A constructed wetland
can be installed almost anywhere with thoughtful foresight. Excavation
and changing grade constitute the major capital investment therefore
topography is the most important consideration in the selection of
an appropriate site. Close siting to a source water and down gradient
lessen cost and can utilize gravity. Permeability can be manipulated
to make most soil types workable. Sandy soil, however, needs a restrictive
layer installed.
Hydrology concerns follow in designing a site. Precipitation (arid
or semi-arid regions demand investigation of water sources), infiltration,
evapotranspiration, hydrologic loading rates and water depth can
all effect removal of pollutants. A hydrologic budget is suggested
by the EPA to guide design of wetlands and provides equations and
methods. Water rights can also be of concern and replacement of
downstream water may be necessary. Construction must lie above the
water table and outside flood plains. Permits and regulatory constraints
will also give insight into placement of a wastewater pond. One
should consider land use and access, threatened and endangered species
and any archeological and historic resources that might be impacted
or legally protected. Appropriate agencies must be contacted to
determine requirements for zoning and permits. Finally, consider
neighbor's opinions and land values, do not site at the edge of
a property and use a planted buffer zone.
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