MODULE 2: Nutrition and Normal Pregnancy

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Intro

General

Nutrient Needs During Pregancy

Diet and Food-Related Concerns

Issues for Specific Groups

Case Examples

References and Resources

Quiz

References and Resources

References

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Practice Bulletin No. 189: Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2018;131(1):e15-e30.

Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND). Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian diets. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2016;116(12):1970-1980.

Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND). Nutrition and lifestyle for a healthy pregnancy outcome. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2014;114(9):1447-1460.

American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). Effects of early nutritional interventions on the development of atopic disease in infants and children: the role of maternal dietary restriction, breastfeeding, timing of introduction of complementary foods, and hydrolyzed formulas. Pediatrics 2008;121(1):183-191.

American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists (ACOG). Frequently Asked Questions: Pregnancy. Nutrition During Pregnancy. https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Nutrition-During-Pregnancy. Accessed 21 October 2018.

Bianco-Miotto T, Craig JM, Gasser YP, van Dijk SJ, Ozanne SE. Epigenetics and DOHaD: from basics to birth and beyond. Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 2017;8(5):513-519.

Born D, Barron ML. Herb use in pregnancy: what nurses should know. MCN 2005; 30(3):201-206.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/fasd/facts.html. Accessed 26 October 2018.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Parasites – Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection). https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/gen_info/pregnant.html. Accessed 26 October 2018.

Cox JT, Carney VH. Nutrition for Reproductive Health and Lacation. In: Krause’s Food and the Nutrition Care Process. 14th ed. Mahan KL, Raymond JL, Eds. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier. 2017.

Doepker C, Lieberman HR, Smith AP, Peck JD, El-Sohemy A, Welsh BT. Caffeine: friend or foe? Annual Review of Food Science and Technology. 2016;7:117-137.

Dogoua JJ, Mills E, Perri D, Koren G. Safety and efficacy of ginkgo (ginkgo biloba) during pregnancy and lactation. Can J Clin Pharmacol 2006;e277-e284.

Dogoua JJ, Mills E, Perri D, Koren G. Safety and efficacy of St. John's Wort (hypericum) during pregnancy and lactation. Can J Clin Pharmacol 2006;e268-e276.

Dugoua JJ, Seely D, Perri D, Koren G, Mills E. Safety and efficacy of black cohosh (cimicifuga racemosa) during pregnancy and lactation. Can J Clin Pharmacol 2006;e257-e261.

El Hajj N, Schneider E, Lehnen H, Haaf T. Epigenetics and life-long consequences of an adverse nutritional and diabetic intrauterine environment. Reproduction. 2014;148(6):R111-120.

Georgieff MK, Innis SM. Controversial nutrients that potentially affect preterm neurodevelopment: essential fatty acids and iron. Pediatric Research 2005; 57(5, pt 2): 99R-103R.

Georgieff MK. Long-term brain and behavioral consequences of early iron deficiency. Nutrition Review 2011;69:S43-S48.

Gluckman PD, Hanson MA, Morton SMB, Pinal CS. Life-long echoes – a critical analysis of the developmental origins of adult disease model. Biol Neonate. 2005;87:127-139.

Goodnight W, Newman R. Optimal nutrition for improved twin pregnancy outcome. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009;114(5):1121-1134.

Human energy requirements: report of a joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation. Food Nutr Bull 2005;26(1):166.

Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Food and Nutrition Board. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1997.

Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients). Food and Nutrition Board. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2002.

Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Food and Nutrition Board. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1998.

Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium and Zinc. Food and Nutrition Board. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2001.

Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Food and Nutrition Board. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2000.

Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in Dietary Assessment. Food and Nutrition Board. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2000.

Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy: Calcium and Vitamin D. Food and Nutrition Board. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2011.

Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. Weight Gain During Pregnancy: Reexamining the guidelines. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2009. Available at: http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2009/Weight-Gain-During-Pregnancy-Reexamining-the-Guidelines.aspx.

Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Food and Nutrition Board. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1997.

Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in Dietary Assessment. Food and Nutrition Board. Washington, DC National Academy Press; 2000.

Jensen CL. Effects of n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83(suppl):1452S-1457S.

Klein JD, and the Committee on Adolescence. Adolescent pregnancy: current trends and issues. American Academy of Pediatrics, Clinical Report. Pediatrics 2005;116(10):281-286.

Kramer MS, Kakuma R. Maternal dietary antigen avoidance during pregnancy or lactation, or both, for preventing or treating atopic disease in the child. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD000133. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD000133.pub2.

Li J Zhao H, Song J, Tang Y, Xin C. A meta-analysis of risk of pregnancy loss and caffeine and coffee consumption during pregnancy. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2015;130(2):116-122.

Low Dog T. The use of botanicals during pregnancy and lactation. Alternative Therapies Health Med. 2009;15(1):54-58.

Lozoff B, Beard J, Connor J, Felt B, Georgieff M, Schallert T. Long-lasting neural and behavioral effects of iron deficiency in infants. Nutrition Reviews. 2006; 64(5):S34-S43.

Perri D, Dugoua JJ, Mills E, Koren G. Safety and efficacy of echinacea (echinacea angustifolia, e. purpurea and e. pallida) during pregnancy and lactation. Can J Clin Pharmacol 2006;e262-e267.

Szajewska H, Horvath A, Koletzko B. Effect of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation of women with low-risk pregnancies on pregnancy outcomes and growth measures at birth: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83:1337-1344.

US Department of Agriculture. Protect Your Baby and Yourself from Listeriosis. 2017. Online: https://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/food-safety-education/get-answers/food-safety-fact-sheets/foodborne-illness-and-disease/protect-your-baby-and-yourself-from-listeriosis/CT_Index. Accessed 16 October 2018.

US Department of Agriculture. Salmonella Questions and Answers. 2013. Online: https://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/wcm/connect/abff4b65-494e-45f4-9d69-75e168c8524b/Salmonella_Questions_and_Answers.pdf?MOD=AJPERES. Accessed 26 October 2018.

US Food and Drug Administration. Eating Fish: What Pregnant Women and Parents Should Know. 2017. Online: https://www.fda.gov/Food/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/ucm393070.htm. Accessed 26 October 2018.

Williams J, Mai CT, Mulinar J, Isenburg J, Flood TJ et al. Updated estimates of neural tube defects prevented by mandatory folic acid fortification – United States, 1995-2011. CDC MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2015;64(1):1-5.

Williamson CS. Nutrition in pregnancy. Nutrition Bulletin. 2006; 31, 28-59.

World Health Organization (WHO). Maternal anthropometry and pregnancy outcomes. A WHO Collaborative Study. Bull World Health Organ. 1995;73 Suppl:1-98.

 

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Last updated: 02/13/2019