Abstract:
The impacts on bridges of a magnitude 9 (M9) Cascadia Subduction Zone (CSZ) earthquake were evaluated to help prioritize earthquake retrofit efforts and support the development of emergency response plans. To evaluate these impacts, researchers developed single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) models of typical pre-1976 and 1976-2018 bridges in Washington state. These models were subjected to ground motions from 30 simulated M9 scenarios, ten locations, and four sets of 30 site profiles. The mean calculated lateral strengths of the older and newer bridges were similar for a wide range of periods and exceeded the strengths expected from design procedures, even after the contributions of the abutments were neglected and material overstrength was accounted for. As expected, the older bridge columns had far less transverse reinforcement than the newer bridges. Near the CSZ, the damage was predicted to be widespread for a wide range of effective periods. The likelihood of column concrete spalling and longitudinal bar buckling ranged from 35-70 percent and 10-30 percent, respectively, with the larger values corresponding to softer site profiles. Far from the CSZ, the flexural damage to bridges was expected to be slight for locations outside of sedimentary basins. For most locations within sedimentary basins, such as Seattle, damage levels were predicted to be low for bridge periods below 0.5s. For bridges with periods of between 0.5s and 3s, the likelihood of concrete spalling ranged from 50-75 percent. For these long-period bridges, the likelihood of bar buckling ranged from 35-50 percent for softer sites and 20-35 percent for stiffer sites. This study did not account for the effects of bridge abutments, skew, or curved alignment. Note also that this study did not consider the possibility of span unseating, column shear failures, or site liquefaction, any of which could lead to bridge collapse.

Authors:
Eberhard, M., Kortum, Z., Liu, K-J, Berman, J., Marafi, N., Maurer, B.

Keywords:
Bridges, earthquakes, Cascadia, damage

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Abstract:
University of Washington researchers developed information tools to increase the speed and efficiency of Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) post-earthquake response and recovery efforts. The researchers upgraded the Pacific Northwest Seismograph Network (PNSN) ground-motion processing software to rapidly generate and disseminate "ShakeMaps," which are maps of earthquake intensity. The researchers also implemented two procedures to estimate the likelihood of slight (or greater) bridge damage; these procedures are based on the intensity of earthquake shaking (obtained from the ShakeMaps) and on each bridge's location, year of construction, and bridge type (obtained from the Washington State Bridge Inventory). The first procedure, developed at the University of Washington, is based on observations of bridge damage from the 2001 Nisqually earthquake. The second procedure is contained in the Federal Emergency Management Agency HAZUS software for predicting the lowest level of damage. Shortly following an earthquake, e-mail and pager alert messages will be sent to WSDOT personnel notifying them of the preliminary earthquake magnitude and epicenter. ShakeMaps and a prioritized list of bridges (ranked by likelihood of bridge damage) will be available on a Web server at the University of Washington and will be pushed to a WSDOT FTP server.

Authors:
Malone,S., Eberhard,M. O., LaBelle,J., Ranf,T.

Keywords:
bridges, damage, earthquakes, fragilities, inspection, ShakeMap, Washington, speed, Washington state, transportation, WSDOT, software, earthquake, bridge, construction, management

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/602.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/600/602.1.htm

Abstract:
Increasing traffic volumes and a deteriorating transportation infrastructure have stimulated the development of new systems and methods to accelerate the construction of highway bridges. Precast concrete bridge components offer a potential alternative to conventional reinforced, cast-in-place concrete components. The use of precast components has the potential to minimize traffic disruptions, improve work zone safety, reduce environmental impacts, improve constructability, increase quality, and lower life-cycle costs. This study compared two precast concrete bridge pier systems for rapid construction of bridges in seismic regions. One was a reinforced concrete system, in which mild steel deformed bars connect the precast concrete components and provide the flexural strength of the columns. The other was a hybrid system, which uses a combination of unbonded post-tensioning and mild steel deformed bars to make the connections. A parametric study of the two types of systems was conducted using nonlinear finite element models to investigate the global response and likelihood of damage for various frame configurations. On the basis of this study, a practical method was developed to estimate maximum seismic displacements from the cracked section properties of the columns, the elastic design displacement response spectrum, and the base-shear strength ratio. The results of the global nonlinear finite element analyses suggest that the systems have the potential for good seismic performance. Further analytical and experimental research is needed to investigate the constructability and seismic performance of the connection details.

Authors:
Hieber,D. G., Wacker,J. M., Eberhard,M. O., Stanton,J. F.

Keywords:
Alternative, bridge, bridges, columns, concrete, concrete bridge, connections, constructability, construction, cost, costs, damage, design, developed, development, environmental, environmental impact experimental, finite element, highway, impact, impacts, infrastructure, methods, models, performance piers, precast, precast concrete, prestressed concete, quality, Rapid construction, Regions, reinforce concrete, research, response spectra, response spectrum, safety, seismic, seismic performance, steel strength, Study, substructures, System, systems, traffic, traffic volumes, trasportation, volume

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/611.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/600/611.1.htm

Abstract:
This research study was conducted to evaluate the in-service performance of existing guardrail end treatments and unrestrained pre-cast concrete barrier in Washington State. For a selected area of the state highway system over a one-year period, local area maintenance personnel were tasked to document incidents, including extent of damage and repair costs, into a database using NCHRP Project 22-13 methodology. Additional information (accident severity, e.g.) from police reports was gathered from the incidents and added to the database. The installation characteristics measured for Breakaway Cable Terminals (BCT) and Slotted Rail Terminals (SRT), along with the related crash data for these devices, showed overall acceptable performance when struck. Review of the incident severities, together with the displacement and damage data on struck barriers in the study area, revealed no significant difference in BCT and SRT performance. The installation, damage, and displacement characteristics examined on struck concrete barrier showed that the pin and loop connections were holding well in incidents, and the barrier displacements during incidents were within the WSDOT design specification for such systems.

Authors:
Igharo,P. O., Murphy,J., Glad,R. W.

Keywords:
performance, guardrail, Washington, Washington state, guardrail end treaments, breakaway cable terminal (BCT), roadside safety, slotted rail terminal (SRT), research, end treatment, precast concrete, concrete, concrete barrier, highway, maintenance, incident, damage, repair, costs, cost, database, methodology, accident severity, data, barriers, WSDOT, design, specification, systems

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/580.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/580.1.htm

Abstract:
The mechanisms of damage to concrete from repeated cycles of freezing and thawing are not well understood and continue to be intensively studied. This report discusses those factors that relate to the paste portion of concrete and actors that relate to the coarse aggregate portion of the concrete. A summary presents preliminary results of the field work related to those two factors.

Authors:
Janssen, D., Snyder, M.B.,

Keywords:
Concrete, freezing, thawing, damage

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Abstract:
Three types of stripping materials installed in recessed grooves are evaluated for reflectivity and durability. Initial performance evaluations have two of the materials showing very little wear and providing good daytime delination but marginal nighttime delineation. The other material is showing considerable damage in the form of cracking and spalling and is providing good nighttime delineation but only marginal daytime due to the loss of material.

Authors:
Deer, R., Mansfield, C.

Keywords:
Cracking, damage, delineation, durability, evaluation, grooves, lane lines, line, materials, performance, performance evaluation, reflectivity, stripping, traffic

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Abstract:
Road maintenance is characterized as the continuing care of the roadway and providing for its intended use until such time as needed improvements are identified and undertaken. Within the scope of recurrent and deferred maintenance activites, opportunities are identified to improve cost effectiveness of surfacing and ditch maintenance and reduce future capital improvements.The selection of equipment, materials and procedure is either a commitment to long-term transportation system goals or they create future constraints. The author shows how subgrade and base course damage can be detected and corrected while avoiding actions that add costs or merely hide the problems; use of geotextiles may benefit road conditions but interfere with future maintenance; selection of dust palliatives may either increase or decrease future costs; basic equipment types and limitations affect maintenance prescriptions; good operating practices improve productiona and protect equipment; some historic practices increase the risk of equipment damage; drainage affects road stability and serviceability; to reshape or smooth blade surfacing and clean roadside ditches; an effective maintenance management system helps identify and prioritize needed improvements.Planning, scheduling and performing roadside ditch, travelway and shoulder maintenance requires knowledge and expertis to be successfully and economically accomplished. Basic maintenance approaches and concepts are suggested and new considerations proposed for aggregate, earth and native surfaced roads.

Authors:
Strombom, R.D.

Keywords:
Aggregate, base, blading, damage, ditch cleaning drainage, geotextile, goals, grading, maintenance equipment, maintenance management, objectives palliatives (dust), planning, scheduling, stabilization, subgrade

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Abstract:
The current design practice used by WSDOT for the design of permanent tieback walls is to assume that the static design of a tieback wall retaining clayey soils provides an adequate reserve of strength to prevent failure during seismic loading. This design procedure is based largely on the assumption that the soil and the wall move together ground shaking and that significant loads are not produced. For tieback walls retaining sandy soils, it is assumed that dynamic loads are produced. Mononobe-Okabe dynamic soil pressures are added to the design pressure to account for the dynamic load. The validity of these assumptions and the resultant design practices is evaluated in this study. A pilot numerical study was conducted on a forty foot high wall with three levels of tiebacks using the program FLUSH. It was found that the wall and the soil tend to move in-phase and only negligible dynamic tie forces are generated. However, the soil above and below the excavation level tends to move out-of-phase, leading to significant dynamic pressures and bending moments in the wall and near the excavation level. It appears that in least some cases, tieback walls with an adequate static safety factor may suffer significant damage or fail during seismic loading and that the use of Mononobe-Okabe dynamic pressures may be conservative.

Authors:
Fragaszy, R.J., Denby, G., Higgins, J.D., Ali, N,

Keywords:
Account, bending, damage, design, earthquake, forces, loads, pressure, program, retaining wall, retaining walls, safety, Sandy soils, seismic, seismic loading, seismic response, soil, soil pressure, strength, Tieback Walls, tiebacks, walls, WSDOT

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Abstract:
The use of liquid anti-stripping additives (LAA) for reducing moisture damage in asphalt concrete pavements was evaluated using pavement cores from pairs of projects with-and-without LAA. Results were analyzed using the tensile strength ratio (TSR). In addition, a diazo-dye for determining the presence and concentration of LAA was attempted to access the value or the test as a field procedure. The chemical additive detection tests proved inclusive, but the TSR analysis gave a positive indication of the need for the use of LAA in the wetter environments of the state, For drier environments and for low traffic volumes, use of LAA may not be cost effective. The indirect tensile test was judged to be a potentially valuable tool for statewide use in the evaluation of stripping additive needs.

Authors:
Malsch, D.A.

Keywords:
Additive, analysis, anti-stripping agents, asphalt, asphalt concrete, Asphalt Concrete pavement, bituminous concrete, Chemical, concrete, cost, cost effective, damage, detection, diazo-dye test, effectiveness, environment, evaluation, indirect tension test, moisture damage, pavement, pavement life, pavements, project, strength, stripping, tests, traffic, traffic volumes, volume

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Abstract:
While gasoline represents one-third of all hazardous materials transported in the country by trucks, the risk associated with gas transportation, as viewed by the private sector, is small. Public perceptions of risk are much greater due to lack of knowledge of probabilities and consequences of spills. Methods to improve knowledge available to the public on gasoline spills and methods to improve estimates of environmental damages from gasoline spills is presented. Generalization of methodologies to hazardous materials in general are discussed.

Authors:
Eagen, P.D.

Keywords:
Damage, environmental, hazardous, highway, highway transportation, gasoline, interim, materials, methodology, methods, public, Risk, transportation, truck, trucks

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Abstract:
As part of their continuing effort to prolong the life of existing pavement systems, highway engineers must continue to improve upon design and rehabilitation methods. In past years, design methods based upon empericism have been employed with considerable success. As loading and materials change or become more complex, the older practices become less useful and a new approach undertaken. Throughout the U.S. and elsewhere, there has been emerging new technology often termed \" rational \" , \"systematic\", \"mechanistic\", and other terms used to describe new approaches to pavement analysis and design. Mostof these are based on elastic or viscoelastic layered representation of the pavement structure and have the potential to become powerful tools for the highway engineer. In recent years, the University of Washington has assisted the Washington State Highway Department on various research projects . One project resulted in a report that has been used to develop guidelines for allowable truck traffic through the concept of pavement damage and/or remaining life . The basis forth is report was the concept that pavement structures can be reasonably well represented by elastic layered systems. Analysis of the mechanistic behavior can then be used to predict pavement response and l i f e expectancy. As a result of this study and after discussions with Highway Department personnel, it was determined that the procedures, techniques, as well as other information used in the above report may be of further interest to them. In other words, the methods as well as results had potential utilization in a wide range of applications . As a result , a seminar program was set up whereby the writer would conduct or lead weekly discussion sessions on key topics.

Authors:
Terrel, R.L.

Keywords:
Analysis, applications, behavior, damage, design, highway, materials, mechanistic, pavement, pavement damage, program, rehabilitation, remaining life, research, seminar, structures, systems, technology, traffic, truck, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
There are indications that many trucks now have front axle loads approaching the maximum allowable for single axles which increases the potential for pavement damage. This report is intended to be a State-Of-The-Art approach to answer several pertinent questions from a theoretical study based on hypothetical pavements and loads, but based on reasonable material characteristics and pavement behavior from previous research. The results are a series of relationships based on pavement life which can be used to determine any number of \"equivalencies.\" These equivalencies can be used to compare the destructive effects of various sizes of single and dual tires, axle loads , pavement thicknesses , speed and temperatures. The general nature of this report provides a wide range of conditions for comparison.on a relative basis.

Authors:
Terrel, R., Rimsritong, S.

Keywords:
Asphalt pavement, axle, behavior, condition, damage, dual tires, equivalencies, loads, pavement, pavement damage, pavement life, pavements, research, single axle, speed, speed and temperature, state-of-the-art, temperature, tire, tire contact pressure, tires, truck, trucks, wheel load

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Abstract:
This report presents results obtained from testing at the G. A. Riedesel Pavement Testing Facility at Washington State University during the period from February 11 to May 4, 1972. The purpose of this project was fourfold: 1) to determine pavement wear caused by studded tires ; 2) to evaluate the resistance of different pavement materials and textures used in the states of Washington and Idaho to wear caused by tire studs; 3) to test pavement materials and overlays to reduce tire stud damage; and, 4) to study the effect of studded truck tires on pavements. Ring #5 consisted of three concentric tracks on which 16 tires travelled in eight wheel paths. Three studded types and unstudded passenger tires , three studded and unstudded truck tires, and 46 sections of various types of pavement materials surface overlays and surface textures were tested. The results are based on wear in terms of rate of wear, area removed, maximum and average rut depth using the WSU Profilometer, and the camera wire shadow apparatus, and are valid only under WSU testing conditions. The findings indicate that some pavement materials are more resistant to the effect of studded tires than others. All types of studded tires tested caused some pavement wear and this affected the skid resistance values. The new types of studs reduced wear of various pavement materials. Studded truck tire wear was less than expected due to equipment problems.

Authors:
Krukar, M., Cook, J.C.

Keywords:
Camera, condition, damage, equipment, facilities, materials, overlay, overlays, pavement, Pavement Durability, life & performance, asphalt pavement, portland cement concretes, overlays, surface textures, studded tires, skid resistance, pavements, project, repair, resistance, skid resistance, studded tire, studded tires, studs, Study, tire, tires, truck, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
This preliminary report presents data obtained from testing at the L A Riedesel Pavement Testing Facility during the period from February 11 t o May 4, 1972. The purpose of this project was four fold: (1) to determine pavement wear caused by studded tires; (2) to evaluate the resistance of different pavement materials and textures used in the states o f Washington and Idaho to wear caused by tire studs; (3) t o test pavement materials and overlays to reduce tire stud damage; and, (4) to study the effect of studded truck tires on pavements.This preliminary report presents data obtained from testing at the G. A. Riedesel Pavement Testing Facility, during the period from February 11 to May 4, 1972.

Authors:
Krukar, M., Cook, J.C.

Keywords:
Damage, data, facilities, materials, overlay, overlays, pavement, Pavement Durability, life & performance, asphalt pavement, portland cement concretes, overlays, surface textures, studded tires, skid resistance, project, resistance, studded tire, studded tires, studs, Study, tire, tires, truck, Washington

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Abstract:
This report presents results obtained from testing at the A. Riedesel Pavement Testing Facility at Washington State University during the period of November 20, 1972 to May 1973. The purpose of this project was three-fold: (1 to determine pavement wear caused by studded tires; 2) to evaluate the resistance of different pavement overlays used in the states of Washington and Idaho to wear caused by studs; and 3) to test pavement materials and overlays to reduce tire stud damage. Ring and Phase of this project consisted of three concentric tracks on which 16 tires traveled in eight wheel paths. Four types of studs in passenger snow two types of passenger tires, and unstudded truck tires, and 22 sections of various types of pavement overlays and surfacings were tested. Four different stripes were also tested. The results are based on wear in terms of rate of wear, area removed, maximum and average rut depths using the WSU profilometer and the camera wire shadow box apparatus. Skid resistance values were measured using the California Skid Tester and the English Portable Skid Tester. The results are valid only under WSU testing conditions. The findings indicate that some pavement overlays are resistant to the effect of studded tires than others. All types of studded tires tested caused some pavement wear and this affected skid resistance values. Some of the newer types of studs reduced wear of various pavement overlays. The pavements having the most wear resistance had the skid resistance retention characteristics. Additives to asphalt skid resistance helped wear resistance characteristics but lowered skid resistance on characteristics.

Authors:
Krukar, M., Cook, J. C.

Keywords:
Asphalt, California, camera, condition, damage, facilities, materials, overlay, overlays, pavement, Pavement Durability, life & performance, asphalt pavement, portland cement concretes, overlays, surface textures, studded tires, skid resistance, pavements, project, repair, resistance, skid resistance, snow, studded tire, studded tires, studs, tire, tires, truck, Washington, Washington state

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