Abstract:
This report documents the development of data collection methodologies that can be used to cost effectively measure truck movements along specific roadway corridors selected by transportation agencies in Washington State. The intent of this study was to design and test methodologies that could be used to measure the performance of freight mobility roadway improvement projects against benchmarks, or selected standards, that would be used both as part of the project selection process and to report on speed and volume improvements that resulted from completed freight mobility projects. One technology tested was Commercial Vehicle Information System and Networks (CVISN) electronic truck transponders, which are mounted on the windshields of approximately 20,000 trucks in Washington. By using software to link the transponder reads from sites anywhere in the state, the transponder-equipped trucks could become a travel-time probe fleet. The second technology tested involved global positioning systems (GPS) placed in volunteer trucks to collect specific truck movement data at 5-second intervals. With GPS data it was possible to understand when and where the monitored trucks experienced congestion and to generate useful performance statistics. The study found that both data collection technologies could be useful; however, the key to both technologies is whether enough instrumented vehicles pass over the roadways for which data are required. This basic condition affects whether the technologies will be effective at collecting the data required for any given benchmark project. The report also recommends the traffic data that should be collected for a benchmark program and the potential costs of using either data collection technology.

Authors:
McCormack,E. D., Hallenbeck,M. E.

Keywords:
agencies, commercial vehicle, condition, congestion, construction, corridors, cost, costs, data, data collection, design, development, freight, freight mobility, freight movement reliability, global positioning, global positioning systems, GPS, improvement, methodology, mobility, networks, performance, positioning, probe program, project, research, roadway, software, speed, statistics, Study, System, systems, technology, traffic, traffic data, transportation, travel time, truck, truck monitoring, trucks, volume, Washington, Washington state

Download Report:

External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/607.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/600/607.1.htm

Abstract:
In 2003, the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) initiated a research effort to develop and test a methodology for estimating congestion delay on Seattle area freeways. The initial phase of the research developed a preliminary methodology for both measuring congestion and assigning that congestion to specific lane blocking incidents. In Phase 2 of this study, that methodology was automated and extended to include an examination of the effects of incidents occurring on the shoulders of the freeway, spillback from incident-caused congestion on one freeway that affects a second freeway that feeds traffic onto the initially congested facility, special events, and weather. Because funding for this effort was extremely limited, only three corridors (with both directions analyzed independently) and two months of data were analyzed. The project found that the Phase 1 methodology works well in assigning traffic congestion that occurs in the immediate time frame and geographic location of incidents to those incidents. It also showed that this process can be automated, making the data preparation effort now the primary determinant of the cost of additional work of this kind. Unfortunately, even with the addition of shoulder incidents, special events, and weather to lane blocking events, the automated process is unable to assign a significant proportion of the non-recurring delay occurring on Seattle freeways. The detailed analysis of freeway performance showed that much of the delay caused by specific incidents occurs in places or at times removed from the incident itself. The result is that much of the observed non-recurring delay can not be assigned to specific causes by the current analytical process. New analytical procedures will need to be developed in Phase 3 of this work. The Phase 2 analysis also confirmed that the congestion effects of specific incidents and other traffic disruptions are highly dependent on the background traffic conditions at the time of the disruption. While the Phase 2 analysis did not produce all of the results desired, the additional analyses showed that the summary statistics output from the Phase 2 software are useful as input to other analytical procedures.

Authors:
Kopf,J., Nee,J., Ishimaru,J. M., Hallenbeck,M. E.

Keywords:
congestion causes, freeway performance, traffic congestion, Washington, Washington state, transportation, WSDOT, research, methodology, congestion, seattle, freeway, developed, incident, Study, effects, traffic, facilities, corridors, data, project, cost, analysis, performance, in-place, condition, statistics, software

Download Report:

External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/619.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/600/619.1.htm

Abstract:
This study was conducted for the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) to explore both the need for and the variety of alternatives to the use of an annual application of herbicides for removing vegetation in the area immediately adjacent to the pavement edge. Our study approached these questions in two different ways, developing both a literature review and a set of interviews with people who have specific knowledge or views of these issues. We conducted interviews with three groups of people to identify issues, maintenance alternatives, and significant literature references: (1) staff at other federal, state, and county transportation agencies, (2) staff and volunteers who work with advocacy groups, and (3) researchers at academic institutions who specialize in related areas. Our literature review contains a set of citations that present related management issues and alternative practices. The abstracts for these references were included when available. To summarize what we learned from the interviews and literature sources, we developed a decision framework that could be used to guide WSDOT district maintenance staff in formulating management plans for vegetation. The decision framework differs from current practice primarily in that it begins with the assumption that maintenance of the area immediately adjacent to the pavement is not necessary unless some particular, observable condition triggers the need for such maintenance.

Authors:
Hill,K., Horner,R. R.

Keywords:
agencies, Alternative, Annual, best practices, condition, counties, developed, environmental management, framework, group, herbicides, integrated vegetation management (IVM), interviews, Issues, maintenance, management, pavement, pavement edge, research, review, road ecology, roadside, roadside maintenance, roadside vegetation, Study, transportation, vegetation management, Washington, Washington state, weeds, WSDOT, Zone 1

Download Report:

External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/621.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/600/621.1.htm

Abstract:
Increasing traffic volumes and a deteriorating transportation infrastructure have stimulated the development of new systems and methods to accelerate the construction of highway bridges. Precast concrete bridge components offer a potential alternative to conventional reinforced, cast-in-place concrete components. The use of precast components has the potential to minimize traffic disruptions, improve work zone safety, reduce environmental impacts, improve constructability, increase quality, and lower life-cycle costs. This study compared two precast concrete bridge pier systems for rapid construction of bridges in seismic regions. One was a reinforced concrete system, in which mild steel deformed bars connect the precast concrete components and provide the flexural strength of the columns. The other was a hybrid system, which uses a combination of unbonded post-tensioning and mild steel deformed bars to make the connections. A parametric study of the two types of systems was conducted using nonlinear finite element models to investigate the global response and likelihood of damage for various frame configurations. On the basis of this study, a practical method was developed to estimate maximum seismic displacements from the cracked section properties of the columns, the elastic design displacement response spectrum, and the base-shear strength ratio. The results of the global nonlinear finite element analyses suggest that the systems have the potential for good seismic performance. Further analytical and experimental research is needed to investigate the constructability and seismic performance of the connection details.

Authors:
Hieber,D. G., Wacker,J. M., Eberhard,M. O., Stanton,J. F.

Keywords:
Alternative, bridge, bridges, columns, concrete, concrete bridge, connections, constructability, construction, cost, costs, damage, design, developed, development, environmental, environmental impact experimental, finite element, highway, impact, impacts, infrastructure, methods, models, performance piers, precast, precast concrete, prestressed concete, quality, Rapid construction, Regions, reinforce concrete, research, response spectra, response spectrum, safety, seismic, seismic performance, steel strength, Study, substructures, System, systems, traffic, traffic volumes, trasportation, volume

Download Report:

External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/611.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/600/611.1.htm

Abstract:
The goal of advanced traveler information systems (ATIS) is to provide travelers with information that will facilitate their decisions concerning route choice, departure time, trip delay or elimination, and mode of transportation. The benefits of ATIS projects can be evaluated through field studies, simulation software, and surveys. An evaluation method called the ITS Deployment Analysis System (IDAS) is suggested for use by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). IDAS is a "sketch" planning tool intended for screening and prioritizing all intelligent transportation systems (ITS) projects (not just ATIS projects). The software evaluates a number of benefits. These are determined by changes attributable to the deployment of ITS in vehicle miles traveled (VMT), vehicle hours traveled (VHT), volume-capacity (v/c) ratios, and vehicle speeds throughout a given network. The IDAS evaluation depends on a number of assumptions that affect the calculations of costs and benefits. The IDAS developers recommend that these assumptions be inspected by local agencies and adjusted to better represent local conditions. The assumptions about the impacts on VMT, VHT, v/c ratios, and vehicle speed are particularly important. Consequently, suggestions are made within this report for adjustments that WSDOT should make to these default values. These values will allow the WSDOT to successfully employ IDAS for ATIS evaluation.

Authors:
Kristof,T., Lowry,M., Rutherford,G. S.

Keywords:
advanced traveler information systems, agencies, analysis, Assessing, ATIS, ATIS benefits, ATIS evaluation, benefit, benefits, condition, cost, costs, Deployment, evaluation, IDAS, impact, impacts, information systems, Intelligent transportation system, intelligent transportation systems, ITS, ITS Deployment Analysis System, planning, prioritizing, project, research, software, speed, Study, survey, Surveys, System, systems, transportation, traveler information, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

Download Report:

External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/597.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/597.1.htm

Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether conditions associated with over-water structures enhance predation pressure on juvenile salmon in Puget Sound. Washington State Ferry served as model. Over-water structures for exploring these issues. This document reports bird and survey results from six north-central Puget Sound WSF terminals and paired reference sites over both \"pre\" and \"peak\" periods of outmigrating salmon fry abundance from April 1 to May 10, 2002. We conclude that potential salmon predators were slightly more abundant at WSF terminals as compared with unmodified shorelines, although large aggregations were not observed on any occasion. The spatial distribution patterns of both bird and fish predators rarely overlapped with juvenile salmon oriented in surface waters close to shore. We were unable to verify whether potential predators were more abundant during peak salmon out-migration, because salmon were available in these habitats throughout the duration of our study. We found no evidence that avian, marine mammal, or fish predators consumed more juvenile salmon near WSF terminals than along shorelines without over-water structures. Few species appeared to be targeting abundant in near-shore habitats, and we observed only two occasions in which predators (one tern Sp. One staghorn sculpin) had consumed juvenile salmon. Several hypotheses are offered as to why we did not observe elevated rates of predation on juvenile salmon in the face of their greater relative availability to predators in near-shore habitats.

Authors:
Williams,G. D., Thom,R. M., Shreffler,J. A., Southard,L., O\'Rourke,K., Sargeant,S. L., Cullinan,V. I., Moursund,R., Stamey,M.

Keywords:
Assessing, availability, condition, ferry, fish, habitat, habitats, Issues, juvenile salmon, marine, model, nearshore habitat, over-water structure, Overwater, overwater structure, overwater structures, predation, Prediation Risk, pressure, salmon, Structure-related, structures, Study, survey, Washington, Washington state

Download Report:

External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/573.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/573.1.htm

Abstract:
This report documents the first year results of a pooled fund study among four states (California, Minnesota, Texas, and Washington State) and describes the structure and objectives. The planned continuation of this collaboration during the next two years is described. The pooled fund project established a working relationship among the four State DOT organizations. Under this agreement, each state allocated funding to allow selected DOT personnel and university researchers to participate in a series of technical meetings. Washington acted as the lead state for this pooled fund project, and produced the minutes and other documentation.Four technical meetings were held between July 1999 and January 2000, one in each of the four participating states. The general format for these meetings included presentations from the host DOT and associated research institutions, followed by specific topics of common interest to the four states. The four states quickly identified topics of mutual interest via this process. To provide the ability to study these topics and those identified in the future, the State DOT research managers agreed to establish a management framework to continue information sharing, to plan funding commitments and assure proper oversight and management of the collaborative studies.described.

Authors:
Mahoney,J. P., Pietz,M. D., Anderson,K. W.

Keywords:
California, Consortium, framework, management, Meeting, Minnesota, objectives, pavement, project, research, Study, technology, Texas, Washington, Washington state

Download Report:

Abstract:
The SWIFT (Seattle Wide-area for Travelers) project was a field operational test of a wide area ITS communications system using a flexible FM sub-carrier High Speed Data System (HSDS). The test was conducted in a partnership with WSDOT, King County Metro Transit, Delco Electronics, Inc., IBM, Seiko Communications Systems, Metro Traffic Control and the Federal Highway Administration. Three devices were used, by the public, to receive the traveler a Delco car radio (capable of providing vector navigation in addition to personal paging and the messages); a Seiko wrist watch pager; and a portable computer (capable of providing graphic displays of traffic advisories and bus positions). After the 15-month test, interviews with the 600 Seattle commuters/participants were conducted to assess user acceptance. A communications study evaluated the adequacy of the HSDS system to disseminate traveler information. Architecture study assessed the effectiveness of the various components to carry out SWIFT operations. institutional issues study documented the history of the project and assessed the institutional issues confronted. A deployment cost study investigated the cost of deployment of a SWIFT system and assessment of potential profitability. The first five reports in this series detail individual aspects of the project.

Authors:
Wetherby,B., Perez,W.

Keywords:
Acceptance, Assessment, bus, computer, control, cost, counties, data, Deployment, effectiveness, evaluation, highway, Institutional, interviews, Issues, ITS, Miscellaneous Library, paging, portable computer, project, public, seattle, speed, Study, SWIFT, System, systems, traffic, traffic advisories, traffic control, transit, traveler information, WSDOT

Download Report:

Abstract:
Recently, WSDOT acquired a non-nuclear, non-destructive, density measuring device manufactured by TransTech called a Pavement Quality Indicator (PQI). TransTech's PQI measures pavement density indirectly by measuring its dielectric constant. A non-nuclear gauge is advantageous because it contains no radioactive source and is therefore not subject to radiological controls, and it can obtain readings in about 5 seconds versus to 4 minutes with a nuclear gauge. Currently, TransTech is collecting data from different agencies to determine the suitability for measuring asphalt pavement density. This brief study presents density measurements from PQI and compares them with nuclear density gauge and core density measurements from three WSDOT 1998 paving projects. This evaluation was a secondary study to 1998 study Asphalt Concrete Temperature in Washington State; therefore this study's experimental design was based entirely on the Temperature study requirements, which resulted in non-random samples and multiple populations within the same sample groups. Despite these problems, results indicate that, when averaged, PQI readings compare favorably with both nuclear measurements and core measurements.

Authors:
Muench,S. T., Mahoney,J. P., Cawley,B.

Keywords:
agencies, asphalt, asphalt concrete, asphalt pavement, concrete, control, core densities, data, density, design, evaluation, experimental, group, indicator, ITS, nuclear gauge, pavement, pavement quality, pavement quality indicator, population, project, quality, Study, temperature, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

Abstract:
The Seattle Wide-area Information for Travelers (SWIFT) Operational Test was intended to evaluate the performance of a large-scale, urban Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS) deployment in the Seattle area. With the majority the SWIFT system completed by June 30,1996, the SWIFT Field Operational Test (FOT) evaluation was conducted from July 1, 1996 through September 20, 1997. The unique features of the SWIFT ATIS included the provision of information for multiple transportation modes, the delivery of this information using three different devices and the use of FM sideband as the primary communications medium. A total of 690 system users were recruited during the course of the study, including 520 Seiko Message watch users, 90 users of the Delco in-vehicle-navigation device and 80 users of the SWIFT portable computers.Purpose of Test. The SWIFT Consumer Acceptance Study was one of five component studies to the overall system evaluation. This report details the findings for the SWIFT Consumer Acceptance Study based on the evaluation objectives that were identified in the SWIFT Evaluation Plan (1 995). The primary objectives of the SWIFT Consumer Acceptance Study were to assess the following:Importance of traveler information in travel planningUsefulness of SWIFT traveler information in travel planningMinimum set of user services and device features required to provide viable productand servicesUser perceptions of SWIFT device usefulnessWillingness-to-pay for different services.User perceptions of changes in travel convenience and efficiencyUser perceptions of changes in traffic congestion, air quality, energy consumption,and safety.Additional SWIFT Consumer Acceptance Study objectives, conducted in support of the SWIFTArchitecture Study, were to assess the following:SWIFT system reliability from a user perspectiveSWIFT system availability from a user perspective.Methods. A variety of data-collection efforts were completed, including questionnaires, focus groups and telephone interviews. The questionnaires contained items that addressed objectives set out in the evaluation plan. The focus groups were conducted with small groups of users to obtain qualitative impressions from a smaller subset of users who were encouraged to speak openly and share their perceptions with other users. The SWIFT Consumer Acceptance Study focused on measurement and analysis of user perceptions toward SWIFT system usefulness and performance. No attempt was made to quantify the system level impacts of SWIFT services on congestion, air quality, energy consumption or safety in the Seattle region. Rather, the assessment of system-level transportation impacts was limited to examining subjective data (e.g., traveler's perceptions) collected from users and determining whether these perceptions were consistent with a benefit.Perceptions of Importance of Traveler In formationResults indicated that SWIFT users tended to place a high degree of importance on incident and congestion-related information in travel planning. Incident location and duration information was rated quite high in importance along with general traffic congestion information. For the group as a whole, information concerning bus schedule and route information and bus-location information was rated very low in importance, although these ratings were much higher in those users that actually used the bus. This was consistent with the automobile dependence reported by the group, and suggests that information concerning non-automobile options would not be used by the automobile-dependent group. Since users of the SWIFT portable computer were recruited from among transit users, this group generally rated transit information higher than other device users groups. However, the importance of this information was not as high as congestion and incident-related information. Receipt of various general-information messages was not rated very high in importance by questionnaire respondents, with the exception of weather, sports and news items. Most SWIFT respondents indicated that the receipt of financial and other environmental information was not important. Of course, from a transportation-impact point of view, the receipt of these general information messages was inconsequential. However, if device users were attracted by thesemessages it may make such services commercially viable to augment any potential benefitperceived by users through the receipt of travel-related information.Perceptions of S WIFT Traveler In formation UsefulnessUsers tended to view the messages they received from the SWIFT systems as accurate, reliable,timely, easy to understand and useful. Among device types, respondents representing users of the Seiko Message Watch expressed concern with the timeliness of incident-related messages. In addition, these respondents tended to rate ease of understanding lower than other user groups. Users of the Delco in-vehicle-navigation devices and SWIFT portable computers experienced problems in receiving personal-paging messages and these problems were reflected in respondent ratings. The map-based display provided by the SWIFT portable computer resulted in generally higher ratings for this device over other devices in understanding incident location and the nature of congestion. Seiko Message Watch users reported difficulty in understanding the extent of expected delay as well as the nature of congestion, while Delco in-vehicle-navigation device respondents reported difficulty in understanding the period of time for which a message applied. Generally speaking, SWIFT participants endorsed a wide-range of improvements to messages provided by the SWIFT system. Most seemed to consider the operational test as a suggestion of what might be possible, rather than a demonstration of a final product. Among Seiko Message Watch users, respondents expressed a desire for improved timeliness of messages as atop priority.

Authors:
Trombly,J., Wetherby,B., Dixson,A.

Keywords:
Acceptance, air quality, analysis, Assessment, ATIS, availability, bus, computer, congestion, congestion information, Consumer, data, data collection, Energy, environmental, evaluation, group, impact, impacts, improvement, incident, interviews, Miscellaneous Library, objectives, performance, planning, portable computer, quality, reliability, safety, seattle, Study, SWIFT, System, systems, traffic, traffic congestion, transit, transportation, travel, traveler information, urban

Download Report:

Abstract:
The Seattle Wide-area Information For Travelers (SWIFT) project was a highly successful Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) Field Operational Test (FOT) that was conducted over a four-year period from 1993 to 1997. The purpose of the project was to test the efficacy of a High Speed Data System (HSDS), or FM Sub-carrier, to disseminate incident, bus and speedlcongestion information via three different end-user devices: pager watch, portable computer and in-vehicle navigation device. Six hundred ninety (690) commuters, many with route- or mode-choice options, participated in the FOT and provided user-acceptance evaluations. Other evaluation components examined the system architecture, communications coverage, institutional issues, and consumer acceptance. The primary purpose of the SWIFT Deployment Cost Study was to provide an independent Life Cycle Cost Estimate (LCCE) of an operational and fully deployed SWIFT system. Moreover, it is intended to provide both the SWIFT participants and the FHWA with a measure of the commercial viability of \"SWIFT-like\" systems nationwide. Table ES- 1 shows the organizations that were included in the SWIFT Deployment Cost Study LCCE and commercial viability analysis.Table ES-1. Deployed SWIFT Participants (CostIRevenue Participants).Industry Government/InstitutionaISeiko Communications Systems, Inc. (SCS) King CountyMetro Networks University of WashingtonEtak, Inc.IBM (FOT Development Only)Delco Electronics (FOT Development Only)The methodology for the SWlFT Deployment Cost Study LCCE relied on standard proven costestimation and data collection and analysis techniques to provide cost estimates for each SWIFTparticipant shown above across the following three life-cycle phases:1) FOT development (costs of current SWIFT Test)King County Metro TransitUniversity of Washington (UW)2) Commercial Development (additional development and procurement costs for fullydeploying an operational SWIFT system (follows the completion of the SWIFT test)3) Annual Commercial Operations (annual operations costs for a fully deployed SWIFTsystem)A summary of the resulting life cycle cost estimate (LCCE) for the deployed SWIFT system ispresented in Table ES-2. Here, the FOT Development phase (based on SWIFT test actuals) wasestimated to cost $6.4 Million, the Commercial Development phase was estimated to cost $1.5Million, and the Annual Commercial Operations costs were estimated to be $0.8 Million.-- -SWIFT Deployment Cost Study I

Authors:
Jensen,M.

Keywords:
Acceptance, analysis, Annual, bus, computer, Consumer, cost, costs, counties, data, data collection, Deployment, development, evaluation, incident, Institutional, Intelligent transportation system, Issues, ITS, methodology, Miscellaneous Library, mode choice, networks, portable computer, project, seattle, speed, Study, SWIFT, System, systems, transportation, Washington

Download Report:

Abstract:
This study involved an in-depth evaluation of the Washington State Department of Transportation highway data development and analysis activities. It developed statistically-based procedures and recommendations for a streamlined highway data collection program. Opportunities to reduce manpower and equipment costs, streamline work activities, improve the quality of data collection and provide accurate and timely data for the various users were identified. Given the focus on highway data, the major effort was devoted to the Department's traffic counting program. However, many data items and programs were considered, with the following receiving particular attention: traffic volume counting, including estimation of annual average daily traffic at any location throughout the state highway system; associated seasonal, axle and growth factors; vehicle classification; truck weights; and the relationship between the statistical sampling requirements recommended for these items and those associated with the FHWA Highway Performance Monitoring System in the state.

Authors:
Ritchie,S. G., Hallenbeck,M. E.

Keywords:
analysis, Annual, axle, cost, costs, data, data collection, developed, development, equipment, evaluation, highway, monitoring, performance, performance monitoring, program, quality, sampling, seasonal, Study, System, traffic, traffic counting, transportation, truck, vehicle classification, volume, Washington, Washington state, weight, weights

Download Report:

Abstract:
The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) has completed construction of twenty-four hot-mix recycle projects as of January, 1985. At the begining of this study there were sixteen completed projects that were to be examined. Evaluation of the laboratory and pavement performance data shows that WSDOT\'s initial two projects, Renslow to Ryegrass (1977) and Yakima River to West Ellensburg Interchange (1978), are still performing very we1l. Although the other fourteed projects have been constructed only within the last two and a half years, the early data indicates equally promising results. Because of the impressive pavement performance exhibited by the recycled pavements, together with hot-mix recycle benefits such as conservation of natural resources, feasibility of construction, and its cost advantage over new ACP, hot-mix recycling has become an attractive addition to the WSDOT paving program.

Authors:
Peters,A. J., Gietz,R. H., Walter,J. P.

Keywords:
asphalt, asphalt concrete, benefit, benefits, construction, cost, data, evaluation, ITS, pavement, pavement performance, pavements, performance, program, project, recycling, rejuvenating agents, Study, transportation, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

Download Report:

Abstract:
The first phase of a three-phase research investigation of cut slope design criteria for southeastern Washington loess has been completed. A literature review of engineering properties of loess from other locales and design criteria applied by various state transportation departments were conducted. A1so, a preliminary field investigation was made to collect representative soil samples and record failure mechanisms. Past research has revealed that proper drainage control in combination with water content and gradational characteristics, are the primary factors influencing cut slope performance in loessial soils. Analysis of 40 soil samples collected during the field study, demonstrate a close similarity between southeastern Washington loess and deposits from the central United States. Although physical properties are similar, differing climates produce a disparity in failure mechanisms between Midwestern and southeastern Washington loessial deposits.

Authors:
Higgins,J. D., Fragaszy,R. J., Beard,L. D.

Keywords:
analysis, control, criteria, cut slope, design, design criteria, development, drainage, erosion, loess, performance, research, review, slope stability, soil, state-of-the-art, Study, transportation, Washington

Download Report:

Abstract:
The feasibility of adopting the Washington State Pavement Management System(WSPMS) for use by Washington counties was established. The WSPMS designoffers a great deal of flexibility for adjusting the system to satisfy thecounties needs. Some modifications to computer programs will be necessaryand can be accomplished with relatively modest effort. The major adjustmentswill be in those counties input data. The only data that are absolutelyessential are those for determining and evaluating pavement condition andthe most cost effective rehabilitation strategies.The state computer system has an adequate storage capacity to support usageof the WSPMS by a large number of counties. Dial-up capability i s availablefor use of WSPMS from remote terminals. Data processing hardware optionsavailable to counties range from no data processing equipment to stand alonecomputer system,A t r i a l demonstration is recommended, Two counties, one large with in-housecomputer f a c i l i t i e s and one small with no or minimal f a c i l i t i e s would bechosen to test the system.Significant. benefits are anticipated from the use of WSPMS. Washingtoncounties desiring to improve the process o f pavement management may findadopting and operating the WSPMS to feasible and desirable.

Authors:
Kulkarni,R. B., Finn,F. N., Lamot,A.

Keywords:
benefit, benefits, computer, computer program, condition, cost, cost effective, counties, data, design, equipment, maintenance, management, management system, Operating, pavement, pavement condition, pavement management, pavement repair, program, rehabilitation, Study, System, Washington, Washington state

Download Report:

Abstract:
The study is reported in two volumes. The first volume summarizes the state-of-the-art on pavement overlay design and presents a research plan to develop an overlay design procedure for the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) The second volume contains an annotated bibliographyof significant pavement overlay literature published since 1968.The state-of-the-art review presented in Volume I addresses pavement evaluation using nondestructive testing and subjective ratings. These are discussed along with the topics of traffic and seasonal variations. Pavement overlay design concepts are identified and discussed. A research plan is presented forthe development of a pavement overlay design system for WSDOT.

Authors:
Newcomb,D. E., Bubushait,A. A., Mahoney,J. P., Sharma,J.

Keywords:
design, development, evaluation, nondestructive testing, overlay, pavement, pavement evaluation, performance, research, review, seasonal, seasonal variation, seasonal variations, state-of-the-art, Study, System, traffic, transportation, volume, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

Download Report:

Abstract:
A study of recreational vehicle waste disposal at highway rest areas was conducted from RV wastewater is significantly stronger than wastewater in BOD, COD, and suspended solids. It also contains preservative compounds, most of which contain formaldehyde or a formaldehyde derivative. With adequate dilution, these wastes should not interfere with waste by mixed cultures of aerobic or anaerobic bacteria or There that waste treatment facilities be affected by improper use of the disposal stations, such as for disposal of hazardous wastes. In addition, improper use may lead to temporary unsanitary conditions around the station. Equations to estimate disposal station use and loading factors, and design equations for treatment of wastes are presented. The public perceives the stations to be and cost-effective provided they are paid for by RV owners. RV owners are willing to pay an annual fee which will cover the costs of construction, operation and maintenance of the stations.

Authors:
Kiernan,K., Brown,C., Benjamin,M., Ferguson,J. F.

Keywords:
Annual, biological waste treatment, condition, construction, cost, cost effective, costs, design, disposal, equations, facilities, fee, Formaldehyde Toxcity, Hazardous, hazardous wastes, highway, maintenance, public, recreational vehicles, rest area, rest areas, Study, suspended solids

Download Report:

Abstract:
This report examines major issues, concepts and methods of bus transit performance evaluation and suggests procedures and guidelines for internal and external monitoring in Washington State. In support of suggested procedures, data analysis on six years of operational and financial characteristics of Washington State systems, 1979-80 Section 15 data, and collected samples of small community/rural systems from other states was conducted. The major objective of the analysis was to test methodologies for developing and assessing transit peer groups\" relative to size and scale of operations, and prior to comparative within-group evaluation. The methodology entailed employing cluster analysis using up to 10 variables depicting service design and distribution. Two key variables were population and line miles. Problems were encountered in using Section 15 data. Due to its use of urban area, as opposed to service area population, clear distinctions of operating environments could not be determined. Thus, cluster groupings using Section 15 data were inconclusive. Cluster State systems (1980) were satisfactory and following additional verification, a suggested \"peer group\" classification for Washington State was recommended. The seven group types ranged in size from a rural regional (<40,000 population) to metropolitan (<1,000,00 population). Values for 8 efficiency and effectiveness indicators were used to assess \"peer group\" trends in performance in Washington over a five-year period (1976-80). Comparative evaluations of individual systems were not made. Despite only partial success in determining \"peer groups\", the study does identify methods and procedures for assisting in external and internal performance evaluation.

Authors:
Kelly,W. J., Rutherford,G. S.

Keywords:
peer group evaluation, analysis, bus, bus transit, cluster analysis, data, data collection, design, effectiveness, efficiency, environment, evaluation, group, indicator, indicators, Issues, ITS, line, methodology, methods, monitoring, Operating, performance, performance evaluation, performance measures, performance standards, population, rural, section 15 data, Study, System, systems, transit, urban, Washington, Washington state

Download Report:

Abstract:
The purpose of the study is to determine how distinctive social, economic, land use, governmental and political characteristics in the Vancouver-Portland area to uneven growth which in turn affects the transportation system. Interviews with public and private industrial representatives to identify the reasons underlying uneven growth are discussed. A statistical analysis of population, employment, vehicle registration and traffic across the Interstate 5 bridge connecting Vancouver and Portland is also presented. Recommendations are listed which suggest ways to improve the transportation system through modification of elements contributing to uneven growth.

Authors:
Public Transportation and Planning Division, Washington State Department of Transportation

Keywords:
analysis, bi-city, bi-state, bridge, economic development, employment, industrial location decision, interviews, land use, land use sewerage, land-use, population, public, statistical analysis, Study, System, traffic, traffic volumes, transportation, Uneven growth rate

Download Report:

Abstract:
This small car accident study investigated accidents in Washington State in four passenger car categories: subcompact, compact intermediate, and large. The primary purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects on safety of increases in the number of smaller cars on the highways. Traffic accident data for the period 1973-79 were analyzed to determine the accident severity for the different automobile classes, and this analysis showed that the smaller vehicles had a higher proportion of fatal and injury accidents that the other categories.The, accident data for 1980 were used to compare accident experience with regard to injury class of the occupants, roadway surface conditions, roadway character, light conditions, collision type, objects struck, and location of accident. Analysis showed that for total accidents per one thousand registered vehicles, the large cars had a higher rate (68) than either the subcompacts (43), compacts (45), or intermediate size vehicles (46). However, the subcompacts and compacts had higher percentages of fatalities and serious injuries to their occupants, and a higher proportion of such accidents occurred on wet, snowy, and icy surfaces. In addition, the smaller passenger vehicles had a higher incidence of overturning and rear-end accidents. The analysis suggests there will be significant increases in fatal and injury accidents in future years as the number of smaller vehicles increases. Thus, the report contains recommendations for changes in highway and vehicle design that will modify these adverse trends and reduce injuries and fatalities among drivers and passengers.Some of the recommendations can be implemented fairly quickly, but others will take longer. However, until changes are made, the accident severity for small cars will continue at a level above that for larger automobiles.

Authors:
Public Transportation and Planning Division

Keywords:
accident severity, accidents, analysis, collision, condition, data, design, highway, Highways, light, overturning, roadway, safety, Study, traffic, traffic accident data, Washington, Washington state

Download Report:

Abstract:
This report provides a summary of a laboratory study on sulfur extended asphalt paving mixtures. The following major features were included in the study: 1.Design of laboratory-experiment which included the use of mixtures which contained various amounts of sulfur, two viscosity levels of asphalt cement, and two of aggregate (basalt and granite).2. Evaluation of mixture design methods (Hveem and Marshal ). 3. Determination of optimum binder contents.4. Evaluation of mixture durability and aging characteristics.5. Development of revised mixture design criteria.

Authors:
Mahoney,J. P., Lary,J. A., Balgunaim,F., Lee,T. C.

Keywords:
aggregate, aging, asphalt, criteria, design, design criteria, development, durability, evaluation, extended asphalt, methods, mixture, performance, stiffness, Study, sulfur, viscosity

Download Report:

Abstract:
This summary report overviews two previously issued study reports. One report assesses the availability and pricing of sulfur with respect to sulfur extended asphalt (SEA) paving mixtures. The second study report concerned a laboratory oriented testing program which was principally used to examine the durability and aging characteristics of SEA paving mixtures.

Authors:
Mahoney,J. P.

Keywords:
aging, asphalt, asphalt pavement, availability, demand, durability, evaluation, Executive, Executive Summary, extended asphalt, mixture, pavement, pavement evaluation, performance, pricing, program, Study, sulfur, supply

Download Report:

Abstract:
This report summarizes the placement and performance of sulfur extended asphalt (SEA) paving mixtures at a highway test site (SR 270) near Pullman, Washington. The report includes a summary of the mixture and structure designs and construction details. This is followed by a discussion of the data collection and analysis accomplished over a three year evaluation period (1979 - 1982). A major experimental feature of the study was the use of 0/100 (conventional asphalt concrete), 30/70 and 40/60 SEA binder ratios (sulfur/asphalt ratios are expressed as weight percents) in the experimental paving mixtures.

Authors:
Mahoney,J. P.

Keywords:
analysis, asphalt, asphalt concrete, asphalt pavement, concrete, construction, data, data collection, data collection and analysis, design, evaluation, experimental, extended asphalt, highway, mixture, pavement, pavement performance, performance, Study, sulfur, Washington, weight

Download Report:

Abstract:
This executive summary overviews the placement and performance of sulfur extended asphalt (SEA) paving mixtures at a highway test site (SR 270) Width3Width8608Width3Width8608 near Pullman, Washington. This is the sixth and last report of this study.

Authors:
Mahoney,J. P.

Keywords:
asphalt, asphalt pavement, Executive, Executive Summary, extended asphalt, highway, mixture, pavement, performance, Study, sulfur, Washington

Abstract:
In high growth areas, highways frequently become congested as the result of land use changes. Local use controls have not prevented the adverse impacts. Further, state funds are inadequate to address the critical problems in growth areas. This study investigates six study areas in Washington compare land use change impacts and the effectiveness of the various procedures applied to prevent or correct such problems and to fund highway improvements in growth areas. A survey of practice in other states provides information concerning their approaches to the problem. The study concludes that comprehensive land use planning supported by inter-agency cooperation has been ted. Local governments have applied a number of innovative techniques for financing local roads and streets. Cooperative interagency planning before growth is out of control has benefited both the local jurisdiction and the state. However, state and local jurisdictions lack the authority to apply these techniques to state highways in Washington State. The study makes recommendations for increasing interagency cooperation and for legislative remedies.

Authors:
Jacobson,Robert

Keywords:
control, effectiveness, facilities, highway, highway financing, Highways, impact, impacts, improvement, Interagency planning, land use, land use controls, land use planning, land-use, land-use/transportation planning, local government, mitigation, planning, planning coordination, Study, survey, Washington, Washington state

Download Report:

Abstract:
The research study identifies the types and amounts of recreational travel in Washington State, assess the impact of gasoline supply and price, investigates the attitudes of local and out-of-state travelers regarding travel in the past, present and future. The future includes a gasoline price scenario. The study also addresses the reasons for change in recreational travel behavior and provides recommendations to minimize the adverse effects of gasoline prices on recreational travel.

Authors:
Hamstra,Thomas, Motoyoshi,Paul

Keywords:
attitudes, behavior, impact, Recreational travel, Recreational Travel Modes, research, Study, travel, travel behavior, Trip Distance, Trip Duration, Trip Frequency, Washington, Washington state

Download Report:

Abstract:
This report summarizes the placement of sulfur extended asphalt (SEA) paving mixtures at two test sites near Pullman, Washington. One site was on an existing state highway and the other made use of the Washington State University Test Track. The report includes the preliminary mix designs, pavement thickness determination, construction details and initial performance data for the test pavements. A major experimental feature of the study was the use of 0/100 (conventional asphalt concrete), 30/70 and 40/60 SEA binder ratios in the experimental paving mixtures.

Authors:
Mahoney,J. P., Christensen,D. R., Terrel,R.

Keywords:
asphalt, asphalt concrete, asphalt pavement, concrete, construction, data, design, evaluation, experimental, extended asphalt, highway, mixture, pavement, pavement evaluation, pavement performance, pavements, performance, Study, sulfur, test track, Washington, Washington state

Download Report:

Abstract:
A collection of reports about avalanche conditions and avalanche prevention measures on Washington mountain highways in general and to the North Cascade Highway in particular involving various aspects of creep deformation and glide of the snow cover as they affect avalanche defense structure design; reconnaissance of a proposed new highway route through the Cascade Mountains and a continuing study of the relationship between synoptic winter weather patterns and the formation and distribution of snow avalanches in the Cascades.The reports are entitled:1. Effect o f Glide and Creep on Rigid Obstacles by C.B. Brown and R.J. Evans.2. Creep and the Snow-Earth Interface Condition in the Seasonal AlpineSnow-Pack by D. M. McClung.3. In- Situ Investigations o f the Temperature Dependence o f the Creep ofLow Density Snow by D.M. McClung4. Naches Tunnel Avalanche Reconnaissance by E. R. LaChapelle.5. Investigation of Synoptic and Surface Weather Situations Leadinq toAvalanche Cycles in the Washinqton Cascades for the 1973-74 winter by M. B. Moore.

Authors:
Moore,M. B., McClung,D. L., LaChapplle,E. R., Brown,C., Evans,R. J., LaChapplle,E. R.

Keywords:
avalanche, Avalanche Forecasting, Avalanches, Cascade, condition, creep, density, design, glide, highway, Highways, North, North Cascade, seasonal, snow, Study, temperature, Washington, weather hazards, winter

Download Report:

Abstract:
A collection of reports on several different aspects of avalanche formation. The reports are entitled: 1. Some Considerations for Avalanche Defense Design for the Washington Cascades. 2. Incorporation of Glide and Creep Measurements into Snow Slab Mechanics. 3. Avalanches and Synoptic Weather Situations in the Cascades during the Winters of 1971-72 and 1972-73. 4. Indication of Snow Avalanche Periodicity Through Interpretation of Vegetation Patterns in the North Cascades, Washington. 5. A Visit to the Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research. 6. Decision Methods

Authors:
LaChapplle,E. R., Brown,C. B., Evans,R. J., Fox,T., Smith,L., McClung,D. L.

Keywords:
avalanche, snow, decisions, weather, vegetation, creep, glide, dendrochronology, avalanches, Cascade, design, methods, North, North Cascade, research, Study, Washington, winter

Download Report:

Abstract:
This report presents results obtained from the analyses of data which were collected during the performance of Phase I and Phase of this project. The data were at the A. Riedesel Pavement Testing Facility which is operated by Washington State University and is located in Pullman, Washington. Regression analyses were formed in order to relate various factors to each other. The factors used in the analyses included stud type, stud protrusion, speed, air temperature, pavement temperature, environmental conditions, stud hardness and tread depth. The purpose was to evaluate the relative importance of these factors pavement wear. It was found that the type of overlay, the type of stud and the protrusion length were the most important factors affecting pavement wear under Test conditions. The other factors could not be sufficiently isolated to determine their relative importance. Average wear rates were calculated for the different types of pavements and by the different stud types. A formula was developed which can be used to calculate pavement life under certain conditions. The results obtained for Phase I and Phase were compared and the difference in these results is discussed. Some of the difference was due to the different between the two phases A comparison with other associated research was madeA striping paint study was made and the results are in this report.

Authors:
Sorensen,H.

Keywords:
condition, data, developed, environmental, facilities, overlay, pavement, Pavement Durability, life & performance, asphalt pavement, portland cement concretes, overlays, surface textures, studded tires, skid resistance, pavement life, pavement temperature, pavements, performance, project, regression, repair, research, speed, striping, striping paints, Studded, studded tire, Study, temperature, tire, Washington, Washington state

Download Report:

Abstract:
A study was conducted on the character and significance of highway runoff waters for the Washington Department of Highways and the Federal Highway Administration. This preliminary appraisal of runoff quality consisted of a literature review and critique plus a limited amount of field sampling on SR 520. Although a large amount of information is present in the literature concerning urban run off, there is very little strictly related to highways and their rights-of- way. Highway runoff is similar t o urban area runoff but may be higher in heavy metals and oil. A significant fraction of the heavy m e t an l s, oil and nutrients are adsorbed to the dust and dirt fractions and then may be removed by sedimentation. Runoff from the lake bridges should have a very insignificant effect on Lake Washington in comparison with the urban run off to the Lake. Recommendations are made for mitigating runoff effects and for conducting an intensive study of highway run off water quality and its significance.

Authors:
Sylvester,Robert O., DeWalle,Foppe B.

Keywords:
bridge, bridges, environment, heavy metals, highway, highway runoff, Highways, ITS, metals, quality, review, runoff, sampling, sedimentation, Study, urban, vehicle emissions, Washington, water quality

Download Report:

Abstract:
A study was conducted of rest area wastewater disposal problems and related factors for the Washington State Highway Commission during the period of June - December 1971. This report on the study is intended to present an evaluation of present rest area wastewater systems together with feasibility analyses of alternative methods of waste handling. It is not intended to be a preliminary engineering design report.Data are presented on rest area problems as reported to or observed by the writers on field visitations. This is followed by discussions of criteria and standards presently used in rest area design together with data on water usage for those rest areas where "complete" data were available. Laboratory analyses were made on rest area wastewaters and on a certain additive, " Bacterial Waste Disposer", that has been used in some of the rest areas. A discussion is included on possible future trends and uses of rest areas and the need to minimize water usage. Chapter XI1 contains the principal thrust of the report in its discussion of possible rest area wastewater disposal methods with an evaluation and some relative cost data. With increasingly stringent requirements for wastewater disposal, it seems apparent that rest area wastewaters must continue to be disposed of on highway property. If not, the Department would find itself, in most instances, with the task of operating continuously and effectually some rather complicated treatment systems that require trained operators, operational reports and effluent analyses, and systems that are not usually amenable to the flow characteristics of rest area wastewaters. Since much national attention is being given to these problems, it is hoped that new or improved treatment schemes may be developed in the future that will be appropriate for rest areas. An intent of this study has thus been to suggest means of wastewater disposal, presently available that would offer an improvement to the septic tank drain field method of disposal.Conclusions and recommendations drawn from the study are as follows:1. There is no question but that septic tank- drain field disposal systems would, because of their simplicity, be the preferred method of disposal if their installation were applicable to most rest areas and if they would, from past experiences here and elsewhere give some assurance of a freedom from operating difficulties over a period of just a few years.

Authors:
Seabloom,Robert W.

Keywords:
additive, Alternative, cost, criteria, data, design, developed, disposal, evaluation, flow, highway, improvement, ITS, methods, Operating, rest area, rest areas, Study, System, systems, Washington, Washington state

Download Report:

Abstract:
An interim report of the second year of a three-year study of avalanche hazards along Washington mountain highways is presented. Applicable snow, avalanche and weather data for 1971-72 are given. Also included is a theoretical treatment o f the stress analysis of slab avalanches and a bibliography of snow clearing technology.

Authors:
LaChapplle,E. R., Brown,C. B., Evans,R. J.

Keywords:
analysis, Annual, avalanche, Avalanche control, Washington mountain highways, Snow and weather data, Snow clearing technology, Avalanches, control, data, hazard, highway, Highways, Interim, methods, snow, stresses, Study, technology, Washington, Washington state

Download Report:

Abstract:
This report presents results obtained from testing at the G. A. Riedesel Pavement Testing Facility at Washington State University during the period from February 11 to May 4, 1972. The purpose of this project was fourfold: 1) to determine pavement wear caused by studded tires ; 2) to evaluate the resistance of different pavement materials and textures used in the states of Washington and Idaho to wear caused by tire studs; 3) to test pavement materials and overlays to reduce tire stud damage; and, 4) to study the effect of studded truck tires on pavements. Ring #5 consisted of three concentric tracks on which 16 tires travelled in eight wheel paths. Three studded types and unstudded passenger tires , three studded and unstudded truck tires, and 46 sections of various types of pavement materials surface overlays and surface textures were tested. The results are based on wear in terms of rate of wear, area removed, maximum and average rut depth using the WSU Profilometer, and the camera wire shadow apparatus, and are valid only under WSU testing conditions. The findings indicate that some pavement materials are more resistant to the effect of studded tires than others. All types of studded tires tested caused some pavement wear and this affected the skid resistance values. The new types of studs reduced wear of various pavement materials. Studded truck tire wear was less than expected due to equipment problems.

Authors:
Krukar,M., Cook,J. C.

Keywords:
camera, condition, damage, equipment, facilities, materials, overlay, overlays, pavement, Pavement Durability, life & performance, asphalt pavement, portland cement concretes, overlays, surface textures, studded tires, skid resistance, pavements, project, repair, resistance, skid resistance, studded tire, studded tires, studs, Study, tire, tires, truck, Washington, Washington state

Download Report:

Abstract:
This preliminary report presents data obtained from testing at the L A Riedesel Pavement Testing Facility during the period from February 11 t o May 4, 1972. The purpose of this project was four fold: (1) to determine pavement wear caused by studded tires; (2) to evaluate the resistance of different pavement materials and textures used in the states o f Washington and Idaho to wear caused by tire studs; (3) t o test pavement materials and overlays to reduce tire stud damage; and, (4) to study the effect of studded truck tires on pavements.This preliminary report presents data obtained from testing at the G. A. Riedesel Pavement Testing Facility, during the period from February 11 to May 4, 1972.

Authors:
Krukar,M., Cook,J. C.

Keywords:
damage, data, facilities, materials, overlay, overlays, pavement, Pavement Durability, life & performance, asphalt pavement, portland cement concretes, overlays, surface textures, studded tires, skid resistance, project, resistance, studded tire, studded tires, studs, Study, tire, tires, truck, Washington

Download Report:

Abstract:
This study was made to obtain information on the noise levels being emitted by vehicles currently using the highways of the State of Washington. The Washington State Highway Commission requested this study for guidance in proposing vehicle noise control legislation. The main controversy in states with existing comprehensive vehicle noise legislation has concerned trucks traveling on roads with posted speeds above 35 mph. The main thrust of our study is therefore concerned with this particular area, although data were also taken on automobiles and on roads posted at less than 35 mph. This study is unique in that the noise level - and the speed of all vehicles were measured. In addition, all trucks over 10,000 lb were weighed. Our large body of data has been graphed in numerous ways to illustrate various aspects--including how the noise factor varies with speed, weight, and percentage of full load, etc. Some photographs of the trucks together with their noise data a real so included.

Authors:
Foss,Rene N.

Keywords:
control, data, highway, Highways, noise, Noise Levels, speed, Study, truck, trucks, vehicle noise, Washington, Washington state, weight

Download Report:

Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the acoustic effects of two topping materials used on bridges in the Seattle area. One material was applied to the bridge on Interstate-5 which crosses the Duwamish River. It is an English product called Sprag-Grip which is supposed to have very good anti-skid properties, as well as the ability to stick to the road in thin layers thus making it suitable for the repair of worn surfaces. The other material is an epoxy -asphalt mixture which was applied to some sections of the Evergreen Point Floating Bridge over Lake Washington, particularly over sections where worn grating was causing excessive noise. Hopefully, this substance will be capable of long-term sticking in relatively thin layers. Of the two materials, it was found that the epoxy-asphalt topping on the Evergreen Point Floating Bridge was by far the quieter, and, at least as newly applied, proved to be very quiet at the road/tire interface. It is likely that this good acoustic performance is due to the smoothness of the surface rather than directly to the fact that the material contains epoxy. The role of the epoxy would be as an adhesive and to resist wear so that its original acoustic performance could be maintained for a considerable length of time. Spray-Grip, on the other hand, although slightly quieter than the rutted, worn roadway, was not as quiet as the original unworn road surface. Experimental Procedures The primary contribution of a road surface to the noise 'radiating from a vehicle is in the noise emitted at the road/tire interface; therefore, the major thrust of this effort was directed toward measuring this effect. There also were some measurements of community noise levels before and after the resurfacing of the bridges. The tire noise tests were taken on the right rear wheel of a Laboratory station wagon upon which a new tire was mounted (a Pennsylvania Patrol Special, size 8. 55-15). (The tread design and depth of this tire are shown on page 2. ) This tire was mounted on a wheel and used on the vehicle only daring tests. Between tests it was stored so that unnecessary wear would not change its acoustic character-teristics. The noise pickup device was a specially baffled microphone located about 7 inches from the road/tire interface by a bracket holding it on the outside of the tire. One of the major problems in making noise measurements of this type is to have a microphone that will pick up only tire noise and be baffled from wind noise. This problem has been solved by a microphone baffling system especially designed by this Laboratory.

Authors:
Foss,Rene N.

Keywords:
asphalt, bridge, bridges, community noise, design, Epoxy, experimental, floating bridge, highway, ITS, materials, mixture, noise, Noise Levels, noise measurements, performance, repair, roadway, seattle, Study, System, tests, tire, tire noise, Washington, wind, Wind Noise

Download Report:

Abstract:
This Avalanche Atlas catalogs details of snow avalanche activity along the North Cascades Highway, SR-20, between Newhalem on the west side of the Cascade Mountains and Mazama on the east side. Data contained herein have been collected during summer and winter reconnaissances in 1970 and 1971 under contract between the Washington State Highway Department and the University of Washington. Compilation of this Atlas completes the first phase of a planned three-year study of avalanche problems and control methods on the highways of the State of Washington.

Authors:
LaChapplle,E. R.

Keywords:
Atlas, avalanche, Cascade, control, data, highway, Highways, methods, North, North Cascade, snow, SR 20, Study, Washington, Washington state, winter

Download Report:

Abstract:
Alternatives to control wastewater odors on board Washington State ferries and during discharge of the wastewater to sewerage systems were formulated, evaluated and tested.Holding tank aeration, using compressed air injection to a recycle line is an effective method. Sulfide is microbially oxidized, and anaerobic sulfate reducing bacteria are suppressed. Engineering and lab studies and a simulation model of the process were used to estimate suitable design parameters and costs. A prototype installation is recommended for optimization of operation. The addition of slug dosages of H202 was also found to be effective in laboratory and on-board vessels. The twice daily dose of about 50 mg/ should be stirred into the holding tank using recycle mixing. Peroxide was found to oxidize sulfide, increase dissolved oxygen and suppress sulfate reducing bacteria. Bottom suction sludge hoppers must be installed to prevent accumulation of sludge in tank bottom.Other alternatives, including chlorine addition, pH increase, iron sulfide precipitation and toxic odor control compounds, were found ineffective and/or uneconomic.Other finds are that sulfide is produced primarily from reduction of sulfates from the saltwater flushing water. Production is primarily in the slime layer on the bottom and sides of the holding tanks. On-shore force mains are sites of sulfide production during stagnant periods between tank pumpouts. These force mains should tanks was evaluated for hydraulic, organic loading, and salt toxicity effects on existing and planned sewage plants. No significant impacts were found.

Authors:
Sylvester,R. O., Ferguson,J. F., Parish,K. B., Brown,D. W., Leuelid,S.

Keywords:
control, cost, costs, design, disposal, dissolved oxygen, effects, ferries, ferry, impact, impacts, line, Marine wastewater holding tanks, odor control, wastewater aeration, hydrogen peroxide, model, Precipitation, salt, sewerage, Study, System, systems, Toxicity, vessel, vessels, Washington, Washington state

Download Report: