Maternal / Fetal Conflict

Maternal-Fetal Conflict: Case 2

A 22-year-old woman in her first pregnancy with an unremarkable prenatal course presents with preterm labor at 28 weeks gestation. Her contractions were successfully stopped with terbutaline. Discharge planning was reviewed with her, and she was instructed to follow a regimen of bedrest and oral terbutaline. She reported that she did not intend to comply with these instructions. She believed that God would not allow her to labor unless it was time for the baby to deliver, and she indicated that He had communicated this to her.

Maternal-Fetal Conflict: Case 1

A 29-year-old woman had an obstetrical ultrasound at 33 weeks to follow-up a previous finding of a low-lying placenta. Although the placental location was now acceptable, the amniotic fluid index (AFI) was noted to be 8.9 cm. Subsequent monitoring remained reassuring until 38.5 weeks, when the AFI was 6 cm. The patient declined the recommendation to induce labor, and also refused to present for any further monitoring. She stated that she did not believe in medical interventions. Nevertheless, she continued with her prenatal visits.

CASE STUDIES

A 29-year-old woman had an obstetrical ultrasound at 33 weeks to follow-up a previous finding of a low-lying placenta. Although the placental location was now acceptable, the amniotic fluid index (AFI) was noted to be 8.9 cm. Subsequent monitoring remained reassuring until 38.5 weeks, when the AFI was 6 cm. The patient declined the recommendation to induce labor, and also refused to present for any further monitoring. She stated that she did not believe in medical interventions. Nevertheless, she continued with her prenatal visits. At 41 weeks, she submitted to a further AFI, which was found to be 1.8 cm. She and her husband continued to decline the recommendation for induced labor.

Which ethical duty takes precedence, the duty to respect the patient's autonomous decision, or the duty to benefit a viable fetus? Is induction of labor a harmful intervention, subject to the principle of nonmaleficence?

Case Discussion

Induction of labor at term is an intervention with demonstrated efficacy and carries low risk to the mother. In this case, it could prevent serious damage to a viable fetus. Informed discussion and persuasive efforts should be continued towards this goal. However, deliberate disregard of maternal refusal for therapy could constitute assault. So long as the fetus is attached to the pregnant woman, her body maintains its life, and bars access to it.

A 22-year-old woman in her first pregnancy with an unremarkable prenatal course presents with preterm labor at 28 weeks gestation. Her contractions were successfully stopped with terbutaline. Discharge planning was reviewed with her, and she was instructed to follow a regimen of bedrest and oral terbutaline. She reported that she did not intend to comply with these instructions. She believed that God would not allow her to labor unless it was time for the baby to deliver, and she indicated that He had communicated this to her.

How can the physician ensure nonmaleficence towards the mother and still promote beneficence towards her fetus? Is the mother competent? Should maternal autonomy prevail over other ethical concerns?

Case Discussion

The gestational age of this pregnancy places the fetus on the border of viability. Extensive, non-coercive discussions are essential to ensure that this patient understands the implications of refusing therapy. You may suggest that she invite her spiritual advisor to meet with both of you to talk together about her beliefs and the impact on her fetus.

If her refusal persists, in light of her unconventional religious claims, a psychiatric consultation might be requested to evaluate her competency. If competency is documented, the ethical principle of nonmaleficence would support refraining from performing any unwanted interventions. If the patient is found to be incompetent, judicial intervention could be considered.