Abstract:
Increasing traffic volumes and a deteriorating transportation infrastructure have stimulated the development of new systems and methods to accelerate the construction of highway bridges. Precast concrete bridge components offer a potential alternative to conventional reinforced, cast-in-place concrete components. The use of precast components has the potential to minimize traffic disruptions, improve work zone safety, reduce environmental impacts, improve constructability, increase quality, and lower life-cycle costs. This study compared two precast concrete bridge pier systems for rapid construction of bridges in seismic regions. One was a reinforced concrete system, in which mild steel deformed bars connect the precast concrete components and provide the flexural strength of the columns. The other was a hybrid system, which uses a combination of unbonded post-tensioning and mild steel deformed bars to make the connections. A parametric study of the two types of systems was conducted using nonlinear finite element models to investigate the global response and likelihood of damage for various frame configurations. On the basis of this study, a practical method was developed to estimate maximum seismic displacements from the cracked section properties of the columns, the elastic design displacement response spectrum, and the base-shear strength ratio. The results of the global nonlinear finite element analyses suggest that the systems have the potential for good seismic performance. Further analytical and experimental research is needed to investigate the constructability and seismic performance of the connection details.

Authors:
Hieber,D. G., Wacker,J. M., Eberhard,M. O., Stanton,J. F.

Keywords:
Alternative, bridge, bridges, columns, concrete, concrete bridge, connections, constructability, construction, cost, costs, damage, design, developed, development, environmental, environmental impact experimental, finite element, highway, impact, impacts, infrastructure, methods, models, performance piers, precast, precast concrete, prestressed concete, quality, Rapid construction, Regions, reinforce concrete, research, response spectra, response spectrum, safety, seismic, seismic performance, steel strength, Study, substructures, System, systems, traffic, traffic volumes, trasportation, volume

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/611.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/600/611.1.htm

Abstract:
Noise mitigation strategies involving both noise reduction at the source of transportation noise and at the receiver of transportation noise are reviewed. The following major sources of noise within a motor vehicle considered: engine, intake, exhaust, cooling fan, transmission, and tire noise. Current research intended to address methods of reducing noise far each of these sources is discussed. It was found that vehicle manufacturer efforts in the U.S. to reduce vehicle noise is currently being motivated marketplace for quiet vehicles. In addition to the potentialnoise reduction from specific components of the vehicle, it was found that the type of roadway pavement can have a significant effect on noise. A key strategy for reducing transportation noise at the receiver of the noise is land use compatibility planning. local agencies who have successfully implemented and use compatibility planning programs were interviewed. These programs fall into two broad The first category is land use compatibility brought about by zoning. this category, land uses that are inherently with transportation noise sources are adjacent to the sources. The second category, referred to as proponent mi involves a process of mitigation needed to make the use with transportation noise through mitigation efforts funded by the proponent of the development. It was found that noise and land use compatibility programs were most beneficial to communities in the earlier stages of development whereas the use of a local noise ordinance was found to be more beneficial to communities that are more fully developed.

Authors:
Herman,L. A., Bowlby,W.

Keywords:
agencies, developed, development, land use, land use compatibility, land-use, methods, mitigation, noise, noise abatement, noise barriers, noise reduction, pavement, planning, program, research, roadway, tire, tire noise, traffic noise, transportation, vehicle noise, zoning

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Abstract:
Noise mitigation strategies involving both noise reduction at the source of transportation noise at the receiver of transportation noise are reviewed. The following major sources of noise within a motor vehicle were considered: engine, intake, exhaust, cooling fan, transmission, and tire noise. Current research intended to address methods of reducing noise far each of these sources is discussed. It was found that vehicle manufacturer efforts in the U.S. to reduce vehicle noise is currently being motivated marketplace for quiet vehicles. In addition to the potential noise reduction from specific components of the vehicle, it was found that the type of roadway pavement can have a significant effect on noise. A key strategy for reducing transportation noise at the receiver of the noise is land use compatibility planning. Local agencies who have successfully implemented and use compatibility planning programs were interviewed. These programs fall into two broad categories. The first category is land use compatibility brought about by zoning. In this category, land uses that are inherently with transportation noise sources are adjacent to the sources. The second category, referred to as proponent mitigation, involves a process of mitigation needed to make the use with transportation noise through mitigation efforts funded by the proponent of the development. It was found that noise and land use compatibility programs were most beneficial to communities in the earlier stages of development whereas the use of a local noise ordinance was found to be more beneficial to communities that are more fully developed.

Authors:
Herman,L. A., Bowlby,W.

Keywords:
agencies, developed, development, land use, land use compatibility, land-use, methods, mitigation, noise, noise abatement, noise barriers, noise reduction, pavement, planning, program, research, roadway, tire, tire noise, traffic noise, transportation, vehicle noise, zoning

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Abstract:
Dames & Moore And their subcontractor, Inco Engineers, have prepared this Manual of Practice for conducting bridge foundation-soil interaction analyses. The manual is intended to assist engineers in the Bridge Design office at the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) who perform dynamic analysis of bridge-foundation systems. The primary purpose of the manual is to present practical and accurate methods of estimating the foundation stiffness matrices for abutment or pier foundations supported on footings or piles. These matrices are needed for soil-structure interaction analysis to more accurately determine the seismic loads acting on the bridge superstructure and on the abutment and pier foundations.This Manual of Practice consists of two volumes. Volume I presents five bridge example problems:1. Coldwater Creek2. Deadwater Slough3. Ebey Slough4. Northup Way5. FHWAThe first four examples are actual WSDOT bridges and the fifth example is a fictitious bridge that appeared in a 1991 FHWA course notebook on seismic design of highway bridges.Volume II presents the input and output files of the SEISAB computer program for the dynamic soil-structure interaction analysis of bridges. The SEISAB computer program is currently used by WSDOT in the seismic design of Washington state bridges.Dames & Moore recommends the FHWA and Novak methods to estimate bridge foundation stiffness matrices. These methodologies are presented in detail in the Coldwater Creek example problem in Volume I. In this example, the basic theory and relevant equations or inputs for implementing these methodologies are provided first and are immediately followed by their application to the Coldwater Creek bridge. The appropriate equations or inputs from the FHWA and Novak methodologies presented not the Coldwater Creek example problem are identified and applied in the other four bridge example problems. Volume I also contains three appendices. The basis for the recommendation of the FHWA and Novak methods is provided in Appendix A, which is a reproduction of the 1992 Dames & Moore report to WSDOT on the evaluation of methods to estimate foundation stiffnesses. Appendix B consists of selected pages from the BMCOL 76 computer program user guide; this computer program, which computes the load-deflection and moment-rotation curves for single piles, is part of the FHWA methodology. Appendix C presents the method for transforming the foundation stiffness matrices from one coordinate system to another. This transformation process is important because the coordinate systems assumed in the FHWA and Novak methods are generally different and therefore are not necessarily the same as the SEISAB coordinate system. Coordinate transformations are also discussed in the ColdWater Creek example problem.

Authors:
Dames & Moore- Inca Engineering

Keywords:
analysis, bridge, bridge design, bridge foundation, bridges, computer, computer program, design, equations, evaluation, Foudation-Soil, foundation, foundation stiffness, highway, interaction, loads, manual, methodology, methods, piles, program, seismic, seismic design, soil-structure interaction, superstructure, System, systems, transportation, volume, Volumes I & II, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
An extensive state-of-the-art review of construction methods and results for latex modified concrete (LMC) and low slump, dense concrete (LSDC) overlays is presented in this report. Recommendations are made for improvements in construction procedures, inspection, and specifications. An analysis and preventative measures for plastic shrinkage cracks in LMC are presented. Other alternate bridge deck protective systems were examined.

Authors:
LaFraugh,R. W., Zinserling,M. H.

Keywords:
analysis, bridge, bridge deck, bridges, concrete, concrete overlays, construction, construction methods, cracking, Deck, improvement, inspection, Interim, latex modified concrete, low slump dense concrete, methods, overlay, overlays, plastic, review, shrinkage, specification, specifications, state-of-the-art, System, systems

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Abstract:
This report examines major issues, concepts and methods of bus transit performance evaluation and suggests procedures and guidelines for internal and external monitoring in Washington State. In support of suggested procedures, data analysis on six years of operational and financial characteristics of Washington State systems, 1979-80 Section 15 data, and collected samples of small community/rural systems from other states was conducted. The major objective of the analysis was to test methodologies for developing and assessing transit peer groups\" relative to size and scale of operations, and prior to comparative within-group evaluation. The methodology entailed employing cluster analysis using up to 10 variables depicting service design and distribution. Two key variables were population and line miles. Problems were encountered in using Section 15 data. Due to its use of urban area, as opposed to service area population, clear distinctions of operating environments could not be determined. Thus, cluster groupings using Section 15 data were inconclusive. Cluster State systems (1980) were satisfactory and following additional verification, a suggested \"peer group\" classification for Washington State was recommended. The seven group types ranged in size from a rural regional (<40,000 population) to metropolitan (<1,000,00 population). Values for 8 efficiency and effectiveness indicators were used to assess \"peer group\" trends in performance in Washington over a five-year period (1976-80). Comparative evaluations of individual systems were not made. Despite only partial success in determining \"peer groups\", the study does identify methods and procedures for assisting in external and internal performance evaluation.

Authors:
Kelly,W. J., Rutherford,G. S.

Keywords:
peer group evaluation, analysis, bus, bus transit, cluster analysis, data, data collection, design, effectiveness, efficiency, environment, evaluation, group, indicator, indicators, Issues, ITS, line, methodology, methods, monitoring, Operating, performance, performance evaluation, performance measures, performance standards, population, rural, section 15 data, Study, System, systems, transit, urban, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
This report describes the pavement management system developed by WSDOT staff over a period of five years. Both project-level and network-level pavement management are represented within the four broad areas of data processing which combine to constitute the foundation of the system.The design of a pavement data file is laid out together with the process of assembling it. Also shown are the methods used to analyze and convert the file data from pavement condition ratings to pavement performance curves for each project. The performance curves are then used, together with appropriate cost data, to determine the most cost-effective type and time to fix. The network-level program then summarized the need work for each year of a rehabilitation program. Mean are provided for adjusting the program to fit budget constraints or minimum acceptable levels of average pavement condition.It is concluded that the system, operating on biennial pavement condition ratings, provides a good solid framework for orderly analysis to estimate the economic benefits of the type, timing, and sequence of rehabilitation activities applied to a pavement.

Authors:
Nelson,Thomas L., LeClerc,R. V.

Keywords:
analysis, benefit, benefits, condition, cost, data, design, developed, development, foundation, framework, management, management system, methods, Operating, pavement, pavement condition, pavement data file, pavement management, pavement performance, performance, program, project, rehabilitation, System, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
This report describes the pavement system developed by staff over a period of five years. Both project-level and network-level pavement are represented within the four broad areas of data processing which combine to constitute the foundation of the system. The design of a pavement data file is laid out together with the process of assembling it. Also shown are the methods used to analyze and convert the file data pavement condition ratings to pavement performance curves for each project. The performance curves are then used, together with appropriate cost data, to determine the most cost-effective type and of fix. The network-level program then the needed work for each year of a rehabilitation program. Means are provided for adjusting the program to fit budget constraints or acceptable levels of average pavement condition It is concluded that the system, operating on biennial pavement condition ratings, provides a good solid framework for orderly analysis to estimate the economic benefits of the type, timing, and sequence of rehabilitation activities apply to a pavement.

Authors:
Nelson,Thomas L., LeClerc,R. V.

Keywords:
analysis, benefit, benefits, condition, cost, cost effective, data, design, developed, development, foundation, framework, management, management system, methods, Operating, pavement, pavement condition, pavement data file, pavement management, pavement performance, performance, program, project, rehabilitation, System, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
This report provides a summary of a laboratory study on sulfur extended asphalt paving mixtures. The following major features were included in the study: 1.Design of laboratory-experiment which included the use of mixtures which contained various amounts of sulfur, two viscosity levels of asphalt cement, and two of aggregate (basalt and granite).2. Evaluation of mixture design methods (Hveem and Marshal ). 3. Determination of optimum binder contents.4. Evaluation of mixture durability and aging characteristics.5. Development of revised mixture design criteria.

Authors:
Mahoney,J. P., Lary,J. A., Balgunaim,F., Lee,T. C.

Keywords:
aggregate, aging, asphalt, criteria, design, design criteria, development, durability, evaluation, extended asphalt, methods, mixture, performance, stiffness, Study, sulfur, viscosity

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Abstract:
While gasoline represents one-third of all hazardous materials transported in the country by trucks, the risk associated with gas transportation, as viewed by the private sector, is small. Public perceptions of risk are much greater due to lack of knowledge of probabilities and consequences of spills. Methods to improve knowledge available to the public on gasoline spills and methods to improve estimates of environmental damages from gasoline spills is presented. Generalization of methodologies to hazardous materials in general are discussed.

Authors:
Eagen,P. D.

Keywords:
damage, environmental, Hazardous, highway, Highway Transportation, Gasoline, Interim, materials, methodology, methods, public, Risk, transportation, truck, trucks

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Abstract:
The project goal was to evaluate different methods of cutting recessed skip stripe grooves, and to evaluate various pavement marking materials placed into the recesses. The project objective was to find a marking system for our mountain pass highways that would tolerate snowplowing and sanding operations, studded tires, and chain wear.Three methods of pavement grooving and three types of making material were evaluated over a four-year period. The grooving methods were evaluated with regard to production rate, the quality of the finished groove, and cost. The marking materials were checked for ease of installation, cost durability, and visibility.Only one method of grooving was found that produced the desired recess shape at a reasonable cost and in a timely manner. All three of the making materials were durable enough to survive for three years, but none produced the desired wet-daytime or wet-night visibility needed for adequate lane delineation. This loss of visibility under wet conditions was due to the lack of retroreflectance from the marking materials.

Authors:
Anderson,K. W.

Keywords:
chains, condition, cost, delineation, durability, grooves, grooving, highway, highway delineation, Highways, lane lines, materials, methods, night visibility, pavement, project, quality, rainfall, retroreflectance, snowplows, striping, studded tire, studded tires, System, tire, tires, Traffic markings

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Abstract:
The 1974-79 study of the maintenance problems of the drawspan mechanism of the Evergreen Point Bridge across Lake Washington is reported. The approach was to predict the life of elements by Miner's hypothesis. For this the strains at critical points and the wind vector were measured over two sessions. These results were correlated with long term wind data to provide the number of cycles in a year at various stress levels. The fatigue capacity of anchor rods was determined by the Prot test on six specimens. The resulting S-N curve compared to the field measurements to determine the expected life of the rods from the Miner criterion. The methods developed provide useable maintenance procedures for the prevention of fatigue failure of critical structural elements.

Authors:
Brown,C. B.

Keywords:
bridge, data, developed, fatigue, maintenance, methods, reliability, strains, stresses, Washington, wind

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Abstract:
The Central Avalanche Hazard Forecasting project has been funded by the Washington State Highway Commission since July 1975 in order to test the feasibility and effectiveness of central avalanche forecasting for the Cascade Mountain Passes and adjacent territory . Historically, avalanche forecasting in the Cascade Mountains has been done locally on an area-by-area basis by Highway Department personnel and by Forest Rangers and professional ski patrolmen at individual ski areas. This project explored the possibilities of improving both mountain weather and related avalanche forecasts for use by WSDOT during winter operations in the mountain passes and, secondarily, explored the usefulness of anarea-wide forecasting service to other, cooperating agencies. The aim of this work has been to establish the technical and administrative framework for an operational, on-going mountain weather and avalanche forecasting service for Western Washington under the joint support of interested public agencies. This aim has been achieved in autumn 1978 by the operation of an avalanche forecasting office administered by the US Forest Service, housed by the National Weather Service, and supported by WSDT, with additional peripheral support from both the public and private sectors. Previous reports published by the project include: Interim Report, June 1976 (Report No. 23.2); Final Report, June 1977 (Report No. 23.3)Implementation Report, December 1978, which will be published in Spring 1979If you would like to obtain copies of any of these reports, contact WSDOT Public Transportation and Planning Division in Olympia (SCAN 234-61 49) or the Avalanche Research Office on SCAN 323-7180 or Write Avalanche Research,Department of Atmospheric Sciences AK-40, University of Washington, Seattle,Phil Taylor, Research Engineer, has done an outstanding job of developing much of this equipment and devising methods of operation. He is, unfortunately, no longer with the University. He will be working in Autumn 1978 with the US Forest Service as a consultant in addition to his continuing work with the US Geological Survey. This Operating Manual is intended to be an informational document with limited distribution and its format reflects that informality.

Authors:
University of Washington

Keywords:
agencies, avalanche, avalanche forecasting, developed, effectiveness, equipment, forecasting, framework, hazard, highway, Interim, ITS, manual, methods, Operating, planning, project, public, research, survey, transportation, Washington, Washington state, winter

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Abstract:
Experiments were conducted at six locations to determine methods for eliminating or controlling existing weeds on highway rights-of-way prior to planting, and preventing weed infestations after planting, without injuring or interfering with normal growth and development of desirable plant material. Four experiments were conducted to determine herbicide programs for eliminating weeds in natural stands of (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi [L.] Sprang) and salal (Gaultheria shallon Pursh.) on highway rights-way, permitting these plants to form solid of uniform attractive vegetation.

Authors:
Ryan,George F., Rosenthal,Russell N., Berger,Robert L.

Keywords:
Chemical, control, development, highway, methods, program, Right-of-way, roadside, roadside vegetation, Roadside Vegitation, Weed Control

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Abstract:
This report reviews the second year of work on the Washington State Highway Commission Department of Highways project Central Avalanche Hazard Forecasting (WSDH Agreement Y-1700) to test the feasibility and effectiveness of central avalanche forecasting for the Cascade Mountain passes and adjacent area. The possibilities and techniques for improving both mountain weather and related avalanche forecasts for use by WSDH during winter operation in the mountain passes were further explored, and, secondarily, the usefulness of an area wide forecasting service to other cooperating agencies. This report defines and significant changes from the first year of operation in collection, assimilation or transmission of snow, weather and avalanche data by the Forecasting Office, and details modifications of the data network itself, especially new instrumentation and telemetry equipment . Weather and avalanche forecasting accuracy and reliability are assessed by comparing daily weather and avalanche forecasts with file d data. The conceptual framework and analytical methods used by forecasters to deduce current and probable future avalanche activity from the available data network input and current and extrapolated meteorological data are presented. A general preliminary guide to forecasting methodology for the Washington Cascades is defined and discussed.

Authors:
LaChapplle,E. R., Moore,M. B., Reanier,F. W., Sackett,E. M.

Keywords:
agencies, avalanche, avalanche forecasting, snow, weather, data, effectiveness, equipment, forecasting, framework, hazard, highway, Highways, methodology, methods, project, reliability, review, Washington, Washington state, winter

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Abstract:
The purpose of this study is to produce guidelines that will provide assistance to those responsible for the planning and implementation of community involvement plans. These guidelines cover the many elements of a multi-faced community involvement approach and give direction for planning and implementation of these guidelines.A considerable amount of recent experience and information on community involvement was compiled and analyzed to afford the capability of tailoring a community involvement plan for an individual plan for an individual and unique community as defined by its characteristics. Among the major elements discussed are the general principals which must be followed to achieve successful community involvement; the criteria to determine how extensive an involvement plan should be for a particular community as defined by the characteristics of the community and type of proposed action; the establishment of an implementation schedule; detailed discussion of the methods used to disseminate information and obtain citizen input; a description of the various types of community groups which can be used for cooperative planning; recommendations to improve the effectiveness of public meetings; and the basic strategy used in evaluating the success of a community involvement plan.

Authors:
Social and Econonomic Planning Section of the WA State Department of Highways

Keywords:
Community Involvement, Citizen Participation, Citizen Input, Dissemination of Information, Cooperative Planning, Multi-faceted, Scheduling and Implementation, criteria, development, effectiveness, group, ITS, Meeting, methods, planning, program, public

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Abstract:
In the of Washington interdisciplinary teams have been formed for planning projects a major social, economic or environmental impact. The responsibilities of the teams are as follows: Conduct in-depth studies; and implement a community involvement program; and (3) Develop a departmental recommendation for solutions to transportation problems. The inter-disciplinary teams that have used have had a wide variety disciplines represented, purpose this document is to outline procedures and discuss methods that will assist interdisciplinary team members and project engineers in carrying out their responsibilities. Part with the organization and responsibilities of the team and of its members, Part 2 sets forth ten steps recommended for teams to follow in carrying out their charge. Part 3 discusses some of the practical operating problems, which teams have experienced, and possible solutions. Methods to achieve more effective interaction among interdisciplinary team members are discussed. Also, suggestions by which technical studies and community values and attitudes can be integrated into the team's final report are included,

Authors:
Social and Econonomic Planning Section of the WA State Department of Highways

Keywords:
attitudes, environmental, environmental impact, impact, Interdisciplinary team operations, Organization and Responsibilities, Design Team Studies, Study Plan Development and Methodology, Team Management, ITS, methods, Operating, planning, program, project, transportation, transportation planning, Washington

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Abstract:
A collection of reports on several different aspects of avalanche formation. The reports are entitled: 1. Some Considerations for Avalanche Defense Design for the Washington Cascades. 2. Incorporation of Glide and Creep Measurements into Snow Slab Mechanics. 3. Avalanches and Synoptic Weather Situations in the Cascades during the Winters of 1971-72 and 1972-73. 4. Indication of Snow Avalanche Periodicity Through Interpretation of Vegetation Patterns in the North Cascades, Washington. 5. A Visit to the Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research. 6. Decision Methods

Authors:
LaChapplle,E. R., Brown,C. B., Evans,R. J., Fox,T., Smith,L., McClung,D. L.

Keywords:
avalanche, snow, decisions, weather, vegetation, creep, glide, dendrochronology, avalanches, Cascade, design, methods, North, North Cascade, research, Study, Washington, winter

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Abstract:
This Summary Report synthesizes the work on avalanche control carried out at the University of Washington from 1970 through 1974. Five problem areas are addressed: 1. Identification of avalanche paths. 2. Description of historical frequency and size of avalanches. 3 Prediction of avalanche. 4. Identification of control methods. 5. Inclusion of control and prediction schemes in highway design and operation.

Authors:
LaChapplle,E. R., Brown,C. B., Evans,R. J.

Keywords:
avalanche, snow, decisions, weather, vegetation, creep, glide, avalanche forecasting, control, design, highway, highway design, methods, prediction, Washington

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Abstract:
In many parts of the world, the design of flexible pavement is still based on empirical methods which have developed from engineering experience. These empirical methods cannot be extrapolated beyond their limits without full scale trials to prove their applicability. In recent years, however, the increase of traffic, both in volume and axle loads, has led to the failure of many roads previously considered well designed. For this reason, therefore, researchers realized that a closer look at the pavement materials was desirable in order to develop a rational design procedure. Due to the complexity of characterizing pavement materials, and the limitations of instrumentation, much of the reported work offered little help in changing design practice. This is, perhaps, due to many simplifying assumptions which had to be introduced in the experimental procedure as well as the interpretation of the test results. Recently, however, there has been a sharp advancement in test instrumentation and an outstanding progress in processing the experimental results. This has been reflected through many fine investigations and has increased the demand for more improvements. An asphalt pavement is a complex structure whose function is to provide a suitable surface for a highway, an airport, or other off-highway facility. The load of a vehicle or an aircraft is transmitted through the multilayered system of processed materials which have different mechanical properties. The stress distribution within this system is highly complex and to a large extent is dependent on the relative stiffnesses of the individual layers.

Authors:
Terrel,Ronald L., Awad,S.

Keywords:
asphalt, asphalt pavement, axle, base, behavior, demand, design, developed, experimental, facilities, fine, highway, improvement, loads, materials, methods, pavement, stiffness, stresses, System, traffic, volume

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Abstract:
A study was conducted of rest area wastewater disposal problems and related factors for the Washington State Highway Commission during the period of June - December 1971. This report on the study is intended to present an evaluation of present rest area wastewater systems together with feasibility analyses of alternative methods of waste handling. It is not intended to be a preliminary engineering design report.Data are presented on rest area problems as reported to or observed by the writers on field visitations. This is followed by discussions of criteria and standards presently used in rest area design together with data on water usage for those rest areas where "complete" data were available. Laboratory analyses were made on rest area wastewaters and on a certain additive, " Bacterial Waste Disposer", that has been used in some of the rest areas. A discussion is included on possible future trends and uses of rest areas and the need to minimize water usage. Chapter XI1 contains the principal thrust of the report in its discussion of possible rest area wastewater disposal methods with an evaluation and some relative cost data. With increasingly stringent requirements for wastewater disposal, it seems apparent that rest area wastewaters must continue to be disposed of on highway property. If not, the Department would find itself, in most instances, with the task of operating continuously and effectually some rather complicated treatment systems that require trained operators, operational reports and effluent analyses, and systems that are not usually amenable to the flow characteristics of rest area wastewaters. Since much national attention is being given to these problems, it is hoped that new or improved treatment schemes may be developed in the future that will be appropriate for rest areas. An intent of this study has thus been to suggest means of wastewater disposal, presently available that would offer an improvement to the septic tank drain field method of disposal.Conclusions and recommendations drawn from the study are as follows:1. There is no question but that septic tank- drain field disposal systems would, because of their simplicity, be the preferred method of disposal if their installation were applicable to most rest areas and if they would, from past experiences here and elsewhere give some assurance of a freedom from operating difficulties over a period of just a few years.

Authors:
Seabloom,Robert W.

Keywords:
additive, Alternative, cost, criteria, data, design, developed, disposal, evaluation, flow, highway, improvement, ITS, methods, Operating, rest area, rest areas, Study, System, systems, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
An interim report of the second year of a three-year study of avalanche hazards along Washington mountain highways is presented. Applicable snow, avalanche and weather data for 1971-72 are given. Also included is a theoretical treatment o f the stress analysis of slab avalanches and a bibliography of snow clearing technology.

Authors:
LaChapplle,E. R., Brown,C. B., Evans,R. J.

Keywords:
analysis, Annual, avalanche, Avalanche control, Washington mountain highways, Snow and weather data, Snow clearing technology, Avalanches, control, data, hazard, highway, Highways, Interim, methods, snow, stresses, Study, technology, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
This Avalanche Atlas catalogs details of snow avalanche activity along the North Cascades Highway, SR-20, between Newhalem on the west side of the Cascade Mountains and Mazama on the east side. Data contained herein have been collected during summer and winter reconnaissances in 1970 and 1971 under contract between the Washington State Highway Department and the University of Washington. Compilation of this Atlas completes the first phase of a planned three-year study of avalanche problems and control methods on the highways of the State of Washington.

Authors:
LaChapplle,E. R.

Keywords:
Atlas, avalanche, Cascade, control, data, highway, Highways, methods, North, North Cascade, snow, SR 20, Study, Washington, Washington state, winter

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