Abstract:
This report documents the results of a statewide community outreach effort designed to help inform the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) about the spending priorities of state residents as part of WSDOT’s ongoing update of the Highway System Plan. The report documents the outcome of a statistically valid, statewide, discrete choice survey. In the survey, residents were given a hypothetical constrained budget and asked to allocate that budget across multiple funding categories. Survey respondents were allowed to select between multiple options for each funding category and were given information on the expected outcomes from each of those funding levels. The results were analyzed by geographic region of the state and by socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents. The responses documented in this report provide key insights for the plan’s update.

Authors:
Hallenbeck, M.E., Brown, R., Moudon, A.V.

Keywords:
Survey, Highway System Plan

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Abstract:
The goal of advanced traveler information systems (ATIS) is to provide travelers with information that will facilitate their decisions concerning route choice, departure time, trip delay or elimination, and mode of transportation. The benefits of ATIS projects can be evaluated through field studies, simulation software, and surveys. An evaluation method called the ITS Deployment Analysis System (IDAS) is suggested for use by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). IDAS is a "sketch" planning tool intended for screening and prioritizing all intelligent transportation systems (ITS) projects (not just ATIS projects). The software evaluates a number of benefits. These are determined by changes attributable to the deployment of ITS in vehicle miles traveled (VMT), vehicle hours traveled (VHT), volume-capacity (v/c) ratios, and vehicle speeds throughout a given network. The IDAS evaluation depends on a number of assumptions that affect the calculations of costs and benefits. The IDAS developers recommend that these assumptions be inspected by local agencies and adjusted to better represent local conditions. The assumptions about the impacts on VMT, VHT, v/c ratios, and vehicle speed are particularly important. Consequently, suggestions are made within this report for adjustments that WSDOT should make to these default values. These values will allow the WSDOT to successfully employ IDAS for ATIS evaluation.

Authors:
Kristof,T., Lowry,M., Rutherford,G. S.

Keywords:
advanced traveler information systems, agencies, analysis, Assessing, ATIS, ATIS benefits, ATIS evaluation, benefit, benefits, condition, cost, costs, Deployment, evaluation, IDAS, impact, impacts, information systems, Intelligent transportation system, intelligent transportation systems, ITS, ITS Deployment Analysis System, planning, prioritizing, project, research, software, speed, Study, survey, Surveys, System, systems, transportation, traveler information, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/597.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/597.1.htm

Abstract:
The survey questionnaire is designed to elicit what residents in Washington are willing to pay for ameliorating non-point source pollution. This valuation survey will provide a dollar value that individuals or households are willing to pay to improve non-point source pollution in Washington. There ae many sources of non-point pollution so this value will have to be adjusted to reflect the Department of Transportation contribution to reducing non-point source pollution using published data.

Authors:
Brown,G. M.

Keywords:
non-point source pollution, clean water, water quality, surcharge, survey, Miscellaneous Library

Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether conditions associated with over-water structures enhance predation pressure on juvenile salmon in Puget Sound. Washington State Ferry served as model. Over-water structures for exploring these issues. This document reports bird and survey results from six north-central Puget Sound WSF terminals and paired reference sites over both \"pre\" and \"peak\" periods of outmigrating salmon fry abundance from April 1 to May 10, 2002. We conclude that potential salmon predators were slightly more abundant at WSF terminals as compared with unmodified shorelines, although large aggregations were not observed on any occasion. The spatial distribution patterns of both bird and fish predators rarely overlapped with juvenile salmon oriented in surface waters close to shore. We were unable to verify whether potential predators were more abundant during peak salmon out-migration, because salmon were available in these habitats throughout the duration of our study. We found no evidence that avian, marine mammal, or fish predators consumed more juvenile salmon near WSF terminals than along shorelines without over-water structures. Few species appeared to be targeting abundant in near-shore habitats, and we observed only two occasions in which predators (one tern Sp. One staghorn sculpin) had consumed juvenile salmon. Several hypotheses are offered as to why we did not observe elevated rates of predation on juvenile salmon in the face of their greater relative availability to predators in near-shore habitats.

Authors:
Williams,G. D., Thom,R. M., Shreffler,J. A., Southard,L., O\'Rourke,K., Sargeant,S. L., Cullinan,V. I., Moursund,R., Stamey,M.

Keywords:
Assessing, availability, condition, ferry, fish, habitat, habitats, Issues, juvenile salmon, marine, model, nearshore habitat, over-water structure, Overwater, overwater structure, overwater structures, predation, Prediation Risk, pressure, salmon, Structure-related, structures, Study, survey, Washington, Washington state

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/573.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/573.1.htm

Abstract:
An estimated 2,400 to 4,000 hydraulic structures are barriers to fish passage in Washington State. Many are culverts inadequately sized for fish Recently, the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife established statewide guidelines to incorporate fish migration into culvert design by providing two approaches: stream simulation and hydraulic design. Stream simulation involves culverts to be wider than the natural channel under bank-full conditions. The hydraulic design option requires culverts to satisfy minimum depth and maximum hydraulic drop constraints ranging from 0.8 to 1.0 A and permissible velocities from 2.0 to 6.0 depending on species and culvert length. The permissible velocity criterion is to be met during fish passage design flow. A new model is presented for fish passage design flows at streams in Eastern Washington. The model is founded on two key concepts: a unique definition of fish passage design flow and an area based approach for estimating flow at ungaged streams. The fish design flow was developed by combining the concepts of allowable fish delay, established to be 3 days, with a consecutive day analysis. This design flow ensures that fish are not delayed for than 3 consecutive days during a water year. A fish passage design flow per area is assigned to previously delineated subwatersheds in Eastern Washington. Similarity relationships, derived basin characteristics, relate Geological Survey gaging stations to sub-watersheds in Eastern Washington. These relationships form the basis for a value of fish passage design flow per unit area to each sub-watershed in Eastern Washington. The percent standard error for this model was calculated as 36%. This is a significant improvement the 75% standard error calculated for the model that previously addressed fish passage design flows in Eastern Washington.

Authors:
Rowland,E. R., Hotchkiss,R. H., Barber,M. E.

Keywords:
analysis, barrier, barriers, Channel, condition, culvert, design, design flows, developed, Error, fish, fish passage, flow, hydrologic models, improvement, model, modeling, structural safety, structures, survey, velocity, Washington, Washington state, wildlife

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/545.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/545.1.htm

Abstract:
The pervasive problem of restoring fish runs to their natal streams is characterized in many regions of Washington by improperly placed culverts. The replacement of these fish migration barriers requires knowledge of design flows: floods for structural safety and migration season high and low flows. High flows block fish passage with velocities that exceed their swimming capabilities. During low flows, the migration barrier is caused by a lack of enough water depth to support the bodies of the fish. The estimation of these fish passage and safety flows in ungaged streams is impeded in eastern Washington due to: the wide range of conditions (5 to 110 inches per year of precipitation); diverse geology and soils; a lack of stream-gaging stations with long-term records; changes in land use; and the seasonal impacts of irrigation diversions and well on the remnant flows. Past efforts to estimate these flows have not been successful. Therefore, the WSU project was undertaken to model the high migration season flow in all of eastern Washington. In addition, WSU established 20 stream-gaging stations on salmon streams along the east side of the Cascade Mountains plus the Blue Mountains. Our complementary project was developed to estimate other design flows in the Water Resource Inventory Areas and 49, in which the WSU gage sites are located. United States Geological Survey (USGS) gage records in those (and in and 47) were used to develop our models that estimate the following statistical flows: 100-year, 25-year and 2-year daily and peak floods; the average annual flow and its variability; ranges of mean monthly flows (maximum, average and low); the 7-day average, 2-year, 10-year, 20-year low flow; and the 30- and 60-day average low flows. The model results are, for the most part, very good. The standard error of estimate ranges are: for floods, 2 -37%; average annual flow, 10-37%; maximum annual flow, 6 -14%; annual flow, 13 -23%; and flows, 3 -22%. Monthly average flows reflected the strong influences of seasonal variability and irrigation withdrawals: due to winter frozen Iowa flows (3%)in the Entiat,-Wenatchee Region, and August low flows (242%) in the Blue Mountains due to irrigation. All flow estimation equations were based on USGS stream-gaging data from continuous located in the located in the WRIA'S.

Authors:
Orsborn,J. F., Orsborn,M. T.

Keywords:
Annual, barrier, barriers, condition, culvert, culverts, data, design, design flows, developed, equations, Error, fish, fish passage, flood, flow, hydrologic models, impact, impacts, ITS, land use, land-use, model, models, project, safety, salmon, season, seasonal, soil, structural safety, survey, velocity, Washington, winter

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/545.2.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/545.2.htm

Abstract:
This report provides an initial examination of current quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) programs at state highway agencies (SHAs). Of specific interest is the states' use of statistically based specifications.The report overviews questionnaire results from the neighboring SHAs, recently obtained information from the Texas Department of Transportation on mix segregation, and sample results from the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) QA database.This report is the first of two that examine the current WSDOT QA hot mix specification.

Authors:
Mahoney,J. P., Backus,A. W.

Keywords:
quality assurance, pavement, specifications, survey, research

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Abstract:
The impacts that would result from providing "reserved capacity" for trucks rather than restricting trucks are considered in this study. In the extreme case, trucks would be allowed to travel in a dedicated or exclusive lane. A more moderate approach would be to provide a cooperative dedicated lane in which vehicles such as trucks and buses could share a common lane and yet be separated from general traffic.The study determined the following. Reserved-capacity strategies for trucks would offer (1) nearly $10 million in annual travel time savings for the trucking industry, (2) a savings of about 2.5 minutes per average truck trip (less than 8 percent savings in trip travel time), and (3) almost $30 million in annual travel time savings for single-occupancy vehicles in the Seattle region. The difference in travel times between the reserved-capacity strategy that would add trucks to the existing HOV lanes and the one that would add an exclusive truck lane would be insignificant, providing little justification for the construction of an exclusive truck lane. In all likelihood, the impact of reserved-capacity strategies on safety would be small, depending on the particular reserved capacity strategy. Reserved capacity strategies for trucks would accelerate pavement deterioration in the reserved lanes, but the reduction in the pavement deterioration rates of the general purpose lanes might help to balance future reconstruction costs. Surveys of the general public and subsequent statistical analysis showed considerable resistance to reserved-capacity strategies for trucks. However, this resistance is not unlike that encountered when HOV lanes were first considered.It is the recommendation of this study that the idea of reserved-capacity strategies for trucks continue to be presented to the trucking industry, to the public, and to other impacted agencies for discussion and consideration. The study showed that the adverse impacts of such strategies are easily manageable and there is at least potential for freight-productivity improvements.

Authors:
Trowbridge,A., Nam,D., Mannering,F. L., Carson,J.

Keywords:
agencies, analysis, Annual, buses, construction, corridors, cost, costs, deterioration, exclusive truck lanes, freight, freight mobility, HOV, HOV lanes, impact, impacts, improvement, lanes, pavement, public, reconstruction, research, resistance, safety, seattle, statistical analysis, survey, Surveys, travel, travel time, travel times, truck, trucking, trucks, urban

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Abstract:
This report describes the implementation of employee Commute Trip Reduction (CTR) programs by a group of employers in the Puget Sound region of Washington state. These programs were voluntarily begun, prior to a state mandate for such efforts under the 1992 Washington State Commute Trip Reduction Act. The study used program theory as a basis for examining the program's expected and actual outcomes from both the employee's and employer's perspectives. First, actual participation in operation was described by data gathered via a detailed survey of actual commuting behavior, attitudes toward commuting, and attitudes toward the employers collected from 2,495 employees. The research also observed program activities and available organizational records. Next, the programs' theoretical role and components were explicated through program documents and interviews with program coordinators, senior managers who oversaw the programs and the coordinators, and a series of first-line supervisors responsible for making the programs work on a day-to-day basis.

Authors:


Keywords:
TDM, commute, commute trip, trip reduction, survey

Abstract:
This working paper, 'Travel Patterns in Mixed Use Neighborhoods,' summarizes Phase I of a research effort by the Innovations Unit of the Washington State Transportation Commission. The study is based on previous Innovations Unit research, described in the 1992 report, Land Use-Transportation Linkage (Kestle et al. 1992), the focus of which was the impact of land use policies on transportation systems. This working paper describes surveys conducted in four neighborhoods in the state of Washington (three in King County and one in Spokane) to gather data on travel behavior in neighborhoods that have a good mix of housing, shopping, and services; in other words, mixed use neighborhoods. The survey consisted of telephone interviews to determine household characteristics and the subsequent collection of travel diaries to assess household travel habits by mode and purpose. Preliminary results indicate the preponderance of trips for both family and personal business on both weekdays and weekends. Although auto is the dominant mode, results indicate the potential for shared rides in all neighborhoods and for the walk mode in the in-city neighborhoods. Directions for future research are suggested, including the study of the potential for reducing vehicle miles traveled (VMT) in mixed use neighborhoods; the relationships among mixed use development, household demographics, and travel behavior; the possibility of substituting walking for auto use; and methods for alleviating weekend traffic congestion based on a better understanding of the components of weekend travel.

Authors:
Zemotel,L., Nielsen,K., Rutherford,G. S., Ishimaru,J. M.

Keywords:
mixed use, research, innovation, Washington, Washington state, transportation, linkage, land use, land-use, policy, systems, survey, counties, data, travel behavior, behavior, development, walking, traffic, traffic congestion, congestion

Abstract:
In this study a survey was conducted to ascertain the needs of employees of local governmental agencies with regard to the conduct of the design of bridges. Recommendations, relative to the development of standard plans which can be used by county engineers, are put forth. These recommendations are based on the needs of the local agencies, information regarding existing manufacturing capabilities, information concerning existing standard plans relative to bridges and information on an existing computer software program (BRADD-2) which is available from the AASHTO. The information on which the recommendations were made was obtained by telephone conversations, written questionnaires and/or personal visits with/form/to 75 local agencies (46 cities and 39 counties) in the state of Washington and by personal visits to 4 precasitng plants and 1 fabricating plant.

Authors:
Sorensen,H.

Keywords:
agencies, bridge, bridge design, bridge standards, bridges, computer, concrete, counties, design, development, fabricators, local government, precast, prestressed, program, software, standard plans, suppliers, survey, Washington

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Abstract:
A job-satisfaction and morale survey was administered to all journey-level engineering technicians and transportation engineers of the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). No fewer than 745 of the 837 employees (89%) who received the questionnaires, responded. This unusually high response rate testifies to the salience of the issues covered by this survey, and this conclusion is further supported by the care with which the overwhelming majority of the questionnaires were completed.Comments about various job-related concerns were obtained in interviews with 15 supervisors, engineers, and engineering technicians in four WSDOT districts and incorporated in a 21-item questionnaire. The questionnaire also asked employees why they might consider leaving WSDOT, and how much longer they planned to stay with WSDOT. Employees were classified on the basis of their tenure, age, district, job classification, ethic identification, work assignment, and college major.The questionnaire led to the identification of six areas of satisfaction factors. These are General Satisfaction, Satisfaction with Supervisor, Satisfaction with Personnel Practices, Satisfaction with Work Environment, Satisfaction with Equity of Work Conditions, and Involvement with the Department.

Authors:
Fiedler,F. E., Murphy,S. E.

Keywords:
condition, environment, equity, interviews, job satisfaction, policy, sex, survey, transportation, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:


Authors:
Fiedler,F. E.

Keywords:
policy, job satisfaction, survey

Abstract:
A survey of standards for bridges, which exist in the U.S., was conducted, pertinent information concerning these standards was placed into a matrix spread sheet format using Lotus 1-2-3 and an IBM/PC. This information was reviewed for possible use in developing plans .for standard bridge systems, which could be used by county engineers in Washington.Information on types of standard bridge systems to be developed was obtained from Washington county engineers via a questionnaire. It is recommended that designs for at least one standard bridge system be developed for each of the primary materials readily available in Washington, namely: steel, concrete and wood. Other details, which should be included in the standards, are given.

Authors:
Sorensen,H., Olson,C. D.

Keywords:
bridge, bridge standards, bridges, concrete, counties, design, lotus 1-2-3, materials, microcomputer, spread sheet, steel, survey, systems, Washington, Washington County Engineers

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Abstract:
The Washington State Department of Transportation will be conducting experimental field testing of several selected ploymer concrete thin overlays over a ten-year period. The ploymer concrete material is manufactured by private industry firms and installed on selected bridge decks under standard WSDOT construction contracts. Approximately 14 bridges will be involved in the experiment.The study was conducted in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. The Washington State Department of Transportation will be conducting field testing of several selected concrete thin overlays over a ten-year period. The polymer concrete material is manufactured by private industry and installed on selected bridge decks under standard WSDOT construction contracts. 14 bridges will be involved in the experiment. The Snake River Bridge at Clarkston, Washington, Bridge No. 12/915, is the first bridge of the to receive a 1/4 thin overlay. The polymer concrete used is by Polycarb. The deck was repaired and overlaid in June of 1986. Work on the thin overlay began on June 8 and was completed on June 20. A total of 6,477 S.Y. of overlay was involved. Traffic was accommodated at all times on the portion of the bridge not being overlaid. Construction progressed relatively smoothly per the inspector\'s report. The material permitted the contractor flexibility in the rate of installation and in starting and stopping the work. Width of installation was varied to accommodate temporary traffic lanes. Pavement skid tests and bond tests all proved satisfactory. Ninety-one percent of the resistivity tests exceeded the minimum required by the specifications. The majority of the test points that did not meet the minimum specified occurred at the beginning of the work, where the contractor attempted to apply the material with spray that apparently did not provide accurate proportionate mix of the epoxy components. Subsequent tests and reports delamination, half-cell, chloride content, and rutting values to the original deck survey values.

Authors:
Roper,T. H., Henley,E. H. Jr

Keywords:
bridge, bridge deck, bridge deck repairs, bridge decks, bridges, chloride, concrete, construction, contracts, Epoxy, experimental, half-cell, highway, lanes, overlay, overlays, pavement, polymer, polymer concrete, specification, specifications, survey, tests, thin overlay, traffic, transportation, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:


Authors:
McCormack,E. D.

Keywords:
survey

Abstract:
In high growth areas, highways frequently become congested as the result of land use changes. Local use controls have not prevented the adverse impacts. Further, state funds are inadequate to address the critical problems in growth areas. This study investigates six study areas in Washington compare land use change impacts and the effectiveness of the various procedures applied to prevent or correct such problems and to fund highway improvements in growth areas. A survey of practice in other states provides information concerning their approaches to the problem. The study concludes that comprehensive land use planning supported by inter-agency cooperation has been ted. Local governments have applied a number of innovative techniques for financing local roads and streets. Cooperative interagency planning before growth is out of control has benefited both the local jurisdiction and the state. However, state and local jurisdictions lack the authority to apply these techniques to state highways in Washington State. The study makes recommendations for increasing interagency cooperation and for legislative remedies.

Authors:
Jacobson,Robert

Keywords:
control, effectiveness, facilities, highway, highway financing, Highways, impact, impacts, improvement, Interagency planning, land use, land use controls, land use planning, land-use, land-use/transportation planning, local government, mitigation, planning, planning coordination, Study, survey, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
Trace organics were surveyed using gas chrornotography coupled to mass spectrometry for highway runoff samples from two Seattle sites . The characterization of the organics exhibited concentrations of aliphatic, aromatic and complex oxygenated compounds. Vehicles, including.exhaust emissions, were concluded to be the source of many of the organics.

Authors:
Zawlocki,K. R., Ferguson,J. F., Mar,B. W.

Keywords:
Concentrations, emissions, highway, highway runoff, Interim, Organics, runoff, seattle, survey, Washington, Water Pollutants, Washington State Monitoring

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Abstract:
The Central Avalanche Hazard Forecasting project has been funded by the Washington State Highway Commission since July 1975 in order to test the feasibility and effectiveness of central avalanche forecasting for the Cascade Mountain Passes and adjacent territory . Historically, avalanche forecasting in the Cascade Mountains has been done locally on an area-by-area basis by Highway Department personnel and by Forest Rangers and professional ski patrolmen at individual ski areas. This project explored the possibilities of improving both mountain weather and related avalanche forecasts for use by WSDOT during winter operations in the mountain passes and, secondarily, explored the usefulness of anarea-wide forecasting service to other, cooperating agencies. The aim of this work has been to establish the technical and administrative framework for an operational, on-going mountain weather and avalanche forecasting service for Western Washington under the joint support of interested public agencies. This aim has been achieved in autumn 1978 by the operation of an avalanche forecasting office administered by the US Forest Service, housed by the National Weather Service, and supported by WSDT, with additional peripheral support from both the public and private sectors. Previous reports published by the project include: Interim Report, June 1976 (Report No. 23.2); Final Report, June 1977 (Report No. 23.3)Implementation Report, December 1978, which will be published in Spring 1979If you would like to obtain copies of any of these reports, contact WSDOT Public Transportation and Planning Division in Olympia (SCAN 234-61 49) or the Avalanche Research Office on SCAN 323-7180 or Write Avalanche Research,Department of Atmospheric Sciences AK-40, University of Washington, Seattle,Phil Taylor, Research Engineer, has done an outstanding job of developing much of this equipment and devising methods of operation. He is, unfortunately, no longer with the University. He will be working in Autumn 1978 with the US Forest Service as a consultant in addition to his continuing work with the US Geological Survey. This Operating Manual is intended to be an informational document with limited distribution and its format reflects that informality.

Authors:
University of Washington

Keywords:
agencies, avalanche, avalanche forecasting, developed, effectiveness, equipment, forecasting, framework, hazard, highway, Interim, ITS, manual, methods, Operating, planning, project, public, research, survey, transportation, Washington, Washington state, winter

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Abstract:
This report presents a summary of the research project which resulted in the following guideline reports.25.1 Development and Implementation of Community Involvement Programs25.2 Indentification And Measurement of Social Factors in Transportation Planning25.3 Conducting Surveys Concerning Transportation25.4 Operation of Interdisciplinary Teams25.5 Team Scheduling and Management

Authors:
Social and Econonomic Planning Section of the WA State Department of Highways

Keywords:
Community Involvement, Social Factors, Socio-Economic Surveys, Inter-disciplinary Team Operation and Management, development, Executive Summary, management, planning, project, research, scheduling, survey, Surveys, transportation, transportation planning

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Abstract:
The objective of study was to develop criteria and procedures for the identification and measurement of social in transportation planning and the process by which such analyses are integrated into the decision-making process. The guidelines developed from this address several related but different parts of the total planning and design process. Two of the reports prepared as a part of this study are concerned with identifying and measuring social factors and conducting social and economic surveys to obtain necessary data. A third report is concerned with the development and implementation of involvement programs. The is made that an effective planning and design process must provide means by which the values and of residents of affected and users of transportation facilities can be incorporated in technical studies and the decision-making process. Two additional reports contain guidelines for the operation of interdisciplinary teams and team scheduling and management. The systematic interdisciplinary approach undertaken in the State of Washington provides a means by which technical data, values and opinions, and planning and design concepts and standards can all be evaluated by the team in reaching a solution to a problem.

Authors:
Iverson,E. A.

Keywords:
analysis, Community Involvement, Social Factors, Socio-Economic Surveys, Inter-disciplinary Team Operation and Management, criteria, data, design, design process, developed, development, facilities, impacts, management, planning, program, scheduling, survey, Surveys, transportation, transportation planning, Washington

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Abstract:
The purpose of this study is to produce guidelines that provide specific, operational and action oriented assistance to those responsible for planning and transportation surveys as a community involvement tool. A considerable amount of recent transportation survey experience along with the provision of technical information from private urban opinion survey organizations was researched and analyzed for inclusion in these guidelines. By discussing and comparing the relative merits of different survey techniques, the sampling process, questionnaire design, and examples of past surveys, these guidelines cover the theoretical as well as the practical side of the surveying process. The presentation of this information is in such a that it can be used by field staff to insure that this vital element of a community involvement program can be performed in an efficient and effective manner.

Authors:
Social and Econonomic Planning Section of the WA State Department of Highways

Keywords:
Community Involvement, Citizen Input, Survey Methodology, Limitations of Surveys, Survey Techniques, Sampling Process, Questionnaire Design, Random Cluster Sampling, design, planning, program, sampling, survey, Surveys, transportation, urban

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Abstract:
The primary travel characteristic in question is the mirroring of the magnitude and distribution of the inbound trip patterns to the patterns of the outbound trips. The linear regression analysis for the internal-external (IE) trips plotted by direction and zone volume provided a correlation of 0.09885 for all survey stations combined. The association of the regression lines with the expected 45 degree line when plotting inbound versus outbound trips by zone is a second indicator, and showed an average intercept of about +2.6 trips with a slope of 0.989. The standard error of the estimate was calculated to by 37 trips for all stations combined. The average number of trips per zone is 237.5.A similar analysis of the external-external (EE) trips produced a regression correlation of 0.9954 and the regression lines had an average intercept of +1.5 trips with a line slope of 0.996. In addition to studying the distribution of the trips by zone, the O-D data was stratified into four purposes: 1) work 2) personal, business and shopping 3) social recreation, and 4) other. Percent trips by purpose and by direction were calculated and for all stations combined there was less that a 2% discrepancy for any single purpose. The best match was work trips (0.4% difference) and the greatest difference was in the social-recreation trips, with a 1.9% difference.A comparison of the distribution of trips by trip length was the final area investigated. For I.E. trips inside the cordon line the inbound direction showed an average trip length of 8,86 minutes with a standard deviation of 3.44 minutes and the outbound direction produced and average trip length of 8.89 minutes with a standard deviation of 3.43 minutes.

Authors:
Koontz,B., Kirkland,C. K.

Keywords:
analysis, cordon, data, Error, evaluation, External Cordon, line, Line Survey, Origin-Destination, recreation, regression, regression analysis, survey, travel, trip length, volume, work trip

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Abstract:
A major problem faced by personnel responsible for manipulating aerotriangulation data through transformation and adjustment programs in an electronic computer is that of isolating and detecting blunders and other erroneous data. This study created an automated data analysis and rejection program to reduce the turn around time from initial entry to certification of the final adjustment. Parameters for establishing the smallest detectable errors for rejection were determined by analyses of error sources in ground control surveys, aerial photography, and aerotriangulation theory and operations. Some seldom considered theorectical and practical error sources in ground control surveys are discussed and resolved. The data rejection program chart is listed in the appendix.

Authors:
Hou,Cheng-Yeh

Keywords:
aerial photography, analysis, computer, control, data, detection, error detection, program, Standard error, solar altitude, linear transformation, strip adjustment, aerotriangulation, deflection of vertical, refraction in precise leveling, second term, double summation, image motion, film distortion, flight height, survey

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Abstract:
A major problem faced by personnel responsible for manipulating aerotriangulation data through transformation and adjustment programs in an electronic computer is that of isolating and detecting blunders and other erroneous data. This study created an automated data analysis and rejection program to reduce the turn around time from initial entry to certification of the final adjustment. Parameters for establishing the smallest detectable errors for rejection were determined by analyses of error sources in ground control surveys, aerial photography, and aerotriangulation theory and operations. Some seldom considered theorectical and practical error sources in ground control surveys are discussed and resolved. The data rejection program chart is listed in the appendix

Authors:
Hou,Cheng-Yeh

Keywords:
aerial photography, Aerotriangulation, analysis, analysis and control, computer, control, data, detection, Error, error detection, Executive, program, survey

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Abstract:
A major problem faced by personnel responsible for manipulating aerotriangulation data through transformation and adjustment programs in an electronic computer is that of isolating and detecting blunders and other erroneous data. This study created an automated data analysis and rejection program to reduce the turn around time from initial entry to certification of the final adjustment. Parameters for establishing the smallest detectable errors for rejection were determined by analyses of error sources in ground control surveys, aerial photography, and aerotriangulation theory and operations. Some seldom considered theorectical and practical error sources in ground control surveys are discussed and resolved. The data rejection program chart is listed in the appendix.

Authors:
Hou,Cheng-Yeh

Keywords:
aerial photography, analysis, computer, control, data, detection, error detection, program, Standard error, solar altitude, linear transformation, strip adjustment, aerotriangulation, deflection of vertical, refraction in precise leveling, second term, double summation, image motion, film distortion, flight height, survey

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Abstract:
The ProblemThe growth of population in metropolitan areas and the increasing affluence and leisure time of that population is exerting ever-increasing pressure on recreational resources and the transportation facilitiesconnecting the metropolitan areas with the recreation areas. Historically, travel for recreational purposes has grown more rapidly than that for other purposes and if forecasted increases in real income andleisure time materialize this trend will continue. There is increasing concern that proper attention has not been given to recreational travel as a factor in transportation planning either at the state or urban area level. Recreational travel occurs primarily on weekends and holidays whereas the urban transportation studies, almost without exception, are concerned with weekday travel. Recreational travel serves both as a means to an end and as an end in itself. Access to a variety of recreational activities is an importanthuman need and is presumed to be an agreed-upon objective of-public policy. In addition travel has an intrinsic recreational value, the extent of which depends on place and circumstances. This study proposes a concept far long-range planning of transportation facilities needed to serve the weekend travel demands of a metropolitan area. The planning concept is proposed as a means of achieving more effective utilization of resources in providing for recreational needs. Where data have been used in this study to support conclusions, they have been extracted from surveys conducted by agencies in the state of Washington and from selected studies undertaken elsewhere. Despite the limited availability of certain data, the method of analysis and the planning process presented in this report are considered to have general applicability.

Authors:
Karlfritz,L.

Keywords:
agencies, analysis, availability, data, demand, development, facilities, planning, policy, population, pressure, recreation, Recreational travel, survey, Surveys, transportation, transportation planning, travel, urban, Washington

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