|
2480 |
- |
|
Methanol/Air |
CH3OH |
Air
|
CH3OH
+ 1.5O2
à
CO2 + 2H2O |
1.24
|
6225 |
- |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
% - Theoretical
Values |
|
^ - Practical Value |
|
Source: The
Handbook of Batteries (3rd Edition) by David Linden & Thomas
Reddy |