Income inequality in a population
appears to be associated with many social factors, and these papers demonstrate
some of those related to violence, that are linked with measures of community
cohesion. Studies support the key position of income inequality related
to homicide across nations, within nations metropolitan areas, as well
as within cities.
1. Kennedy
BP, Kawachi I, Prothrow SD, Lochner K, Gupta V. Social capital, income
inequality, and
firearm violent crime. Social Science and Medicine 1998; 47(1):7-17
2. Kawachi
I, Kennedy BP, Lochner K, Prothrow-Stith D. Social capital, income inequality
and mortality.
American Journal of Public Health 1997; 87: 1491-8
3. Gilligan
J. Violence: Our Deadly Epidemic and its Causes. New York: G.P.
Putnam, 1996.
4. James O.
Juvenile
violence in a winner-looser culture. London: Free Association Books,
1995.
5. Hsieh
CC, Pugh MD. Poverty, income inequality, and violent crime: a meta-analysis
of recent aggregate
data studies. Criminal Justice Review 1993;18:182-202.
6. Wilson
M, Daly M. Life expectancy, economic inequality, homicide, and reproductive
timing in Chicago
neighbourhoods.British Medical Journal
1997; 314: 1271-4.
7. Sampson
RJ, Raudenbush SW, Earls F. Neighborhoods and violent crime: a multilevel
study of collective
efficacy. Science.
1997; 277: 918-924
8. Wilkinson
RG. Health and civic society in Eastern Europe before 1989. In:
The East-West life expectancy
gap in Europe. Edited by C. Hertzman, S. Kelly, M. Bobak. Dordrecht: Kluwer,
1996.
9. Blau J,
Blau P. The costs of inequality: metropolitan structure and violent
crime. American Sociological
Review 1982; 47: 114-129
10.Krohn MD.
Inequality, unemployment and crime: A Cross-National Analysis. Sociological Quarterly
1976; 17: 303-13
11. Crutchfield
R.
Labor stratification and violent crime. Social Forces 1989; 68:
489-512
12. Braithwaite
J, Braithwaite V. The effect of income inequality and social democracy
on homicide. British
Journal of Criminology 1980; 20 (1): 45-53
13. Krahn
H, Hartnagel TF, Gartrell JW. Income inequality and homicide rates:
cross-national data and
criminological theories.
Criminology 1986; 24: 269-295
14. Wilkinson
RG.
Income, inequality and social cohesion. American Journal of
Public Health 1997 504-6 |