Abstract:
The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) has deployed advanced weather systems and products to support maintenance operations and to provide public information. The expanded system has tremendously improved the availability and quality of weather information for WSDOT crews and the traveling public. Use of current and forecast weather information has increased from nearly non-existent to an actively used, Department-wide resource. This summary report overviews the various efforts, products, and reports generated since the beginning of the road weather project.

Authors:
Senn,L.

Keywords:
availability, information systems, maintenance, public, public information, quality, Road Weather Information System, System, systems, transportation, Washington, Washington state, weather prediction, winter road maintenance, WSDOT

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/624.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/600/624.1.htm

Abstract:
This report documents the results of five Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS) project evaluations performed for the Washington State Department of Transportation. The projects encompass a range of devices in both urban and rural environments. Guidelines and lessons learned for planning and operating ATIS programs were then developed from the evaluation results. These observations were clustered into common themes in the areas of maintenance, rural projects, project management, staffing, training, support, and customer response. As part of this effort, a standardized evaluation approach for ATIS projects was developed. The approach was designed to focus on technical, management, and organizational lessons learned. The method was effective in producing useful information about ATIS benefits and deployment issues. Using that approach, an additional nineteen required ATIS evaluations will be performed in a second project phase. The additional evaluations will also provide an opportunity to further verify and strengthen the initial lessons learned, as well as to expand the method.

Authors:
Kopf,J., Nee,J., Ishimaru,J. M., Hallenbeck,M. E.

Keywords:
advanced traveler information systems, ATIS, benefit, benefits, environment, evaluation, framework, Intelligent transportation system, ITS, maintenance, management, planning, program, project evaluation, project management, rural, training, transportation, traveler information, urban, Washington, Washington state

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/606.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/600/606.1.htm

Abstract:
This study was conducted for the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) to explore both the need for and the variety of alternatives to the use of an annual application of herbicides for removing vegetation in the area immediately adjacent to the pavement edge. Our study approached these questions in two different ways, developing both a literature review and a set of interviews with people who have specific knowledge or views of these issues. We conducted interviews with three groups of people to identify issues, maintenance alternatives, and significant literature references: (1) staff at other federal, state, and county transportation agencies, (2) staff and volunteers who work with advocacy groups, and (3) researchers at academic institutions who specialize in related areas. Our literature review contains a set of citations that present related management issues and alternative practices. The abstracts for these references were included when available. To summarize what we learned from the interviews and literature sources, we developed a decision framework that could be used to guide WSDOT district maintenance staff in formulating management plans for vegetation. The decision framework differs from current practice primarily in that it begins with the assumption that maintenance of the area immediately adjacent to the pavement is not necessary unless some particular, observable condition triggers the need for such maintenance.

Authors:
Hill,K., Horner,R. R.

Keywords:
agencies, Alternative, Annual, best practices, condition, counties, developed, environmental management, framework, group, herbicides, integrated vegetation management (IVM), interviews, Issues, maintenance, management, pavement, pavement edge, research, review, road ecology, roadside, roadside maintenance, roadside vegetation, Study, transportation, vegetation management, Washington, Washington state, weeds, WSDOT, Zone 1

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/621.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/600/621.1.htm

Abstract:
This research study was conducted to evaluate the in-service performance of existing guardrail end treatments and unrestrained pre-cast concrete barrier in Washington State. For a selected area of the state highway system over a one-year period, local area maintenance personnel were tasked to document incidents, including extent of damage and repair costs, into a database using NCHRP Project 22-13 methodology. Additional information (accident severity, e.g.) from police reports was gathered from the incidents and added to the database. The installation characteristics measured for Breakaway Cable Terminals (BCT) and Slotted Rail Terminals (SRT), along with the related crash data for these devices, showed overall acceptable performance when struck. Review of the incident severities, together with the displacement and damage data on struck barriers in the study area, revealed no significant difference in BCT and SRT performance. The installation, damage, and displacement characteristics examined on struck concrete barrier showed that the pin and loop connections were holding well in incidents, and the barrier displacements during incidents were within the WSDOT design specification for such systems.

Authors:
Igharo,P. O., Murphy,J., Glad,R. W.

Keywords:
performance, guardrail, Washington, Washington state, guardrail end treaments, breakaway cable terminal (BCT), roadside safety, slotted rail terminal (SRT), research, end treatment, precast concrete, concrete, concrete barrier, highway, maintenance, incident, damage, repair, costs, cost, database, methodology, accident severity, data, barriers, WSDOT, design, specification, systems

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/580.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/580.1.htm

Abstract:
This study had three objectives and associated work components: Component I--assess routine highway ditch cleaning alternatives ("Service Levels') for water quality benefits; Component 2--survey biofiltration swales to evaluate conditions promoting water quality benefits; and Component 3--assess restabilization and revegetation options for use after ditch cleaning and for restoring biofiltration swale vegetation.Component 1 tested the water quality effects of three Service Levels in freeway ditches: (1) excavated to original elevation and shape along the upstream three-quarters of the length and then sodded, (2) excavated along the entire length and straw-covered, and (3) excavated along the upstream three-quarters of the length and then strawcovered. Component 2 surveyed representative swales along central Puget Sound area highways for a variety of geometric, hydraulic and vegetative characteristics. Survey data were analyzed to develop maintenance, design, and construction guidelines. In Component 3 vegetation establishment from seed was assessed in replicate plots in a freeway ditch with the assistance of restabilization aids: (1) coconut fiber blanket, (2) straw held in place with stapled jute mat, (3) straw without covering, and (4) polyacrylamide (PAM). Cost-benefit analyses were performed in Components 1 and 3.The overall best Service Level for water quality benefits was excavating the first three quarters and retaining vegetation in the remainder. The ditch treated in this manner was capable of reducing TSS by approximately 40 percent, total phosphorus by about 50 percent, and total and dissolved Cu and Zn each by roughly 20 to 25 percent. It is recommended as the standard procedure when cleaning ditches that discharge to a natural receiving water. Analysis of survey data showed that biofiltration swales with broad side slopes, wide bases, and total storage volumes equivalent to 3 inches of runoff from the impervious drainage area consistently supported good vegetation cover and showed few signs of damage. For assisting grass growth, straw held in place with stapled jute mat had a clear advantage in effectiveness over the alternatives and a slight economy advantage over the coconut mat.

Authors:
Cammermayer,J. W., Horner,R. R., Chechowitz,N.

Keywords:
stormwater facility, maintenance, biofiltration swales, revegetation, water quality, research

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Abstract:
Funded by the 1987 Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act, the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP), was a five year, $150 million research program to improve the performance of the nation's roads by addressing four key areas: concrete and structures; highway safety and maintenance; asphalt; and long-term pavement performance. Nearly one-third of the $150 million was allocated for the study of asphalt, specifically to develop performance based specifications that would relate material properties of the binder and the mix to field performance. Superpave (Superior PERforming asphalt PAVEments) encompasses the products of the SHRP asphalt research program and consists of three interrelated elements: an asphalt binder specification with supporting tests; a mix design and analysis system with supporting tests; and performance prediction models. This report is a compilation and synthesis of Washington DOT's (WSDOT) experience with selected components and concepts of the SHRP/Superpave technology to include the following: performance graded (PG) binder usage and specification validation; gyratory mix design; the Superpave Shear Test (SST); and field performance of the Superpave mixes.Binders typically specified by WSDOT (AR400OW and PBAs -2, -5, -6. -6GR) were classified in terms of five Superpave performance grades: PG 58-22; 64-22; 64-28; 64-34; and 70-28. Although data from 171 weather stations suggest that as many as 6 low- and 5 high-temperature grades could be specified, binder availability and regional pavement distress were used to develop guidelines for statewide PG usage. Three binders were recommended for use in the western, northeastern and southeastern regions of the state as follows: PG 58-22; PG 58-34; and PG 64-28, respectively. Validation of the binder specification with respect to low temperature cracking was accomplished using binder and field performance data from 28 projects. The results were very encouraging: the original SHRP algorithm for binder selection correctly "predicted" field performance in 22 of 28 cases, whereas the LTPP algorithm for binder selection correctly "predicted" field performance in 26 of 28 cases.Additionally, a laboratory experiment using the Superpave Shear Test (SST) apparatus was undertaken to test the effectiveness of binder "bumping," i.e., increasing the high temperature grade because of exceptionally high traffic volume and/or slow or standing traffic. The data clearly indicate that the SST is an effective tool for discriminating between binders and that 'bumping" may be effective in reducing pavement rutting. Permanent shear strain for specimens made with a PB 70-xx binder was only 25 to 33% of the shear strain for specimens made with a PG 58-xx binder.As originally configured, the Superpave mix design matrix included seven traffic levels and four temperature regimes for 28 possible compaction levels. Recognizing that the 28 compaction levels made for a somewhat unwieldy system, WSDOT attempted to reduce the number of compaction levels by conducting a series of mix designs at each compaction level. The results of the limited experiment suggest that it might be possible to limit the number of compaction levels required for mix design. Research by Brown et. al. (NCHRP 99) tends to confirm this as they have suggested reducing the number of compaction levels and provided more definitive guidance with respect to each level.Since 1993 WSDOT has place 44 projects which include some component of the Superp ave technology. For 17 of these projects parallel Hveem and Superpave mix designs were conducted. In 13 of the 17 cases, the Superpave design asphalt content was equal to or greater than the Hveem design asphalt content, though the difference was usually no more than 0.2%. A fundamental difference between Hveem and Superpave mix design methods is the compaction device. Data from these field projects indicate that the current kneading and gyratory compaction protocols (at least for 109 gyrations) yield similar air void contents.As noted previously, Washington DOT has placed 44 projects which involve some component of the Superpave technology. For 18 of the projects a conventional Hveem mix design was conducted using a PG binder (Hveem-PG). The remaining 26 projects were truly Superpave, i.e., the materials selection and mix design were established in accordance with the Asphalt Institute's SP2, Superpave Level 1 Mix Design. According to WSDOT practice the following numerical indices trigger maintenance: Pavement Structural Condition (PSC) 10 mm; or International Roughness Index (IRI) > 500 cnVkm. Although relatively "young", the 44 projects are performing quite well. The average values of rutting, PSC, and IRI (4, 91, and 121, respectively) are all well below the "trigger" values. With respect to rutting and PSC, the performance of Hveem-PG and Superpave projects is virtually identical. However, the ride quality of the Superpave projects is a bit rougher than the Hveem-PG binder projects: IRI of 134 for the former and 103 for the latter. The higher values of IRI measured on the Superpave projects may be the result of the typically coarser aggregate gradation or differences in construction techniques.WSDOT's Superpave experience has not been without challenges. Still, its overall experience has been very encouraging. Experimentation with the revised compaction matrix, continued use of the SST, field validation of the "bumping" experiment, and long-term monitoring of field performance will provide the necessary data to allow WSDOTs critical assessment of Superpave's technical merit and economic viability.

Authors:
Leahy,R. B., Briggs,R. N.

Keywords:
SHRP, Superpave, asphalt, intermodal, transportation, transportation efficiency, highway, research, program, performance, concrete, structures, highway safety, safety, maintenance, pavement, specifications, specification, asphalt pavement, pavements, tests, design, analysis, prediction, models, Washington, WSDOT, data, temperature, cracking, LTPP, traffic, volume, compaction, materials, condition, international roughness index, roughness, index, ride quality, quality, aggregate, construction, ITS, monitoring

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Abstract:
The objective of this project was to recommend to the Washington State Department of Transportation a new process for conducting constructability reviews. In Phase I of the project, the researchers sought to define the problem, identify critical issues, and develop the initial elements of a Constructability Review Process (CRP).To understand how WSDOT develops its projects, the researchers obtained documents and briefs on a current series of management studies; reviewed WSDOT's manuals, directives, and guides describing the project development process involved; and conducted an extensive round of interview with WSDOT staff and management, as well as interviews with consultants and others involved with the process. They also reviewed projects on SR 18 in the Northwest Region.The CRP model was developed concurrently with other studies focusing on other aspects of improving the WSDOT Project Development Process. Although significant changes are being implemented that should result in improvements, the researchers found that issues germane to constructability remain. These include the need for WSDOT to consider constructability in a statewide Project Management Process; to form a multi-disciplinary CRP team at the project scoping phase; for closer communication, coordination, and team building between the Headquarters Structures Service Center and the Regional Design offices; for plans review coordination with the final constructability review; for structured project checklists for use throughout the project development process; and for an accessible record of design decisions made, as well as design and post-contract lessons learned.The researchers agree that re-engineering being done to the project development process is making improvements that are consistent with the constructabilityt enhancement provided by the CRP. The main aspects of this new process are as follows: At the draft Project Identification Report (PIR) stage, a project-level Value Engineering study should be considered for projects that are major, costly, or that include complex features to evaluate every possibly alternative for the project. A set of up to four constructability reviews should be implemented, with the number depending on the project's type, size and complexity. The general purpose of the constructability review is to assure that constructability issues, including maintainability, are identified and resolved before completion of the PS&E. A system of checklists and a compendium of lessons learned should be developed for use throughout the project.

Authors:
McManus,J. F., Phillip,N. A., Stanton,J. F., Turkiyyah,G. M.

Keywords:
constructability, quality, design, construction, maintenance

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Abstract:
The construction and pressure testing of a field installation of ADS HDPE corrugated PVC sewer pipe is documented in this report.

Authors:
Anderson,K. W., Gubbe,J.

Keywords:
bridge, construction, drainage, facilities, maintenance, pipes, plastic, pressure, PVC, Washington

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Abstract:
The current project addressed two major weak points of the existing WSDOT Ramp Control System. One weak point in the system is the fact that it reacts to the problem (congestion), rather than preventing the problem. The other weak point in the system is its reliance on detector data that may be in error. Both of these problems can be minimized by developing methods to accurately predict short-term traffic data. By predicting the onset of congestion early enough, the ramp metering system can act to prevent or delay occurrence of the problem. Also, if a detector has failed or is malfunctioning, the data from the detector can be estimated from short-term predictions based on neighboring detectors. At the beginning of the current project, the researchers had hoped that the same model would provide a basis for both forecasting congestion (for predictive ramp control) and replacing erroneous data (predicting actual values). However, the best method for filling in missing detector data turned out to be multivariate time series analysis. Several pattern recognition and time series models were tested for further development. In both cases, the simpler models turned out to be the best choices, and in both cases, further model testing and development were recommended. The research on both model types continues in follow-up studies that are expected to lead to incorporation of these models in the new TSMC computer system.

Authors:
Nihan,N. L., Knutson,K. L.

Keywords:
bridge and construction, turner proposal, concrete bridge, fatigue, overload, replacement costs, remaining life, route assessment, maximum moments, maintenance, design loads, continuity, traffic surveillance and control, ramp controls, freeway management, traffic flow forecasts, forecast models, ramp metering

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Abstract:
The current project addressed two major weak points of the existing WSDOT Ramp Control System. One weak point in the system is the fact that it reacts to the problem (congestion), rather than preventing the problem. The other weak point in the system is its reliance on detector data that may be in error. Both of these problems can be minimized by developing methods to accurately predict short-term traffic data. By predicting the onset of congestion early enough, the ramp metering system can act to prevent or delay occurrence of the problem. Also, if a detector has failed or is malfunctioning, the data from the detector can be estimated from short-term predictions based on neighboring detectors. At the beginning of the current project, the researchers had hoped that the same model would provide a basis for both forecasting congestion (for predictive ramp control) and replacing erroneous data (predicting actual values). However, the best method for filling in missing detector data turned out to be multivariate time series analysis. Several pattern recognition and time series models were tested for further development. In both cases, the simpler models turned out to be the best choices, and in both cases, further model testing and development were recommended. The research on both model types continues in follow-up studies that are expected to lead to incorporation of these models in the new TSMC computer system.

Authors:
Nihan,N. L., Cabrera-Gonzalez,I.

Keywords:
bridge and construction, turner proposal, concrete bridge, fatigue, overload, replacement costs, remaining life, route assessment, maximum moments, maintenance, design loads, continuity, traffic surveillance and control, ramp controls, freeway management, traffic flow forecasts, forecast models, ramp metering

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Abstract:
The current project addressed two major weak points of the existing WSDOT Ramp Control System. One weak point in the system is the fact that it reacts to the problem (congestion), rather than preventing the problem. The other weak point in the system is its reliance on detector data that may be in error. Both of these problems can be minimized by developing methods to accurately predict short-term traffic data. By predicting the onset of congestion early enough, the ramp metering system can act to prevent or delay occurrence of the problem. Also, if a detector has failed or is malfunctioning, the data from the detector can be estimated from short-term predictions based on neighboring detectors. At the beginning of the current project, the researchers had hoped that the same model would provide a basis for both forecasting congestion (for predictive ramp control) and replacing erroneous data (predicting actual values). However, the best method for filling in missing detector data turned out to be multivariate time series analysis. Several pattern recognition and time series models were tested for further development. In both cases, the simpler models turned out to be the best choices, and in both cases, further model testing and development were recommended. The research on both model types continues in follow-up studies that are expected to lead to incorporation of these models in the new TSMC computer system.

Authors:
Nihan,N. L., Babla,M. D.

Keywords:
bridge and construction, turner proposal, concrete bridge, fatigue, overload, replacement costs, remaining life, route assessment, maximum moments, maintenance, design loads, continuity, traffic surveillance and control, ramp controls, freeway management, traffic flow forecasts, forecast models, ramp metering

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Abstract:
Values of various impacts associated with the concrete bridges in the State of Washington as related to the operation of trucks with configurations as proposed by Francis C. Turner have been determined. These cost estimates are presented in matrix form and are based on permutations involving four basic Turner prototype trucks, a range of values for the bridge design life and a range of values for bridge live load overload. The various cost estimates were compiled for a population of 2024 concrete bridges and were based on the assumption that each bridge in the population had a controlling maximum length simple span which was used in a failure criterion. The largest value of the cost estimate for the replacement of all deficient bridges in the population is $2.643 billion which resulted from the calculations involving the most severe Turner prototype truck loading (11AD), a 75 year design life, and a 0% live load overload. Several courses of action are postulated, and recommendations for further studies are given.

Authors:
Sorensen,H.

Keywords:
turner proposal, concrete bridge, fatigue, overload, replacement costs, remaining life, route assessment, maximum moments, maintenance, design loads, continuity

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Abstract:
The current project addressed two major weak points of the existing WSDOT Ramp Control System. One weak point in the system is the fact that it reacts to the problem (congestion), rather than preventing the problem. The other weak point in the system is its reliance on detector data that may be in error. Both of these problems can be minimized by developing methods to accurately predict short-term traffic data. By predicting the onset of congestion early enough, the ramp metering system can act to prevent or delay occurrence of the problem. Also, if a detector has failed or is malfunctioning, the data from the detector can be estimated from short-term predictions based on neighboring detectors. At the beginning of the current project, the researchers had hoped that the same model would provide a basis for both forecasting congestion (for predictive ramp control) and replacing erroneous data (predicting actual values). However, the best method for filling in missing detector data turned out to be multivariate time series analysis. Several pattern recognition and time series models were tested for further development. In both cases, the simpler models turned out to be the best choices, and in both cases, further model testing and development were recommended. The research on both model types continues in follow-up studies that are expected to lead to incorporation of these models in the new TSMC computer system.

Authors:
Nihan,N. L., Zhu,J.

Keywords:
bridge and construction, turner proposal, concrete bridge, fatigue, overload, replacement costs, remaining life, route assessment, maximum moments, maintenance, design loads, continuity, traffic surveillance and control, ramp controls, freeway management, traffic flow forecasts, forecast models, ramp metering

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Abstract:
This final report demonstrates the feasibility of employing high molecular weight/high density polyethylene cylinders as the energy dissipating medium in highway safety appurtenances. It is shown that this polymer can dissipate large amounts of kinetic energy, undergo large deformations and strains without fracturing, and essentially restore itself to its original size, shape, and energy dissipation potential when the forcing function is removed.This research involves a quasi-static and impact loading experimentalinvestigation to determine the energy dissipation characteristics of HMW HDPEtubes as functions of temperature, radius to wall thickness ratio, strain,strain-rate, deformation, and repeated and cyclic loading. The results ofthis experimental program are analyzed to develop analytic energy dissipationexpressions which are then employed in the design of truck mountedattenuators (TMA), Finally, an expert system computer program, CADS, ismodified to use HMW HDPE tubes in the generalized design of crash cushions.The potential financial, legal, and safety payoffs for highway operationsassociated with developing highway safety devices which are essentiallymaintenance free are significant. Maintenance costs associated with therepair of impacted safety devices would be greatly reduced or eliminated.Tort liability exposure related to damaged or collapsed hardware would besignificantly decreased. Finally, the safety of the motoring public and themaintenance personnel involved in maintaining and repairing damaged hardwarewould be enhanced.

Authors:
Carney III,J. F.

Keywords:
computer, computer program, cost, costs, cyclic loading, density, design, development, Energy, experimental, expert system, exposure, highway, highway safety, impact, impact attenuation devices, ITS, maintenance, maintenance free, polyethylene, polymer, program, public, research, reusable, safety, self-restoration, strains, temperature, truck

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Abstract:
Within the last few years, the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) has been active in the field of Value Engineering as applied to activities in state departments of transportation. There has been extensive effort in implementing a Value Engineering studies program involving training of personnel and actual Value Engineering studies on selected design projects within the Project Development Office of the Highway division of the WSDOT. However, within the other offices of the WSDOT, there has been little or no Value Engineering applications on any specific items, projects or operations under their control. This research study has investigated the feasibility of applying Value Engineering to these other offices. It includes specific work items, projects and operations to be considered as possible areas where Value Engineering can be applied.

Authors:
Khisty,C. J., Gripne,D., Schwab,T.

Keywords:
research development, value engineering, maintenance, design process

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Abstract:
The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) designed and installed Service Level 1 (SL-1) bridge rails on three treated timber bridges in the state. To date there have been no accidents or maintenance problems reported at any of the modified bridges.

Authors:
Gripne,D.

Keywords:
accidents, bridge, Bridge rail modification, bridges, maintenance, Rail for Timber Bridge, systems, traffic, transportation, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
The feasibility of adopting the Washington State Pavement Management System(WSPMS) for use by Washington counties was established. The WSPMS designoffers a great deal of flexibility for adjusting the system to satisfy thecounties needs. Some modifications to computer programs will be necessaryand can be accomplished with relatively modest effort. The major adjustmentswill be in those counties input data. The only data that are absolutelyessential are those for determining and evaluating pavement condition andthe most cost effective rehabilitation strategies.The state computer system has an adequate storage capacity to support usageof the WSPMS by a large number of counties. Dial-up capability i s availablefor use of WSPMS from remote terminals. Data processing hardware optionsavailable to counties range from no data processing equipment to stand alonecomputer system,A t r i a l demonstration is recommended, Two counties, one large with in-housecomputer f a c i l i t i e s and one small with no or minimal f a c i l i t i e s would bechosen to test the system.Significant. benefits are anticipated from the use of WSPMS. Washingtoncounties desiring to improve the process o f pavement management may findadopting and operating the WSPMS to feasible and desirable.

Authors:
Kulkarni,R. B., Finn,F. N., Lamot,A.

Keywords:
benefit, benefits, computer, computer program, condition, cost, cost effective, counties, data, design, equipment, maintenance, management, management system, Operating, pavement, pavement condition, pavement management, pavement repair, program, rehabilitation, Study, System, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
A study of recreational vehicle waste disposal at highway rest areas was conducted from RV wastewater is significantly stronger than wastewater in BOD, COD, and suspended solids. It also contains preservative compounds, most of which contain formaldehyde or a formaldehyde derivative. With adequate dilution, these wastes should not interfere with waste by mixed cultures of aerobic or anaerobic bacteria or There that waste treatment facilities be affected by improper use of the disposal stations, such as for disposal of hazardous wastes. In addition, improper use may lead to temporary unsanitary conditions around the station. Equations to estimate disposal station use and loading factors, and design equations for treatment of wastes are presented. The public perceives the stations to be and cost-effective provided they are paid for by RV owners. RV owners are willing to pay an annual fee which will cover the costs of construction, operation and maintenance of the stations.

Authors:
Kiernan,K., Brown,C., Benjamin,M., Ferguson,J. F.

Keywords:
Annual, biological waste treatment, condition, construction, cost, cost effective, costs, design, disposal, equations, facilities, fee, Formaldehyde Toxcity, Hazardous, hazardous wastes, highway, maintenance, public, recreational vehicles, rest area, rest areas, Study, suspended solids

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Abstract:
The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) designed and installed Service Level 1 (SL-1) bridge rails on three treated timber bridges in the state. To date there have been no accidents or maintenance problems reported at any of the modified bridges.

Authors:
Gripne,D.

Keywords:
accidents, bridge, Bridge rail modification, bridges, maintenance, Rail for Timber Bridge, systems, traffic, transportation, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
The 1974-79 study of the maintenance problems of the drawspan mechanism of the Evergreen Point Bridge across Lake Washington is reported. The approach was to predict the life of elements by Miner's hypothesis. For this the strains at critical points and the wind vector were measured over two sessions. These results were correlated with long term wind data to provide the number of cycles in a year at various stress levels. The fatigue capacity of anchor rods was determined by the Prot test on six specimens. The resulting S-N curve compared to the field measurements to determine the expected life of the rods from the Miner criterion. The methods developed provide useable maintenance procedures for the prevention of fatigue failure of critical structural elements.

Authors:
Brown,C. B.

Keywords:
bridge, data, developed, fatigue, maintenance, methods, reliability, strains, stresses, Washington, wind

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Abstract:
This report includes a full year of field data and a synthesis of all data. These include 422 hourly events of which 351 occurred in the 1977-78 season. This use of Miner's hypothesis is justified in this report.

Authors:
Brown,C. B.

Keywords:
Annual, bridge, data, fatigue, maintenance, reliability, season, wind

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Abstract:
From April through October 1977, a new sub surface irrigation system design was tested and evaluated in an applied situation. The purpose of this research was to study the practical application of the design and the collection of data for development of design, construction and maintenance guidelines. The study has proved the practical applicability of the "Sub Surface Infiltration System."

Authors:
Hietzman,Paul G.

Keywords:
construction, data, design, development, infiltration, maintenance, research, Sub-Surface, System, Tree Irrigation

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Abstract:
This report reflects a year of calms with little addition to the data base. Pressure transducers were placed and an analytical scheme is reported. This scheme was subsequently used in the final work.

Authors:
Brown,C. B.

Keywords:
Annual, base, bridge, data, fatigue, maintenance, pressure, reliability, wind

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Abstract:
This report reflects a year of data gathering together with the completion of analysis programs. These include the initial tape conversion, data rejection and selection, fast Fourier transform coefficient computation. Complete statistics of measurements are given.

Authors:
Brown,C.

Keywords:
analysis, Annual, bridge, data, fatigue, maintenance, program, reliability, statistics, wind

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Abstract:
This report completely describes the instrumentation on the drawspan of this Evergreen Point Bridge. The design and construction of the data recording system, with the complete calibration of the measurement and collection system is given. Initial data collection and preliminary analysis is set out. The analysis was subsequently abandoned, the data was retained.

Authors:
Brown,C. B.

Keywords:
analysis, Annual, bridge, calibration, construction, data, data collection, design, fatigue, maintenance, reliability, System, wind

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