Abstract:
The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) does not have sufficient pavement preservation funding to keep up with inflation and pavement needs. This has cause WSDOT to emphasize in its preservation program lower-cost options such as chip seals. The study was conducted on several aspects of WSDOT chip seals including (1) the optimum timing for alternating chip seals (or Bituminous Surface Treatment (BSTs)) with hot mix asphalt (HMA) overlays, (2) design of chip seal application rates, and (3) a range of construction and performance factors. The research incorporated surveys, literature reviews, and five BST meetings that were held between 2006 and 2011. All of these activities are summarized in this report. WSDOT has continuously changed both policy and specifications as new information became available for improving their chip seal performance. In recent years, a policy change resulted in using chip seals on roadways with up to 10,000 ADT. As such, a secondary factor examined in this study was maximum ADT levels which provide for sensible chip seal construction.

Authors:
Mahoney, J.P., Slater, M., Keifenheim, C., Uhlmeyer, J., Moomaw, T., Willoughby, K.

Keywords:
chip seals, asphalt, ADT, BST, pavement, HMA, inflation, preservation

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Abstract:
This study was conducted for the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) to explore both the need for and the variety of alternatives to the use of an annual application of herbicides for removing vegetation in the area immediately adjacent to the pavement edge. Our study approached these questions in two different ways, developing both a literature review and a set of interviews with people who have specific knowledge or views of these issues. We conducted interviews with three groups of people to identify issues, maintenance alternatives, and significant literature references: (1) staff at other federal, state, and county transportation agencies, (2) staff and volunteers who work with advocacy groups, and (3) researchers at academic institutions who specialize in related areas. Our literature review contains a set of citations that present related management issues and alternative practices. The abstracts for these references were included when available. To summarize what we learned from the interviews and literature sources, we developed a decision framework that could be used to guide WSDOT district maintenance staff in formulating management plans for vegetation. The decision framework differs from current practice primarily in that it begins with the assumption that maintenance of the area immediately adjacent to the pavement is not necessary unless some particular, observable condition triggers the need for such maintenance.

Authors:
Hill,K., Horner,R. R.

Keywords:
agencies, Alternative, Annual, best practices, condition, counties, developed, environmental management, framework, group, herbicides, integrated vegetation management (IVM), interviews, Issues, maintenance, management, pavement, pavement edge, research, review, road ecology, roadside, roadside maintenance, roadside vegetation, Study, transportation, vegetation management, Washington, Washington state, weeds, WSDOT, Zone 1

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/621.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/600/621.1.htm

Abstract:
This research addresses the understanding of, and need for, load spectra in future pavement design procedures and as a stepping stone toward more complete pavement design. The primary objective of this project was to develop truck axle load spectra for Washington State. To do this, axle load data collected at WIM stations throughout Washington State were used. The developed load spectra encompass the principal truck axles on the roadway network: single, tandem, and tridem. Achieving this objective allows the Washington State Department of Transportation, or any state highway agency with analogous traffic patterns, to accommodate the requirements of the 2002 Design Guide, developed through NCHRP Project 1-37A. A secondary objective of this project was to determine whether ESALs obtained from the developed load spectra are significantly different from historical values. Because the developed load spectra are transformable to ESALs, state highway agencies that decide not to use the new guide can still choose to employ the ESALs produced with the load spectra. The project concluded that the developed load spectra are reasonable. For single axles they are comparable to the 2002 Design Guide and MnROAD defaults. For tandem and tridem axles, they are slightly more conservative than defaults of the 2002 Design Guide and MnROAD, but they are still within reason. In addition, the ESALs per vehicle class associated with the developed load spectra are comparable to Washington State historical ESALs for vehicle classes 9, 10, and 13. The use of the newly developed ESALs per vehicle will generally increase design ESALs, but that increase will be due to inclusion of the less predominant vehicle classes (4, 6, 7, 8, and 11).

Authors:
Al-Yagout,M. A., Mahoney,J. P., Pierce,L., Hallenbeck,M. E.

Keywords:
agencies, axle, data, design, developed, development, equivalent single axel load, ESAL, highway, load spectra, pavement, pavement design, performance, project, research, roadway, single axle, traffic, transportation, truck, Washington, Washington state, weigh-in-motion, WIM

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/600.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/600/600.1.htm

Abstract:
The Falling weight deflectometer test (FWD) is a commonly used method for the evaluation of the structural performance of pavement systems. In the FWD test, a large weight is raised off the ground and dropped onto a rubber loading pad creating an impulse load representative of the real loading imposed by heavy traffic on the pavement. The excitation produced by the loading sets off waves in the pavement and underlying soil. Deflection time histories are gathered by an array of sensors placed at several nearby locations. The traditional method for interpreting the FWD data to backcalculate structural pavement properties, involves extracting the peak deflection from each displacement trace of the sensors (deflection basin) and matching it through an iterative optimization method to the deflections predicted by a static model of the pavement. This approach is computationally efficient; and when the depths of the layers are known, and their properties are largely homogeneous with depth, the procedure is effective in backcalculating layer properties. However, when the depths are uncertain or when the moduli vary within a layer, the static backcalculation scheme may not yield reliable results.The goal of this study is to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of using the complete time history of the FWD test to overcome some of the limitations of the static backcalculation procedure, and recover pavement layer moduli distribution and thickness. The problem is also formulated as a numerical minimization problem, where the unknowns are the resilient moduli of thin "computational layers" that discretize the profile. Our initial finding is that this optimization formulation regularized by constraints on the magnitude and spatial gradient of the moduli, coupled with a continuation scheme for imposing the regularization terms, can overcome the ill-posedness nature or the original optimization problem. The computational effort for solving this inverse problem, however, is very significant as it requires repeated calls to the expensive forward problem: an elastodynamic simulation in stiff heterogeneous media. Additional work is needed to speed up the forward problem to be able to perform a more comprehensive evaluation with field data.

Authors:
Turkiyyah,G. M.

Keywords:
research, falling weight deflectometer, weight, evaluation, performance, pavement, systems, traffic, data, moduli, profile, speed

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/586.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/586.1.htm

Abstract:
This project performed extensive study and systematic research on the application of the Highway Development and Management system (HDM-4) to the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) highway system. Data processing, testing, calibration, and analysis were executed to provide the WSDOT with a new budget planning tool. HDM-4 flexible pavement deterioration models were calibrated with the assistance of the Washington State Pavement Management System. A method to calibrate concrete pavement distress models is proposed. This research also explored the application of HDM-4 analysis at the project, program, and strategic levels. The applications include prediction of pavement conditions during a defined analysis period, calculation of required budgets for optimal pavement conditions and maximum economic indicators, establishment of optimized work programs under varying levels of constrained budgets, and other applications for WSDOT.

Authors:
Li,J., Muench,S. T., Mahoney,J. P., Pierce,L., Sivaneswaran,N.

Keywords:
HDM-4, models, pavement maintenance, pavement management, pavement performance, Pavement preservation, vehicle operating costs, research, highway, development, management, management system, Washington, Washington state, transportation, WSDOT, data, calibration, analysis, planning, pavement, deterioration, concrete, program, applications, prediction, condition, indicators

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/588.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/588.1.htm

Abstract:
The intent of this project was to develop retroreflectivity degradation curves for roadway pavement markings. To accomplish this objective, this study utilized a vehicle-mounted Laserlux retroreflectometer to take measurements on approximately 80 test sections throughout Washington state. The resulting retroreflectivity values from roadways with similar average annual daily traffic (AADT) and environments displayed a significant amount of variability. Best-fit trendlines were extrapolated to determine when each category of paint would fall below a selected minimum threshold of 100 mcd/m2/lux and require repainting.Unfortunately, given the variability of the data observed to date, it may not be possible, even with the collection of more data, to create striping performance predictions that have a high level of statistical confidence. According to that schedule, long line painted markings should be painted at least once a year, and heavy wear, long line pavement markings should be painted at least twice a year.

Authors:
Kopf,J.

Keywords:
degradation curves, Laserlux retroreflectometer, pavement, pavement markings, retroreflectivity, roadway, Washington, Washington state, traffic, environment, data, performance, prediction, line

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/592.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/592.1.htm

Abstract:
This report identifies the key issues that must be considered by state and other highway operating agencies in selecting traffic equipment for collecting the truck volumes and load spectra needed for analysis and design of pavement structures. The report also identifies steps that must be taken to ensure that the equipment performs appropriately and that, as a consequence, the data collected accurately describe the vehicles being monitored. The report is a useful resource for state personnel and others involved in the planning and design of highway pavements and structures.

Authors:
Hallenbeck,M. E., Weinblatt,H.

Keywords:
analysis, data, design, highway, pavement, pavements, structures, traffic, truck, volume, Miscellaneous Library

Abstract:
This research was Phase III of field investigations carried out over 12 years at a test section in southwest Washington State in an effort to quantify the contribution of geotextile separators to the long-term performance of pavement sections. Five different geotextile separators, as well as a control (soil-only) section, were installed in a test section covering two lanes with different base course thicknesses on a low volume but heavily loaded rural highway west of Bucoda, Wash. Phase I evaluated the performance of the separators during construction. Phases II and III were conducted to evaluate the performance of the separators 5 and 12 years after construction, respectively. Field and laboratory tests were conducted on the subgrade, granular base materials, and the geotextiles as part of the effort to correlate the performance of the pavement section to the presence of the geotextile separators. Falling weight deflectometer (FWD) testing was also performed at the site as part of the effort to quantify the performance of the pavement section. The laboratory tests indicated that the geotextiles successfully performed their separation function over the 12-year period. However, the soil-only sections had a minimal amount of intermixing at the base course/subgrade interface, indicating that the separation benefits of geotextiles may not be realized under relatively thick pavement sections. Field density tests indicated that the density of the subgrade in the sections with a geotextile generally increased between construction and the first field investigation, whereas the density of the soil-only sections remained about the same. Similarly, the FWD tests showed that the most significant increase in the subgrade moduli occurred in the first few months following construction. However, the soil-only sections exhibited behavior similar to the sections with geotextiles during the FWD testing, suggesting that for the relatively thick pavement sections, incorporation of geotextiles may not have provided a significant contribution to the overall performance of the section over the 12-year period. Some of the FWD results did suggest that geotextiles might contribute to an increase in the base course modulus over time.

Authors:
Collins,B. M., Holtz,R. D.

Keywords:
base, behavior, benefit, benefits, construction, control, density, falling weight deflectometer, field investigations, geotextile, geotextile separators, highway, materials, moduli, pavement, pavement performance, pavement section, research, rural, separators, subgrade, tests, volume, Washington, Washington state, weight, performance

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/595.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/595.1.htm

Abstract:
This report documents the first year results of a pooled fund study among four states (California, Minnesota, Texas, and Washington State) and describes the structure and objectives. The planned continuation of this collaboration during the next two years is described. The pooled fund project established a working relationship among the four State DOT organizations. Under this agreement, each state allocated funding to allow selected DOT personnel and university researchers to participate in a series of technical meetings. Washington acted as the lead state for this pooled fund project, and produced the minutes and other documentation.Four technical meetings were held between July 1999 and January 2000, one in each of the four participating states. The general format for these meetings included presentations from the host DOT and associated research institutions, followed by specific topics of common interest to the four states. The four states quickly identified topics of mutual interest via this process. To provide the ability to study these topics and those identified in the future, the State DOT research managers agreed to establish a management framework to continue information sharing, to plan funding commitments and assure proper oversight and management of the collaborative studies.described.

Authors:
Mahoney,J. P., Pietz,M. D., Anderson,K. W.

Keywords:
California, Consortium, framework, management, Meeting, Minnesota, objectives, pavement, project, research, Study, technology, Texas, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
This report provides an initial examination of current quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) programs at state highway agencies (SHAs). Of specific interest is the states' use of statistically based specifications.The report overviews questionnaire results from the neighboring SHAs, recently obtained information from the Texas Department of Transportation on mix segregation, and sample results from the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) QA database.This report is the first of two that examine the current WSDOT QA hot mix specification.

Authors:
Mahoney,J. P., Backus,A. W.

Keywords:
quality assurance, pavement, specifications, survey, research

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Abstract:
The Washington State Pavement Management System (WSPMS) offers an organized methodology that WSDOT decision makers use to determine optimum strategies for providing and maintaining pavements in a serviceable condition over a given period of time. It also helps improve decision-making efficiency, provide feedback on the consequences of decisions, and ensure the consistency of decisions made at different management levels within WSDOT. Unfortunately, it is not possible, by simply scanning the WSPMS, to pinpoint reasons why pavement sections made of the same general surface materials and subjected to similar traffic and climatic conditions differ in performance. What the WSPMS can do is assist engineers in developing a candidate list of pavement sections with superior and inferior performance. Common characteristics that linkmultiple pavement sections are of particular interest, in part because they may reflect a common practice(e-g., nighttime construction) that leads to superior or inferior performance.This study undertook various extensive analyses and comparisons to help illustrate common attributes of Washington state pavements with superior and inferior performance. The research also reviewed field performance data for Interstate 90 within the 1999 version of the WSPMS. The purpose was to examine all pavement segments on the 480 km of Interstate 90 within Washington state.Reducing variability will allow WSDOT to produce more consistent pavement performance and will allow increasingly effective planning and forecasting. An almost certain byproduct of this increased planning effectiveness will be a more efficient allocation of available funding.

Authors:
Baker,M. J., Mahoney,J. P.

Keywords:
Assessment, condition, construction, data, effectiveness, forecasting, management, management system, materials, methodology, pavement, pavement management, pavement performance, pavement section, pavements, performance, planning, research, superior inferior, System, traffic, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
Recently, WSDOT acquired a non-nuclear, non-destructive, density measuring device manufactured by TransTech called a Pavement Quality Indicator (PQI). TransTech's PQI measures pavement density indirectly by measuring its dielectric constant. A non-nuclear gauge is advantageous because it contains no radioactive source and is therefore not subject to radiological controls, and it can obtain readings in about 5 seconds versus to 4 minutes with a nuclear gauge. Currently, TransTech is collecting data from different agencies to determine the suitability for measuring asphalt pavement density. This brief study presents density measurements from PQI and compares them with nuclear density gauge and core density measurements from three WSDOT 1998 paving projects. This evaluation was a secondary study to 1998 study Asphalt Concrete Temperature in Washington State; therefore this study's experimental design was based entirely on the Temperature study requirements, which resulted in non-random samples and multiple populations within the same sample groups. Despite these problems, results indicate that, when averaged, PQI readings compare favorably with both nuclear measurements and core measurements.

Authors:
Muench,S. T., Mahoney,J. P., Cawley,B.

Keywords:
agencies, asphalt, asphalt concrete, asphalt pavement, concrete, control, core densities, data, density, design, evaluation, experimental, group, indicator, ITS, nuclear gauge, pavement, pavement quality, pavement quality indicator, population, project, quality, Study, temperature, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

Abstract:
Funded by the 1987 Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act, the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP), was a five year, $150 million research program to improve the performance of the nation's roads by addressing four key areas: concrete and structures; highway safety and maintenance; asphalt; and long-term pavement performance. Nearly one-third of the $150 million was allocated for the study of asphalt, specifically to develop performance based specifications that would relate material properties of the binder and the mix to field performance. Superpave (Superior PERforming asphalt PAVEments) encompasses the products of the SHRP asphalt research program and consists of three interrelated elements: an asphalt binder specification with supporting tests; a mix design and analysis system with supporting tests; and performance prediction models. This report is a compilation and synthesis of Washington DOT's (WSDOT) experience with selected components and concepts of the SHRP/Superpave technology to include the following: performance graded (PG) binder usage and specification validation; gyratory mix design; the Superpave Shear Test (SST); and field performance of the Superpave mixes.Binders typically specified by WSDOT (AR400OW and PBAs -2, -5, -6. -6GR) were classified in terms of five Superpave performance grades: PG 58-22; 64-22; 64-28; 64-34; and 70-28. Although data from 171 weather stations suggest that as many as 6 low- and 5 high-temperature grades could be specified, binder availability and regional pavement distress were used to develop guidelines for statewide PG usage. Three binders were recommended for use in the western, northeastern and southeastern regions of the state as follows: PG 58-22; PG 58-34; and PG 64-28, respectively. Validation of the binder specification with respect to low temperature cracking was accomplished using binder and field performance data from 28 projects. The results were very encouraging: the original SHRP algorithm for binder selection correctly "predicted" field performance in 22 of 28 cases, whereas the LTPP algorithm for binder selection correctly "predicted" field performance in 26 of 28 cases.Additionally, a laboratory experiment using the Superpave Shear Test (SST) apparatus was undertaken to test the effectiveness of binder "bumping," i.e., increasing the high temperature grade because of exceptionally high traffic volume and/or slow or standing traffic. The data clearly indicate that the SST is an effective tool for discriminating between binders and that 'bumping" may be effective in reducing pavement rutting. Permanent shear strain for specimens made with a PB 70-xx binder was only 25 to 33% of the shear strain for specimens made with a PG 58-xx binder.As originally configured, the Superpave mix design matrix included seven traffic levels and four temperature regimes for 28 possible compaction levels. Recognizing that the 28 compaction levels made for a somewhat unwieldy system, WSDOT attempted to reduce the number of compaction levels by conducting a series of mix designs at each compaction level. The results of the limited experiment suggest that it might be possible to limit the number of compaction levels required for mix design. Research by Brown et. al. (NCHRP 99) tends to confirm this as they have suggested reducing the number of compaction levels and provided more definitive guidance with respect to each level.Since 1993 WSDOT has place 44 projects which include some component of the Superp ave technology. For 17 of these projects parallel Hveem and Superpave mix designs were conducted. In 13 of the 17 cases, the Superpave design asphalt content was equal to or greater than the Hveem design asphalt content, though the difference was usually no more than 0.2%. A fundamental difference between Hveem and Superpave mix design methods is the compaction device. Data from these field projects indicate that the current kneading and gyratory compaction protocols (at least for 109 gyrations) yield similar air void contents.As noted previously, Washington DOT has placed 44 projects which involve some component of the Superpave technology. For 18 of the projects a conventional Hveem mix design was conducted using a PG binder (Hveem-PG). The remaining 26 projects were truly Superpave, i.e., the materials selection and mix design were established in accordance with the Asphalt Institute's SP2, Superpave Level 1 Mix Design. According to WSDOT practice the following numerical indices trigger maintenance: Pavement Structural Condition (PSC) 10 mm; or International Roughness Index (IRI) > 500 cnVkm. Although relatively "young", the 44 projects are performing quite well. The average values of rutting, PSC, and IRI (4, 91, and 121, respectively) are all well below the "trigger" values. With respect to rutting and PSC, the performance of Hveem-PG and Superpave projects is virtually identical. However, the ride quality of the Superpave projects is a bit rougher than the Hveem-PG binder projects: IRI of 134 for the former and 103 for the latter. The higher values of IRI measured on the Superpave projects may be the result of the typically coarser aggregate gradation or differences in construction techniques.WSDOT's Superpave experience has not been without challenges. Still, its overall experience has been very encouraging. Experimentation with the revised compaction matrix, continued use of the SST, field validation of the "bumping" experiment, and long-term monitoring of field performance will provide the necessary data to allow WSDOTs critical assessment of Superpave's technical merit and economic viability.

Authors:
Leahy,R. B., Briggs,R. N.

Keywords:
SHRP, Superpave, asphalt, intermodal, transportation, transportation efficiency, highway, research, program, performance, concrete, structures, highway safety, safety, maintenance, pavement, specifications, specification, asphalt pavement, pavements, tests, design, analysis, prediction, models, Washington, WSDOT, data, temperature, cracking, LTPP, traffic, volume, compaction, materials, condition, international roughness index, roughness, index, ride quality, quality, aggregate, construction, ITS, monitoring

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Abstract:
This annual meeting covered a wide variety of transportation issues. Bridge and Design issues were discussed, material and pavement specification, as well as strategic planning and traffic control.

Authors:
Anderson,K. W.

Keywords:
69th, Annual, bridge, control, design, Meeting, pavement, planning, specification, strategic planning, traffic, traffic control, transportation, TRB

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Abstract:
This report documents the moldeling strategy and associated verification which permits analysis of multiple PCC plain jointed slabs. Several subbase/soil layers below the slabs and separation of the slab and base layer are considered. Load effects include those associated with both multiple tire and linear temperature gradients. A technique for modeling aggregate interlock shear transfer across PCC pavement joints is developed and verified. The overall development is contained in the computer program EverFE. The computer program uses a graphical user interface which aids its use.

Authors:
Davids,W. G., Turkiyyah,G. M., Mahoney,J. P.

Keywords:
aggregate, aggregate interlock, analysis, base, computer, computer program, developed, development, EverFE, finite element, Finite elements, ITS, Joints, joints load transfer, modeling, pavement, pavements, PCC, permits, program, rigid pavement, temperature, tire

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Abstract:
The impacts that would result from providing "reserved capacity" for trucks rather than restricting trucks are considered in this study. In the extreme case, trucks would be allowed to travel in a dedicated or exclusive lane. A more moderate approach would be to provide a cooperative dedicated lane in which vehicles such as trucks and buses could share a common lane and yet be separated from general traffic.The study determined the following. Reserved-capacity strategies for trucks would offer (1) nearly $10 million in annual travel time savings for the trucking industry, (2) a savings of about 2.5 minutes per average truck trip (less than 8 percent savings in trip travel time), and (3) almost $30 million in annual travel time savings for single-occupancy vehicles in the Seattle region. The difference in travel times between the reserved-capacity strategy that would add trucks to the existing HOV lanes and the one that would add an exclusive truck lane would be insignificant, providing little justification for the construction of an exclusive truck lane. In all likelihood, the impact of reserved-capacity strategies on safety would be small, depending on the particular reserved capacity strategy. Reserved capacity strategies for trucks would accelerate pavement deterioration in the reserved lanes, but the reduction in the pavement deterioration rates of the general purpose lanes might help to balance future reconstruction costs. Surveys of the general public and subsequent statistical analysis showed considerable resistance to reserved-capacity strategies for trucks. However, this resistance is not unlike that encountered when HOV lanes were first considered.It is the recommendation of this study that the idea of reserved-capacity strategies for trucks continue to be presented to the trucking industry, to the public, and to other impacted agencies for discussion and consideration. The study showed that the adverse impacts of such strategies are easily manageable and there is at least potential for freight-productivity improvements.

Authors:
Trowbridge,A., Nam,D., Mannering,F. L., Carson,J.

Keywords:
agencies, analysis, Annual, buses, construction, corridors, cost, costs, deterioration, exclusive truck lanes, freight, freight mobility, HOV, HOV lanes, impact, impacts, improvement, lanes, pavement, public, reconstruction, research, resistance, safety, seattle, statistical analysis, survey, Surveys, travel, travel time, travel times, truck, trucking, trucks, urban

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Abstract:
This research involved field investigations and laboratory testing to evaluate the properties and overall performance of geotextile separators exhumed from the roadway at eight sites in eastern and central Washington (Phase I), and 14 sites in western Washington (Phase II). Both nonwoven and woven geotextile separators of different in-service ages were examined in detail, and specimens were tested in the laboratory for strength and hydraulic characteristics. The subgrade condition and geotechnical properties of the base course aggregate and subgrade soils were also evaluated.Although all of the geotextile separators performed their intended separation function adequately, the geotextiles experienced very different levels of damage during construction. Base aggregate type, rather than initial aggregate lift thickness, appeared to have the most influence on the level of damage. All of the recovered geotextiles installed under an angular base aggregate sustained some damage, while geotextiles installed under sub-rounded to rounded aggregate experienced minor damage, if any. The woven slit-films and needle-punched nonwoven geotextiles experienced similar reductions in strength, and both survived the installation conditions reasonably well (except for one lightweight, needle-punched nonwoven, which was overstressed during installation and which may have been installed under an excessively thin pavement section). Although the heat-bonded nonwovens were heavily damaged during installation, they were installed under some of the more severe site survivability conditions.Test results indicated that the permittivity of the woven slit-films and the needle-punched nonwovens both increased by similar percentages after being washed. The heat-bonded nonwovens had the highest percentage increases in permittivity after washing; this finding suggests that they clog more than other geotextiles. There was evidence that the woven slit-films experienced much more blinding than did the other geotextiles, and that iron staining and caking may also have affected their drainage performance adversely. Most woven slit-film geotextiles did not meet the filtration require-ments set forth by Task Force 25 (1) and Christopher and Holtz (2) when they were placed on fine-grained subgrade soils.The unwashed (i.e., "undisturbed") permittivity results also indicated that most woven slit-film geotextile permeabilities fell well below the Washington State Department of Transportation's (WSDOT) required value. The presence of caked fines on the upper surface of three woven slit-films could indicate that their pore openings were too large for the intended filtration function, and that they might be subject to fines migration. However, the evidence on this point was inconclusive. There was no other evidence of fines migration at any of the sites.All of the pavements examined were in good condition, and damage to the geotextile separators did not appear to have had any negative impact on the pavements' long-term performance. Although one pavement surface showed signs of premature failure, this could not be attributed to the performance of the geotextile separator.

Authors:
Holtz,R. D.

Keywords:
geotextile separators, field investigations, performance evaluation, construction damage, aggregate, subgrade, pavement

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Abstract:
This report documents potential enhancements in three areas for the Washington State Pavement Management System (WSPMS): (1) a checking scheme for the annual pavement condition survey, (2) models for use in estimating vehicle operating costs due to pavement deterioration and their use in the optimal timing of rehabilitation, and (3) an alternate method for estimating pavement performance equations. The earlier report prepared for this study (WA-RD 315.1, Statistical Methods for WSDOT Pavement and Material Applications) provides an overview of various statistical methods. A purpose of that report was to explain statistical methods (with special emphasis on regression analysis) in a straightforward manner to a broad group of users.

Authors:
Mahoney,J. P., Seferian,M.

Keywords:
pavement management systems, pavement, sampling, statistics, costs models, regression analysis, modules

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Abstract:
This report documents the rehabilitation of a faulted Portland cement concrete pavement with epoxy coated dowel bars. The dowel bars were installed parallel with centerline at each joint to reestablish panel to panel interlock. The construction project also included the trial installation of tied PCC shoulders as a means of stabilizing the panels. Diamond grindling was also included in the contract to bring the retrofit pavement back to a smooth longitudinal profile.Early performance results indicate that the retrofit dowel bars are performing better than the tied shoulders with regard to preventing the reoccurrence of faulting.

Authors:
Pierce,L., Korynta,A.

Keywords:
concrete, construction, dowel bar, Epoxy, faulting, pavement, PCC, PCCP rehabilitation, performance, portland cement concrete, profile, project, rehabilitation, retrofit

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Abstract:
The objective of the study was to determine the effectiveness of dowel bar retrofitting of faulted Z7 PCC pavements by (1) modeling FWD Test data for computer model development and verification, (2) evaluating long term effects by simulating material degradation of the rigid pavement system, and (3) determining and classifying deficiencies and trends of the parametric study.The results of the finite element analysis shows that remediation in the form of dowel bar retrofitting greatly reduces fault development. Use of a dowel bar significantly raised the stress concentration of the concrete at the dowel bar-concrete interface. However, these stresses are well below the levels that cause failure. Simulated degradation of the base course increased stresses in the dowel bar and concrete area. Pressure differentials in base course were reduced with use of a dowel bar. Recommendations for future analysis are also made.

Authors:
Muhunthan,B., Jennings,A.

Keywords:
pavement, faulting, modeling, dowel bar, retrofit

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Abstract:
Fourteen geotextile separators, with different in-services ages, were exhumed in western Washington and their short (survivability) and long-term (filtration/drainage) performances were evaluated. The geotextile samples, which included six woven slit-films, six needle-punched nonwovens, and two heat-bonded nonwovens, were taken back to the laboratory in order to evaluate their overall condition and to perform permittivity and strength tests on specimens of each fabric. Samples of the subgrade and base materials were also evaluated in the laboratory. The results indicated that all of the geotextile separators adequately performed their intended separation function, although they experienced very different levels of damage during construction. There was evidence of in-service mechanical damage at one of the sites. The damage to the geotextiles was influenced more by the base aggregate type, rather than the initial lift thickness, although both must be considered in design. All of the recovered geotextiles which were installed under an angular base aggregate sustained damage to some degree. Even two heavier weight fabrics, a 231 g/m2 woven slit-film and a 204 g/m2 needle-punched nonwoven, sustained damage under angular base material. All of the fabrics which were installed under subrounded to rounded base aggregate experienced minor to no damage. The woven slit-films and the needle-punched nonwovens experienced similar reductions in strength and both survived the installation conditions reasonably well (except for one lightweight needle-punched nonwoven fabric which was overstressed during installation and also may have been installed under too thin of a pavement section). The heat-bonded nonwovens were heavily damaged during installation; however, they were installed under some of the higher site survivability conditions. The results of the permittivity tests indicated that the woven slit-films and the needled-punched nonwovens both had similar percent increases after being washed. The heat-bonded nonwovens had the highest percent increases in permittivity after being washed, which suggests that they clog more than the other fabrics. There is evidence that the woven slit-films experienced much more blinding than the other fabrics, and that iron staining and caking could also have a detrimental effect on their drainage performance. In all but one case, the woven slit-film fabrics did not meet the Task Force 25 (1989) and Christopher and Holtz (1989) filtration requirements needed for the subgrade soils with which they were in contact. The unwashed (i.e., 'undisturbed') permittivity results also indicate that most of the permeabilities of the woven slit-film fabrics fell well below WSDOT's required value. The presence of caked fines on the upper surface of three woven slit-films could have indicated that their pore openings were too large for the intended filtration function and they might be subject to fines migration, although this was inconclusive. There was no other evidence of fines migration at any of the sites. All of the pavements were in good condition, and the damage of the geotextile separators appeared to have no negative impact on the pavements' long-term performance. There was one pavement surface which showed signs of premature failure; however, this was not attributed to the performance of the geotextile separator.

Authors:
Metcalfe,R. C., Holtz,R. D.

Keywords:
geotextile separators, condition, performance evaluation, aggregate, subgrade, pavement

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Abstract:
Worldwide, pavement design and analysis is moving toward deflection or mechanistic-empirical procedures. A difficulty with these procedures is that they require some type of adjustment factor to adjust the measured deflections or the layer elastic moduli used in the procedure because of: * the time of day and year (season) when field measurements are taken, and * the effects of the climate related material variations on pavement performance. The basic objectives of this study were to examine seasonal adjustment factors for deflections and layer moduli and to provide guidelines for selecting seasonal adjustment factors that provide a more realistic pavement design. Three sets of deflection basins (Japan, WSDOT, and U.S. Forest Service) were used to estimate seasonal moduli. The EVERCALC Version 3.3 backcalculation program was used to estimate these layer moduli. Based on such results, along with those in the literature, a set of moduli ratios were developed (see Chapter 6). Additionally, recommendations on deflection ratios were made.Worldwide, pavement design and analysis is moving toward deflection or mechanistic-empirical procedures. A difficulty with these procedures is that they require some type of adjustment factor to adjust the measured deflections or the layer elastic moduli used in the procedure because of: * the time of day and year (season) when field measurements are taken, and * the effects of the climate related material variations on pavement performance. The basic objectives of this study were to examine seasonal adjustment factors for deflections and layer moduli and to provide guidelines for selecting seasonal adjustment factors that provide a more realistic pavement design. Three sets of deflection basins (Japan, WSDOT, and U.S. Forest Service) were used to estimate seasonal moduli. The EVERCALC Version 3.3 backcalculation program was used to estimate these layer moduli. Based on such results, along with those in the literature, a set of moduli ratios were developed (see Chapter 6). Additionally, recommendations on deflection ratios were made.

Authors:
Mahoney,J. P., Janssen,D., Copstead,R. L., Uhlmeyer,J. S., Wang,G., Hanek,G.

Keywords:
nondestructive testing, pavement, pavement moduli, seasonal

Abstract:
This report documents the construction of two experimental test sections of asphalt concrete pavement containing polymer and ground rubber additives. The two sections are located on I-5 south of Olympia, Washington and were constructed in the summer of 1992.The test sections were paved with an open-graded using PBA-6 and asphalt cement binders. PBA-6 is a performance based asphalt cement with a polymer additive. is a performance based asphalt cement but with ground tires as the additive. The is a for a new product developed by the U.S. Oil and Refining Company of Tacoma, Washington. The completed test sections are performing well, although the PBA-6GR section is flushing due to too high of an initial asphalt content. The sections will be monitored of 10 years to determine long-term performance.

Authors:
Livingston,J., Anderson,K. W.

Keywords:
additive, asphalt, asphalt concrete, Asphalt Concrete pavement, Asphalt content, asphalt pavement, concrete, construction, counties, crumb-rubber, developed, experimental, line, open-graded, pavement, pavements, performance, performance based specifications, polymer, rubber, tire, tires, Washington

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Abstract:
This document is an upgraded version of Research Report WA-RD 143.2 (February 1988) and is principally the result of continuing work on the WSDOT Pavement Management System (WSPMS). Various statistical methods have been used in the WSPMS and the research team wanted to summarize some of these applications in a separate, straightforward report which may be of value to a broader group of users.

Authors:
Mahoney,J. P., Seferian,M.

Keywords:
statistics, regression, materials, pavement, models

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Abstract:
This first report documents some of the more fundamental features of the Washington State Pavement Management System (WSPMS). Included is an overview of Pavement management principals. Recent additions to the WSPMS include the rehabilitation scoping technique and revised pavement rating scores. These are documented in the report.

Authors:
Mahoney,J. P., Kay,R. K., Jackson,N. C.

Keywords:
pavement, pavement management, performance, pavement policy

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Abstract:
Noise mitigation strategies involving both noise reduction at the source of transportation noise and at the receiver of transportation noise are reviewed. The following major sources of noise within a motor vehicle considered: engine, intake, exhaust, cooling fan, transmission, and tire noise. Current research intended to address methods of reducing noise far each of these sources is discussed. It was found that vehicle manufacturer efforts in the U.S. to reduce vehicle noise is currently being motivated marketplace for quiet vehicles. In addition to the potentialnoise reduction from specific components of the vehicle, it was found that the type of roadway pavement can have a significant effect on noise. A key strategy for reducing transportation noise at the receiver of the noise is land use compatibility planning. local agencies who have successfully implemented and use compatibility planning programs were interviewed. These programs fall into two broad The first category is land use compatibility brought about by zoning. this category, land uses that are inherently with transportation noise sources are adjacent to the sources. The second category, referred to as proponent mi involves a process of mitigation needed to make the use with transportation noise through mitigation efforts funded by the proponent of the development. It was found that noise and land use compatibility programs were most beneficial to communities in the earlier stages of development whereas the use of a local noise ordinance was found to be more beneficial to communities that are more fully developed.

Authors:
Herman,L. A., Bowlby,W.

Keywords:
agencies, developed, development, land use, land use compatibility, land-use, methods, mitigation, noise, noise abatement, noise barriers, noise reduction, pavement, planning, program, research, roadway, tire, tire noise, traffic noise, transportation, vehicle noise, zoning

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Abstract:
Noise mitigation strategies involving both noise reduction at the source of transportation noise at the receiver of transportation noise are reviewed. The following major sources of noise within a motor vehicle were considered: engine, intake, exhaust, cooling fan, transmission, and tire noise. Current research intended to address methods of reducing noise far each of these sources is discussed. It was found that vehicle manufacturer efforts in the U.S. to reduce vehicle noise is currently being motivated marketplace for quiet vehicles. In addition to the potential noise reduction from specific components of the vehicle, it was found that the type of roadway pavement can have a significant effect on noise. A key strategy for reducing transportation noise at the receiver of the noise is land use compatibility planning. Local agencies who have successfully implemented and use compatibility planning programs were interviewed. These programs fall into two broad categories. The first category is land use compatibility brought about by zoning. In this category, land uses that are inherently with transportation noise sources are adjacent to the sources. The second category, referred to as proponent mitigation, involves a process of mitigation needed to make the use with transportation noise through mitigation efforts funded by the proponent of the development. It was found that noise and land use compatibility programs were most beneficial to communities in the earlier stages of development whereas the use of a local noise ordinance was found to be more beneficial to communities that are more fully developed.

Authors:
Herman,L. A., Bowlby,W.

Keywords:
agencies, developed, development, land use, land use compatibility, land-use, methods, mitigation, noise, noise abatement, noise barriers, noise reduction, pavement, planning, program, research, roadway, tire, tire noise, traffic noise, transportation, vehicle noise, zoning

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Abstract:
An analysis was conducted of the impact that overweight vehicles have and will have on the life of the pavements in the Seattle metropolitan area. The study focuses on major Metro bus routes with both rigid and flexible pavements.Recommendations arc made to mitigate the impact of the higher loads from the bus fleet. These recommendations include route modifications to avoid streets with thinner, under designed pavements, increasing pavement thickness for rebuild or overlaid streets, and the purchase of vehicles, which meet legal axle loads.

Authors:
De Bolt,P. G., Chinn,E.

Keywords:
analysis, axle, bus, buses, heavy vehicles, impact, loads, overweight, pavement, pavement design, pavement service life, pavements, seattle, urban

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Abstract:
The use of concrete block pavement (CBP) is limited in the U.S., as most research papers are published elsewhere. This report examines CBP's from several perspectives to provide an overview of this alternative pavement technology. First, the CBP system is described. The importance of using the proper bedding sand graduations is stressed, and the phenomenon of lock-up, or interlock, is explained. The various design methods for CBP's are also presented, and the concept of equivalency factors is discussed. Next, the structural performance of several CBP costs in the Puget Sound area are provided, and the prices paid by WSDOT for asphaltic concrete and portland cement concrete are reviewed to determine their cost competitiveness with CBP.

Authors:
Abate,Lt M. K.

Keywords:
pavement, concrete blocks, design, costs

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External Links: http://depts.washington.edu/trac/bulkdisk/pdf/319.1.pdf

Abstract:
The major objectives of this study were to examine: (1) the types of recycled materials that are appropriate and feasible as alternative paving materials such as glass and tires; and (2) the types of recycled materials, such as mixed-plastics and compost, that can be utilized in all types of transportation applications other than pavements. Seven key products are investigated: tires; glass; asphalt concrete fly ash; compost; mixed plastics; and sign stock. Performance and cost data for pavements is documented for both in-state and nationwide applications. The national experience \'with the use of waste glass as an additive to asphalt concrete and its use in unbound base material is so highlighted. Programs for experimental use of recycled material are outlined. Recommendations for staffing and program changes to deal with recycling are also discussed.

Authors:
Swearigen,D. L., Jackson,N. C.

Keywords:
additive, Alternative, applications, asphalt, asphalt concrete, base, base materials, concrete, construction, cost, data, experimental, fly ash, Glasphalt, highway, highway construction, ITS, materials, objectives, pavement, pavements, performance, program, recycled ACP, recycling, Rubber-asphalt, tire, tires, transportation

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Abstract:
This paper presents the results of a research project to determine the long-term performance of wood fibre embankments, that were constructed by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) beginning in 1972. At the time of their construction, concern existed that wood fibre fills would only provide a 15 to 20 year service life.Performance of existing wood fibre fills was evaluated based on thequality of the wood fibre material, quality of the effluent, and condition ofthe pavement. A visual classification system rating the wood fibre from freshto completely decomposed was developed and used in order to establish acriteria from which all wood fibre mater.ia1 could be -rated.. Visual examinationin conjunction with laboratory tests were used as determining aspects for theeffluent quality. The WSDOT Pavement Management System was used to evaluate relative pavement performance. Site descriptions are presented giving specificcharacteristics and properties of the fills inventoried, An analysis of t h i sinformation was done to determine the effectiveness of the fills.Over half the wood fibre samples were found to be nearly fresh or freshand none w e found to be completely decomposed. In all but one case, thepavement quality over the wood fibre fills surpassed the comparative highwaysegment rating indicating the wood fill\'s performance exceeded thatof the surrounding area. Generally, the surface water in the vicinity of thewood fibre was found to be clean and pure indicating no adverse impact ofeffluent. Given the above findings, embankments constructed of wood fibre werefound to perform well over ahnost a 20. year period. Service life in excess of50 years can be expected - of wood fibre fills.

Authors:
Kilian,A. P., Ferry,C. D.

Keywords:
analysis, condition, construction, developed, effectiveness, Embankments, evaluation, impact, Leachate, management, management system, pavement, pavement management, pavement performance, pavements, performance, performance evaluation, project, quality, research, tests, transportation, Washington, Washington state, Wood fibre, WSDOT

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Abstract:
Two urban Interstate portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements (SR 5 in Seattle and SR 90 in Spokane) were studied on order to (1) determine the mechanisms causing their deterioration, (2) estimate when the pavement condition would become unacceptable and the best time for rehabilitation, and (3) determine suitable rehabilitation alternatives. The rehabilitation alternatives were examined on a life-cycle cost basis. The research done in this study was a combination of efforts at the University of Washington through the Washington State Transportation Center (TRAC), University of Illinois, and the Washington State Department of Transportation.

Authors:
Mahoney,J. P., Lary,J. A., Pierce,L. M., Jackson,N. C., Barenberg,E. J.

Keywords:
pavement PCC, portland cement concrete, pavement, rehabilitation

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Abstract:
The performance of an experimental installation of PlusRide ACP as a bridge deck overlay is summarized in this report. Visual inspections, friction tests, noise readings, and rut depth measurements were taken on both the PlusRide and a rubberized ACP control section. No evidence of better frictional properties, noise reduction or increased service life could be attributed to the PlusRide in comparison with the rubberized ACP control section.

Authors:
Allison,R. E.

Keywords:
asphalt, asphalt pavement, bridge, bridge deck, bridge deck overlay, control, Deck, experimental, friction, inspection, noise, noise reduction, overlay, pavement, performance, PlusRide, resistance, Rubberized, tests

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External Links: http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/100/130.2.htm

Abstract:
The Expert system for Pavement Evaluation and Rehabilitation (EXPEAR) is an advisory system to assist the practicing engineer in evaluating a specific pavement section and selecting pavement rehabilitation alternatives. The objectives of this study were both to evaluate EXPEAR by using Washington state project data to determine the reasonableness of the program's output in comparison to WSDOT's current procedures, and to identify any existing program 'bugs' and/or desirable program enhancements. To evaluate EXPEAR program output, pavement design and condition data were entered from four test sections in Washington. After the pavement data were input, the EXPEAR output results were reviewed subjectively for reasonableness and compared to the state's current procedures for determining appropriate rehabilitation. Although EXPEAR offers several positive attributes, this study found problems with its output. For example, the transverse cracking model predicted cracking that was more severe than WSDOT has observed. Often EXPEAR predicted distress trends that were not reasonable. Also, a test of the risk of the different rehabilitation options appeared to be missing from the program. The researchers concluded that the high level of effort in creating EXPEAR is commendable and that a system of this type can be a useful tool not only for pavement design but also as a scoping and planning tool for pavement rehabilitation. However, WSDOT will probably not use EXPEAR in its present form because the performance predictions of both existing pavements and rehabilitation strategies were generally inconsistent with what has been observed in Washington.

Authors:
Mahoney,J. P., Simmons,H. A., Pierce,L. M., Jackson,N. C.

Keywords:
pavement management, expert system, pavement, rehabilitation, portland cement concrete

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Abstract:
The report study was used to develop an overlay design procedure for Washington state's flexible pavements based on mechanistic pavement analysis. This design procedure incorporates nondestructive testing (NDT) to estimate layer resilient moduli, seasonal moduli adjustments and failure criteria of asphalt concrete fatigue cracking and subgrade rutting. All necessary computations can be done with two primary microcomputer oriented software packages: EVERCALC to estimate layer moduli from NDT data and EVERPAVE or estimate the needed overlay thicknesses.

Authors:
Mahoney,J. P., Lee,S. W., Jackson,N. C., Newcomb,D. E.

Keywords:
pavement management, pavement, overlay, mechanistic, resilient modulus, failure criteria, seasonal variation

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Abstract:
This report describes the construction of an experimental section of asphalt concrete pavement overlay which contained the additive carbon black. A long term evaluation of the overlay seeks to determine if there is a significant difference in performance between it and an adjacent control section of pavement which contains no additive.Preliminary laboratory results indicate that the viscosity/temperature curve for the carbon black asphalt binder has been altered in a way that the temperature susceptibility of the pavement is decreased.

Authors:
Livingston,J.

Keywords:
additive, asphalt, asphalt concrete, Asphalt Concrete pavement, Carbon black, concrete, construction, control, evaluation, experimental, overlay, pavement, performance, susceptibility, temperature, terperature susceptibility

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Abstract:
Often upgrading an aged asphalt concrete pavement involves overlaying a cracked pavement with new asphalt concrete. However, usually the substrate cracks reflect through the new overlay under repeated service loading. Full depth cold-mix recycles asphalt is an alternative that eliminates the potential for reflective cracking. Generally, the performance of cold-mix recycled asphalt concrete pavements in the United States supports its use as base course in flexible pavements. The conditions of three Washington experimental 'cold-mix' pavements after about 6 years of service varied from fair to good, depending on the level of truck traffic. The wheel track rutting of those pavements was not significantly different from rutting that might be expected from conventional flexible pavements under the same conditions. Although the potential for fatigue cracking exists, as it does in conventional flexible pavements, full depth recycling of asphalt concrete eliminates the cause of reflective cracking.

Authors:
Babaei,K., Walter,J. P.

Keywords:
pavement, asphalt, cold-mix recycling, asphalt concrete, reflective cracking

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Abstract:
The two fabric reinforcement products, Petromat and Mirafi 140, placed between a 0.35 ft. overlay of asphalt concrete and an existing PCC pavement have successfully prevented the occurrence of transverse reflective cracking for the 11 year period since completion of the overlay.

Authors:
Allison,R. E.

Keywords:
asphalt, asphalt concrete, concrete, cracking, Fabric reinforcement, mirafi 140, overlay, pavement, PCC, petromat, reflective cracking, reinforcement

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External Links: http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/100/175.1.htm

Abstract:
Experimental installation of rubber-asphalt binder stress absorbing membrane interlayers were evaluated for their ability to delay or prevent reflective alligator cracking. The final results are inconclusive in that after 10 years of service life neither the control sections paved without an interlayer or the remainder of the projects paved with the interlayer have shown any reflective alligator cracking. It is suspected that the thickness of the overlay in combination with the sound structure of the underlying pavement has masked any of the benefits of the interlayer.

Authors:
Allison,R. E.

Keywords:
Alligator Cracking, asphalt, benefit, benefits, control, cracking, experimental, membrane, overlay, pavement, Reflection Cracking, rubber, Rubber-asphalt, SAMI, stresses

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External Links: http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/100/185.1.htm

Abstract:
The WSDOT PMS database was used to develop regression equations for three pavement surface types: bituminous surface treatments, asphalt concrete and portland cement concrete. The primary regression equations developed were to predict Pavement Condition Rating(PCR) which is a measure of the pavement surface distress (ranges from 100 (no distress) to below 0 (extensive distress)). Overall, the equations fit the data rather well given the expected variation of pavement performance information. The relative effects of age (time since construction or reconstruction) were illustrated for the three surface types.

Authors:
Mahoney,J. P., Kay,R. K., Jackson,N. C.

Keywords:
pavement PCC, pavement, performance, statistics, regression, equations

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Abstract:
This document represents the course notes used in training WSDOT personnel on regression modeling techniques. This work was done in conjunction with the development of pavement performance equations by WSDOT personnel which were based on data in the WSDOT Pavement Management System. This study was funded by the Federal Highway Administration.

Authors:
Mahoney,J. P.

Keywords:
regression, statistics, materials, pavement, models

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Abstract:
This document presents a summary of Washington State Department of Transportation\\\'s experience with the 28 projects of the National Experimental and Evaluation Program (NEEP).

Authors:
Toney,C. A.

Keywords:
counties, evaluation, experimental, management, management system, microcomputer, NEEP, pavement, pavement management, program, transportation, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
The use of BoniFibers fiber reinforced Asphalt Concrete Pavement (ACP) at three City of Tacoma intersections is reported. Product selection, fiber reinforced ACP mix design, old pavement removal, construction and evaluations are documented.BoniFibers fabric reinforced ACP appears to provide a durable roadway at intersections that have a high volume of turning and heavy traffic. Continued monitoring of the City of Tacoma fiber reinforced ACP is recommended until major deterioration occurs.

Authors:
Toney,C. A.

Keywords:
asphalt, asphalt concrete, Asphalt Concrete pavement, Bonifibers, concrete, construction, design, deterioration, evaluation, fiber Reinforced ACP, fiber reinforced pavement, monitoring, pavement, pavements, Polyester Fibers, Polymar Fibers, roadway, traffic, volume

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Abstract:
The Washington State Department of Transportation will be conducting experimental field testing of several selected ploymer concrete thin overlays over a ten-year period. The ploymer concrete material is manufactured by private industry firms and installed on selected bridge decks under standard WSDOT construction contracts. Approximately 14 bridges will be involved in the experiment.The study was conducted in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. The Washington State Department of Transportation will be conducting field testing of several selected concrete thin overlays over a ten-year period. The polymer concrete material is manufactured by private industry and installed on selected bridge decks under standard WSDOT construction contracts. 14 bridges will be involved in the experiment. The Snake River Bridge at Clarkston, Washington, Bridge No. 12/915, is the first bridge of the to receive a 1/4 thin overlay. The polymer concrete used is by Polycarb. The deck was repaired and overlaid in June of 1986. Work on the thin overlay began on June 8 and was completed on June 20. A total of 6,477 S.Y. of overlay was involved. Traffic was accommodated at all times on the portion of the bridge not being overlaid. Construction progressed relatively smoothly per the inspector\'s report. The material permitted the contractor flexibility in the rate of installation and in starting and stopping the work. Width of installation was varied to accommodate temporary traffic lanes. Pavement skid tests and bond tests all proved satisfactory. Ninety-one percent of the resistivity tests exceeded the minimum required by the specifications. The majority of the test points that did not meet the minimum specified occurred at the beginning of the work, where the contractor attempted to apply the material with spray that apparently did not provide accurate proportionate mix of the epoxy components. Subsequent tests and reports delamination, half-cell, chloride content, and rutting values to the original deck survey values.

Authors:
Roper,T. H., Henley,E. H. Jr

Keywords:
bridge, bridge deck, bridge deck repairs, bridge decks, bridges, chloride, concrete, construction, contracts, Epoxy, experimental, half-cell, highway, lanes, overlay, overlays, pavement, polymer, polymer concrete, specification, specifications, survey, tests, thin overlay, traffic, transportation, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
This is the final report of PlusRide being used as the wearing course on a bridge deck overlay.A Class D Asphalt Concrete pavement which is an open graded friction course was used on an adjacent bridge as a control for the PlusRide. The PlusRide claims were high friction resistance, reduced noise, increased fatigue properties and deicing characteristics. The PlusRide cost 50 percent more that the Class D and the friction resistance, noise levels and fatigue properties were the same for the PlusRide and Class D. The deicing characteristics could not be confirmed due to the absence of surface icing on highways in the Yakima area.

Authors:
Peters,A. J., Schultz,R. L.

Keywords:
asphalt, asphalt concrete, Asphalt Concrete pavement, asphalt pavement, bridge, bridge deck, bridge deck overlay, claims, Class D, concrete, control, cost, Deck, fatigue, friction, highway, Highways, noise, overlay, pavement, PlusRide, resistance

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Abstract:
This is the final report of an evaluation of an Asphalt-Rubber Binder Stress Absorbing Membrane Interlayer (SAMI) to control transverse, alligator and longitudinal cracking in the asphalt concrete overlay.A control section consisting of a tack coat of CSS-1 applied to the existing pavement was used to compare against the Asphalt-Rubber SAMI and a paving grade asphalt SAMI. Crack mapping for a period of 9 years disclosed the Asphalt-Rubber SAMI to perform slightly better that the paving grade asphalt and much better that the control.

Authors:
Peters,A. J., Schultz,R. L.

Keywords:
asphalt, asphalt concrete, asphalt overlays, Asphalt-Rubber, concrete, control, cracking, evaluation, membrane, overlay, pavement, SAMI, stresses

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Abstract:
This is the post construction and one year evaluation Report of being used as the wearing course on a bridge deck overlay under very high traffic volumes. A rubberized Class D Asphalt Concrete Pavement friction course was used on an adjacent bridge to compare against the PlusRide. The properties evaluated were friction resistance, noise, fatigue properties and deicing characteristics. The friction and noise properties are the same. The PlusRide has deeper ruts and large areas in the traveled lane have delaminated. The deicing characteristics have not been confirmed. The rubberized class ACP is performing better than the PlusRide.

Authors:
Peters,A. J., Schultz,R. L.

Keywords:
asphalt, asphalt concrete, Asphalt Concrete pavement, asphalt pavement, bridge, bridge deck, bridge deck overlay, bridges, Class D, concrete, construction, Deck, evaluation, fatigue, friction, friction course, noise, overlay, pavement, PlusRide, resistance, Rubberized, traffic, traffic volumes, volume

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Abstract:
Three joint sealant materials were installed in a special test section of a Portland cement concrete pavement rehabilitation project located on I-90 near Hyak, Washington. The three materials (1) Dow Corning 888 Silicon; (2) Crafco RoadSaver 231; and (3) Crafco Roadsaver 221 will be monitored for a period of three years to determine their service life and cost-effectiveness.Initial inspections indicate very good performance for all three materials although problems with one area of the silicon sealant test section required a modification of the standard installation procedures to produce a satisfactory final product.

Authors:
Anderson,K. W.

Keywords:
concrete, inspection, Joints, materials, pavement, performance, portland cement concrete, rehabilitation, Washington

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Abstract:
This report describes the construction of experimental asphalt-rubber open-qraded friction course overlays on I-5 in Vancouver, Washington. A 1200 foot section of open-graded pavement was included as a control section. Evaluations will be conducted over a period of three years to measure the performance of the rubber and polymer sections against the control section of conventional open-graded pavement.Initial observations and tests show no significant differences between the control and the asphalt-rubber and polymer sections.

Authors:
Anderson,K. W.

Keywords:
asphalt, asphalt pavement, Asphalt-Rubber, construction, control, evaluation, experimental, friction, friction course, open-graded, overlay, overlays, pavement, performance, PlusRide, polymer, rubber, tests, Washington

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Abstract:
Asphalt mixes modified with the addition of reclaimed rubber granules (PlusRide) and polyester fibers (BoniFibers) were used in a 0.12-ft overlay of a badly distressed section of AC pavement. The distress consisted of transverse and longitudinal cracking which was reflecting through from the underlying old PCC pavement and severe alligator cracking which was an age related fatigue problem. A section of standard Class B dense graded ACP was also put down to serve as a control section for judging performance.The three sections are to be monitored over a period of three years to determine the effectiveness of the asphalt additive products in preventing the reflection of the distresses noted in the underlying pavementfrom showing through in the overlay. The first year inspection revealed that the PlusRide section was showing some longitudinal cracking over the old PCC lane edge. The BoniFibers section was also showing the same longitudinal distress over the lane edge of the underlying PCC plus a small amount of transverse cracking.

Authors:
Anderson,J. L.

Keywords:
additive, Alligator Cracking, asphalt, asphalt pavement mixtures, Bonifibers, control, cracking, Distress, effectiveness, evaluation, fatigue, inspection, overlay, pavement, PCC, performance, PlusRide, polyester, Polyester Fibers, reflective crack prevention, rubber

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Abstract:
The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) has completed construction of twenty-four hot-mix recycle projects as of January, 1985. At the begining of this study there were sixteen completed projects that were to be examined. Evaluation of the laboratory and pavement performance data shows that WSDOT\'s initial two projects, Renslow to Ryegrass (1977) and Yakima River to West Ellensburg Interchange (1978), are still performing very we1l. Although the other fourteed projects have been constructed only within the last two and a half years, the early data indicates equally promising results. Because of the impressive pavement performance exhibited by the recycled pavements, together with hot-mix recycle benefits such as conservation of natural resources, feasibility of construction, and its cost advantage over new ACP, hot-mix recycling has become an attractive addition to the WSDOT paving program.

Authors:
Peters,A. J., Gietz,R. H., Walter,J. P.

Keywords:
asphalt, asphalt concrete, benefit, benefits, construction, cost, data, evaluation, ITS, pavement, pavement performance, pavements, performance, program, project, recycling, rejuvenating agents, Study, transportation, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
The use of liquid anti-stripping additives (LAA) for reducing moisture damage in asphalt concrete pavements was evaluated using pavement cores from pairs of projects with-and-without LAA. Results were analyzed using the tensile strength ratio (TSR). In addition, a diazo-dye for determining the presence and concentration of LAA was attempted to access the value or the test as a field procedure. The chemical additive detection tests proved inclusive, but the TSR analysis gave a positive indication of the need for the use of LAA in the wetter environments of the state, For drier environments and for low traffic volumes, use of LAA may not be cost effective. The indirect tensile test was judged to be a potentially valuable tool for statewide use in the evaluation of stripping additive needs.

Authors:
Malsch,D. A.

Keywords:
additive, analysis, anti-stripping agents, asphalt, asphalt concrete, Asphalt Concrete pavement, bituminous concrete, Chemical, concrete, cost, cost effective, damage, detection, diazo-dye test, effectiveness, environment, evaluation, indirect tension test, moisture damage, pavement, pavement life, pavements, project, strength, stripping, tests, traffic, traffic volumes, volume

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Abstract:


Authors:
Christensen,D. R.

Keywords:
pavement management, pavement, computer

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Abstract:


Authors:
Mahoney,J. P., Jackson,N. C.

Keywords:
asphalt, pavement, design, performance

Abstract:


Authors:
Mahoney,J. P.

Keywords:
pavement asphalt, frost, pavement

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Abstract:


Authors:
Mahoney,J. P.

Keywords:
pavement, asphalt, overlay

Abstract:
The feasibility of adopting the Washington State Pavement Management System(WSPMS) for use by Washington counties was established. The WSPMS designoffers a great deal of flexibility for adjusting the system to satisfy thecounties needs. Some modifications to computer programs will be necessaryand can be accomplished with relatively modest effort. The major adjustmentswill be in those counties input data. The only data that are absolutelyessential are those for determining and evaluating pavement condition andthe most cost effective rehabilitation strategies.The state computer system has an adequate storage capacity to support usageof the WSPMS by a large number of counties. Dial-up capability i s availablefor use of WSPMS from remote terminals. Data processing hardware optionsavailable to counties range from no data processing equipment to stand alonecomputer system,A t r i a l demonstration is recommended, Two counties, one large with in-housecomputer f a c i l i t i e s and one small with no or minimal f a c i l i t i e s would bechosen to test the system.Significant. benefits are anticipated from the use of WSPMS. Washingtoncounties desiring to improve the process o f pavement management may findadopting and operating the WSPMS to feasible and desirable.

Authors:
Kulkarni,R. B., Finn,F. N., Lamot,A.

Keywords:
benefit, benefits, computer, computer program, condition, cost, cost effective, counties, data, design, equipment, maintenance, management, management system, Operating, pavement, pavement condition, pavement management, pavement repair, program, rehabilitation, Study, System, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
The study is reported in two volumes. The first volume summarizes the state-of-the-art on pavement overlay design and presents a research plan to develop an overlay design procedure for the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) The second volume contains an annotated bibliographyof significant pavement overlay literature published since 1968.The state-of-the-art review presented in Volume I addresses pavement evaluation using nondestructive testing and subjective ratings. These are discussed along with the topics of traffic and seasonal variations. Pavement overlay design concepts are identified and discussed. A research plan is presented forthe development of a pavement overlay design system for WSDOT.

Authors:
Newcomb,D. E., Bubushait,A. A., Mahoney,J. P., Sharma,J.

Keywords:
design, development, evaluation, nondestructive testing, overlay, pavement, pavement evaluation, performance, research, review, seasonal, seasonal variation, seasonal variations, state-of-the-art, Study, System, traffic, transportation, volume, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
This report is presented in two volumes. The first volume summarizes the Final Report Sept. 15 - Dec. 15, 1983 14. Sponsoring Agency Code state-of-the-art on pavement overlay design and presents a research plan to develop an overlay design procedure for the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) . The second volume contains an annotated bibliography of significant pavement overlay 1iterature pub1ished since 1968.The state-of-the-art review presented in Volume I addresses pavement evaluation using nondestructive testing and subjective ratings. These are discussed along with the topics of traffic and seasonal variations. Pavement overlay design concepts are identified and discussed. A research plan is presented for the development of a pavement overlay design system for WSDOT,

Authors:
Newcomb,D. E., Bubushait,A. A., Mahoney,J. P., Sharma,J.

Keywords:
agencies, design, development, evaluation, nondestructive testing, overlay, pavement, pavement evaluation, performance, research, review, seasonal, seasonal variation, seasonal variations, state-of-the-art, System, traffic, transportation, volume, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
This report summarizes the pavement management system developed by WSDOT staff over a period of five years. Included is a description of what the system does in terms of the considerable amount of useful output data produced. A discussion is given on how the system was developed, what the pavement rating procedures involve and cost, what computer requirements are, and what typical data processing costs are. The report concludes with comments on how other agencies can use the Washington State Pavement Management System.

Authors:
Nelson,T. L., LeClerc,R. V.

Keywords:
agencies, computer, cost, costs, data, developed, development, Executive, Executive Summary, management, management system, pavement, pavement data file, pavement management, pavement performance, System, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:


Authors:
Mahoney,J. P.

Keywords:
pavement, asphalt, frost

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Abstract:
Statewide sampling of highway runoff continued through 1980-81, and the resulting data has been aggregated with that from previous years to further investigate pollutant loadings. Results have validated the solids loading model previously proposed by Asplund (1980) for Western Washington Highways and tentatively extended the model to Eastern Washington. Loading of there pollutants can be predicted from total suspended solids loading using ratios derived from the data. These ratios may be taken as constants at any Washington State location for some pollutants or as linear functions of traffic or other contaminants. Comparison of runoff from a sulfur-extended asphalt pavement with runoff elsewhere indicates higher sulfate loads in the former case. A limited sampling program along an uncurbed highway section observed higher pollutant concentrations from these sections to curbed areas. Sampling of solids adhering to the undercarriage of automobiles produced widely varying results but suggested that vehicles traveling on rural or unpaved roads accumulate significant amounts of solids that can be released on highways. The final year of field sampling will concentrate on improving the loading models, especially for Eastern Washington application, and continuing the sulfur extended asphalt study with a functional control site experiencing the same conditions.

Authors:
Tai Wik,David Chui, Mar,B. W., Horner,R. R.

Keywords:
analysis, asphalt, asphalt pavement, Concentrations, condition, control, data, extended asphalt, highway, highway runoff, Highways, loads, model, models, pavement, pollutant loading, Pollutants, program, runoff, rural, sampling, statistical analysis, sulfur, suspended solids, traffic, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
The Motor Carrier Act of 1980 and the Staggers Act of 1980 have partially set aside decades of rigid regulations of interstate freight movement. These actions have the potential to bring forth significant changes to the networks of interstate freight transportation. The object of this research was to ascertain the impacts of deregulation of the Washington State transportation system. Information was obtained by surveying and interviewing shippers and freight transportation providers throughout the state. Anticipated impacts, e.g. accelerated rail abandonment or lost of motor carrier service to small communities were not present. The study reflects a relative increase in truck service and decrease in rail service since deregulation. Indications are this may be further amplified in certain regions of the state. The study recommends that potential highway impacts be incorporated into pavement management systems. Transportation officials are enjoined to treat issues relative to truck size and weight, highway cost allocation and deregulation as a single issue. Also, the Local Rail Service Assistance Program should be considered for use to offset any adverse impacts resulting from deregulation. During this period of the study, general economic conditions were poor. This resulted in a decrease in freight shipments and would suggest that some impacts of deregulation have been suppressed.

Authors:
Public Transportation and Planning Division, Washington State Department of Transportation

Keywords:
condition, cost, Deregulation, freight, highway, highway impacts, impact, impacts, management, management system, management systems, motor carrier, networks, pavement, pavement management, pavement management systems, program, rail service, railroads, regulation, research, System, systems, transportation, truck, trucking, trucks, Washington, Washington state, weight

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Abstract:
This report describes the pavement management system developed by WSDOT staff over a period of five years. Both project-level and network-level pavement management are represented within the four broad areas of data processing which combine to constitute the foundation of the system.The design of a pavement data file is laid out together with the process of assembling it. Also shown are the methods used to analyze and convert the file data from pavement condition ratings to pavement performance curves for each project. The performance curves are then used, together with appropriate cost data, to determine the most cost-effective type and time to fix. The network-level program then summarized the need work for each year of a rehabilitation program. Mean are provided for adjusting the program to fit budget constraints or minimum acceptable levels of average pavement condition.It is concluded that the system, operating on biennial pavement condition ratings, provides a good solid framework for orderly analysis to estimate the economic benefits of the type, timing, and sequence of rehabilitation activities applied to a pavement.

Authors:
Nelson,Thomas L., LeClerc,R. V.

Keywords:
analysis, benefit, benefits, condition, cost, data, design, developed, development, foundation, framework, management, management system, methods, Operating, pavement, pavement condition, pavement data file, pavement management, pavement performance, performance, program, project, rehabilitation, System, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
This report describes the pavement system developed by staff over a period of five years. Both project-level and network-level pavement are represented within the four broad areas of data processing which combine to constitute the foundation of the system. The design of a pavement data file is laid out together with the process of assembling it. Also shown are the methods used to analyze and convert the file data pavement condition ratings to pavement performance curves for each project. The performance curves are then used, together with appropriate cost data, to determine the most cost-effective type and of fix. The network-level program then the needed work for each year of a rehabilitation program. Means are provided for adjusting the program to fit budget constraints or acceptable levels of average pavement condition It is concluded that the system, operating on biennial pavement condition ratings, provides a good solid framework for orderly analysis to estimate the economic benefits of the type, timing, and sequence of rehabilitation activities apply to a pavement.

Authors:
Nelson,Thomas L., LeClerc,R. V.

Keywords:
analysis, benefit, benefits, condition, cost, cost effective, data, design, developed, development, foundation, framework, management, management system, methods, Operating, pavement, pavement condition, pavement data file, pavement management, pavement performance, performance, program, project, rehabilitation, System, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
This report assesses the availability and pricing of sulfur with respect to sulfur extended asphalt paving mixtures. The assessment includes a review of past and current trends as well as sulfur estimates up to the year 2000 for the United States and specifically the State of Washington.

Authors:
Mahoney,J. P., Loose,M. K., Lary,J. A.

Keywords:
asphalt, Assessment, availability, demand, extended asphalt, Interim, mixture, pavement, pricing, review, sulfur, Sulfur asphalt, supply, Washington

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Abstract:
This summary report overviews two previously issued study reports. One report assesses the availability and pricing of sulfur with respect to sulfur extended asphalt (SEA) paving mixtures. The second study report concerned a laboratory oriented testing program which was principally used to examine the durability and aging characteristics of SEA paving mixtures.

Authors:
Mahoney,J. P.

Keywords:
aging, asphalt, asphalt pavement, availability, demand, durability, evaluation, Executive, Executive Summary, extended asphalt, mixture, pavement, pavement evaluation, performance, pricing, program, Study, sulfur, supply

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Abstract:
This report summarizes the placement and performance of sulfur extended asphalt (SEA) paving mixtures at a highway test site (SR 270) near Pullman, Washington. The report includes a summary of the mixture and structure designs and construction details. This is followed by a discussion of the data collection and analysis accomplished over a three year evaluation period (1979 - 1982). A major experimental feature of the study was the use of 0/100 (conventional asphalt concrete), 30/70 and 40/60 SEA binder ratios (sulfur/asphalt ratios are expressed as weight percents) in the experimental paving mixtures.

Authors:
Mahoney,J. P.

Keywords:
analysis, asphalt, asphalt concrete, asphalt pavement, concrete, construction, data, data collection, data collection and analysis, design, evaluation, experimental, extended asphalt, highway, mixture, pavement, pavement performance, performance, Study, sulfur, Washington, weight

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Abstract:
This summary report provides an overview of the performance of sulfur extended asphalt (SEA) paving mixtures at the WSU Test Track (Pullman, WA). A brief description of the mix designs, pavement structural design, test track loading apparatus and test pavement configurations is followed by a description of selected test track data (accelerations, temperatures and stain measurements). Finally, a description of the fatigue relationships developed from the WSU Test Track data is presented. Included are laboratory fatigue results.

Authors:
Mahoney,J. P.

Keywords:
911, asphalt, asphalt pavement, construction, data, design, developed, evaluation, Executive, Executive Summary, extended asphalt, fatigue, mixture, pavement, pavement evaluation, pavement performance, performance, sulfur, temperature, test track

Abstract:
This executive summary overviews the placement and performance of sulfur extended asphalt (SEA) paving mixtures at a highway test site (SR 270) Width3Width8608Width3Width8608 near Pullman, Washington. This is the sixth and last report of this study.

Authors:
Mahoney,J. P.

Keywords:
asphalt, asphalt pavement, Executive, Executive Summary, extended asphalt, highway, mixture, pavement, performance, Study, sulfur, Washington

Abstract:
This report summarizes the placement of sulfur extended asphalt (SEA) paving mixtures at two test sites near Pullman, Washington. One site was on an existing state highway and the other made use of the Washington State University Test Track. The report includes the preliminary mix designs, pavement thickness determination, construction details and initial performance data for the test pavements. A major experimental feature of the study was the use of 0/100 (conventional asphalt concrete), 30/70 and 40/60 SEA binder ratios in the experimental paving mixtures.

Authors:
Mahoney,J. P., Christensen,D. R., Terrel,R.

Keywords:
asphalt, asphalt concrete, asphalt pavement, concrete, construction, data, design, evaluation, experimental, extended asphalt, highway, mixture, pavement, pavement evaluation, pavement performance, pavements, performance, Study, sulfur, test track, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
The project goal was to evaluate different methods of cutting recessed skip stripe grooves, and to evaluate various pavement marking materials placed into the recesses. The project objective was to find a marking system for our mountain pass highways that would tolerate snowplowing and sanding operations, studded tires, and chain wear.Three methods of pavement grooving and three types of making material were evaluated over a four-year period. The grooving methods were evaluated with regard to production rate, the quality of the finished groove, and cost. The marking materials were checked for ease of installation, cost durability, and visibility.Only one method of grooving was found that produced the desired recess shape at a reasonable cost and in a timely manner. All three of the making materials were durable enough to survive for three years, but none produced the desired wet-daytime or wet-night visibility needed for adequate lane delineation. This loss of visibility under wet conditions was due to the lack of retroreflectance from the marking materials.

Authors:
Anderson,K. W.

Keywords:
chains, condition, cost, delineation, durability, grooves, grooving, highway, highway delineation, Highways, lane lines, materials, methods, night visibility, pavement, project, quality, rainfall, retroreflectance, snowplows, striping, studded tire, studded tires, System, tire, tires, Traffic markings

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Abstract:
The project identified various highway roadways subjected to load restrictions for cataloguing on a District-wide map. An investigation of freeze-thaw events and pavement deflections was conducted in addition to collection of weather data at selected sites. "Frost Tubes" were evaluated and found to be an effectivetool for measuring frost depths. Limited data was collected due to warm winters and short freeze-thaw cycles. It was concluded that load restrictions are not needed until the temperature changes to a warming period. Additional research is needed to determine when load restrictions should be removed.

Authors:
Whalen,K.

Keywords:
data, Freeze Thaw, freeze-thaw, frost, Frost Tubes, Frozen Pavement, highway, load restrictions, pavement, pavement deflection, project, research, roadway, temperature, winter

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Abstract:
The pavement structure of SR 12 between Montesano and Elma, Washington was evaluated for the proposed heavy loads associated with construction of the Satsop power plant. Information used in evaluating SR-12 resulted from two sources which included field studies conducted by the Washington State Department of Transportation and development of various material strength parameters by the University of Washington. These data were used to model the pavement structure as a layered elastic system. By use of this analysis procedure, the stresses, strains, and deflections were estimated for the expected range of loading conditions. The results indicate that the most probable amount of damage (fatigue and rutting) expected for the non-cement treated base structural sections is less that one to two percent of available pavement life for the "expected" loading condition. An increase in either or both the trailer wheel load and pavement temperature will act to produce greater losses in pavement life. It is estimated that the tensile stresses in the cement treated base may exceed the tensile strength of this material.

Authors:
Mahoney,J. P., Tsunetta,Jerrold Y., Terrel,Ronald L.

Keywords:
analysis, base, condition, construction, damage, data, development, fatigue, highway, loads, materials, model, pavement, Pavement Evaluation, Materials Characterization, Layered Elastic System, Failure Criteria, Heavy Loads, pavement life, pavement temperature, strains, strength, stresses, System, temperature, transportation, Washington, Washington state, wheel load

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Abstract:
Two forms of pavement distress were noted on recent asphalt concrete overlay projects. A general loss of wearing surface under traffic action, termed surface ravelling, was observed on three projects starting the first season after construction.Two forms of pavement distress were noted on recent asphalt concrete overlay projects. A general loss of wearing surface under traffic action, termed surface ravelling, was observed on three projects starting the first season after construction. A concentrated, local loss of surface material in narrow longitudinal strips, designated as strip ravel ing, was observed on four projects approximately the second season after completion. Construction record reviews and field testing and sampling of these projects along with four undistressed projects were made to define the construction methods and equipment used and to obtain samples from areas of good and bad pavement condition. These samples were tested to determine the strength of the compacted mix, and of the aggregate and asphalt constituents. Common factors from the projects showing surface ravelling were a thin lift pavement overlay placed late in the paving season with a tendency toward less than optimum asphalt content. The resulting pavement had high air void content and was readily abraded by traffic during ensuing severe winter weather. Recurrence of this type of problem can best be prevented by increased emphasis on proper compaction and mix design. Remedial work on the present projects should be directed toward a seal coat application. Strip ravelled projects were found to have similar pavement properties in ravel and non-ravel led sections and general to be within desirable limits. Lower strength in resilient modulus tests and physically observed asphalt stripping in the ravelled sections indicate a localized failure of the asphalt aggregate bond. The failure occurrence in narrow longitudinal strips indicates a cause associated with paving operations--possibly differential compaction or hydrocarbon contamination. Preventive measures should ensure uniform compaction and more thorough checking of stripping tendencies. Corrective measures will require continued patching and possibly removal and replacement of affected pavement.

Authors:
Gietz,R. H.

Keywords:
aggregate, asphalt, asphalt concrete, asphalt pavement, compaction, concrete, condition, construction, construction methods, contamination, design, Distress, investigaton, overlay, pavement, resilient modulus, sampling, season, strength, tests, traffic, winter

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Abstract:
As part of their continuing effort to prolong the life of existing pavement systems, highway engineers must continue to improve upon design and rehabilitation methods. In past years, design methods based upon empericism have been employed with considerable success. As loading and materials change or become more complex, the older practices become less useful and a new approach undertaken. Throughout the U.S. and elsewhere, there has been emerging new technology often termed " rational " , "systematic", "mechanistic", and other terms used to describe new approaches to pavement analysis and design. Mostof these are based on elastic or viscoelastic layered representation of the pavement structure and have the potential to become powerful tools for the highway engineer. In recent years, the University of Washington has assisted the Washington State Highway Department on various research projects . One project resulted in a report that has been used to develop guidelines for allowable truck traffic through the concept of pavement damage and/or remaining life . The basis forth is report was the concept that pavement structures can be reasonably well represented by elastic layered systems. Analysis of the mechanistic behavior can then be used to predict pavement response and l i f e expectancy. As a result of this study and after discussions with Highway Department personnel, it was determined that the procedures, techniques, as well as other information used in the above report may be of further interest to them. In other words, the methods as well as results had potential utilization in a wide range of applications . As a result , a seminar program was set up whereby the writer would conduct or lead weekly discussion sessions on key topics.

Authors:
Terrel,R. L.

Keywords:
analysis, applications, behavior, damage, design, highway, materials, mechanistic, pavement, pavement damage, program, rehabilitation, remaining life, research, seminar, structures, systems, technology, traffic, truck, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
Evaluation of pavement patching materials was accomplished by simulating potholes in the surface, repairing the holes and subjecting them to traffic loadings. Loadings were applied utilizing the Pavement Test Facility, which applies truck simultaneously. Measurements of strength resulted in a comparative evaluation. tires was determined. Tire and various passenger car tire .types s skidding potential and pavement performance. Tread wear and protrusion of studs in the tires was determined.

Authors:
Cook,John C.

Keywords:
evaluation, facilities, materials, pavement, Pavement Patching Material, Polishing, Skidding Potential, Studded Tires, Garnet Impregnated Tires, pavement performance, performance, strength, studs, test track, tire, tires, traffic, truck

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Abstract:
Tests were conducted on various pavements t o investigate the correlation between measurements obtained using the Impulse Index Computer and pavement condition as determined by other means. Benkelman Beam deflection measurements and Impulse Index measurements are compared along with Washington State Pavement Rating System results. Effect of temperature on the apparent Impulse Index is evaluated..

Authors:
Brands,F., Cook,C. J.

Keywords:
Benkleman beam, computer, condition, Deflection test, impulse index, impulse testing, index, pavement, pavement condition, pavement deflection, pavement evaluation, pavement maintenance, pavements, systems, temperature, tests, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
There are indications that many trucks now have front axle loads approaching the maximum allowable for single axles which increases the potential for pavement damage. This report is intended to be a State-Of-The-Art approach to answer several pertinent questions from a theoretical study based on hypothetical pavements and loads, but based on reasonable material characteristics and pavement behavior from previous research. The results are a series of relationships based on pavement life which can be used to determine any number of "equivalencies." These equivalencies can be used to compare the destructive effects of various sizes of single and dual tires, axle loads , pavement thicknesses , speed and temperatures. The general nature of this report provides a wide range of conditions for comparison.on a relative basis.

Authors:
Terrel,R., Rimsritong,S.

Keywords:
asphalt pavement, axle, behavior, condition, damage, dual tires, equivalencies, loads, pavement, pavement damage, pavement life, pavements, research, single axle, speed, speed and temperature, state-of-the-art, temperature, tire, tire contact pressure, tires, truck, trucks, wheel load

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Abstract:
This study was conducted to collect data on the operational characteristics of highway, snow, and studded snow tires and other winter traction aids. The objective of the study was to perform various vehicle maneuvers to evaluate the tire characteristics on wet and dry pavement surfaces. Tests took place on the Washington State Patrol Driver Training Course at Sanderson Field, located west of Shelton, Washington. The testing was done with the cooperation of the Washington State Patrol who furnished personnel and equipment to assist in this research effort.This test maneuvers evaluated during the study are as follows:Test No. 1 Maneuvering (Serpentine Course)Test No. 2 Hairpin CurveTest No. 3 High Speed Lane ChangeTest No. 4 Locked-Wheel StopIn addition to the three types described above, other new traction type products and tires were evaluated. These consisted of studded snow tires with "Norfin" studs, and Garnet impregnated snow tires. Studded tires on all four wheels were also evaluated, at the request of the Washington State Patrol. This combination is used by Troopers assigned to mountain highway passes and areas where there is a large buildup of snow and ice during the winter. This report consists of two areas of evaluation. One involves tire combinations (front and rear) and the other is the evaluation of individual tire types. In addition to these two areas, a separate section is devoted to the tire and vehicle characteristics of Washington State Patrol's vehicle when compared with a Department of Highway's Motor Pool Vehicle. Included also is the test vehicles' description.

Authors:
Toney,Carl A.

Keywords:
data, equipment, evaluation, highway, No Keywords found in report, pavement, pavement surface, research, snow, speed, studded tire, studded tires, studs, tests, tire, tires, traction, training, Washington, Washington state, winter

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Abstract:
This report presents results obtained from the analyses of data which were collected during the performance of Phase I and Phase of this project. The data were at the A. Riedesel Pavement Testing Facility which is operated by Washington State University and is located in Pullman, Washington. Regression analyses were formed in order to relate various factors to each other. The factors used in the analyses included stud type, stud protrusion, speed, air temperature, pavement temperature, environmental conditions, stud hardness and tread depth. The purpose was to evaluate the relative importance of these factors pavement wear. It was found that the type of overlay, the type of stud and the protrusion length were the most important factors affecting pavement wear under Test conditions. The other factors could not be sufficiently isolated to determine their relative importance. Average wear rates were calculated for the different types of pavements and by the different stud types. A formula was developed which can be used to calculate pavement life under certain conditions. The results obtained for Phase I and Phase were compared and the difference in these results is discussed. Some of the difference was due to the different between the two phases A comparison with other associated research was madeA striping paint study was made and the results are in this report.

Authors:
Sorensen,H.

Keywords:
condition, data, developed, environmental, facilities, overlay, pavement, Pavement Durability, life & performance, asphalt pavement, portland cement concretes, overlays, surface textures, studded tires, skid resistance, pavement life, pavement temperature, pavements, performance, project, regression, repair, research, speed, striping, striping paints, Studded, studded tire, Study, temperature, tire, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
This report presents some data obtained from testing twenty-two different types of overlays on three concentric tracks at the G.A. Riedesel Pavement Testing Facility at Washington State University. Six different passenger winter tires were tested, including unstudded, a garnet dust snow retread, and four different types of studs. The data represents a testing period from November 20, 1972 to February 20, 1973 and a total 300,000 revolutions, that is 900,000 wheel applications on the inside track and 300,000 wheel applications on the outside track.The results reveal that the different polymer, concretes show the least wear, and that rubber additives improved the performance of some of the asphalt concrete overlays. The type #2 stud continually showed less wear than the other types of studs. Comparisons with the previous ring reveals that the present ring overlays showed less wear, and that stud protrusions are much less. A comparison and discussion of the results from both rings a t this wheel application range is presented. The results from the present data are also discussed. The results are tentative and may change as the present test continues.

Authors:
Krukar,M., Cook,J. C.

Keywords:
applications, asphalt, asphalt concrete, concrete, concrete overlays, data, effects, facilities, Interim, overlay, overlays, pavement, Pavement overlays, performance, Phase II, polymer, rubber, snow, Studded, studded tire, studs, tire, tires, Washington, Washington state, winter

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Abstract:
Four different types of pavement marking materials were tested in Ring #6; three brands of striping paints and one thermoplastic stripping tape. These striping materials were applied on two sections, the ploymer ranked on the basis of appearance, wear, and whiteness.The thermoplastic striping material consistently outperformed the three paints. The materials wore more rapidly on the polymer cement concrete that on the asphalt concrete and the ranking order for the paints was different for the two sections. The Type #3 stud seemed to have worn the paints more rapidly than either #4, #2, GST, US and UST studs and tires in that order respectively. The superiority of the ethermoplastic striping tape was due to its thickness and its construction. Last year Kennametal, Inc. sent the Transportation Systems Section four different types of traffic paint and a thermoplastic striping tape. Time did not permit the testing of these materials in Ring #5, so these materials were tested in Ring # 6.

Authors:
Krukar,M.

Keywords:
asphalt, asphalt concrete, concrete, construction, effects, ITS, materials, pavement, Phase II, polymer, striping, striping paints, stripping, Studded, studded tire, studded tires, studs, System, systems, tire, tires, traffic, transportation

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Abstract:
In many parts of the world, the design of flexible pavement is still based on empirical methods which have developed from engineering experience. These empirical methods cannot be extrapolated beyond their limits without full scale trials to prove their applicability. In recent years, however, the increase of traffic, both in volume and axle loads, has led to the failure of many roads previously considered well designed. For this reason, therefore, researchers realized that a closer look at the pavement materials was desirable in order to develop a rational design procedure. Due to the complexity of characterizing pavement materials, and the limitations of instrumentation, much of the reported work offered little help in changing design practice. This is, perhaps, due to many simplifying assumptions which had to be introduced in the experimental procedure as well as the interpretation of the test results. Recently, however, there has been a sharp advancement in test instrumentation and an outstanding progress in processing the experimental results. This has been reflected through many fine investigations and has increased the demand for more improvements. An asphalt pavement is a complex structure whose function is to provide a suitable surface for a highway, an airport, or other off-highway facility. The load of a vehicle or an aircraft is transmitted through the multilayered system of processed materials which have different mechanical properties. The stress distribution within this system is highly complex and to a large extent is dependent on the relative stiffnesses of the individual layers.

Authors:
Terrel,Ronald L., Awad,S.

Keywords:
asphalt, asphalt pavement, axle, base, behavior, demand, design, developed, experimental, facilities, fine, highway, improvement, loads, materials, methods, pavement, stiffness, stresses, System, traffic, volume

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Abstract:
This report presents results obtained from testing at the G. A. Riedesel Pavement Testing Facility at Washington State University during the period from February 11 to May 4, 1972. The purpose of this project was fourfold: 1) to determine pavement wear caused by studded tires ; 2) to evaluate the resistance of different pavement materials and textures used in the states of Washington and Idaho to wear caused by tire studs; 3) to test pavement materials and overlays to reduce tire stud damage; and, 4) to study the effect of studded truck tires on pavements. Ring #5 consisted of three concentric tracks on which 16 tires travelled in eight wheel paths. Three studded types and unstudded passenger tires , three studded and unstudded truck tires, and 46 sections of various types of pavement materials surface overlays and surface textures were tested. The results are based on wear in terms of rate of wear, area removed, maximum and average rut depth using the WSU Profilometer, and the camera wire shadow apparatus, and are valid only under WSU testing conditions. The findings indicate that some pavement materials are more resistant to the effect of studded tires than others. All types of studded tires tested caused some pavement wear and this affected the skid resistance values. The new types of studs reduced wear of various pavement materials. Studded truck tire wear was less than expected due to equipment problems.

Authors:
Krukar,M., Cook,J. C.

Keywords:
camera, condition, damage, equipment, facilities, materials, overlay, overlays, pavement, Pavement Durability, life & performance, asphalt pavement, portland cement concretes, overlays, surface textures, studded tires, skid resistance, pavements, project, repair, resistance, skid resistance, studded tire, studded tires, studs, Study, tire, tires, truck, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
This preliminary report presents data obtained from testing at the L A Riedesel Pavement Testing Facility during the period from February 11 t o May 4, 1972. The purpose of this project was four fold: (1) to determine pavement wear caused by studded tires; (2) to evaluate the resistance of different pavement materials and textures used in the states o f Washington and Idaho to wear caused by tire studs; (3) t o test pavement materials and overlays to reduce tire stud damage; and, (4) to study the effect of studded truck tires on pavements.This preliminary report presents data obtained from testing at the G. A. Riedesel Pavement Testing Facility, during the period from February 11 to May 4, 1972.

Authors:
Krukar,M., Cook,J. C.

Keywords:
damage, data, facilities, materials, overlay, overlays, pavement, Pavement Durability, life & performance, asphalt pavement, portland cement concretes, overlays, surface textures, studded tires, skid resistance, project, resistance, studded tire, studded tires, studs, Study, tire, tires, truck, Washington

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Abstract:
This report presents results obtained from testing at the A. Riedesel Pavement Testing Facility at Washington State University during the period of November 20, 1972 to May 1973. The purpose of this project was three-fold: (1 to determine pavement wear caused by studded tires; 2) to evaluate the resistance of different pavement overlays used in the states of Washington and Idaho to wear caused by studs; and 3) to test pavement materials and overlays to reduce tire stud damage. Ring and Phase of this project consisted of three concentric tracks on which 16 tires traveled in eight wheel paths. Four types of studs in passenger snow two types of passenger tires, and unstudded truck tires, and 22 sections of various types of pavement overlays and surfacings were tested. Four different stripes were also tested. The results are based on wear in terms of rate of wear, area removed, maximum and average rut depths using the WSU profilometer and the camera wire shadow box apparatus. Skid resistance values were measured using the California Skid Tester and the English Portable Skid Tester. The results are valid only under WSU testing conditions. The findings indicate that some pavement overlays are resistant to the effect of studded tires than others. All types of studded tires tested caused some pavement wear and this affected skid resistance values. Some of the newer types of studs reduced wear of various pavement overlays. The pavements having the most wear resistance had the skid resistance retention characteristics. Additives to asphalt skid resistance helped wear resistance characteristics but lowered skid resistance on characteristics.

Authors:
Krukar,M., Cook,J. C.

Keywords:
asphalt, California, camera, condition, damage, facilities, materials, overlay, overlays, pavement, Pavement Durability, life & performance, asphalt pavement, portland cement concretes, overlays, surface textures, studded tires, skid resistance, pavements, project, repair, resistance, skid resistance, snow, studded tire, studded tires, studs, tire, tires, truck, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
The development of the Impulse Index as an indicator of pavement condition has been previously described in a report of the College of Engineering Research Division of Washington State University entitled, "Pavement Deflection Measurement-Dynamic-A Feasibility Study, Final Report," June 1970, by Frank W. Brands, P.E. and John C. Cook, P.E. To implement the convenient acquisition of the Impulse Index, a self-contained hand-carriable "Impulse Index Computer" was to be designed and built; The unit is especially adapted for demonstration purposes and for determining the Impulse Index at specific locations. This report describes the Impulse Index Computer which has been built. Some illustrative test results are also included.

Authors:
Brands,F., Cook,C. J.

Keywords:
computer, condition, development, impulse index, index, Non-destructive tests, pavement, pavement condition, pavement deflection, pavement evaluation, Portable tester, research, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
Implementation of automatic data acquisition using impulse techniques requires the development of a mechanical device to set an instrument package on the pavement, deliver an impulse of energy, and retrieve the instrument package. This is to be accomplished automatically with the vehicle proceeding down the highway.This report describes developments toward an improved system for accomplishing the desired results. The system employs a cleated belt supported by dual wheels in the configuration of a V- belt, which carries the instruments. A pneumatic chamber, which delivers an impulse of energy to the pavement and its supporting linkage, is also described. A bibliography of previous reports on impulse techniques of pavement testing is included.

Authors:
Brands,F., Cook,C. J.

Keywords:
computer, data, development, Energy, ITS, linkage, Non-destructive tests, pavement, pavement condition, pavement deflection, pavement evaluation, Portable tester

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Abstract:
The purpose of this study was threefold: (1) Develop empirical equivalencies from all four rings, (2) develop a design method for overlays based on field deflections; and (3) evaluate the validity of data obtained from instrumentations in terms of n-layer elastic theory and then develop theoretical equivalencies.This was done. Field equivalencies were developed and they indicated that superiority of the treated base materials over the untreated. A design method was developed which could be used for predicting when an overlay was needed and what thickness was needed to withstand certain equivalent wheel loads and deflections.Using computer programs for n-layer elastic theory developed by Chevron Research Company, deflection stresses and strains were computed and compared with field data. Assumptions about the material behavior and condition were made based on laboratory data obtained from The Asphalt Institute and field knowledge, and were used to help predict the behavior of pavements. The results were encouraging and indicate that field measurements generally were comparable with elastic layer theory predictions. This will help to develop and modify existing design limits for stresses, strains and deflection for future work.Equivalencies based on theoretical deflections, stresses and strains indicate the difficulty of assigning precise values. These values also indicate the superiority of treated materials over the untreated materials.

Authors:
Krukar,M., Cook,J. C.

Keywords:
analysis, asphalt, base, base materials, behavior, computer, computer program, condition, data, design, equivalencies, evaluation, experimental, loads, materials, overlay, overlays, pavement, pavements, prediction, program, research, strains, stresses, volume, wheel load

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Abstract:
The Impulse Index as a measure of pavement condition was previously described in a report of the Research Division of Washington State University entitled, "Pavement Deflection Measurement - Dynamic-A Feasibility Study, Final Report, June 1970," by Frank W. Brands, P. E. and John C. Cook, P. E.Implementation of automatic data acquisition using impulse testing requires the development of a mechanical device to set an instrument package on the pavement, deliver an impulse of energy, and retrieve the instrument package. This is to be done automatically with the vehicle proceeding down the highway. This report describes a test model built to facilitate the determination of data necessary for design of a prototype vehicle.

Authors:
Brands,F., Cook,C. J.

Keywords:
condition, data, design, development, Energy, highway, impulse index, index, model, pavement, pavement deflection, research, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
Three different kinds of base material of varying base thicknesses were tested at the Washington State University Test Track on Ring #3 during the fall of 1967 and the spring of 1968. Twelve 18-foot test sections consisting of 4.5, 7.0, 9.5 and 12 inches of untreated crushed rock surfacing top course base; 3.0, 5.0, and 7.0 and 9.0 inches of emulsion treated crushed surfacing top course base; and 0.0, 2.0, 3.5 and 5.0 inches of special non-fractured screened aggregate asphalt treated base, covered by a uniform 3.0-inch thick Class "B" asphalt concrete wearing course were tested during this period. This pavement structure was built on a clay-silt subgrade soil.Instrumentation consisted of moisture tensiometers, strain gages, pressure cells, LVDT gages and thermocouples for measuring moisture, strain, stress, dynamic deflections and temperatures. Benkleman beam readings were taken.The testing period revealed that the fall failure modes were different from the spring failures. The fall failure patter started from transverse cracks in the thin sections which developed into alligator cracking patterns. These cracks appeared after a period of cold weather and heavy rains followed by a warming period. It seems that thermal and mechanical loads were responsible for the fall failures on the thin sections. The spring failures were very rapid and sudden and were due to environmental factors which led to saturated subgrade, thus resulting in poor bearing capacity. Punching shear was the failure mode. The thickest sections survived without cracks but developed severe rutting. Examination revealed that these ruts extended into the subgrade and that fatigue cracking was developing on the bottom of the bases.Comparison of the results with those obtained from Ring# 2, which was similar in base materials and thickness, show that they were similar in many respects. This indicates that the test track is capable of replicating results and is a reliable research instrument.Equivalencies were developed for the different materials. On this basis the special aggregate asphalt treated base was superior to the emulsion treated and untreated crushed rock bases in that order. These results were comparable to those obtained from test Ring #2.Maximum values for static and dynamic deflections, strains and stresses for different times and temperatures were developed. The lateral position of the dual tires with respect to the gage severely affected the strain, stresses and deflection values. Temperature also caused variations in the measurements. Spring instrument readings for static and dynamic deflections, strain and stress show increased values by as much as 2 to 4 times of those obtained in the fall. Spring subgrade conditions probably are responsible for these differences.Ring #3 series operational time was twice that of Ring #2 and sustained four times the wheel load applications. Construction and testing environmental conditions were superior to those for Ring #2 and hence contributed to the longer test period. This points out that environmental factors are very important in pavement life.

Authors:
Krukar,M.

Keywords:
aggregate, Alligator Cracking, applications, asphalt, asphalt concrete, base, base materials, bearing capacity, Benkleman beam, concrete, condition, construction, cracking, dual tires, environmental, experimental, fatigue, fatigue cracking, loads, materials, pavement, pavement life, pressure, pressure cell, rain, research, research at the WSU, strains, stresses, subgrade, temperature, test track, tire, tires, volume, Volume No.4, Washington, Washington state, wheel load

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Abstract:
The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of developing a device or technique to provide rapid measurement of parameters indicative of roadway condition or structural capacity. Currently existing equipment is inadequate for making meaningful measurements with speed and convenience. Consequently, a new system called "impulse testing" has been proposed and its concepts proved in this study. This system incorporates new techniques of non-destructive testing, and is adaptable to mechanization for automatic operation. The system is based on the deflection of the pavement under impulse loading, and also on the energy propagation characteristics of the pavement. These two parameters are combined to formulate a quantity which is called the impulse index and which has a high degree of correlation with the structural properties of the pavement.

Authors:
Brands,F., Cook,C. J.

Keywords:
condition, Energy, equipment, impulse index, index, ITS, nondestructive testing, pavement, pavement deflection, roadway, speed

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Abstract:
Three different kinds of base material of varying base thicknesses were tested at the Washington State University Test Track on Ring #3 during the fall of 1967 and the spring of 1968. Twelve 18-foot test sections consisting of 4.5, 7.0, 9.5 and 12 inches of untreated crushed rock surfacing top course base; 3.0, 5.0, and 7.0 and 9.0 inches of emulsion treated crushed surfacing top course base; and 0.0, 2.0, 3.5 and 5.0 inches of special non-fractured screened aggregate asphalt treated base, covered by a uniform 3.0-inch thick Class "B" asphalt concrete wearing course were tested during this period. This pavement structure was built on a clay-silt subgrade soil.Instrumentation consisted of moisture tensiometers, strain gages, pressure cells, LVDT gages and thermocouples for measuring moisture, strain, stress, dynamic deflections and temperatures. Benkleman beam readings were taken.The testing period revealed that the fall failure modes were different from the spring failures. The fall failure patter started from transverse cracks in the thin sections which developed into alligator cracking patterns. These cracks appeared after a period of cold weather and heavy rains followed by a warming period. It seems that thermal and mechanical loads were responsible for the fall failures on the thin sections. The spring failures were very rapid and sudden and were due to environmental factors which led to saturated subgrade, thus resulting in poor bearing capacity. Punching shear was the failure mode. The thickest sections survived without cracks but developed severe rutting. Examination revealed that these ruts extended into the subgrade and that fatigue cracking was developing on the bottom of the bases.Comparison of the results with those obtained from Ring# 2, which was similar in base materials and thickness, show that they were similar in many respects. This indicates that the test track is capable of replicating results and is a reliable research instrument.Equivalencies were developed for the different materials. On this basis the special aggregate asphalt treated base was superior to the emulsion treated and untreated crushed rock bases in that order. These results were comparable to those obtained from test Ring #2.Maximum values for static and dynamic deflections, strains and stresses for different times and temperatures were developed. The lateral position of the dual tires with respect to the gage severely affected the strain, stresses and deflection values. Temperature also caused variations in the measurements. Spring instrument readings for static and dynamic deflections, strain and stress show increased values by as much as 2 to 4 times of those obtained in the fall. Spring subgrade conditions probably are responsible for these differences.Ring #3 series operational time was twice that of Ring #2 and sustained four times the wheel load applications. Construction and testing environmental conditions were superior to those for Ring #2 and hence contributed to the longer test period. This points out that environmental factors are very important in pavement life.

Authors:
Krukar,M., Cook,J. C.

Keywords:
aggregate, Alligator Cracking, applications, asphalt, asphalt concrete, base, base materials, bearing capacity, Benkleman beam, concrete, condition, construction, cracking, dual tires, environmental, equivalencies, experimental, fatigue, fatigue cracking, loads, materials, pavement, pavement life, pressure, pressure cell, rain, research, research at the WSU, soil, strains, stresses, subgrade, temperature, test track, tire, tires, volume, Washington, Washington state, wheel load

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Abstract:
This report describes the results obtained from Experimental Ring No. 2, the first ring of a three-ring tests series on treated bases at the Washington State University Test Track. This experiment was concerned with studying the effects of controlled wheel load repetitions on untreated, emulsion, and specialaggregate asphalt - treated bases of four varying thicknesses. Construction, instrumentation, results , and conclusions are described and drawn. Benkelman beam, LVDT, strain gages, pressure cells and moisture tensiometers were used to measure deflections , strains , stresses and moisture. Maximum values are tabulated. Temperatures were also recorded. Testing can be divided into two time periods - fall of 1966 and spring of 1967. Values obtained from instruments show that different conditions existed during those testing periods, and that deflections , strains and stresses were two to four times higher in the spring than in the fall. Modes of failure were also different . Equivalencies between the different base materials were established. Other conclusions were drawn. Since this is a continuing experiment, it should be emphasized that results and conclusions are subject to change, depending upon data from the remaining experimental rings.

Authors:
Krukar,M., Cook,J. C.

Keywords:
asphalt, base, condition, construction, data, experimental, materials, pavement, pressure, research, strains, stresses, temperature, test track, tests, volume, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
Using full-scale construction equipment and truck loadings on a circular track of 260 feet circumference, evaluation of various base thicknesses and types has been accomplished in this first of a series of tests. Fractured and non-fractured aggregatre, treated and untreated bases, asphaltic and portland cement type bases are used. Results of the firest ring indicate type of failure under varied enviornmental conditions with pavement systems subjected to millions of load applications. Difficulties in determining comparative equivalencies are discussed. Instrumentations used and possibilities for future use in rational design are reported.

Authors:
Riedesel,G. A.

Keywords:
applications, base, condition, construction, design, equipment, evaluation, experimental, pavement, research, systems, test track, tests, truck, truck loadings, volume

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Abstract:
The initial course was done for the Minnesota WSDOT during June 1991. From that activity, a few minor changes were made. Following this the course was given to the WASHTO States at Reno, Nevada during September 1991. The Reno course notes were mostly funded by the FHWA with supplemental funding from RST Sweden. The third course was conducted at the WSDOT Materials Laboratory in Tumwater, Washington. Again, the notes were modified to better reflect WSDOT practices. As such, the WSDOT Research Office (and the associated HP & R funds) provided support funding. The notes for the fourth and current course contain an expanded treatment of the depth to stiff layer (SECTION 5.0), backcalculation guidelines (SECTION 5.0), and case studies (SECTION 7.0).

Authors:
Mahoney,J. P.

Keywords:
pavement: management, pavement, applications