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2006 Concurrency
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1. Level
of Service Definitions and Measures
Below is literature that addresses transportation Level of Service (LOS)
and efforts to incorporate multiple modes of travel in calculating LOS.
- Draft Technical Memorandum for the Bellevue, Redmond, Kirkland and
Issaquah Concurrency Study, Task 4c Literature Review, by Haliburton,
Peter, and Paul Ryus of Kittleson & Associates, Inc.
This document reviews state-of-the-art methodologies being used or considered
in Florida and elsewhere for including alternative travel modes —
including transit, bicycle, and pedestrian travel — in the transportation
concurrency process. The report also summarizes other ongoing work in
Florida to implement transit concurrency, and descriptions of existing
methodologies for analyzing alternative modes.
http://depts.washington.edu/trac/concurrency/pdf/lit_review.pdf
(pdf)
- Land Developer Participation in Providing for Bus Transit Facilities
and Operations, by Hendricks, Sara J., and Cecilia Dyhouse of the Center
for Urban Transportation Research, University of South Florida. March
2002.
This report overviews various non-regulatory and regulatory approaches
for gaining private sector land developer contributions toward the provision
of public bus transit capital facilities and the cost of operations.
This report focuses on involvement by land developers in cases of new
land development or redevelopment in which funding or other contributions
was provided to public bus capital facilities or operations, under circumstances
applicable to Florida localities.
http://depts.washington.edu/trac/concurrency/pdf/hendricks.pdf
(pdf)
- Transportation Service Standards – As if People Matter, by Ewing,
R., Transportation Research Record 1400: 10-17.
This paper argues for a paradigm shift in performance measurements away
from speed to personal mobility, accessibility, livability and sustainability,
and it identifies and assesses alternative performance measures used
around the United States.
View article summary (pdf)
- Roadway Level of Service in an Era of Growth Management, by Ewing,
R., Transportation Research Record 1364: 63-70.
This paper calls for fresh thinking about the ways roadway level of
service is calculated and recommends the following innovations in the
calculation: a) a simple regression method for estimating average travel
speeds and, from them, arterial level of service; b) average levels
of service to determine adequacy of facilities within travel corridors;
and c) the 100th rather than 30th highest hourly traffic volumes as
the basis for determining roadway level of service.
View article summary (pdf)
- Performance Standards for Growth Management, by Porter, D.R., PAS
Report 461. APA Planning Press: Chicago, IL., ed. 1996.
The first five chapters of this report discuss the various performance
measures, including those for transportation, that communities throughout
the country have employed. The sixth chapter argues for moving beyond
volume- and speed-based measures for transportation, and the last chapter
discusses some of the key legal issues in performance standards and
zoning.
View report summary (pdf)
- Assessing Level of Service Equally Across Modes, by Winters, P.L.,
C. Francis, E. Mierzejewski, and Lisa, T. White Paper. Prepared for
Florida Department of Transportation by Center for Urban Transportation
Research, College of Engineering, University of South Florida. December
2001.
The primary aim of this paper is to assess the need for developing an
LOS system that can be assessed equally for motor vehicle, bicycle,
pedestrian, and transit modes. This paper is motivated by the knowledge
that current LOS classification schemes make total transportation system
performance and multimodal tradeoff decisions difficult to evaluate.
Hence there is a need to find a method for assessing level of service
across modes in a way that is consistent, as well as easily interpretable.
Full document: http://www11.myflorida.com/planning/systems/sm/los/pdfs/AssessingLOSFinal.pdf
(pdf)
View white paper summary (pdf)
2. Land Use – Transportation Connection
Below are described a couple of reviews of studies that deal with the
connection between land use and transportation.
- Travel and the Built Environment: A Synthesis, by Ewing, R., and R.
Cervero. Transportation Research Record, 1780: 87-114. 2001.
The authors review the literature to explore the effects of the built
environment on key transportation outcome variables: trip frequency,
trip length, mode choice, and composite measures of travel, vehicle
miles traveled, and vehicle hours traveled.
View article summary (pdf)
- Walk and Ride: Factors Influencing Pedestrian Access to Transit, by
Cervero, R. Journal of Public Transportation, 3(4): 1-23. 2001.
By analyzing a) aggregate data from the San Francisco Bay Area and b)
access trips to Washington Monorail services by residents of Montgomery
County, Maryland, the author shows that urban design, particularly sidewalk
provisions and street dimensions, significantly influences whether or
not someone reaches a rail stop by foot. The article advocates conversion
of park-and-ride lots into transit-oriented developments as a means
of promoting walk-and-ride transit usage.
http://www.cutr.eng.usf.edu/pubs/jpt3-4.htm
3. Inter-jurisdictional Cooperation
Both reports examining cooperation among local governments (counties,
municipalities, and special districts) and inter-local agreements were
reviewed. The emphasis here is not solely on transportation but on cooperation
in general.
- Linking transportation and land use by fostering inter- jurisdictional
cooperation: Enabling legislation in eight states, by Carlson, D., and
S. King. Institute of Public Policy and Management, Graduate School
of Public Affairs, University of Washington. 1998.
This reports highlights the lack of institutional mechanisms available
for coordinating transportation and land-use authority at the local,
regional, and state levels. It calls for practical multi-jurisdictional
efforts at the regional and sub-regional levels to fill the void.
View paper summary (pdf)
- King County and City of Seattle Transfer of Development Credit (TDC)
program
Through an inter-local agreement between King County and the City of
Seattle, this program allows property owners to sell the development
potential from a site in rural King County and transfer the development
credits to a site in the Denny Triangle Neighborhood in downtown Seattle.
This program is one of the many that the county has developed with cities
to promote denser urban development and preservation of rural land and
open space.
Source: Turning Regional Visions into Real Results. Carlson, D., and
E.L. Schroer. Project Report. Daniel J. Evans School of Public Affairs,
University of Washington, Seattle. 2001.
http://depts.washington.edu/visions
- Mile High Compact, Denver Region, Colorado (Voluntary Coordination
of Local Plans)
The Mile High Compact is a binding, inter-local agreement among 31 municipal
and county governments in the Denver region. It is a voluntary pact
designed to implement Metro Vision 2020, the regional comprehensive
plan. Signatory governments agree to explicitly link their comprehensive/master
plans to Metro Vision 2020, which includes open space buffers between
cities and a multi-modal transportation system.
Source: Turning Regional Visions into Real Results. Carlson, D., and
E.L. Schroer. Project Report. Daniel J. Evans School of Public Affairs,
University of Washington, Seattle. 2001.
http://depts.washington.edu/visions
More information about Mile High Compact is available at: http://www.metromayors.org/MHCompact.html
- Transportation Capital Transition Agreement between City of Vancouver
and Clark County
Under this inter-local agreement, responsibility for managing the county’s
Transportation Improvement Program (TIP) moves from the county to the
city of Vancouver as areas are annexed. The city adopts and intends
to implement the county’s TIP. The city reserves the right to
modify, create, and define design standards and parameters for projects
or portions of projects with a local share provided by the city. Revenues
for local match, public shares that were collected into the county’s
Road Fund, will now flow into the city’s General Fund. The city
assumes responsibility for the local share of all projects in the annexed
areas after the date of annexation.
The city is to manage the Traffic Impact Fee (TIF) districts that are
wholly or partially included within the annexing area. The county transfers
to the city all fund balances in these TIF districts. For districts
falling under both jurisdictions, a joint decision making process for
project selection and prioritization is established. Existing road improvements
and financing agreements entered into by the county will be assigned
to the city, which will participate in and be signatory to any such
agreements for projects falling within both jurisdictions.
The Inter-local Agreement can be reviewed at http://www.mrsc.org/Subjects/Planning/growth.aspx.
- Revenue Sharing Agreement Between Grant County and the City of Moses
Lake (September 20, 1999)
Grant County and the city of Moses Lake reached a mediated agreement
to provide for timely annexations by Moses Lake while protecting the
financial viability of the Grant County Road fund. The agreement contains
reimbursement formulas to help the county adjust to reduced road revenues.
The city will reimburse the county at a decreasing rate over a six-year
period, corresponding with the time frame of the county's capital improvement
program. Separate formulas are established for resource-based and non-resource
based property annexations. The agreement also addresses city-county
cost sharing for maintenance costs on a specific road. The city will
also reimburse the county for the locally funded portion of any capital
investments made by the county within the unincorporated urban growth
area at the time of annexation.
A copy of the complete agreement is available at http://www.mrsc.org/govdocs/G76-revshare.aspx.
Source: http://www.mrsc.org/Site_Map.aspx
- Urban Growth Area Agreement: A component of the City of Walla Walla
and Walla Walla County Comprehensive Plan Implementation Program
Walla Walla County and the city of Walla Walla have signed an agreement
that establishes a framework to address fiscal impacts of the annexation
of significant developed commercial and industrial properties. In the
agreement, the city and county have established a formula that will
compensate the county for lost revenue resulting from annexation and
compensate the city for expenditures for services to the annexed area.
To view the complete agreement go to http://www.mrsc.org/govdocs/W33-ugama.pdf.
Source: http://www.mrsc.org/Site_Map.aspx
- Snohomish County’s Inter-local Agreements
The county enters into many inter-local agreements with local jurisdictions
such as cities, special purpose districts, and state or federal departments.
These agreements essentially list the details of responsibility and
actions. They are reviewed by the County Council and executed by the
County Executive. Specific agreements briefly described include Master
Annexation Inter-local Agreements and Annexation-specific Inter-local
Agreements
Summary review of Snohomish agreements
(pdf)
Source: http://www.co.snohomish.wa.us/PDS/900-Planning/interlocals/default.asp
4. Concurrency and Adequate Facilities
Below are reports on Florida’s concurrency program, Maryland’s
Adequate Facilities Provision Ordinance (AFPO), and the salient features
of a model AFPO. (Note that there is some overlap in the material included
in this section and Section 1, “Level of Service Definitions and
Measures.”)
- Florida’s Transportation Concurrency: Are the current tools
adequate to meet the need for coordinated land use and transportation
planning?, by Steiner, R. University of Florida Journal of Law and Public
Policy, 2001(Spring): 269-297.
This paper first reviews the history of Florida’s transportation
concurrency requirements, then discusses the process of implementing
transportation concurrency. Finally, recommendations are made for improving
the current system.
View paper summary (pdf)
- Growth management and smart growth in Florida, by Nicholas, J.C.,
and R.L. Steiner. Wake Forest Law Review, 35(3): 645-670. 2000.
This article reviews Florida’s growth management history from
1972 to the present and also its transportation concurrency program.
The review and recommendations about the transportation concurrency
program are similar to those in the above article. In sum, the article
argues for tying local comprehensive planning to budgeting because lack
of funding has been suggested as a major factor in the failure of Florida’s
transportation concurrency system.
Article available through Lexis-Nexis
- Adequate Public Facilities Ordinances and Transportation Management,
by White, S.M. PAS Report 465. APA Planning Press: Chicago, IL. 1996.
This report outlines the various aspects of Adequate Public Facility
Ordinances (AFPO), including their history, the legal issues involved,
and issues to be considered while designing such an ordinance. The report
also outlines the AFPO of Montgomery County, Maryland; the concurrency
system of Florida; and concurrency management regulations of Washington
State.
View paper summary (pdf)
- TDM Evaluation Model from FHWA
The TDM Evaluation Model is a software program that analyzes the vehicle-trip
reduction effects of a wide range of travel demand management strategies.
The TDM model has been widely applied throughout the U.S. to analyze
transportation control measures or other TDM programs. The model can
address the following TDM strategies:
- improved transit
- HOV lanes
- carpooling and vanpooling promotion
- telecommute and work hour strategies
- pricing and subsidies
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/cmaqeat/descriptions_tdm_evaluation_model.htm
5. Funding Mechanisms
Below are reviews of various innovative or regional funding mechanisms.
Also included are documents that look conceptually at some of the regional
funding mechanisms and regional coordination models that might be relevant
for the East Side Concurrency Study
- Cases on External Funding Sources: Dedicated Local Taxes. Chapter
IV (1) in Funding Strategies for Public Transportation (Part B). Transit
Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Report 31 Volume 2, pg: 29-54. National
Academy Press: Washington D.C., 1998.
This chapter looks at the way local taxation has been used by Atlanta,
Georgia, and Pullman, Washington, to fund their transit services.
View document summary (pdf)
- Transit Impact Development Fee: San Francisco Municipal Railway, San
Francisco, California. Chapter IV (2) in Funding Strategies for Public
Transportation (Part B). Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP)
Report 31 Volume 2, pg: 55-66. National Academy Press: Washington D.C.,
1998.
This chapter reviews the key feature of the ordinance authorizing San
Francisco to collect a Transit Impact Development Fee (TIDF). The fee
was designed to recover the operating subsidy and capital expansion
costs of the San Francisco Municipal Railway (MUNI).
View document summary (pdf)
- Real Estate Transfer Taxes
Real estate transfer taxes rely on real estate transactions. Unlike
impact fees that are generally based only on the value of new improvements,
real estate transfer taxes are based on sales price, reflecting the
value of both the land and the infrastructure improvements. Because
real estate transfer taxes are not dependent on new development but
rather on an active real estate market, revenues from real estate transfer
taxes are more predictable than revenues from other financing schemes
such as impact fees.
Source: http://www.vapreservation.org/growth/pf.htm
- San Jose, California: Real Estate Transfer Tax to Fund Facility Development
In 1972, San Jose adopted a real estate conveyance tax that assesses
a value-added tax on every sale or transfer of real property in the
city. Revenues from the tax are earmarked for the acquisition and development
of parks, libraries, fire stations, and emergency services. Under the
current allocation formula, a minimum of 48 percent of tax revenues
must be spent on parks within the district, up to 16 percent may be
expended on parks outside the district, and a maximum of 36 percent
can be spent for specified non-park uses. The majority of San Jose’s
real estate transfer tax revenues are from developed property rather
than from new development.
Source: http://www.vapreservation.org/growth/sjcr1.htm
- Boston, Massachusetts: Real Estate Transfer Taxes Linked to Public
Facility Management
Boston instituted its affordable housing linkage policy in December
1983 with an amendment to its zoning code. Under Boston’s housing
linkage law, developers of large commercial projects are required either
to build affordable housing or to contribute money to build such housing.
The charge assessed to developers is calculated at $5 for every square
foot they develop over 100,000 square feet. By 1990, developers had
committed to pay over $76 million in housing linkage fees, with over
$28 million in linkage fees already committed to create over 2,900 housing
units, 80 percent of which were targeted for low- and moderate-income
residents.
Source: http://www.vapreservation.org/growth/bmlr1.htm
- Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota: Regional Tax Base Sharing Used to
Fund Public Facilities
The regional property tax sharing program within the seven-county Minneapolis-St.
Paul metropolitan area was established by the Fiscal Disparities Act
of 1971, and the state legislature implemented it in 1975. Under the
Act’s requirements, a local jurisdiction compares its commercial
and industrial property values with its 1971 assessment for those properties.
Forty percent of the increase over the 1971 assessment is put in a metropolitan
pool, which is then redistributed according to each community’s
population and overall tax base. When the program began, Minneapolis
and St. Paul were the major beneficiaries. Minneapolis is now a net
contributor because of the successful redevelopment of its downtown,
and St. Paul’s redevelopment efforts have reduced its dominance
of the recipient pool. Small communities are now the major beneficiaries
of the program.
Source: http://www.vapreservation.org/growth/mspm1.htm
- Hackensack Meadowlands, New Jersey: Another Innovative Example of
Regional Tax Base Sharing
In New Jersey’s Hackensack Meadowlands, a regional commission
controls development and apportions property tax revenue among fourteen
municipalities. The tax-base sharing program is aimed at ensuring that
those communities that contain valuable tidal wetlands do not suffer
financially because wetlands can not be developed for business or industrial
development. The 1972 Hackensack Meadowlands Development Commission
and Redevelopment Act provides the legal basis for the tax-base sharing
program. Each town’s tax base as of 1970 is unaffected by the
arrangement, and all the revenues from that tax base continue to go
to the individual towns. Forty percent of the increase in the tax base
over the 1970 valuation is subject to the tax-sharing program. Redistribution
is based on the number of school children and the proportion of property
the town has in the Meadowlands District. All new tax revenues are distributed
among the fourteen towns, with no diversion of tax revenue to the regional
commission.
Source: http://www.vapreservation.org/growth/hmnj1.htm
- Nelson Symposium on Florida's Growth Management Legislation,
University of Florida Journal of Law and Public Policy. 2001 (Spring),
Issue 2.
The eight articles and one commentary articles can be reached through
Lexis-Nexis:
- The Ups and Downs of Growth Management in Florida, Nicholas,
James C.
- Integrating Water Management and Land Use Planning: Uncovering
the Missing Link in the Protection of Florida's Water Resources?.
Angelo, Mary Jane
- Concurrency, Concurrency Alternatives, Infrastructure, Planning
and Regional Solution Issues. Weaver, Ronald L.
- Florida's Transportation Concurrency: Are the Current Tools Adequate
to Meet the Need for Coordinated Land Use and Transportation Planning?.
Steiner, Ruth L, Ph.D.
- Restructuring Florida's Growth Management System: Alternative
Approaches to Plan Implementation and Concurrency. Pelham, Thomas
G.
- A Role for State Planning: Intergenerational Equity and Adaptive
Management. Bosselman, Fred.
- Reforming Growth Management in the 21st Century: The Metropolitan
Imperative. Porter, Douglas R.
- A Call to Revitalize the Heart of NEPA: The Alternatives Analysis.
Wittorff, Kelly.
- CASE COMMENT: Commercial Speech: Mandatory Disclaimers in the
Regulation of Misleading Attorney Advertising, Mason v. Florida
Bar, 208 F.3d 952 (11th Cir. 2000). Borisov, Stacy.
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