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VOLUME 10, ISSUE 8 | August 2023
Paintings by Linda Andrews explore oak prairie habitat
Temporary Host by Linda AndrewsPlease join us at the Miller Library August 2-30 for Denizens of Oak and Fire, an exhibit of Garry oak prairie paintings by Linda Andrews. From the artist:

Through this collection of watercolor and mixed media paintings I invite the viewer to celebrate the intricate relationships between plant and animal species found in the imperiled Cascade prairie-oak habitats. These paintings explore the interactions of these species with each other, with humans, and with our ever-changing world. The prairie-oak habitats, which now only occupy 3% of their historic range, are home to some of the most threatened species in the region.
 
Through my artwork, I aim to shed light on the preciousness of these special ecosystems. Climate change, urban and suburban sprawl, agriculture, fire suppression, lack of awareness, and the introduction of invasive plants and animals all contribute to the difficulty of conserving these unique places. Some of the creatures depicted in my paintings could easily be overlooked due to their small size. It is my hope that viewers will not only appreciate their beauty but also recognize the complexity of their existence.

The opening reception will be Thursday, August 3, from 5 to 7 pm.
Teaming with Bacteria by Jeff Lowenfels
Reviewed by Brian Thompson
book coverJeff Lowenfels was immersed in gardening and small-scale farming as a child in upstate New York. He completed an undergraduate degree at Harvard in Geology, and later earned a law degree at Northeastern University focused on environmental law.
 
With this background, it is perhaps surprising that he has lived most of his adult life in Anchorage, Alaska. Now retired from practicing law, he continues to write a long-running (over 45 years) gardening column in the “Anchorage Daily News.”
 
I recently attended a study weekend on hardy plants at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver where Lowenfels was a speaker. His presentation was fast-paced, with lots of humor, while succinctly telling his personal evolution in understanding garden ecology. He now promotes sustainable gardens that are part of their environment, rather than being artificially separated from nature through practices such as rototilling and the use of synthetic fertilizers, insecticides, and fungicides.
 
This is reflected in the four books he has published. The first, “Teaming with Microbes,” was co-written with Wayne Lewis (published in 2006, revised edition in 2010), and describes the intricate network of organisms in soils. Gardeners are encouraged to promote and protect these networks.
 
“Teaming with Nutrients” (2013) followed with a detailed look at how plants intake necessary sustenance from soils. “Teaming with Fungi” (2017) illustrates that most plants get additional nutritional help through mycorrhizal associations between roots and fungi.
 
Much of the presentation in Vancouver was about his most recent book, “Teaming with Bacteria” (2022), that analyzes a third method of plant feeding using endophytic bacteria. This topic is based on research that is very recent and still developing.
 
I recommend all of these books, as Lowenfels is skilled at presenting scientific concepts and necessary terminology in an easy to grasp manner without being overly simplistic. He is also adept at encouragement. In “Teaming with Bacteria” he writes, “I implore you to pause while gardening every now and then, lean on your winged weeder or push mower, and just contemplate the presence of endophytes in your plants. Think about all they do.”
Ask the Plant Answer Line: Are nativars native plants?
Researched by Rebecca Alexander
book imageQuestion: I’m looking for information about whether cultivars of native plants are considered native. I work as a landscape designer and often need to use native plants around the county to follow regulations.

Answer: There is no definitive answer to your question, and the notion of what is native is fraught with complications. You may have encountered the recently coined term ‘nativar,’ used to describe cultivated varieties of native species.

In the most recent edition of Arthur Kruckeberg’s Gardening With Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest, updated by Linda Chalker-Scott (2019), there is a useful explanation of the differences between natives, varieties, cultivars, and hybrids. In answer to the question of whether cultivars may be used in native gardens, Chalker-Scott says that cultivars can be “naturally occurring forms that are discovered and cultivated for nursery trade, or they may be developed through plant breeding programs.” As to whether cultivars should be used in native gardens, she states that “native purity may be important in special landscape situations such as ecological restoration,” but there is no reason not to use cultivars in home gardens.

Chalker-Scott has written extensively on the use of native plants compared with introduced ones. Her Garden Professors blog post “Native vs. nonnative – can’t we all just get along?” attempts to debunk the tendency “to demonize noninvasive, introduced plants in the absence of a robust body of evidence supporting that view.” Susan Harris of the  Garden Rant blog also discussed Chalker-Scott’s writing on the subject, “starting with definition of ‘native’. According to Linda, that here-before-the-Europeans thing isn’t as clear-cut as we think. For example, the Ginkgo biloba is considered an Asian plant, yet its fossils can be found in Washington State, where it grew millions of years ago. […] She lists the well-known benefits (see any source on the subject), but also the missing caveats in almost all discussions of native plants: ‘Unfortunately, many of us live in areas that no longer resemble the native landscapes that preceded development…The combination of urban soil problems, increased heat load, reduced water, and other stresses mean that many native species do not survive in urban landscapes. … When site conditions are such that many native plants are unsuitable, the choice is either to have a restricted plant palette of natives or expand the palette by including nonnative species.'”

The 2019 article “Native vs. ‘nativar’ – do cultivars of native plants have the same benefits?” (from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Extension blog ) explores how we define native, and what the differences are for native pollinators when faced with cultivated varieties. The answer depends on the nature of the variation: different colored foliage than the plain species, for instance, may affect whether or not insects will be attracted to it. 

Benjamin Vogt’s thoughtful and well-illustrated article, " Navigating Amid Nativars"  (Horticulture magazine, July/August 2022) encourages us to think in a nuanced way about native plant cultivars. Some may be good for pollinators, but “the more we alter a plant, the more we risk reducing its benefits to the fauna around us.” The benefits and deficits of nativars are not straightforward. He suggests keeping in mind that our home landscapes “are not actually restoring nature [..] in the same way we would in a prairie or forest. Those ecosystems require a larger set of more complex rules and goals.” If your aim is to do the most you can to make a garden function like an ecosystem, “use as many open-pollinated, straight species as you can and […] create thick layers with significant plant density that will prove more resilient to a variety of urban and climatic pressures.”
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