Abstract:
The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) has deployed advanced weather systems and products to support maintenance operations and to provide public information. The expanded system has tremendously improved the availability and quality of weather information for WSDOT crews and the traveling public. Use of current and forecast weather information has increased from nearly non-existent to an actively used, Department-wide resource. This summary report overviews the various efforts, products, and reports generated since the beginning of the road weather project.

Authors:
Senn,L.

Keywords:
availability, information systems, maintenance, public, public information, quality, Road Weather Information System, System, systems, transportation, Washington, Washington state, weather prediction, winter road maintenance, WSDOT

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/624.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/600/624.1.htm

Abstract:
The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) and its partner agencies developed a research program to design new and retrofit culverts. The goal of this program is to identify culvert bed configurations, designs, and associated hydraulic conditions that allow successful movement of juvenile salmonids upstream, while safely passing water, sediment, and debris downstream. WSDOT, in cooperation with the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW), constructed a culvert test bed at the WDFS's Skookumchuck Hatchery in western Washington State. Battelle conducted experiments to establish protocols for future research on bed conditions, culvert shape, etc. This technical report describes various protocols, such as time of day, duration of test, and density of test fish, and provides hydraulic and biological characterizations of a baseline culvert.

Authors:
Pearson,W. H., Richmond,M., Johnson,G., Sargeant,S. L.

Keywords:
agencies, condition, culvert, culvert passage, culvert test bed, culverts, density, design, developed, evaluation, experimental, fish, ITS, juvenile salmonid, juvenile salmonid passage, program, research, retrofit, salmonids, transportation, Washington, Washington state, wildlife, WSDOT

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/614.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/600/614.1.htm

Abstract:
This report documents the development of data collection methodologies that can be used to cost effectively measure truck movements along specific roadway corridors selected by transportation agencies in Washington State. The intent of this study was to design and test methodologies that could be used to measure the performance of freight mobility roadway improvement projects against benchmarks, or selected standards, that would be used both as part of the project selection process and to report on speed and volume improvements that resulted from completed freight mobility projects. One technology tested was Commercial Vehicle Information System and Networks (CVISN) electronic truck transponders, which are mounted on the windshields of approximately 20,000 trucks in Washington. By using software to link the transponder reads from sites anywhere in the state, the transponder-equipped trucks could become a travel-time probe fleet. The second technology tested involved global positioning systems (GPS) placed in volunteer trucks to collect specific truck movement data at 5-second intervals. With GPS data it was possible to understand when and where the monitored trucks experienced congestion and to generate useful performance statistics. The study found that both data collection technologies could be useful; however, the key to both technologies is whether enough instrumented vehicles pass over the roadways for which data are required. This basic condition affects whether the technologies will be effective at collecting the data required for any given benchmark project. The report also recommends the traffic data that should be collected for a benchmark program and the potential costs of using either data collection technology.

Authors:
McCormack,E. D., Hallenbeck,M. E.

Keywords:
agencies, commercial vehicle, condition, congestion, construction, corridors, cost, costs, data, data collection, design, development, freight, freight mobility, freight movement reliability, global positioning, global positioning systems, GPS, improvement, methodology, mobility, networks, performance, positioning, probe program, project, research, roadway, software, speed, statistics, Study, System, systems, technology, traffic, traffic data, transportation, travel time, truck, truck monitoring, trucks, volume, Washington, Washington state

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/607.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/600/607.1.htm

Abstract:
University of Washington researchers developed information tools to increase the speed and efficiency of Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) post-earthquake response and recovery efforts. The researchers upgraded the Pacific Northwest Seismograph Network (PNSN) ground-motion processing software to rapidly generate and disseminate "ShakeMaps," which are maps of earthquake intensity. The researchers also implemented two procedures to estimate the likelihood of slight (or greater) bridge damage; these procedures are based on the intensity of earthquake shaking (obtained from the ShakeMaps) and on each bridge's location, year of construction, and bridge type (obtained from the Washington State Bridge Inventory). The first procedure, developed at the University of Washington, is based on observations of bridge damage from the 2001 Nisqually earthquake. The second procedure is contained in the Federal Emergency Management Agency HAZUS software for predicting the lowest level of damage. Shortly following an earthquake, e-mail and pager alert messages will be sent to WSDOT personnel notifying them of the preliminary earthquake magnitude and epicenter. ShakeMaps and a prioritized list of bridges (ranked by likelihood of bridge damage) will be available on a Web server at the University of Washington and will be pushed to a WSDOT FTP server.

Authors:
Malone,S., Eberhard,M. O., LaBelle,J., Ranf,T.

Keywords:
bridges, damage, earthquakes, fragilities, inspection, ShakeMap, Washington, speed, Washington state, transportation, WSDOT, software, earthquake, bridge, construction, management

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/602.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/600/602.1.htm

Abstract:
This report documents the results of five Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS) project evaluations performed for the Washington State Department of Transportation. The projects encompass a range of devices in both urban and rural environments. Guidelines and lessons learned for planning and operating ATIS programs were then developed from the evaluation results. These observations were clustered into common themes in the areas of maintenance, rural projects, project management, staffing, training, support, and customer response. As part of this effort, a standardized evaluation approach for ATIS projects was developed. The approach was designed to focus on technical, management, and organizational lessons learned. The method was effective in producing useful information about ATIS benefits and deployment issues. Using that approach, an additional nineteen required ATIS evaluations will be performed in a second project phase. The additional evaluations will also provide an opportunity to further verify and strengthen the initial lessons learned, as well as to expand the method.

Authors:
Kopf,J., Nee,J., Ishimaru,J. M., Hallenbeck,M. E.

Keywords:
advanced traveler information systems, ATIS, benefit, benefits, environment, evaluation, framework, Intelligent transportation system, ITS, maintenance, management, planning, program, project evaluation, project management, rural, training, transportation, traveler information, urban, Washington, Washington state

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/606.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/600/606.1.htm

Abstract:
In 2003, the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) initiated a research effort to develop and test a methodology for estimating congestion delay on Seattle area freeways. The initial phase of the research developed a preliminary methodology for both measuring congestion and assigning that congestion to specific lane blocking incidents. In Phase 2 of this study, that methodology was automated and extended to include an examination of the effects of incidents occurring on the shoulders of the freeway, spillback from incident-caused congestion on one freeway that affects a second freeway that feeds traffic onto the initially congested facility, special events, and weather. Because funding for this effort was extremely limited, only three corridors (with both directions analyzed independently) and two months of data were analyzed. The project found that the Phase 1 methodology works well in assigning traffic congestion that occurs in the immediate time frame and geographic location of incidents to those incidents. It also showed that this process can be automated, making the data preparation effort now the primary determinant of the cost of additional work of this kind. Unfortunately, even with the addition of shoulder incidents, special events, and weather to lane blocking events, the automated process is unable to assign a significant proportion of the non-recurring delay occurring on Seattle freeways. The detailed analysis of freeway performance showed that much of the delay caused by specific incidents occurs in places or at times removed from the incident itself. The result is that much of the observed non-recurring delay can not be assigned to specific causes by the current analytical process. New analytical procedures will need to be developed in Phase 3 of this work. The Phase 2 analysis also confirmed that the congestion effects of specific incidents and other traffic disruptions are highly dependent on the background traffic conditions at the time of the disruption. While the Phase 2 analysis did not produce all of the results desired, the additional analyses showed that the summary statistics output from the Phase 2 software are useful as input to other analytical procedures.

Authors:
Kopf,J., Nee,J., Ishimaru,J. M., Hallenbeck,M. E.

Keywords:
congestion causes, freeway performance, traffic congestion, Washington, Washington state, transportation, WSDOT, research, methodology, congestion, seattle, freeway, developed, incident, Study, effects, traffic, facilities, corridors, data, project, cost, analysis, performance, in-place, condition, statistics, software

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/619.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/600/619.1.htm

Abstract:
This study was conducted for the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) to explore both the need for and the variety of alternatives to the use of an annual application of herbicides for removing vegetation in the area immediately adjacent to the pavement edge. Our study approached these questions in two different ways, developing both a literature review and a set of interviews with people who have specific knowledge or views of these issues. We conducted interviews with three groups of people to identify issues, maintenance alternatives, and significant literature references: (1) staff at other federal, state, and county transportation agencies, (2) staff and volunteers who work with advocacy groups, and (3) researchers at academic institutions who specialize in related areas. Our literature review contains a set of citations that present related management issues and alternative practices. The abstracts for these references were included when available. To summarize what we learned from the interviews and literature sources, we developed a decision framework that could be used to guide WSDOT district maintenance staff in formulating management plans for vegetation. The decision framework differs from current practice primarily in that it begins with the assumption that maintenance of the area immediately adjacent to the pavement is not necessary unless some particular, observable condition triggers the need for such maintenance.

Authors:
Hill,K., Horner,R. R.

Keywords:
agencies, Alternative, Annual, best practices, condition, counties, developed, environmental management, framework, group, herbicides, integrated vegetation management (IVM), interviews, Issues, maintenance, management, pavement, pavement edge, research, review, road ecology, roadside, roadside maintenance, roadside vegetation, Study, transportation, vegetation management, Washington, Washington state, weeds, WSDOT, Zone 1

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/621.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/600/621.1.htm

Abstract:
TrafficTV is a traffic and traveler information resource available on cable television (UWTV2 Channel 76). It began operation June 1, 1998, as part of the SmartTrek Operational Deployment under the name Traffic Channel. The SmartTrek evaluation of May 2001 identified several problems with Traffic Channel and recommended some improvements. This project made those changes and renamed the application TrafficTV. A series of meetings was held in June 2003. These meetings involved personnel from the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) Northwest Region, WSDOT Advanced Technology Branch, WSDOT Olympia office, the University of Washington's UWTV, and the UW Intelligent Transportation Systems Research Program. From these meetings came a set of recommended changes. These changes were made to TrafficTV and are documented in this report. Battelle Institute conducted a focus group in May 2004 to evaluate the resulting program. This focus group concluded that TrafficTV is a useful traveler information tool but has not had sufficient public exposure to make it widely known to the traveling public. A market penetration audit conducted by Media Audit in June and July 2004 indicated that when viewers were asked about TrafficTV, over 94,000 had seen the program within the last week. This was deemed surprisingly high, given the lack of external exposure and that viewers would have found TrafficTV only by word of mouth or by "channel surfing." Again, a conclusion of the audit was that additional exposure would make TrafficTV more valuable as a traveler information tool. As a result of the publicity recommendations, a banner has been added to the North West Region's traveler information page to alert users to the availability of TrafficTV.

Authors:
Dailey,D. J., Bradbury,J.

Keywords:
traveler information, cable TV, Intelligent transportation system, congestion information, traffic, evaluation, Washington, Washington state, transportation, WSDOT, intelligent transportation systems, systems, research, program, group, public

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/603.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/600/603.1.htm

Abstract:
This research addresses the understanding of, and need for, load spectra in future pavement design procedures and as a stepping stone toward more complete pavement design. The primary objective of this project was to develop truck axle load spectra for Washington State. To do this, axle load data collected at WIM stations throughout Washington State were used. The developed load spectra encompass the principal truck axles on the roadway network: single, tandem, and tridem. Achieving this objective allows the Washington State Department of Transportation, or any state highway agency with analogous traffic patterns, to accommodate the requirements of the 2002 Design Guide, developed through NCHRP Project 1-37A. A secondary objective of this project was to determine whether ESALs obtained from the developed load spectra are significantly different from historical values. Because the developed load spectra are transformable to ESALs, state highway agencies that decide not to use the new guide can still choose to employ the ESALs produced with the load spectra. The project concluded that the developed load spectra are reasonable. For single axles they are comparable to the 2002 Design Guide and MnROAD defaults. For tandem and tridem axles, they are slightly more conservative than defaults of the 2002 Design Guide and MnROAD, but they are still within reason. In addition, the ESALs per vehicle class associated with the developed load spectra are comparable to Washington State historical ESALs for vehicle classes 9, 10, and 13. The use of the newly developed ESALs per vehicle will generally increase design ESALs, but that increase will be due to inclusion of the less predominant vehicle classes (4, 6, 7, 8, and 11).

Authors:
Al-Yagout,M. A., Mahoney,J. P., Pierce,L., Hallenbeck,M. E.

Keywords:
agencies, axle, data, design, developed, development, equivalent single axel load, ESAL, highway, load spectra, pavement, pavement design, performance, project, research, roadway, single axle, traffic, transportation, truck, Washington, Washington state, weigh-in-motion, WIM

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/600.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/600/600.1.htm

Abstract:
This report documents the development of data collection methodologies that can be used to cost effectively measure truck movements along specific roadway corridors selected by the Freight Mobility Strategic Investment Board (FMSIB.) The intent of this study was to design and test methodologies that could be used to measure the performance of freight mobility roadway improvement projects against benchmarks, or selected standards, which would be used both as part of the project selection process and to report on speed and volume improvements that resulted from completed FMSIB projects. One technology tested was Commercial Vehicle Information System and Networks (CVISN) electronic truck transponders, which are mounted on the windshields of approximately 20,000 trucks traveling in Washington. These transponders are used at weigh stations across the state to improve the efficiency of truck regulatory compliance checks. By using software to link the transponder reads from sites anywhere in the state, the transponder-equipped trucks could become a travel time probe fleet. The second technology tested involved global positioning systems (GPS) placed in volunteer trucks recruited for this project to collect specific truck movement data at 5-second intervals. With GPS data it was possible to understand when and where the monitored trucks experienced congestion. By aggregating this information over time, it was possible to generate performance statistics related to the reliability of truck trips, and even examine changes in route choice for trips between high volume origin/destination pairs. The study found that both data collection technologies could be useful; however, the key to both technologies is whether enough instrumented vehicles pass over the roadways for which data are required. This basic condition significantly affects whether the transponder and GPS technologies will be effective at collecting the data required for any given FMSIB benchmark project . The report also recommends the traffic data that should be collected for a benchmark program and the potential costs of using either data collection technology.

Authors:
McCormack,E. D., Hallenbeck,M. E.

Keywords:
freight movement reliability, truck monitoring, development, data, data collection, methodology, cost, truck, roadway, corridors, freight, freight mobility, mobility, design, performance, speed, volume, commercial vehicle, networks, trucks, Washington, software, travel time, probe, global positioning, global positioning systems, positioning, systems, GPS, congestion, statistics, reliability, condition, traffic, traffic data, program, costs

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Abstract:
This project performed extensive study and systematic research on the application of the Highway Development and Management system (HDM-4) to the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) highway system. Data processing, testing, calibration, and analysis were executed to provide the WSDOT with a new budget planning tool. HDM-4 flexible pavement deterioration models were calibrated with the assistance of the Washington State Pavement Management System. A method to calibrate concrete pavement distress models is proposed. This research also explored the application of HDM-4 analysis at the project, program, and strategic levels. The applications include prediction of pavement conditions during a defined analysis period, calculation of required budgets for optimal pavement conditions and maximum economic indicators, establishment of optimized work programs under varying levels of constrained budgets, and other applications for WSDOT.

Authors:
Li,J., Muench,S. T., Mahoney,J. P., Pierce,L., Sivaneswaran,N.

Keywords:
HDM-4, models, pavement maintenance, pavement management, pavement performance, Pavement preservation, vehicle operating costs, research, highway, development, management, management system, Washington, Washington state, transportation, WSDOT, data, calibration, analysis, planning, pavement, deterioration, concrete, program, applications, prediction, condition, indicators

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/588.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/588.1.htm

Abstract:
The goal of advanced traveler information systems (ATIS) is to provide travelers with information that will facilitate their decisions concerning route choice, departure time, trip delay or elimination, and mode of transportation. The benefits of ATIS projects can be evaluated through field studies, simulation software, and surveys. An evaluation method called the ITS Deployment Analysis System (IDAS) is suggested for use by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). IDAS is a "sketch" planning tool intended for screening and prioritizing all intelligent transportation systems (ITS) projects (not just ATIS projects). The software evaluates a number of benefits. These are determined by changes attributable to the deployment of ITS in vehicle miles traveled (VMT), vehicle hours traveled (VHT), volume-capacity (v/c) ratios, and vehicle speeds throughout a given network. The IDAS evaluation depends on a number of assumptions that affect the calculations of costs and benefits. The IDAS developers recommend that these assumptions be inspected by local agencies and adjusted to better represent local conditions. The assumptions about the impacts on VMT, VHT, v/c ratios, and vehicle speed are particularly important. Consequently, suggestions are made within this report for adjustments that WSDOT should make to these default values. These values will allow the WSDOT to successfully employ IDAS for ATIS evaluation.

Authors:
Kristof,T., Lowry,M., Rutherford,G. S.

Keywords:
advanced traveler information systems, agencies, analysis, Assessing, ATIS, ATIS benefits, ATIS evaluation, benefit, benefits, condition, cost, costs, Deployment, evaluation, IDAS, impact, impacts, information systems, Intelligent transportation system, intelligent transportation systems, ITS, ITS Deployment Analysis System, planning, prioritizing, project, research, software, speed, Study, survey, Surveys, System, systems, transportation, traveler information, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/597.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/597.1.htm

Abstract:
The intent of this project was to develop retroreflectivity degradation curves for roadway pavement markings. To accomplish this objective, this study utilized a vehicle-mounted Laserlux retroreflectometer to take measurements on approximately 80 test sections throughout Washington state. The resulting retroreflectivity values from roadways with similar average annual daily traffic (AADT) and environments displayed a significant amount of variability. Best-fit trendlines were extrapolated to determine when each category of paint would fall below a selected minimum threshold of 100 mcd/m2/lux and require repainting.Unfortunately, given the variability of the data observed to date, it may not be possible, even with the collection of more data, to create striping performance predictions that have a high level of statistical confidence. According to that schedule, long line painted markings should be painted at least once a year, and heavy wear, long line pavement markings should be painted at least twice a year.

Authors:
Kopf,J.

Keywords:
degradation curves, Laserlux retroreflectometer, pavement, pavement markings, retroreflectivity, roadway, Washington, Washington state, traffic, environment, data, performance, prediction, line

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/592.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/592.1.htm

Abstract:
The SR99-Spokane Street Over-crossing is located in Seattle, Washington, and was built in the late 1950s. Its construction is mostly of reinforced concrete; the reinforcement detailing is poor by modern seismic standards, particularly with respect to confinement, and the underlying soils are also weak. Furthermore, the structure contains many "outrigger bents", in which columns are displaced from their ideal locations to accommodate passage of railroad tracks beneath the structure. These outrigger bents cause significant asymmetry in the structure that could lead to unusual and undesirable seismic response. In this study, the seismic response of the structure was evaluated analytically and seismic retrofit strategies were developed and evaluated. In a companion experimental study by Washington State University (WSU), the as-existing structure was investigated by testing scale models of representative bents, and one retrofit strategy was also tested. In this report, modeling approaches are discussed in detail, and the results of evaluations of the as-existing structure as well as the retrofit strategies are presented. Some components of the structure (e.g. the deck, the already-jacketed columns and the soil-foundation-structure system) were found to be critical to an accurate determination of response and were therefore modeled in some detail. Site-specific ground motions at three different hazard levels were used. The structure was found to be vulnerable, especially to the 72- and 475-year ground motions. The knee-joints that connect the outrigger beams and columns were found to be the most critical components, and their vulnerability was shown to be influenced by the type of retrofit performed on the outrigger column. Retrofit strategies included some designed to increase the strength and ductility of the components, and some intended to reduce the demands on them.

Authors:
Inouye,B., Lehman,D. E., Stanton,J. F., Kramer,S. L.

Keywords:
columns, concrete, construction, ductility, evaluation, experimental, hazard, ITS, knee-joints, modeling, models, outriggers, reinforced concrete, reinforcement, retrofit, seattle, seismic, seismic response, soil-structure interaction, strength, Washington, Washington state

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/596.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/596.1.htm

Abstract:
This research study was conducted to evaluate the in-service performance of existing guardrail end treatments and unrestrained pre-cast concrete barrier in Washington State. For a selected area of the state highway system over a one-year period, local area maintenance personnel were tasked to document incidents, including extent of damage and repair costs, into a database using NCHRP Project 22-13 methodology. Additional information (accident severity, e.g.) from police reports was gathered from the incidents and added to the database. The installation characteristics measured for Breakaway Cable Terminals (BCT) and Slotted Rail Terminals (SRT), along with the related crash data for these devices, showed overall acceptable performance when struck. Review of the incident severities, together with the displacement and damage data on struck barriers in the study area, revealed no significant difference in BCT and SRT performance. The installation, damage, and displacement characteristics examined on struck concrete barrier showed that the pin and loop connections were holding well in incidents, and the barrier displacements during incidents were within the WSDOT design specification for such systems.

Authors:
Igharo,P. O., Murphy,J., Glad,R. W.

Keywords:
performance, guardrail, Washington, Washington state, guardrail end treaments, breakaway cable terminal (BCT), roadside safety, slotted rail terminal (SRT), research, end treatment, precast concrete, concrete, concrete barrier, highway, maintenance, incident, damage, repair, costs, cost, database, methodology, accident severity, data, barriers, WSDOT, design, specification, systems

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/580.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/580.1.htm

Abstract:
More extensive use of precast concrete components, which are fabricated off-site and then connected on-site, could allow bridges to be constructed more rapidly. The increased use of precast components in bridges also promises to increase work-zone safety and reduce environmental impacts for bridges that span waterways. This report discusses precast concrete systems that have been used for rapid bridge construction outside of Washington State and evaluates whether they are suitable for use within Western Washington. The report also identifies key features that are important for successful precast concrete system applications. Information on previously used systems was gathered through an extensive review of published literature. Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) design and construction engineers, precast concrete producers, and bridge contractors were also consulted to obtain their input on the positive and negative aspects of applied systems. Most applications have been used in areas of low seismic potential. By contrast, Western Washington is subject to strong earthquakes. Because precast systems contain connections, and connections are typically vulnerable to seismic loading, a qualitative evaluation of the expected seismic performance of each system was deemed necessary. The researchers identified four types of precast concrete superstructure systems: full-depth precast concrete panels, partial-depth precast concrete panels, prestressed concrete multibeam superstructures, and preconstructed composite units. The four systems appear to have acceptable seismic behavior, but there are concerns associated with constructability and durability. Precast concrete substructure systems have received much less attention than have superstructure systems. The use of precast substructure components can provide significant time savings by eliminating the time needed to erect formwork, fix steel, and cure concrete in the substructure. The success of the system depends strongly on the connections, which must hae good seismic resistance, have tolerances that allow easy assembly, and be suitable for rapid construction.

Authors:
Hieber,D. G., Wacker,J. M., Eberhard,M. O., Stanton,J. F.

Keywords:
bridge, bridges, concrete, construction, multibeam superstructures, precast concrete, precast substructures, prestressed concrete, Rapid construction, state-of-the-art, systems, safety, environmental, environmental impact, impacts, span, Washington, Washington state, applications, transportation, WSDOT, design, seismic, earthquake, seismic loading, evaluation, performance, superstructure, prestressed, seismic behavior, constructability, durability, steel, resistance

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/594.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/594.1.htm

Abstract:
The Oregon Spotted Frog is currently a federal Candidate for listing under the Endangered Species Act. The report provides a habitat screening that biologists in Washington State can apply in the field to determine whether wetlands contain suitable habitat for the Oregon Spotted Frog. In the event that this species is listed, the application of the model will facilitate a more streamlined consultation process of transportation projects in the event of this species.

Authors:
Germaine,S. S., Consentino,B. L.

Keywords:
amphibians, Endangered species act, frogs, habitat, model, occupancy, Oregon Spotted Frog, Pacific Northwest, project, Rana pretisoa, transportation, Washington, Washington state, wetlands, wildlife

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/585.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/585.1.htm

Abstract:
This research was Phase III of field investigations carried out over 12 years at a test section in southwest Washington State in an effort to quantify the contribution of geotextile separators to the long-term performance of pavement sections. Five different geotextile separators, as well as a control (soil-only) section, were installed in a test section covering two lanes with different base course thicknesses on a low volume but heavily loaded rural highway west of Bucoda, Wash. Phase I evaluated the performance of the separators during construction. Phases II and III were conducted to evaluate the performance of the separators 5 and 12 years after construction, respectively. Field and laboratory tests were conducted on the subgrade, granular base materials, and the geotextiles as part of the effort to correlate the performance of the pavement section to the presence of the geotextile separators. Falling weight deflectometer (FWD) testing was also performed at the site as part of the effort to quantify the performance of the pavement section. The laboratory tests indicated that the geotextiles successfully performed their separation function over the 12-year period. However, the soil-only sections had a minimal amount of intermixing at the base course/subgrade interface, indicating that the separation benefits of geotextiles may not be realized under relatively thick pavement sections. Field density tests indicated that the density of the subgrade in the sections with a geotextile generally increased between construction and the first field investigation, whereas the density of the soil-only sections remained about the same. Similarly, the FWD tests showed that the most significant increase in the subgrade moduli occurred in the first few months following construction. However, the soil-only sections exhibited behavior similar to the sections with geotextiles during the FWD testing, suggesting that for the relatively thick pavement sections, incorporation of geotextiles may not have provided a significant contribution to the overall performance of the section over the 12-year period. Some of the FWD results did suggest that geotextiles might contribute to an increase in the base course modulus over time.

Authors:
Collins,B. M., Holtz,R. D.

Keywords:
base, behavior, benefit, benefits, construction, control, density, falling weight deflectometer, field investigations, geotextile, geotextile separators, highway, materials, moduli, pavement, pavement performance, pavement section, research, rural, separators, subgrade, tests, volume, Washington, Washington state, weight, performance

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/595.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/595.1.htm

Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether conditions associated with over-water structures enhance predation pressure on juvenile salmon in Puget Sound. Washington State Ferry served as model. Over-water structures for exploring these issues. This document reports bird and survey results from six north-central Puget Sound WSF terminals and paired reference sites over both \"pre\" and \"peak\" periods of outmigrating salmon fry abundance from April 1 to May 10, 2002. We conclude that potential salmon predators were slightly more abundant at WSF terminals as compared with unmodified shorelines, although large aggregations were not observed on any occasion. The spatial distribution patterns of both bird and fish predators rarely overlapped with juvenile salmon oriented in surface waters close to shore. We were unable to verify whether potential predators were more abundant during peak salmon out-migration, because salmon were available in these habitats throughout the duration of our study. We found no evidence that avian, marine mammal, or fish predators consumed more juvenile salmon near WSF terminals than along shorelines without over-water structures. Few species appeared to be targeting abundant in near-shore habitats, and we observed only two occasions in which predators (one tern Sp. One staghorn sculpin) had consumed juvenile salmon. Several hypotheses are offered as to why we did not observe elevated rates of predation on juvenile salmon in the face of their greater relative availability to predators in near-shore habitats.

Authors:
Williams,G. D., Thom,R. M., Shreffler,J. A., Southard,L., O\'Rourke,K., Sargeant,S. L., Cullinan,V. I., Moursund,R., Stamey,M.

Keywords:
Assessing, availability, condition, ferry, fish, habitat, habitats, Issues, juvenile salmon, marine, model, nearshore habitat, over-water structure, Overwater, overwater structure, overwater structures, predation, Prediation Risk, pressure, salmon, Structure-related, structures, Study, survey, Washington, Washington state

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/573.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/573.1.htm

Abstract:
The purpose of this research was to explore the relationship between roadway and roadside accidentrates for Washington State highways to improve the Washington State Department of Transportation's(WSDOT) process of modeling roadway and roadside accident rates and to arrive at possible improvements in the efficiency of WSDOT's safety project programming process.The project tested the use of the seemingly unrelated regression estimation (SURE) model to modelthe roadway and roadside simultaneously. The theoretical advantage of the SURE approach is that it does not impose any a priori assumptions on the explicit linkage between roadway and roadside accident rates, and there is no theoretical support for explicit linkage, either. The data used to derive this model were from a random sample of 500 one-mile sections from the Washington State highway system. Traffic dataincluded traffic volumes, truck compositions, AADT, traffic speeds, and other relevant information.Geometric data included lane, shoulder, median, curve, and intersection information. Historical weather data such as monthly precipitation and temperature were collected from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration database.In comparing significant explanatory variables between the roadway accident rate and roadsideaccident rate models, very few variables were common. This confirms that it is preferable to specifyseparate functional forms for roadway and roadside accident rates. Empirical results indicated thatcorrelation between roadway and roadside accident rates was insignificant, indicating that efficiency gainsfrom the SURE model would be minimal. The important finding from a programming standpoint is thatjointly modeling the roadway and roadside simultaneously would not result in significant efficiencyimprovements in comparison to the current state-of-the-practice in Washington State.

Authors:
Chayanan,S., Nebergall,M., Shankar,V., Juvva,N., Ouyang,Y.

Keywords:
roadway, roadside, accident rates, safety programming, research, Washington, Washington state, highway, transportation, WSDOT, modeling, safety, regression, linkage, data, traffic, traffic data, volume, truck, speed, median, temperature, database, models

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/562.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/562.1.htm

Abstract:
This summary report presents an overview of the level of traveler usage (e.g., how many vehicles use the freeways) and travel performance (e.g., how fast they are traveling, where and how often congestion ocurs) on the principal urban freeways in the central Puget Sound area. The freeways studied in this project are managed by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) using its FLOW system, a coordinated network of traffic monitoring, measuring, information dissemination, and control devices that operates on urban state and Interstate highways in the central Puget Sound region. Data presented in this report were collected by the WSDOT's freeway surveillance system. The project that led to this report is intended to meet two separate purposes: 1) to enhance WSDOT's ability to monitor and improve its traffic management efforts on Seattle-area highways, and 2) to provide useful information to the public and decision makers about the status of the freeway system's operational performance. This report is primarily intended to meet the second of these objectives. However, the software developed to assist in freeway data analysis for this project and many of the graphics presented in this report are directly applicable to the first objective.

Authors:
Avery,R. P., Ishimaru,J. M., Nee,J., Hallenbeck,M. E.

Keywords:
analysis, Archived Data User Services (ADUS), congestion, congestion monitoring, control, data, flow, freeway, freeway performance, highway, information dissemination, ITS, management, monitoring, performance, public, research, surveillance, traffic, traffic management, traffic monitoring, transportation, urban, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/563.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/563.1.htm

Abstract:
An estimated 2,400 to 4,000 hydraulic structures are barriers to fish passage in Washington State. Many are culverts inadequately sized for fish Recently, the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife established statewide guidelines to incorporate fish migration into culvert design by providing two approaches: stream simulation and hydraulic design. Stream simulation involves culverts to be wider than the natural channel under bank-full conditions. The hydraulic design option requires culverts to satisfy minimum depth and maximum hydraulic drop constraints ranging from 0.8 to 1.0 A and permissible velocities from 2.0 to 6.0 depending on species and culvert length. The permissible velocity criterion is to be met during fish passage design flow. A new model is presented for fish passage design flows at streams in Eastern Washington. The model is founded on two key concepts: a unique definition of fish passage design flow and an area based approach for estimating flow at ungaged streams. The fish design flow was developed by combining the concepts of allowable fish delay, established to be 3 days, with a consecutive day analysis. This design flow ensures that fish are not delayed for than 3 consecutive days during a water year. A fish passage design flow per area is assigned to previously delineated subwatersheds in Eastern Washington. Similarity relationships, derived basin characteristics, relate Geological Survey gaging stations to sub-watersheds in Eastern Washington. These relationships form the basis for a value of fish passage design flow per unit area to each sub-watershed in Eastern Washington. The percent standard error for this model was calculated as 36%. This is a significant improvement the 75% standard error calculated for the model that previously addressed fish passage design flows in Eastern Washington.

Authors:
Rowland,E. R., Hotchkiss,R. H., Barber,M. E.

Keywords:
analysis, barrier, barriers, Channel, condition, culvert, design, design flows, developed, Error, fish, fish passage, flow, hydrologic models, improvement, model, modeling, structural safety, structures, survey, velocity, Washington, Washington state, wildlife

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/545.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/545.1.htm

Abstract:
The pervasive problem of restoring fish runs to their natal streams is characterized in many regions of Washington by improperly placed culverts. The replacement of these fish migration barriers requires knowledge of design flows: floods for structural safety and migration season high and low flows. High flows block fish passage with velocities that exceed their swimming capabilities. During low flows, the migration barrier is caused by a lack of enough water depth to support the bodies of the fish. The estimation of these fish passage and safety flows in ungaged streams is impeded in eastern Washington due to: the wide range of conditions (5 to 110 inches per year of precipitation); diverse geology and soils; a lack of stream-gaging stations with long-term records; changes in land use; and the seasonal impacts of irrigation diversions and well on the remnant flows. Past efforts to estimate these flows have not been successful. Therefore, the WSU project was undertaken to model the high migration season flow in all of eastern Washington. In addition, WSU established 20 stream-gaging stations on salmon streams along the east side of the Cascade Mountains plus the Blue Mountains. Our complementary project was developed to estimate other design flows in the Water Resource Inventory Areas and 49, in which the WSU gage sites are located. United States Geological Survey (USGS) gage records in those (and in and 47) were used to develop our models that estimate the following statistical flows: 100-year, 25-year and 2-year daily and peak floods; the average annual flow and its variability; ranges of mean monthly flows (maximum, average and low); the 7-day average, 2-year, 10-year, 20-year low flow; and the 30- and 60-day average low flows. The model results are, for the most part, very good. The standard error of estimate ranges are: for floods, 2 -37%; average annual flow, 10-37%; maximum annual flow, 6 -14%; annual flow, 13 -23%; and flows, 3 -22%. Monthly average flows reflected the strong influences of seasonal variability and irrigation withdrawals: due to winter frozen Iowa flows (3%)in the Entiat,-Wenatchee Region, and August low flows (242%) in the Blue Mountains due to irrigation. All flow estimation equations were based on USGS stream-gaging data from continuous located in the located in the WRIA'S.

Authors:
Orsborn,J. F., Orsborn,M. T.

Keywords:
Annual, barrier, barriers, condition, culvert, culverts, data, design, design flows, developed, equations, Error, fish, fish passage, flood, flow, hydrologic models, impact, impacts, ITS, land use, land-use, model, models, project, safety, salmon, season, seasonal, soil, structural safety, survey, velocity, Washington, winter

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/545.2.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/545.2.htm

Abstract:
Determining the marginal value of improved freight mobility along with a corridor requires full information on tonnage, dollar value of freight movements and services used in moving these products and the value-added characteristics of those products. This report investigates whether a practical methodology, applicable in the real world, can estimate value-added components of freight moving on Washington's transportation system. Determining this value-added can be done with the methodology identified in this study though it was found that specific data availability varied heavily from commodity to commodity, from corridor to corridor and project to project. The general results, and restructive assumptions and data deficiencies necessary for statewide analysis, cast doubt on specific findings. Regional or highway segment analysis can be more precise, if the data are locally developed. The basic model, consisting of kowledge about traffic levels, commodity composition, commodity value and value added of the commodity can reveal the importance of a corridor or region of interest to the state's economy.

Authors:
Casavant,K. L., Sorensen,P., Chase,B.

Keywords:
freight, value-added, Washington, methodology, research

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/540.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/540.1.htm

Abstract:
To address concerns of resource agencies about the potential impacts of ferry terminal expansion on valuable habitat functions and resource use of nearshore areas, the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), in partnership with the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT), conducted field trials with off-the-shelf products that promote light passage through dock structures. These products included a SunTunnel(TM), deck prisms, and a metal halide greenhouse light. Light measurements (photosynthetically active radiation, PAR), were also recorded beneath glass blocks and a metal grating installed at Clinton Ferry Terminal on Whidbey Island, Washington. A review of other studies measuring the effects of dock shading and alternate dock materials was conducted.PAR measurements from this study were related to minimum requirements for eelgrass Zostera marina photosynthesis and to the known maximum photosynthetic "saturation" rate for Z. marina. We also related PAR measurements to what we know about light requirements for macroalgae and kelp, and light effects on juvenile salmonid feeding and passage under overwater structures. All of the light technologies tested could provide enough light for eelgrass growth underneath a ferry terminal that is being expanded or rebuilt if certain requirements are met. For example, all of the technologies (some signgly and some in multiples) could provide adequate light for eelgrass if the dock is no greater than 15 ft. above the eelgrass and certain air:water ratios are met. At increased distances between the deck and eelgrass, the air:water ratio and total distance light must travel begin to limit the technolgies that could successfully be applied. In general, the products predicted to provide the most to the least light to eelgrass are the grating, SunTunnel, metal halide greenhouse light, and prisms. Light levels required to allow fish to feed and to form schools are low , and much less than those required for photosynthesis (Ali 1959). Based on Ali's data, our research indicates that installing any of the tested light products would likely maintain light levels under the dock above those required for active feeding by juvenile salmonids.

Authors:
Blanton,S. L., Thom,R. M., Borde,A., Diefenderfer,H., Southard,J.

Keywords:
light, overwater structure, nearshore habitat, photosynthesis, salmonids, eelgrass, transportation, highway, port, Washington, research

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Abstract:
The Service Patrol pilot demonstration in Seattle and Tacoma was managed by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) and operated by Washington State Patrol (WSP) cadets and contracted registered tow truck operators (RTTOs). Two other roving services, not funded as part of this pilot effort but included to a limited extent in this evaluation, were the roving patrol service provided by WSDOT on the SR 520 and I-90 floating bridges and the privately sponsored motor assistance vehicle from AAA's RescueVan. The evaluation examines how the similarities and differences among the different service delivery modes (e.g., the intensity of deployment, equipment choices, service delivery, costs) affect the impact of the Service Patrol operation on traffic conditions (e.g., reductions in delay) and the level of motorist satisfaction. This report also discusses feedback by the agencies participating in the Service Patrol program on institutional and operational issues that contribute to or hinder the success of the program. Operational characteristics and operating statistics are reported to convey factors that describe program effectiveness. The results of the study indicate that the use of a combination of service providers has benefits that no single provider can duplicate, and the cost implications of changing the program are small enough that any potential savings would be fairly minor. The pilot project resulted in a variety of intangible benefits, such as improved interagency coordination and cooperation, more efficient utilization of personnel, and a better understanding of each partner's roles and contributions toward congestion relief. The positive viewpoint toward the Service Patrol was uniform, regardless the service mode. Therefore, no significant changes to the existing pilot program are recommended at this time.

Authors:
Nee,J., Hallenbeck,M. E.

Keywords:
service patrols, incident response time, traffic delay, traffic safety, research, seattle, Washington, Washington state, transportation, WSDOT, truck, evaluation, floating bridge, bridges, bridge, costs, cost, traffic, condition, program, statistics, benefits, benefit, congestion

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Abstract:
This report documents the first year results of a pooled fund study among four states (California, Minnesota, Texas, and Washington State) and describes the structure and objectives. The planned continuation of this collaboration during the next two years is described. The pooled fund project established a working relationship among the four State DOT organizations. Under this agreement, each state allocated funding to allow selected DOT personnel and university researchers to participate in a series of technical meetings. Washington acted as the lead state for this pooled fund project, and produced the minutes and other documentation.Four technical meetings were held between July 1999 and January 2000, one in each of the four participating states. The general format for these meetings included presentations from the host DOT and associated research institutions, followed by specific topics of common interest to the four states. The four states quickly identified topics of mutual interest via this process. To provide the ability to study these topics and those identified in the future, the State DOT research managers agreed to establish a management framework to continue information sharing, to plan funding commitments and assure proper oversight and management of the collaborative studies.described.

Authors:
Mahoney,J. P., Pietz,M. D., Anderson,K. W.

Keywords:
California, Consortium, framework, management, Meeting, Minnesota, objectives, pavement, project, research, Study, technology, Texas, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
The Washington State Pavement Management System (WSPMS) offers an organized methodology that WSDOT decision makers use to determine optimum strategies for providing and maintaining pavements in a serviceable condition over a given period of time. It also helps improve decision-making efficiency, provide feedback on the consequences of decisions, and ensure the consistency of decisions made at different management levels within WSDOT. Unfortunately, it is not possible, by simply scanning the WSPMS, to pinpoint reasons why pavement sections made of the same general surface materials and subjected to similar traffic and climatic conditions differ in performance. What the WSPMS can do is assist engineers in developing a candidate list of pavement sections with superior and inferior performance. Common characteristics that linkmultiple pavement sections are of particular interest, in part because they may reflect a common practice(e-g., nighttime construction) that leads to superior or inferior performance.This study undertook various extensive analyses and comparisons to help illustrate common attributes of Washington state pavements with superior and inferior performance. The research also reviewed field performance data for Interstate 90 within the 1999 version of the WSPMS. The purpose was to examine all pavement segments on the 480 km of Interstate 90 within Washington state.Reducing variability will allow WSDOT to produce more consistent pavement performance and will allow increasingly effective planning and forecasting. An almost certain byproduct of this increased planning effectiveness will be a more efficient allocation of available funding.

Authors:
Baker,M. J., Mahoney,J. P.

Keywords:
Assessment, condition, construction, data, effectiveness, forecasting, management, management system, materials, methodology, pavement, pavement management, pavement performance, pavement section, pavements, performance, planning, research, superior inferior, System, traffic, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
Recently, WSDOT acquired a non-nuclear, non-destructive, density measuring device manufactured by TransTech called a Pavement Quality Indicator (PQI). TransTech's PQI measures pavement density indirectly by measuring its dielectric constant. A non-nuclear gauge is advantageous because it contains no radioactive source and is therefore not subject to radiological controls, and it can obtain readings in about 5 seconds versus to 4 minutes with a nuclear gauge. Currently, TransTech is collecting data from different agencies to determine the suitability for measuring asphalt pavement density. This brief study presents density measurements from PQI and compares them with nuclear density gauge and core density measurements from three WSDOT 1998 paving projects. This evaluation was a secondary study to 1998 study Asphalt Concrete Temperature in Washington State; therefore this study's experimental design was based entirely on the Temperature study requirements, which resulted in non-random samples and multiple populations within the same sample groups. Despite these problems, results indicate that, when averaged, PQI readings compare favorably with both nuclear measurements and core measurements.

Authors:
Muench,S. T., Mahoney,J. P., Cawley,B.

Keywords:
agencies, asphalt, asphalt concrete, asphalt pavement, concrete, control, core densities, data, density, design, evaluation, experimental, group, indicator, ITS, nuclear gauge, pavement, pavement quality, pavement quality indicator, population, project, quality, Study, temperature, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

Abstract:
Funded by the 1987 Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act, the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP), was a five year, $150 million research program to improve the performance of the nation's roads by addressing four key areas: concrete and structures; highway safety and maintenance; asphalt; and long-term pavement performance. Nearly one-third of the $150 million was allocated for the study of asphalt, specifically to develop performance based specifications that would relate material properties of the binder and the mix to field performance. Superpave (Superior PERforming asphalt PAVEments) encompasses the products of the SHRP asphalt research program and consists of three interrelated elements: an asphalt binder specification with supporting tests; a mix design and analysis system with supporting tests; and performance prediction models. This report is a compilation and synthesis of Washington DOT's (WSDOT) experience with selected components and concepts of the SHRP/Superpave technology to include the following: performance graded (PG) binder usage and specification validation; gyratory mix design; the Superpave Shear Test (SST); and field performance of the Superpave mixes.Binders typically specified by WSDOT (AR400OW and PBAs -2, -5, -6. -6GR) were classified in terms of five Superpave performance grades: PG 58-22; 64-22; 64-28; 64-34; and 70-28. Although data from 171 weather stations suggest that as many as 6 low- and 5 high-temperature grades could be specified, binder availability and regional pavement distress were used to develop guidelines for statewide PG usage. Three binders were recommended for use in the western, northeastern and southeastern regions of the state as follows: PG 58-22; PG 58-34; and PG 64-28, respectively. Validation of the binder specification with respect to low temperature cracking was accomplished using binder and field performance data from 28 projects. The results were very encouraging: the original SHRP algorithm for binder selection correctly "predicted" field performance in 22 of 28 cases, whereas the LTPP algorithm for binder selection correctly "predicted" field performance in 26 of 28 cases.Additionally, a laboratory experiment using the Superpave Shear Test (SST) apparatus was undertaken to test the effectiveness of binder "bumping," i.e., increasing the high temperature grade because of exceptionally high traffic volume and/or slow or standing traffic. The data clearly indicate that the SST is an effective tool for discriminating between binders and that 'bumping" may be effective in reducing pavement rutting. Permanent shear strain for specimens made with a PB 70-xx binder was only 25 to 33% of the shear strain for specimens made with a PG 58-xx binder.As originally configured, the Superpave mix design matrix included seven traffic levels and four temperature regimes for 28 possible compaction levels. Recognizing that the 28 compaction levels made for a somewhat unwieldy system, WSDOT attempted to reduce the number of compaction levels by conducting a series of mix designs at each compaction level. The results of the limited experiment suggest that it might be possible to limit the number of compaction levels required for mix design. Research by Brown et. al. (NCHRP 99) tends to confirm this as they have suggested reducing the number of compaction levels and provided more definitive guidance with respect to each level.Since 1993 WSDOT has place 44 projects which include some component of the Superp ave technology. For 17 of these projects parallel Hveem and Superpave mix designs were conducted. In 13 of the 17 cases, the Superpave design asphalt content was equal to or greater than the Hveem design asphalt content, though the difference was usually no more than 0.2%. A fundamental difference between Hveem and Superpave mix design methods is the compaction device. Data from these field projects indicate that the current kneading and gyratory compaction protocols (at least for 109 gyrations) yield similar air void contents.As noted previously, Washington DOT has placed 44 projects which involve some component of the Superpave technology. For 18 of the projects a conventional Hveem mix design was conducted using a PG binder (Hveem-PG). The remaining 26 projects were truly Superpave, i.e., the materials selection and mix design were established in accordance with the Asphalt Institute's SP2, Superpave Level 1 Mix Design. According to WSDOT practice the following numerical indices trigger maintenance: Pavement Structural Condition (PSC) 10 mm; or International Roughness Index (IRI) > 500 cnVkm. Although relatively "young", the 44 projects are performing quite well. The average values of rutting, PSC, and IRI (4, 91, and 121, respectively) are all well below the "trigger" values. With respect to rutting and PSC, the performance of Hveem-PG and Superpave projects is virtually identical. However, the ride quality of the Superpave projects is a bit rougher than the Hveem-PG binder projects: IRI of 134 for the former and 103 for the latter. The higher values of IRI measured on the Superpave projects may be the result of the typically coarser aggregate gradation or differences in construction techniques.WSDOT's Superpave experience has not been without challenges. Still, its overall experience has been very encouraging. Experimentation with the revised compaction matrix, continued use of the SST, field validation of the "bumping" experiment, and long-term monitoring of field performance will provide the necessary data to allow WSDOTs critical assessment of Superpave's technical merit and economic viability.

Authors:
Leahy,R. B., Briggs,R. N.

Keywords:
SHRP, Superpave, asphalt, intermodal, transportation, transportation efficiency, highway, research, program, performance, concrete, structures, highway safety, safety, maintenance, pavement, specifications, specification, asphalt pavement, pavements, tests, design, analysis, prediction, models, Washington, WSDOT, data, temperature, cracking, LTPP, traffic, volume, compaction, materials, condition, international roughness index, roughness, index, ride quality, quality, aggregate, construction, ITS, monitoring

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Abstract:
The Seattle Wide-area Information For Travelers (SWIFT) project was a highly successful Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) Field Operational Test (FOT) that was conducted over a four-year period from 1993 to 1997. The purpose of the project was to test the efficacy of a High Speed Data System (HSDS), or FM Sub-carrier, to disseminate incident, bus and speedlcongestion information via three different end-user devices: pager watch, portable computer and in-vehicle navigation device. Six hundred ninety (690) commuters, many with route- or mode-choice options, participated in the FOT and provided user-acceptance evaluations. Other evaluation components examined the system architecture, communications coverage, institutional issues, and consumer acceptance. The primary purpose of the SWIFT Deployment Cost Study was to provide an independent Life Cycle Cost Estimate (LCCE) of an operational and fully deployed SWIFT system. Moreover, it is intended to provide both the SWIFT participants and the FHWA with a measure of the commercial viability of \"SWIFT-like\" systems nationwide. Table ES- 1 shows the organizations that were included in the SWIFT Deployment Cost Study LCCE and commercial viability analysis.Table ES-1. Deployed SWIFT Participants (CostIRevenue Participants).Industry Government/InstitutionaISeiko Communications Systems, Inc. (SCS) King CountyMetro Networks University of WashingtonEtak, Inc.IBM (FOT Development Only)Delco Electronics (FOT Development Only)The methodology for the SWlFT Deployment Cost Study LCCE relied on standard proven costestimation and data collection and analysis techniques to provide cost estimates for each SWIFTparticipant shown above across the following three life-cycle phases:1) FOT development (costs of current SWIFT Test)King County Metro TransitUniversity of Washington (UW)2) Commercial Development (additional development and procurement costs for fullydeploying an operational SWIFT system (follows the completion of the SWIFT test)3) Annual Commercial Operations (annual operations costs for a fully deployed SWIFTsystem)A summary of the resulting life cycle cost estimate (LCCE) for the deployed SWIFT system ispresented in Table ES-2. Here, the FOT Development phase (based on SWIFT test actuals) wasestimated to cost $6.4 Million, the Commercial Development phase was estimated to cost $1.5Million, and the Annual Commercial Operations costs were estimated to be $0.8 Million.-- -SWIFT Deployment Cost Study I

Authors:
Jensen,M.

Keywords:
Acceptance, analysis, Annual, bus, computer, Consumer, cost, costs, counties, data, data collection, Deployment, development, evaluation, incident, Institutional, Intelligent transportation system, Issues, ITS, methodology, Miscellaneous Library, mode choice, networks, portable computer, project, seattle, speed, Study, SWIFT, System, systems, transportation, Washington

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Abstract:
The purpose of this study is to provide the Washington State Department of Transportation, Aviation Division (WSDOT/AD) with the broad-based vision needed to apply new and emerging technology in geographic information systems (GIS) to aviation planning and reporting systems.The purpose of this study is to provide the Washington State Department of Transportation, Aviatior Division with the broad-based vision needed to apply new and emerging technology ir geographic information systems to aviation planning and systems. This is the second two reports. report documented the user needs, established data and application priorities, and presented a conceptual design for sharing geographic information pertaining to Washington\'s airports with airport sponsors, the Aviation Administration (FAA), and other WSDOT divisions. report provides an implementation plan. This report builds upon the conceptual design to provide a broad-based implementation plan. Three implementation activities are described in phases. Project organization and staffing requirements for policy, management, technical operations, and technical support are discussed in Section 3. Section 4 addresses the estimated resource requirements for WSDOT to make the implementation of WINGS a success. Included are requirements for personnel, data conversion from a manual to a computer-based system, and hardware. The of the report discusses issues and what next steps are required to begin the implementation of WINGS.

Authors:
Weston,R. F., Sandersen,J., Walker,L. A., Middleton,R.

Keywords:
airports, aviation, aviation planning, data, design, geographic information system, geographic information systems, GIS, implementation plan, information systems, management, manual, planning, policy, project, System, systems, technology, transportation, Washington, Washington state, WINGS, WSDOT

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Abstract:
This report documents the construction of two experimental test sections of asphalt concrete pavement containing polymer and ground rubber additives. The two sections are located on I-5 south of Olympia, Washington and were constructed in the summer of 1992.The test sections were paved with an open-graded using PBA-6 and asphalt cement binders. PBA-6 is a performance based asphalt cement with a polymer additive. is a performance based asphalt cement but with ground tires as the additive. The is a for a new product developed by the U.S. Oil and Refining Company of Tacoma, Washington. The completed test sections are performing well, although the PBA-6GR section is flushing due to too high of an initial asphalt content. The sections will be monitored of 10 years to determine long-term performance.

Authors:
Livingston,J., Anderson,K. W.

Keywords:
additive, asphalt, asphalt concrete, Asphalt Concrete pavement, Asphalt content, asphalt pavement, concrete, construction, counties, crumb-rubber, developed, experimental, line, open-graded, pavement, pavements, performance, performance based specifications, polymer, rubber, tire, tires, Washington

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Abstract:
This report summarizes the results of reviews of chip sealing practices in the state of Washington. Background data is presented regarding the problems encountered in past chip sealing projects. Revised specifications are presented for the application of chip seals in both eastern and western Washington.

Authors:
Jackson,D. C., Jackson,N. C., Mahoney,J. P.

Keywords:
bituminous surface treatment, chip seal, data, review, specification, specifications, Washington

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Abstract:
The construction and pressure testing of a field installation of ADS HDPE corrugated PVC sewer pipe is documented in this report.

Authors:
Anderson,K. W., Gubbe,J.

Keywords:
bridge, construction, drainage, facilities, maintenance, pipes, plastic, pressure, PVC, Washington

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Abstract:
This working paper, 'Travel Patterns in Mixed Use Neighborhoods,' summarizes Phase I of a research effort by the Innovations Unit of the Washington State Transportation Commission. The study is based on previous Innovations Unit research, described in the 1992 report, Land Use-Transportation Linkage (Kestle et al. 1992), the focus of which was the impact of land use policies on transportation systems. This working paper describes surveys conducted in four neighborhoods in the state of Washington (three in King County and one in Spokane) to gather data on travel behavior in neighborhoods that have a good mix of housing, shopping, and services; in other words, mixed use neighborhoods. The survey consisted of telephone interviews to determine household characteristics and the subsequent collection of travel diaries to assess household travel habits by mode and purpose. Preliminary results indicate the preponderance of trips for both family and personal business on both weekdays and weekends. Although auto is the dominant mode, results indicate the potential for shared rides in all neighborhoods and for the walk mode in the in-city neighborhoods. Directions for future research are suggested, including the study of the potential for reducing vehicle miles traveled (VMT) in mixed use neighborhoods; the relationships among mixed use development, household demographics, and travel behavior; the possibility of substituting walking for auto use; and methods for alleviating weekend traffic congestion based on a better understanding of the components of weekend travel.

Authors:
Zemotel,L., Nielsen,K., Rutherford,G. S., Ishimaru,J. M.

Keywords:
mixed use, research, innovation, Washington, Washington state, transportation, linkage, land use, land-use, policy, systems, survey, counties, data, travel behavior, behavior, development, walking, traffic, traffic congestion, congestion

Abstract:
Dames & Moore And their subcontractor, Inco Engineers, have prepared this Manual of Practice for conducting bridge foundation-soil interaction analyses. The manual is intended to assist engineers in the Bridge Design office at the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) who perform dynamic analysis of bridge-foundation systems. The primary purpose of the manual is to present practical and accurate methods of estimating the foundation stiffness matrices for abutment or pier foundations supported on footings or piles. These matrices are needed for soil-structure interaction analysis to more accurately determine the seismic loads acting on the bridge superstructure and on the abutment and pier foundations.This Manual of Practice consists of two volumes. Volume I presents five bridge example problems:1. Coldwater Creek2. Deadwater Slough3. Ebey Slough4. Northup Way5. FHWAThe first four examples are actual WSDOT bridges and the fifth example is a fictitious bridge that appeared in a 1991 FHWA course notebook on seismic design of highway bridges.Volume II presents the input and output files of the SEISAB computer program for the dynamic soil-structure interaction analysis of bridges. The SEISAB computer program is currently used by WSDOT in the seismic design of Washington state bridges.Dames & Moore recommends the FHWA and Novak methods to estimate bridge foundation stiffness matrices. These methodologies are presented in detail in the Coldwater Creek example problem in Volume I. In this example, the basic theory and relevant equations or inputs for implementing these methodologies are provided first and are immediately followed by their application to the Coldwater Creek bridge. The appropriate equations or inputs from the FHWA and Novak methodologies presented not the Coldwater Creek example problem are identified and applied in the other four bridge example problems. Volume I also contains three appendices. The basis for the recommendation of the FHWA and Novak methods is provided in Appendix A, which is a reproduction of the 1992 Dames & Moore report to WSDOT on the evaluation of methods to estimate foundation stiffnesses. Appendix B consists of selected pages from the BMCOL 76 computer program user guide; this computer program, which computes the load-deflection and moment-rotation curves for single piles, is part of the FHWA methodology. Appendix C presents the method for transforming the foundation stiffness matrices from one coordinate system to another. This transformation process is important because the coordinate systems assumed in the FHWA and Novak methods are generally different and therefore are not necessarily the same as the SEISAB coordinate system. Coordinate transformations are also discussed in the ColdWater Creek example problem.

Authors:
Dames & Moore- Inca Engineering

Keywords:
analysis, bridge, bridge design, bridge foundation, bridges, computer, computer program, design, equations, evaluation, Foudation-Soil, foundation, foundation stiffness, highway, interaction, loads, manual, methodology, methods, piles, program, seismic, seismic design, soil-structure interaction, superstructure, System, systems, transportation, volume, Volumes I & II, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
This report summarizes an investigation of the technical aesthetic, and economic feasibilities of incorporating special noise barrier applications into a highway noise control program. The intent of the report is to take as a starting point the thin, vertical, reflective barrier now used in most applications. Special barrier applications are those beyond the thin vertical reflective barrier.The investigation of technical feasibility relates to the formulation of the effects of absorptive treatments, slanted tops, T-tops, and other special applications. The economic and aesthetic feasibility investigations examine the value of employing these special applications in lieu of thin, vertical, reflective barriers. The research reported on herein was performed on behalf of the Washington State Department of Transportation. The intent of the was for background studies of the effects of special treatments, so the could be in a position to implement pilot projects at a later date.

Authors:
Cohn,L. F., Harris,R. A.

Keywords:
absorption, absorptive, applications, barrier, barriers, control, highway, Insertion Loss, noise, parallel barrier, program, project, research, transportation, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
This paper presents the results of a research project to determine the long-term performance of wood fibre embankments, that were constructed by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) beginning in 1972. At the time of their construction, concern existed that wood fibre fills would only provide a 15 to 20 year service life.Performance of existing wood fibre fills was evaluated based on thequality of the wood fibre material, quality of the effluent, and condition ofthe pavement. A visual classification system rating the wood fibre from freshto completely decomposed was developed and used in order to establish acriteria from which all wood fibre mater.ia1 could be -rated.. Visual examinationin conjunction with laboratory tests were used as determining aspects for theeffluent quality. The WSDOT Pavement Management System was used to evaluate relative pavement performance. Site descriptions are presented giving specificcharacteristics and properties of the fills inventoried, An analysis of t h i sinformation was done to determine the effectiveness of the fills.Over half the wood fibre samples were found to be nearly fresh or freshand none w e found to be completely decomposed. In all but one case, thepavement quality over the wood fibre fills surpassed the comparative highwaysegment rating indicating the wood fill\'s performance exceeded thatof the surrounding area. Generally, the surface water in the vicinity of thewood fibre was found to be clean and pure indicating no adverse impact ofeffluent. Given the above findings, embankments constructed of wood fibre werefound to perform well over ahnost a 20. year period. Service life in excess of50 years can be expected - of wood fibre fills.

Authors:
Kilian,A. P., Ferry,C. D.

Keywords:
analysis, condition, construction, developed, effectiveness, Embankments, evaluation, impact, Leachate, management, management system, pavement, pavement management, pavement performance, pavements, performance, performance evaluation, project, quality, research, tests, transportation, Washington, Washington state, Wood fibre, WSDOT

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Abstract:
A short, one year performance evaluation was made of four crack sealing products. The products: (1) CRF manufactured by the Golden Bear Division of Witco Chemical Corporation; (2) Flex-a-Fill manufactured by Deery Oil; (3) RoadSaver 221 manufactured by Crafco Incorporated; and (4) a sand slurry mixture designed by the Washington State Department of Transportation.The two rubber-asphalt products, Flex-a-Fill and RoadSaver 221, performed better that the other two products, which used an emulsified cement as a base.

Authors:
Erickson,D. E.

Keywords:
base, crack sealing, effectiveness, emulsified asphalt, evaluation, mixture, performance, performance evaluation, Rubber-asphalt, transportation, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
In order to provide for a preload fill in an area of limited right-of-way, the Washington State Department of Transportation designed and supervised the construction of a geotextile reinforced retaining wall 12.6m (41.3 ft) high. Because the wall supported a surcharge fi11 more than5 m (16 ft.) in height and was significantly higher than any previouslyconstructed wall of i t s type, an extensive program of instrumentationof the geotextile reinforcement and measurement o f the wall movementswas instituted. The paper describes the wall design and construction,1)purpose and objectives of the instrumentation program, instrumentation . .selection and installation, and results of the monitoring. The measureddeflections and reinforcement strain were low, and overall wall performance was excellent.

Authors:
Allen,T. M., Christopher,B., Holtz,R. D.

Keywords:
construction, design, geotextile, Geotextiles, monitoring, objectives, performance, program, reinforcement, retaining wall, surcharge, transportation, walls, Washington, Washington state

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External Links: http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/200/257.1.htm

Abstract:
The Washington State Department of Transportation is conducting experimental field evaluations of selected polymer concrete thin (1/4 inch) overlays. The polymer concrete material is manufactured by private industry firms and installed on selected bridge decks under standard WSDOT construction contracts. Approximately 24 bridges will be involved in the experiment; eight of these are included in federal participating construction projects as experimental features.A polymer concrete thin overlay, The Conkryl Broadcast System (methlmethacrylate), was applied to the deck of the South 154th Street Overcrossing, Bridge No. 5/523, under Contract No. 3354, SR 405 Tukwila to South Renton HOV Lanes. This bridge is a prestressed girder bridge located on the mainline I-5 at the intersection with I-405 in Seattle, Washington.

Authors:
Roper,T. H., Henley,E. H. Jr

Keywords:
bridge, bridge deck, bridge deck repairs, bridge decks, bridges, concrete, construction, contracts, Deck, evaluation, experimental, HOV, HOV lanes, lanes, overlay, overlays, polymer, polymer concrete, prestressed, project, seattle, thin overlay, transportation, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
Bridge expansion joints pose a special problem in the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) bridge deck management system. These devices are subject to repeated heavy dynamic loading, and premature failure has occurred in many cases. It is WSDOT policy, as part of the Bridge Deck Management System, to make expansion joints watertight in order to reduce the potential of substructure corrosion induced by roadway deicing salts and other contaminants.Expansion joint seals play an important role in keeping expansion joints watertight. A relatively new material, Evazote 50, looks promising in its performance characteristics as an expansion joint seal. It is able to accommodate considerable joint movement, its durability and corrosion resistant properties are excellent, and it is resistant to absorption of oils and greases. The purpose of this experimental project is to gain knowledge about the material\'s effectiveness over time and to gain knowledge about field installation techniques. It was very beneficial to have the manufacturer\'s representative on the job during installation. This was required by special provision and is a practice that should be continued on future projects.In-place performance will determine acceptance of Evazote 50 for general use.

Authors:
Roper,T. H., Henley,E. H. Jr

Keywords:
absorption, bridge, bridge deck, bridge deck rehabilitation, corrosion, Deck, durability, effectiveness, expansion joints, experimental, in-place, ITS, Joints, management, management system, performance, policy, roadway, salt, transportation, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
The Washington State Department of Transportation will be conducting experimental field testing of several selected polymer concrete thin (1/4 inch) overlays over a ten-year period. The polymer concrete material is manufactured by private industry firms and installed on selected bridge decks under standard WSDOT construction contracts. Approximately 21 bridges will be involved in the experiment; eight of these are included in federal participating projects as experimental features.Washington State Department of Transportation will be conducting experimental field testing of several selected polymer concrete thin (1/4inch) overlays over a ten-year period. The polymer concrete material is manufactured by private industry and installed on selected bridge decks under standard WSDOT construction 21 bridges will be involved in the experiment; eight of these are included in federal participating projects as features. The polymer concrete thin overlays were applied to the decks of the River Bridge and the Yakima River Bridge under Contract No. 3 SR 90 and SR 82, Interchange to Terrace Heights. Both bridges are steel truss bridges located on SR 82 just outside Yakima, Washington. Both the epoxy overlay and the methacrylate overlays were versatile products apply under difficult traffic control conditions. Starting and stopping the various pours to accommodate opening and closing of lanes for traffic proved satisfactory. To the extent possible, work was performed at night when traffic was light. All three lanes were then opened to traffic in the early morning to accommodate peak traffic conditions.

Authors:
Roper,T. H., Henley,E. H. Jr

Keywords:
bridge, bridge deck, bridge deck repairs, bridge decks, bridges, concrete, condition, construction, contracts, control, Deck, Epoxy, experimental, lanes, light, overlay, overlays, polymer, polymer concrete, steel, steel truss bridge, thin overlay, traffic, traffic control, transportation, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
Washington State has approximately 700 bridge decks that may require a latex modified concrete (LMC) overlay in the next 12 to 15 years. The microsilica concrete overlay is seen as a possible alternative to the increasingly expensive latex modified concrete.A microsilica modified concrete overlay was placed on Bridge 5/718W in Skagit County.The bridge is a concrete box girder structure with 8,100 square feet of deck area. The ADT on this bridge is 9,150 vehicles per day.The minimum overlay thickness was 1% inches. Superplasticizer was added to the mix. The concrete was mixed in a conventional batch plant with the technical representative from the microsilica supplier providing assistance. The microsilica modified concreteoverlay was finished and cured as prescribed by WSDOTts specification for LMC overlays.The microsilica was supplied as a slurry. Force 10,000, produced by W. R. Grace and Company, Cambridge, Massachusetts, was the source of the microsilica.The long-term performance evaluation of the microsilica-modified concrete will be based on a direct comparison with the LMC overlay to be constructed on Bridge 5/71SE. Both bridges are of similar construction, have the same deck area and ADT, and have existing decks with similar levels of chloride contamination. Both overlays were constructed under the same contract.

Authors:
Roper,T. H., Henley,E. H. Jr

Keywords:
Alternative, bridge, bridge deck, bridge deck overlay, bridge deck repairs, bridge decks, bridges, chloride, concrete, concrete additives, construction, contamination, Deck, evaluation, latex modified concrete, microsilica concrete, overlay, overlays, performance, performance evaluation, silica fume, specification, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
The reported study was used to investigate clear zone practices, policies and standards that are employed both within Washington State and throughout the United State. Emphasis was placed on those standards or guidelines that apply to local city and county roadways which are predominately low volume and low speed facilities.The review of nationwide clear zone practices pointed to a need for a set of clear zone guidelines or standards that apply specifically to low volume, low speed facilities. The research also pointed to the need for guidelines or standards that could be easily applied by city or county agencies with limited staff and limited budgets.One of the findings of the research is a step by step format for agencies to use in establishing a program to address existing clear zone deficiencies.

Authors:
Carr,D. H., Curtin,J. J., Dorvel,P. E.

Keywords:
agencies, Clear zone, control zone, counties, facilities, policy, program, recovery area, research, review, roadway, speed, volume, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
In this study a survey was conducted to ascertain the needs of employees of local governmental agencies with regard to the conduct of the design of bridges. Recommendations, relative to the development of standard plans which can be used by county engineers, are put forth. These recommendations are based on the needs of the local agencies, information regarding existing manufacturing capabilities, information concerning existing standard plans relative to bridges and information on an existing computer software program (BRADD-2) which is available from the AASHTO. The information on which the recommendations were made was obtained by telephone conversations, written questionnaires and/or personal visits with/form/to 75 local agencies (46 cities and 39 counties) in the state of Washington and by personal visits to 4 precasitng plants and 1 fabricating plant.

Authors:
Sorensen,H.

Keywords:
agencies, bridge, bridge design, bridge standards, bridges, computer, concrete, counties, design, development, fabricators, local government, precast, prestressed, program, software, standard plans, suppliers, survey, Washington

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Abstract:
A job-satisfaction and morale survey was administered to all journey-level engineering technicians and transportation engineers of the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). No fewer than 745 of the 837 employees (89%) who received the questionnaires, responded. This unusually high response rate testifies to the salience of the issues covered by this survey, and this conclusion is further supported by the care with which the overwhelming majority of the questionnaires were completed.Comments about various job-related concerns were obtained in interviews with 15 supervisors, engineers, and engineering technicians in four WSDOT districts and incorporated in a 21-item questionnaire. The questionnaire also asked employees why they might consider leaving WSDOT, and how much longer they planned to stay with WSDOT. Employees were classified on the basis of their tenure, age, district, job classification, ethic identification, work assignment, and college major.The questionnaire led to the identification of six areas of satisfaction factors. These are General Satisfaction, Satisfaction with Supervisor, Satisfaction with Personnel Practices, Satisfaction with Work Environment, Satisfaction with Equity of Work Conditions, and Involvement with the Department.

Authors:
Fiedler,F. E., Murphy,S. E.

Keywords:
condition, environment, equity, interviews, job satisfaction, policy, sex, survey, transportation, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
As part of the pooled fund research project, the Washington State Department of Transportation was selected to field-test approximately 100 tons of Calcium Magnesium Acetate (CMA) to evaluate its potential as a deicing chemical with direct comparison to salt (Sodium Chloride) and Urea. Evaluation included all aspects of storage, handling, use, and performance. CMA was applied whenever necessary at each test site, using the same application rates as presently used for salt. Typical equipment consisted of front dump trucks with the spinner ahead of the rear axle, and rear discharge hopper trucks. All equipment was used without modification.The use of CMA at the beginning of a storm reduced the amount of bonding of snow to the roadway surface. This effect of keeping the roadway surface bare for longer periods of time reduced the cost of snow fighting. This was accomplished with chemical application rate of 125 Ibs. per lane mile.The addition of sand to CMA reduced the problems of dust, caking and uneven distribution. The sand provided moisture and weight to the application resulting in a smoother, more even distribution. CMA spread above was excessively dusty creating problems in the spreading and distribution. CMA is slower to react on compact snow and ice than salt or Urea. This delay in reaction time was not considered a handicap in the overall snow fighting procedure.The conclusion was that CMA shows promise as a deicing-melting chemical. The problems of dust, light-weight and brittleness need further work and may be significantly alleviated by development of a hydrated compound.

Authors:
Ernst,D. D.

Keywords:
Alternative, axle, chloride, cost, Deicing (CMA Research), development, evaluation, field test, ITS, lightweight, performance, research, roadway, salt, snow, transportation, truck, trucks, Washington, Washington state, weight

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Abstract:
This document presents a summary of Washington State Department of Transportation\\\'s experience with the 28 projects of the National Experimental and Evaluation Program (NEEP).

Authors:
Toney,C. A.

Keywords:
counties, evaluation, experimental, management, management system, microcomputer, NEEP, pavement, pavement management, program, transportation, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
A survey of standards for bridges, which exist in the U.S., was conducted, pertinent information concerning these standards was placed into a matrix spread sheet format using Lotus 1-2-3 and an IBM/PC. This information was reviewed for possible use in developing plans .for standard bridge systems, which could be used by county engineers in Washington.Information on types of standard bridge systems to be developed was obtained from Washington county engineers via a questionnaire. It is recommended that designs for at least one standard bridge system be developed for each of the primary materials readily available in Washington, namely: steel, concrete and wood. Other details, which should be included in the standards, are given.

Authors:
Sorensen,H., Olson,C. D.

Keywords:
bridge, bridge standards, bridges, concrete, counties, design, lotus 1-2-3, materials, microcomputer, spread sheet, steel, survey, systems, Washington, Washington County Engineers

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Abstract:
The Washington State Department of Transportation will be conducting experimental field testing of several selected ploymer concrete thin overlays over a ten-year period. The ploymer concrete material is manufactured by private industry firms and installed on selected bridge decks under standard WSDOT construction contracts. Approximately 14 bridges will be involved in the experiment.The study was conducted in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. The Washington State Department of Transportation will be conducting field testing of several selected concrete thin overlays over a ten-year period. The polymer concrete material is manufactured by private industry and installed on selected bridge decks under standard WSDOT construction contracts. 14 bridges will be involved in the experiment. The Snake River Bridge at Clarkston, Washington, Bridge No. 12/915, is the first bridge of the to receive a 1/4 thin overlay. The polymer concrete used is by Polycarb. The deck was repaired and overlaid in June of 1986. Work on the thin overlay began on June 8 and was completed on June 20. A total of 6,477 S.Y. of overlay was involved. Traffic was accommodated at all times on the portion of the bridge not being overlaid. Construction progressed relatively smoothly per the inspector\'s report. The material permitted the contractor flexibility in the rate of installation and in starting and stopping the work. Width of installation was varied to accommodate temporary traffic lanes. Pavement skid tests and bond tests all proved satisfactory. Ninety-one percent of the resistivity tests exceeded the minimum required by the specifications. The majority of the test points that did not meet the minimum specified occurred at the beginning of the work, where the contractor attempted to apply the material with spray that apparently did not provide accurate proportionate mix of the epoxy components. Subsequent tests and reports delamination, half-cell, chloride content, and rutting values to the original deck survey values.

Authors:
Roper,T. H., Henley,E. H. Jr

Keywords:
bridge, bridge deck, bridge deck repairs, bridge decks, bridges, chloride, concrete, construction, contracts, Epoxy, experimental, half-cell, highway, lanes, overlay, overlays, pavement, polymer, polymer concrete, specification, specifications, survey, tests, thin overlay, traffic, transportation, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
The Washington State Department of Transportation will be conducting experimental field testing of several selected polymer concrete thin (1 1/4 inch) overlays over a ten-year period. The ploymer concrete material is manufactured by private industry firms and installed on selected bridge decks under standard WSDOT construction contracts. Approximately 21 bridges will be involved in the experiment; eight of these are included in federal participating projects as experimental features.The Grays River Bridge at Roseburg, Washington, Bridge is the second bridge of the federal aid projects to receive a thin concrete overlay. The polymer concrete used was Degadur 330, made by Degussa Company and installed by Floor. The deck was overlaid in August of 1986. Work on the thin overlay began on August 4, 1986 and was completed on August 5, 1986. A total of 586 S.Y. of overlay was placed. There was no traffic on the bridge during the overlay placement. The overlay contractor had a well trained crew and the overlay placement went very smoothly. The experience showed when the different operations of primer, overlay, and sealer were sequenced so that when one layer cured out, the next operation was ready to go. Friction tests and electrical resistivity tests were all satisfactory.

Authors:
Roper,T. H., Henley,E. H. Jr

Keywords:
bridge, bridge deck, bridge deck repairs, bridge decks, bridges, concrete, construction, contracts, experimental, friction, overlay, overlays, polymer, polymer concrete, sealer, tests, thin overlay, traffic, transportation, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
The Telecom Link established between the University of Washington and the WSDOT Traffic Systems Management Center (TSMC) was updated during this project in order to handle the shift made by the TSMC from a 1700 loop surveillance system to a 2200 loop system. Special computer programs were also written to provide specialized summary statistics for key stations. The new software allowed statistics for key stations to be collected and summarized during data transfer. The entire transfer retrieval system was streamlined during the Telecom project to reduce costs. Finally, freeway incident analysis was performed with a data set to demonstrate the use of the new system for TSM research.

Authors:
Nihan,N. L.

Keywords:
analysis, computer, computer program, cost, costs, data, data management, data transfer, freeway, freeway surveillance and control, incident, management, program, ramp metering, research, software, statistics, surveillance, systems, telecommunications, telecommunications link, traffic, traffic systems management, transportation systems management, TSM, Washington, WSDOT

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Abstract:
This study investigated the feasibility of eliminating endblocks from pretensioned continuos bridge girders. The removal of endblocks is estimated to reduce girder costs by 5 to 10 percent. The girders studied were the Washington State Department of Transportation\'s \"Series 14\". These girders are characterized by 5 inch thick webs and are prestressed with both harped and straight 1/2 inch diameter grade 270 stands. Previous research had recommended the elimination of endblocks for simple span bridges. This study dealt with continuous bridges.The research consisted test and a destructive laboratory test. The field test was used identify bases for the destructive testing. \"Series14 \" girder with endblocks and \"Series 60\" girders without endblocks were instrumented with strain gages and monitored from the time they manufactured to the time thel oads were tested on the bridge. The laboratory test was performed with a balanced cantilever arrangement using two \"14\" girders without without endblocks. The joint at the support was made continuous by providing deck reinforcement in a manner similar to reinforcing details used by WSDOT. Concentrated incrementally applied at a distance of 13 ft.10 inches from the continuous support. The modified girders performed effectively under applied loads. Therefore, endblocks may be removedfrom continuous Series \"14\" girders with normal diaphragms. The study recommends that one \"Series 14\" continuous girder without endblocks be designed and monitored through the various stages ofconstruction and service in another bridge.

Authors:
Itani,R., Hiremath,G. S., Vasisth,U.

Keywords:
base, bridge, bridges, concrete, construction, cost, costs, Deck, design, diaphragms, endblocks, field test, girders, loads, prestressed, prestressed concrete, Prestressing, pretensioned, reinforcement, research, span, transportation, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
This report describes the feasibility, costs and benefits of automating the vessel and crew scheduling functions of the Marine Division of the Washington State Department of Transportation. The project examined the needs of the Marine Division, reviewed its current procedures, and compared available commercial and public domain software packages. Some existing packages intended for use by the transit and airline industries offer promise, but all the packages examined require considerable modification to meet the needs of the Marine Division.

Authors:
Hallenbeck,M. E.

Keywords:
analysis, automated toll collection, automated vehicle identification, AVI, benefit, benefits, billing, cost, costs, crew scheduling, data, ferry, ferry system, ITS, marine, public, scheduling, scheduling systems, software, systems, transit, transportation, vessel, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) designed and installed Service Level 1 (SL-1) bridge rails on three treated timber bridges in the state. To date there have been no accidents or maintenance problems reported at any of the modified bridges.

Authors:
Gripne,D.

Keywords:
accidents, bridge, Bridge rail modification, bridges, maintenance, Rail for Timber Bridge, systems, traffic, transportation, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
This report provides estimates of the value of outputs, inputs, and markets served by elements of the transportation services industries in Washington State. This study is an extension of The Washington State Input-Output Study for 1982 by the inclusion of a detailed examination (by mode of transportation) of purchase-sales relationships.A gross flows matrix (62 x 64) direct requirements table (59 x 59) and output multiplier matrix with households endogenous are included. Impact multipliers (value added, earnings, jobs) for the transport sectors are included. The study estimates of the economic importance of the transportation industry in Washington. The model facilitates the evaluation of the impact of autonomous changes in the demand for transportation services upon the of the regional economy, and the estimation of the impacts of changes in the rest-of-the-economy upon the demand for transportation services in Washington State.

Authors:
Bourque,P. J.

Keywords:
demand, evaluation, flow, households, impact, impacts, Input-output, model, transport, transport economics, transportation, transportation service, value-added, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
A changeable message sign to inform, warn and direct traffic was installed in Vancouver, Washington prior to the initiation of major reconstruction on the Interstate 5 corridor. Despite some operational problems, the sign proved to be of considerable value in informing motorists of the changing roadway configurations necessitated by the construction operations. The use of similar signs in other locations was recommended.

Authors:
Blodgett,F. J.

Keywords:
Changeable message sign, construction, reconstruction, roadway, traffic, Washington

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Abstract:
This report describes the installation and post-construction evaluation of a thin, lightweight epoxy concrete bridge deck overlay. This subject "Flexolith" epoxy concrete system was installed by Dural International Corporation on a bridge located on I-82 near Ellensburg, Washington.The application of the overlay was unique in both the use of a special machine which mixed the epoxy components with the aggregates and the use of a vibratory screed to distribute and level the epoxy concrete to the desired depth. A small segment of the overlay, however, was placed using the more common broom and seed method of installation.Post-construction testing showed that the overlay has adequate bond strength, extremely high friction resistance and is performing adequately as a waterproof membrane. The only deficiencies noted were a nonuniform surface texture and profile. A recommendation was made to not allow the use of the vibratory screed method until improvements are made to insure that the final product will have a surface texture and profile equivalent to overlays placed with the broom and seed method.

Authors:
Anderson,K. W.

Keywords:
aggregate, bridge, bridge deck, bridge deck overlay, bridge decks, concrete, concrete bridge, construction, Epoxy, evaluation, lightweight, membrane, overlay, overlays, profile, resistance, strength, Washington

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Abstract:
Three joint sealant materials were installed in a special test section of a Portland cement concrete pavement rehabilitation project located on I-90 near Hyak, Washington. The three materials (1) Dow Corning 888 Silicon; (2) Crafco RoadSaver 231; and (3) Crafco Roadsaver 221 will be monitored for a period of three years to determine their service life and cost-effectiveness.Initial inspections indicate very good performance for all three materials although problems with one area of the silicon sealant test section required a modification of the standard installation procedures to produce a satisfactory final product.

Authors:
Anderson,K. W.

Keywords:
concrete, inspection, Joints, materials, pavement, performance, portland cement concrete, rehabilitation, Washington

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Abstract:
This report describes the construction of experimental asphalt-rubber open-qraded friction course overlays on I-5 in Vancouver, Washington. A 1200 foot section of open-graded pavement was included as a control section. Evaluations will be conducted over a period of three years to measure the performance of the rubber and polymer sections against the control section of conventional open-graded pavement.Initial observations and tests show no significant differences between the control and the asphalt-rubber and polymer sections.

Authors:
Anderson,K. W.

Keywords:
asphalt, asphalt pavement, Asphalt-Rubber, construction, control, evaluation, experimental, friction, friction course, open-graded, overlay, overlays, pavement, performance, PlusRide, polymer, rubber, tests, Washington

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Abstract:
The cathodic protection on the 522 interchange near Woodinville, Washington was evaluated for proper operation. Three of the five zones on the bridge appeared to be cathodically protected. The current was increased in one of the unprotected zones to provide protection. The zone could not be fixed due to the nonfunctional nature of thermistors, reference electrode and structure cables. A recommendation was made to deactivate the entire system for a period of two weeks to allow for depolarization. Following depolarization, native state potential valves should be measured to establish a basis of comparison before activating the system. Monitoring on a three month interval for one year should be done to ensure that all problems have been solved.

Authors:
Telford,E. R., ETCO Engineering Services,Inc

Keywords:
bridge, cathodic protection, corrosion, monitoring, protection, System, Washington

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Abstract:
This research has attempted to determine the distribution of precipitation in the complex terrain of Washington State. The first part of this report examines the precipitation distribution for various large scale wind directions. It is found that there are meaningful shifts in the precipitation pattern as the large scale wind changes direction and that edge of this behavior can be useful for operational applications. The second section presents a simple numerical model of precipitation in complex terrain. Although the results are not perfect by any means, they can usefully indicate the variation precipitation in the mountains of our area. However, such a model requires at least a minicomputer to run it.

Authors:
Speers,P., Mass,C. F.

Keywords:
applications, behavior, Complex Terrain, Diagnosis, model, Precipitation, prediction, Regions, research, Washington, Washington state, wind

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Abstract:
Under FHWA Demonstration Project No. 34, \"Cathodic Protection for Reinforced Concrete Bridge Decks,\" a slotted cathodic protection system was installed on the ES ramp in the Woodinville Interchange during the summer of 1985. The slotted cathodic protection system involves sawing by slots longitudinally in the existing deck at one-foot centers. Platinum wire or carbon strand wire is placed in the cut slots first and then conductive polymer is filled in the slots. Electric power from a rectifier supplies current to the wire and conductive polymer. The current then flows to the top mat reinforcing steel, giving the steel protection from further corrosion. The objective of the demonstration project was to familiarize the Washington State DOT with this new technology. This objective was fulfilled. Some problem areas with the system were identified during the work:1.A more positive method of finding grounding locations from the anode to nicks, ties, etc. needs to be developed. Perhaps an instrument can be used to supplement visual inspection. 2.The necessity for having a minimum of 112-inch cover from the bottom of the slot to the top of the needs to be resolved. 3.A better method of installing the conductive polymer needs to be developed. Hand spreading of the material from plastic bags results in sloppy work. 4.Procurement time for the rectifier needs to be shortened. 5.The project, once it has started, moves along very rapidly, there is very little time for on-the-job training of workers. Workmen should have prior experience at this work. In remote areas, sources of electrical power may not be available. It will be necessary for sources of power, such as solar panels or long-lasting batteries to be developed for this system.

Authors:
Roper,T. H., Henley,E. H. Jr

Keywords:
bridge, bridge deck, bridge decks, cathodic protection, concrete, concrete bridge, construction, corrosion, Deck, developed, flow, inspection, plastic, polymer, project, protection, reinforced concrete, reinforced concrete bridge, reinforcing, reinforcing steel, steel, steel protection, supply, System, technology, training, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
Under FHWA Demonstration Project No. 34, \"Cathodic Protection for Reinforced Concrete Decks,\" a non-slotted cathodic protection system was installed on the deck of the Yakima Bridge near Yakima, Washington, in the summer of 1985. The project involved repairing deck, then fastening Raychem pre-manufactured anodes to the deck to impress current to the mat rebar. Impressing current through the concrete to the top mat steel prevents corrosion of the steel. A latex modified concrete overlay was placed over the deck anode. The objective of the demonstration project to familiarize the Washington State DOT with new technology. This objective was fulfilled. Some problem areas with the system were identified during the work: 1.A more positive method of finding electrical grounding locations from the anode to nicks, ties, etc., needs to be developed. Some ties were exposed during the scarifying operation Perhaps an instrument can be used to supplement visual inspection. 2. An effective technique of allowing concrete trucks to drive on the anode without damaging needs to be developed. 3.An effective method needs to be developed to locate breaks in the anode as well as shorts. 4. In remote areas, sources of electrical power may not be available. It will be necessary sources of power, such as solar panels or long-lasting batteries to be developed for this system. 5. Since the project, once it has started, moves along very rapidly, there is very little time on-the-job training of workers. Workmen should have prior experience at this work. These problems need to be overcome to obtain a better quality product.

Authors:
Roper,T. H., Henley,E. H. Jr

Keywords:
bridge, bridge deck, bridge decks, cathodic protection, concrete, concrete bridge, construction, corrosion, Deck, developed, inspection, latex modified concrete, overlay, project, protection, quality, reinforced concrete, reinforced concrete bridge, steel, System, technology, training, truck, trucks, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
This study involved an in-depth evaluation of the Washington State Department of Transportation highway data development and analysis activities. It developed statistically-based procedures and recommendations for a streamlined highway data collection program. Opportunities to reduce manpower and equipment costs, streamline work activities, improve the quality of data collection and provide accurate and timely data for the various users were identified. Given the focus on highway data, the major effort was devoted to the Department's traffic counting program. However, many data items and programs were considered, with the following receiving particular attention: traffic volume counting, including estimation of annual average daily traffic at any location throughout the state highway system; associated seasonal, axle and growth factors; vehicle classification; truck weights; and the relationship between the statistical sampling requirements recommended for these items and those associated with the FHWA Highway Performance Monitoring System in the state.

Authors:
Ritchie,S. G., Hallenbeck,M. E.

Keywords:
analysis, Annual, axle, cost, costs, data, data collection, developed, development, equipment, evaluation, highway, monitoring, performance, performance monitoring, program, quality, sampling, seasonal, Study, System, traffic, traffic counting, transportation, truck, vehicle classification, volume, Washington, Washington state, weight, weights

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Abstract:
The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) has completed construction of twenty-four hot-mix recycle projects as of January, 1985. At the begining of this study there were sixteen completed projects that were to be examined. Evaluation of the laboratory and pavement performance data shows that WSDOT\'s initial two projects, Renslow to Ryegrass (1977) and Yakima River to West Ellensburg Interchange (1978), are still performing very we1l. Although the other fourteed projects have been constructed only within the last two and a half years, the early data indicates equally promising results. Because of the impressive pavement performance exhibited by the recycled pavements, together with hot-mix recycle benefits such as conservation of natural resources, feasibility of construction, and its cost advantage over new ACP, hot-mix recycling has become an attractive addition to the WSDOT paving program.

Authors:
Peters,A. J., Gietz,R. H., Walter,J. P.

Keywords:
asphalt, asphalt concrete, benefit, benefits, construction, cost, data, evaluation, ITS, pavement, pavement performance, pavements, performance, program, project, recycling, rejuvenating agents, Study, transportation, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
The first phase of a three-phase research investigation of cut slope design criteria for southeastern Washington loess has been completed. A literature review of engineering properties of loess from other locales and design criteria applied by various state transportation departments were conducted. A1so, a preliminary field investigation was made to collect representative soil samples and record failure mechanisms. Past research has revealed that proper drainage control in combination with water content and gradational characteristics, are the primary factors influencing cut slope performance in loessial soils. Analysis of 40 soil samples collected during the field study, demonstrate a close similarity between southeastern Washington loess and deposits from the central United States. Although physical properties are similar, differing climates produce a disparity in failure mechanisms between Midwestern and southeastern Washington loessial deposits.

Authors:
Higgins,J. D., Fragaszy,R. J., Beard,L. D.

Keywords:
analysis, control, criteria, cut slope, design, design criteria, development, drainage, erosion, loess, performance, research, review, slope stability, soil, state-of-the-art, Study, transportation, Washington

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Abstract:
TThe effectiveness of Swareflex Wildlife Reflectors in reducing deer-vehicle collision rates was tested on 395 in eastern Washington State where high mortality rates of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) had previously been recorded. Reflectors were placed in four test sections and alternately covered and uncovered at regular intervals during the late fall to early spring period from 1981 to 1984. During this period, 52 deer were killed at night in test sections when the reflectors were covered and six deer were killed at night when the reflectors were uncovered. This difference in deer-vehicle collision rates between the covered and uncovered periods is significant indicating that the reflectors were effective on this highway

Authors:
Schafer,James, Carr,William P., Penland,Stephen

Keywords:
collision, effectiveness, highway, mortality, Odocoileus virginanus, reflector, road-kill, Swareflex, Washington, Washington state, White-tailed deer, wildlife

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Abstract:
This report describes a newly established telecommunications link between Seattle\'s Traffic System Management Center (TSMC) and the University of Washington\'s (UW) Information Retrieval System. Volume data in five-minute intervals collected by the TSMC is transferred to the UW computer system. The reports contains a description of this 1 ink and a User\'s Guide for those who wish to access the data.

Authors:
Nihan,N. L.

Keywords:
computer, data, freeway surveillance, information retrieval, management, seattle, System, systems, telecommunications, telecommunications link, traffic, traffic systems management, traffic volumes, volume, Washington

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Abstract:
This study was undertaken to measure and assess current transportation behavior, attitudes, and adjustments people have made or are planning to make to cope with higher costs of transportation and energy shortages. A secondary objective was to develop an effective and inexpensive system to collect a sizeable amount of multimodal data for various types of travel from a statistically reliable sample of modal data for various types of travel from a statistically reliable sample of households in the State of Washington. Telephone interviews of approximately 15 minutes in length were conducted with 2,500 households in 1980 and 2,000 homes in 1983, with both samples having a 95 percent confidence level. Residents of metropolitan, urban and rural areas were included. The households interviewed were selected by a random computer search of telephone numbers. Respondents were screened to ensure that an adult member (18 years or older) of the household was interviewed. The questionnaire dealt with the travel habits of the household rather than just the person being interviewed. Travel to work, local travel, long distance travel, recreational travel, use of public transit and other modes of travel, as well as vehicle ownership trends were topics covered in the interviews. The household's travel patterns two years prior to the interview, as well as current behavior and future plans were included. The replies to the questions indicated that people were concerned about transportation problems and were willing to provide detailed facts and opinions about their household's transportation behavior.

Authors:
Limotti,Brian, Iverson,Evan, Jacobson,Robert

Keywords:
attitudes, behavior, computer, condition, cost, costs, data, data collection, Energy, energy shortages, households, interviews, multimodal, planning, public, public transit, Recreational travel, ridership, rural, Surveys, System, transit, transportation, travel, travel patterns, urban, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
The feasibility of adopting the Washington State Pavement Management System(WSPMS) for use by Washington counties was established. The WSPMS designoffers a great deal of flexibility for adjusting the system to satisfy thecounties needs. Some modifications to computer programs will be necessaryand can be accomplished with relatively modest effort. The major adjustmentswill be in those counties input data. The only data that are absolutelyessential are those for determining and evaluating pavement condition andthe most cost effective rehabilitation strategies.The state computer system has an adequate storage capacity to support usageof the WSPMS by a large number of counties. Dial-up capability i s availablefor use of WSPMS from remote terminals. Data processing hardware optionsavailable to counties range from no data processing equipment to stand alonecomputer system,A t r i a l demonstration is recommended, Two counties, one large with in-housecomputer f a c i l i t i e s and one small with no or minimal f a c i l i t i e s would bechosen to test the system.Significant. benefits are anticipated from the use of WSPMS. Washingtoncounties desiring to improve the process o f pavement management may findadopting and operating the WSPMS to feasible and desirable.

Authors:
Kulkarni,R. B., Finn,F. N., Lamot,A.

Keywords:
benefit, benefits, computer, computer program, condition, cost, cost effective, counties, data, design, equipment, maintenance, management, management system, Operating, pavement, pavement condition, pavement management, pavement repair, program, rehabilitation, Study, System, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
The study is reported in two volumes. The first volume summarizes the state-of-the-art on pavement overlay design and presents a research plan to develop an overlay design procedure for the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) The second volume contains an annotated bibliographyof significant pavement overlay literature published since 1968.The state-of-the-art review presented in Volume I addresses pavement evaluation using nondestructive testing and subjective ratings. These are discussed along with the topics of traffic and seasonal variations. Pavement overlay design concepts are identified and discussed. A research plan is presented forthe development of a pavement overlay design system for WSDOT.

Authors:
Newcomb,D. E., Bubushait,A. A., Mahoney,J. P., Sharma,J.

Keywords:
design, development, evaluation, nondestructive testing, overlay, pavement, pavement evaluation, performance, research, review, seasonal, seasonal variation, seasonal variations, state-of-the-art, Study, System, traffic, transportation, volume, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
This report is presented in two volumes. The first volume summarizes the Final Report Sept. 15 - Dec. 15, 1983 14. Sponsoring Agency Code state-of-the-art on pavement overlay design and presents a research plan to develop an overlay design procedure for the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) . The second volume contains an annotated bibliography of significant pavement overlay 1iterature pub1ished since 1968.The state-of-the-art review presented in Volume I addresses pavement evaluation using nondestructive testing and subjective ratings. These are discussed along with the topics of traffic and seasonal variations. Pavement overlay design concepts are identified and discussed. A research plan is presented for the development of a pavement overlay design system for WSDOT,

Authors:
Newcomb,D. E., Bubushait,A. A., Mahoney,J. P., Sharma,J.

Keywords:
agencies, design, development, evaluation, nondestructive testing, overlay, pavement, pavement evaluation, performance, research, review, seasonal, seasonal variation, seasonal variations, state-of-the-art, System, traffic, transportation, volume, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
This report summarizes the pavement management system developed by WSDOT staff over a period of five years. Included is a description of what the system does in terms of the considerable amount of useful output data produced. A discussion is given on how the system was developed, what the pavement rating procedures involve and cost, what computer requirements are, and what typical data processing costs are. The report concludes with comments on how other agencies can use the Washington State Pavement Management System.

Authors:
Nelson,T. L., LeClerc,R. V.

Keywords:
agencies, computer, cost, costs, data, developed, development, Executive, Executive Summary, management, management system, pavement, pavement data file, pavement management, pavement performance, System, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
This report present the final form of the Washington State Highway runoff pollutant loading model, incorporating data from the five years of study. It also features a probabilistic analysis of concentration and loading data designed to express the chance of exceeding specific values in a given case. Other topics include further assessment of the toxicity of highway runoff and its causes and mitigation.

Authors:
Little,M. L., Horner,R. R., Mar,B. W.

Keywords:
analysis, Assessment, data, highway, highway runoff, ITS, mitigation, model, pollutant loading, runoff, stormwater, Toxicity, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
This report examines major issues, concepts and methods of bus transit performance evaluation and suggests procedures and guidelines for internal and external monitoring in Washington State. In support of suggested procedures, data analysis on six years of operational and financial characteristics of Washington State systems, 1979-80 Section 15 data, and collected samples of small community/rural systems from other states was conducted. The major objective of the analysis was to test methodologies for developing and assessing transit peer groups\" relative to size and scale of operations, and prior to comparative within-group evaluation. The methodology entailed employing cluster analysis using up to 10 variables depicting service design and distribution. Two key variables were population and line miles. Problems were encountered in using Section 15 data. Due to its use of urban area, as opposed to service area population, clear distinctions of operating environments could not be determined. Thus, cluster groupings using Section 15 data were inconclusive. Cluster State systems (1980) were satisfactory and following additional verification, a suggested \"peer group\" classification for Washington State was recommended. The seven group types ranged in size from a rural regional (<40,000 population) to metropolitan (<1,000,00 population). Values for 8 efficiency and effectiveness indicators were used to assess \"peer group\" trends in performance in Washington over a five-year period (1976-80). Comparative evaluations of individual systems were not made. Despite only partial success in determining \"peer groups\", the study does identify methods and procedures for assisting in external and internal performance evaluation.

Authors:
Kelly,W. J., Rutherford,G. S.

Keywords:
peer group evaluation, analysis, bus, bus transit, cluster analysis, data, data collection, design, effectiveness, efficiency, environment, evaluation, group, indicator, indicators, Issues, ITS, line, methodology, methods, monitoring, Operating, performance, performance evaluation, performance measures, performance standards, population, rural, section 15 data, Study, System, systems, transit, urban, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) designed and installed Service Level 1 (SL-1) bridge rails on three treated timber bridges in the state. To date there have been no accidents or maintenance problems reported at any of the modified bridges.

Authors:
Gripne,D.

Keywords:
accidents, bridge, Bridge rail modification, bridges, maintenance, Rail for Timber Bridge, systems, traffic, transportation, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
Statewide sampling of highway runoff continued through 1980-81, and the resulting data has been aggregated with that from previous years to further investigate pollutant loadings. Results have validated the solids loading model previously proposed by Asplund (1980) for Western Washington Highways and tentatively extended the model to Eastern Washington. Loading of there pollutants can be predicted from total suspended solids loading using ratios derived from the data. These ratios may be taken as constants at any Washington State location for some pollutants or as linear functions of traffic or other contaminants. Comparison of runoff from a sulfur-extended asphalt pavement with runoff elsewhere indicates higher sulfate loads in the former case. A limited sampling program along an uncurbed highway section observed higher pollutant concentrations from these sections to curbed areas. Sampling of solids adhering to the undercarriage of automobiles produced widely varying results but suggested that vehicles traveling on rural or unpaved roads accumulate significant amounts of solids that can be released on highways. The final year of field sampling will concentrate on improving the loading models, especially for Eastern Washington application, and continuing the sulfur extended asphalt study with a functional control site experiencing the same conditions.

Authors:
Tai Wik,David Chui, Mar,B. W., Horner,R. R.

Keywords:
analysis, asphalt, asphalt pavement, Concentrations, condition, control, data, extended asphalt, highway, highway runoff, Highways, loads, model, models, pavement, pollutant loading, Pollutants, program, runoff, rural, sampling, statistical analysis, sulfur, suspended solids, traffic, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
The Transportation Resource Allocation Index (TRAI) for eight transportation service proposals was computed as a pilot study and as a working test of the techniques in the Tri-Cities area of Richland, Kennewick, and Pasco, Washington. This Report II contains background data covering the economic characteristics of the area. These data were used for the development of the evaluation technique.

Authors:
Shea,Daniel J., Yandon,Keith E.

Keywords:
Area Economy, data, development, evaluation, index, Socio-Economic Characteristics, transportation, transportation service, Washington

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Abstract:
The Motor Carrier Act of 1980 and the Staggers Act of 1980 have partially set aside decades of rigid regulations of interstate freight movement. These actions have the potential to bring forth significant changes to the networks of interstate freight transportation. The object of this research was to ascertain the impacts of deregulation of the Washington State transportation system. Information was obtained by surveying and interviewing shippers and freight transportation providers throughout the state. Anticipated impacts, e.g. accelerated rail abandonment or lost of motor carrier service to small communities were not present. The study reflects a relative increase in truck service and decrease in rail service since deregulation. Indications are this may be further amplified in certain regions of the state. The study recommends that potential highway impacts be incorporated into pavement management systems. Transportation officials are enjoined to treat issues relative to truck size and weight, highway cost allocation and deregulation as a single issue. Also, the Local Rail Service Assistance Program should be considered for use to offset any adverse impacts resulting from deregulation. During this period of the study, general economic conditions were poor. This resulted in a decrease in freight shipments and would suggest that some impacts of deregulation have been suppressed.

Authors:
Public Transportation and Planning Division, Washington State Department of Transportation

Keywords:
condition, cost, Deregulation, freight, highway, highway impacts, impact, impacts, management, management system, management systems, motor carrier, networks, pavement, pavement management, pavement management systems, program, rail service, railroads, regulation, research, System, systems, transportation, truck, trucking, trucks, Washington, Washington state, weight

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Abstract:
This small car accident study investigated accidents in Washington State in four passenger car categories: subcompact, compact intermediate, and large. The primary purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects on safety of increases in the number of smaller cars on the highways. Traffic accident data for the period 1973-79 were analyzed to determine the accident severity for the different automobile classes, and this analysis showed that the smaller vehicles had a higher proportion of fatal and injury accidents that the other categories.The, accident data for 1980 were used to compare accident experience with regard to injury class of the occupants, roadway surface conditions, roadway character, light conditions, collision type, objects struck, and location of accident. Analysis showed that for total accidents per one thousand registered vehicles, the large cars had a higher rate (68) than either the subcompacts (43), compacts (45), or intermediate size vehicles (46). However, the subcompacts and compacts had higher percentages of fatalities and serious injuries to their occupants, and a higher proportion of such accidents occurred on wet, snowy, and icy surfaces. In addition, the smaller passenger vehicles had a higher incidence of overturning and rear-end accidents. The analysis suggests there will be significant increases in fatal and injury accidents in future years as the number of smaller vehicles increases. Thus, the report contains recommendations for changes in highway and vehicle design that will modify these adverse trends and reduce injuries and fatalities among drivers and passengers.Some of the recommendations can be implemented fairly quickly, but others will take longer. However, until changes are made, the accident severity for small cars will continue at a level above that for larger automobiles.

Authors:
Public Transportation and Planning Division

Keywords:
accident severity, accidents, analysis, collision, condition, data, design, highway, Highways, light, overturning, roadway, safety, Study, traffic, traffic accident data, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
The impacts of storm water runoff from Washington State freeways on aquatic ecosystems were investigated through a series of bioassays utilizing algae, zooplankton and fish.Algae and zooplankton were adversely affected by the soluble fraction of the runoff, while suspended solids caused high mortalities of rainbowtrout fry . In addition,. BOD 5 values similar to those reported in the storm water literature were measured; however, there were indications that results were influenced by toxicity to microbial populations.

Authors:
Portele,G., Mar,B. W., Horner,R. R., Welch,Eugene

Keywords:
Algae, Biochemical Oxygen, Biomass, control, Demand, fish, freeway, heavy metals, highway, highway runoff, impact, impacts, Interim, metals, population, runoff, stormwater, suspended solids, Toxicity, transport, Washington, Washington state, Water Pollutants, Washington State Monitoring, zooplankton

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Abstract:
This report describes the pavement management system developed by WSDOT staff over a period of five years. Both project-level and network-level pavement management are represented within the four broad areas of data processing which combine to constitute the foundation of the system.The design of a pavement data file is laid out together with the process of assembling it. Also shown are the methods used to analyze and convert the file data from pavement condition ratings to pavement performance curves for each project. The performance curves are then used, together with appropriate cost data, to determine the most cost-effective type and time to fix. The network-level program then summarized the need work for each year of a rehabilitation program. Mean are provided for adjusting the program to fit budget constraints or minimum acceptable levels of average pavement condition.It is concluded that the system, operating on biennial pavement condition ratings, provides a good solid framework for orderly analysis to estimate the economic benefits of the type, timing, and sequence of rehabilitation activities applied to a pavement.

Authors:
Nelson,Thomas L., LeClerc,R. V.

Keywords:
analysis, benefit, benefits, condition, cost, data, design, developed, development, foundation, framework, management, management system, methods, Operating, pavement, pavement condition, pavement data file, pavement management, pavement performance, performance, program, project, rehabilitation, System, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
This report describes the pavement system developed by staff over a period of five years. Both project-level and network-level pavement are represented within the four broad areas of data processing which combine to constitute the foundation of the system. The design of a pavement data file is laid out together with the process of assembling it. Also shown are the methods used to analyze and convert the file data pavement condition ratings to pavement performance curves for each project. The performance curves are then used, together with appropriate cost data, to determine the most cost-effective type and of fix. The network-level program then the needed work for each year of a rehabilitation program. Means are provided for adjusting the program to fit budget constraints or acceptable levels of average pavement condition It is concluded that the system, operating on biennial pavement condition ratings, provides a good solid framework for orderly analysis to estimate the economic benefits of the type, timing, and sequence of rehabilitation activities apply to a pavement.

Authors:
Nelson,Thomas L., LeClerc,R. V.

Keywords:
analysis, benefit, benefits, condition, cost, cost effective, data, design, developed, development, foundation, framework, management, management system, methods, Operating, pavement, pavement condition, pavement data file, pavement management, pavement performance, performance, program, project, rehabilitation, System, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
A highway storm water runoff pollutant loading. model has been developed based on results from con3posire sampling of approximately 600 storms at nine locations in the State of Washington over five years. The model expresses total suspended solids (TSS) loading in proportion to the product of highway segment length, average runoff coefficient, and vehicles traveling during storm periods. It was dem-onstrated that loadings of contaminants such as chemical oxygen demand, nutrients and trace metals could be estimated from TSS loadings using ratios derived from the data, The model described was developed and validated for assessing total loadings over a time span encompassing a number of storms (monthly or annually). To predict pollutant concentrations and loadings in runoff from a given storm, cumulative distributions were plotted and analyzed to determine the probability of exceeding specific concentration and loading values in a given case. Bioassay studies using highway runoff indicated toxicity to aquatic life when elevated metals deposition from high traffic volumes (in excess of 10,000 -20,000 vehicles per day) or high metals concentrations in rainfall caused runoff concentrations to exceed lethal levels. Draining highway runoff through grass channels 60 meters in length greatly reduced TSS and metals concentrations and the consequent toxic effects. The major product of this research is a guide to assessing and mitigating the impacts of highway runoff to receiving waters.

Authors:
Mar,B. W., Horner,R. R., Spyridakis,D. E., Welch,E. B.

Keywords:
Assessment, Channel, Chemical, Concentrations, data, demand, deposition, developed, highway, highway runoff, impact, impacts, Loadings, Highway runoff, metals, mitigation, model, models, pollutant loading, Pollutants, quality, rainfall, research, runoff, sampling, span, stormwater, suspended solids, Toxicity, traffic, traffic volumes, volume, Washington, Washington state, water quality

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Abstract:
This report assesses the availability and pricing of sulfur with respect to sulfur extended asphalt paving mixtures. The assessment includes a review of past and current trends as well as sulfur estimates up to the year 2000 for the United States and specifically the State of Washington.

Authors:
Mahoney,J. P., Loose,M. K., Lary,J. A.

Keywords:
asphalt, Assessment, availability, demand, extended asphalt, Interim, mixture, pavement, pricing, review, sulfur, Sulfur asphalt, supply, Washington

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Abstract:
This report summarizes the placement and performance of sulfur extended asphalt (SEA) paving mixtures at a highway test site (SR 270) near Pullman, Washington. The report includes a summary of the mixture and structure designs and construction details. This is followed by a discussion of the data collection and analysis accomplished over a three year evaluation period (1979 - 1982). A major experimental feature of the study was the use of 0/100 (conventional asphalt concrete), 30/70 and 40/60 SEA binder ratios (sulfur/asphalt ratios are expressed as weight percents) in the experimental paving mixtures.

Authors:
Mahoney,J. P.

Keywords:
analysis, asphalt, asphalt concrete, asphalt pavement, concrete, construction, data, data collection, data collection and analysis, design, evaluation, experimental, extended asphalt, highway, mixture, pavement, pavement performance, performance, Study, sulfur, Washington, weight

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Abstract:
This executive summary overviews the placement and performance of sulfur extended asphalt (SEA) paving mixtures at a highway test site (SR 270) Width3Width8608Width3Width8608 near Pullman, Washington. This is the sixth and last report of this study.

Authors:
Mahoney,J. P.

Keywords:
asphalt, asphalt pavement, Executive, Executive Summary, extended asphalt, highway, mixture, pavement, performance, Study, sulfur, Washington

Abstract:
The purpose of the report is to present major concepts of transit performance evaluation and suggest procedures and guidelines for internal and external performance monitoring in Washington State.

Authors:
Kelly,W. J., Rutherford,G. S.

Keywords:
bus transportation, data collection and analysis, evaluation, Interim, methodology, monitoring, performance, performance evaluation, performance measures, performance monitoring, System, transit, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
In high growth areas, highways frequently become congested as the result of land use changes. Local use controls have not prevented the adverse impacts. Further, state funds are inadequate to address the critical problems in growth areas. This study investigates six study areas in Washington compare land use change impacts and the effectiveness of the various procedures applied to prevent or correct such problems and to fund highway improvements in growth areas. A survey of practice in other states provides information concerning their approaches to the problem. The study concludes that comprehensive land use planning supported by inter-agency cooperation has been ted. Local governments have applied a number of innovative techniques for financing local roads and streets. Cooperative interagency planning before growth is out of control has benefited both the local jurisdiction and the state. However, state and local jurisdictions lack the authority to apply these techniques to state highways in Washington State. The study makes recommendations for increasing interagency cooperation and for legislative remedies.

Authors:
Jacobson,Robert

Keywords:
control, effectiveness, facilities, highway, highway financing, Highways, impact, impacts, improvement, Interagency planning, land use, land use controls, land use planning, land-use, land-use/transportation planning, local government, mitigation, planning, planning coordination, Study, survey, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
The research study identifies the types and amounts of recreational travel in Washington State, assess the impact of gasoline supply and price, investigates the attitudes of local and out-of-state travelers regarding travel in the past, present and future. The future includes a gasoline price scenario. The study also addresses the reasons for change in recreational travel behavior and provides recommendations to minimize the adverse effects of gasoline prices on recreational travel.

Authors:
Hamstra,Thomas, Motoyoshi,Paul

Keywords:
attitudes, behavior, impact, Recreational travel, Recreational Travel Modes, research, Study, travel, travel behavior, Trip Distance, Trip Duration, Trip Frequency, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
This is an interim report that examines the potential impacts in Washington State resulting from the adoption of the Motor Carrier Act of 1980 and the Staggers Rail Act of 1980. Adoption of the two have set aside years of rigid regulation of interstate freight movement and granted new latitudes of freedom to shippers and transportation providers. Information was obtained by surveying and interviewing shippers and freight transportation providers throughout the state. Initial indications are the impacts resulting from deregulation have been slow to emerge due to suppressed economic conditions. The study projects that as economic conditions improve and principles have time to adjust to the new laws, discernable impacts will occur.

Authors:
Public Transportation and Planning Division, Washington State Department of Transportation

Keywords:
condition, Deregulation, freight, impact, impacts, Interim, motor carrier, project, railroads, regulation, transportation, truck, trucking, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
This report summarizes the placement of sulfur extended asphalt (SEA) paving mixtures at two test sites near Pullman, Washington. One site was on an existing state highway and the other made use of the Washington State University Test Track. The report includes the preliminary mix designs, pavement thickness determination, construction details and initial performance data for the test pavements. A major experimental feature of the study was the use of 0/100 (conventional asphalt concrete), 30/70 and 40/60 SEA binder ratios in the experimental paving mixtures.

Authors:
Mahoney,J. P., Christensen,D. R., Terrel,R.

Keywords:
asphalt, asphalt concrete, asphalt pavement, concrete, construction, data, design, evaluation, experimental, extended asphalt, highway, mixture, pavement, pavement evaluation, pavement performance, pavements, performance, Study, sulfur, test track, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
Trace organics were surveyed using gas chrornotography coupled to mass spectrometry for highway runoff samples from two Seattle sites . The characterization of the organics exhibited concentrations of aliphatic, aromatic and complex oxygenated compounds. Vehicles, including.exhaust emissions, were concluded to be the source of many of the organics.

Authors:
Zawlocki,K. R., Ferguson,J. F., Mar,B. W.

Keywords:
Concentrations, emissions, highway, highway runoff, Interim, Organics, runoff, seattle, survey, Washington, Water Pollutants, Washington State Monitoring

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Abstract:
Transportation improvements of all kinds are being evaluated more carefully than ever during the planning stages. This attention to detail is well justified because the implications of such projects transcend the engineering disciplines and have environmental, social , and economic effects of major importance. In the economic area one of the impacts that is of great concern to the public i s the effect of a highway on property values. The purpose of this study is to measure the beneficial and adverse effects of limited- access highways on property values. A need exists in the State of Washington to have current data and analyses concerning this subject that apply specifically to this state . In addition there have been several theoretical developments that allow refinement of previous studies and validation of the results .OverviewThis study analyzed the beneficial effects of a highway on the values of surrounding properties by determining the real estate price trends in areas where a highway was constructed and comparing these trends with those in comparable areas which did not experience such changes. There were four residential areas utilized for parts of this study: Kingsgate east of Lake Washington on 1-405, north King County along 1-5 north of the Seattle city limits , Spokane near the east city limits along 1-90, and the southeast section of Puyallup along SR 512. Because of the lack of an adequate control area f o r the Spokane study, only the other three areas were used for the benefit estimation.

Authors:
Social and Econonomic Planning Section of the WA State Department of Highways

Keywords:
benefit, control, counties, data, development, environmental, highway, Highways, impact, impacts, improvement, planning, project, property values, public, seattle, transportation, Washington

Abstract:
The objective of this research was to examine the effects that construction of a major highway has on the value of surrounding properties, a topic which is of great public concern. Information was obtained on actual sales prices, as well as the characteristics of the properties. Four residential study areas were used, and as many as 4,785 sales were obtained in each area. The information on building and neighborhood characteristics was used to generate a quality-adjusted price index. This index for the years during which a highway was opened was compared with an index for an area which had been unaffected by highway change. The results show that when the highway significantly increased the accessibility of the residences, property values increased by 12 to 15 percent. Unfortunately, the houses closest to the highway had this increase partially offset by a .2 percent to 1.2 percent reduction for each 2k dBA increase in the highway noise level. Houses with highway noise were not found to take any longer to sell. In a commercial-industrial area, land values were found to increase 16.7 percent when a major highway was opened. Interviews were conducted in both residential and commercial areas.

Authors:
Palmquist,R. B.

Keywords:
construction, highway, impact, improvement, index, interviews, noise, property values, public, Real Property, Land Value, Property Value, Noise Pollution, Highways, Freeways, research, Washington

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Abstract:
The 1974-79 study of the maintenance problems of the drawspan mechanism of the Evergreen Point Bridge across Lake Washington is reported. The approach was to predict the life of elements by Miner's hypothesis. For this the strains at critical points and the wind vector were measured over two sessions. These results were correlated with long term wind data to provide the number of cycles in a year at various stress levels. The fatigue capacity of anchor rods was determined by the Prot test on six specimens. The resulting S-N curve compared to the field measurements to determine the expected life of the rods from the Miner criterion. The methods developed provide useable maintenance procedures for the prevention of fatigue failure of critical structural elements.

Authors:
Brown,C. B.

Keywords:
bridge, data, developed, fatigue, maintenance, methods, reliability, strains, stresses, Washington, wind

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Abstract:
A total of 241 storm events were sampled at ten sites during the first full year of statewide monitoring of highway runoff. Analyses of these data indicates that more than half of the observed solids in this runoff is traced to sanding operations. The total solids loading at each side-was correlated with traffic during the storm. The ratio of other pollutants to solids was linear when there was sufficient traffic-generated pollutants to saturate the available solids.

Authors:
Asplund,Randy L., Ferguson,John F., Mar,B. W.

Keywords:
data, highway, highway runoff, models, monitoring, Pollutants, runoff, traffic, Washington, Washington state, Water Pollutants, Washington State Monitoring

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