Abstract:
The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) and its partner agencies developed a research program to design new and retrofit culverts. The goal of this program is to identify culvert bed configurations, designs, and associated hydraulic conditions that allow successful movement of juvenile salmonids upstream, while safely passing water, sediment, and debris downstream. WSDOT, in cooperation with the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW), constructed a culvert test bed at the WDFS's Skookumchuck Hatchery in western Washington State. Battelle conducted experiments to establish protocols for future research on bed conditions, culvert shape, etc. This technical report describes various protocols, such as time of day, duration of test, and density of test fish, and provides hydraulic and biological characterizations of a baseline culvert.

Authors:
Pearson,W. H., Richmond,M., Johnson,G., Sargeant,S. L.

Keywords:
agencies, condition, culvert, culvert passage, culvert test bed, culverts, density, design, developed, evaluation, experimental, fish, ITS, juvenile salmonid, juvenile salmonid passage, program, research, retrofit, salmonids, transportation, Washington, Washington state, wildlife, WSDOT

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/614.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/600/614.1.htm

Abstract:
This report documents the results of five Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS) project evaluations performed for the Washington State Department of Transportation. The projects encompass a range of devices in both urban and rural environments. Guidelines and lessons learned for planning and operating ATIS programs were then developed from the evaluation results. These observations were clustered into common themes in the areas of maintenance, rural projects, project management, staffing, training, support, and customer response. As part of this effort, a standardized evaluation approach for ATIS projects was developed. The approach was designed to focus on technical, management, and organizational lessons learned. The method was effective in producing useful information about ATIS benefits and deployment issues. Using that approach, an additional nineteen required ATIS evaluations will be performed in a second project phase. The additional evaluations will also provide an opportunity to further verify and strengthen the initial lessons learned, as well as to expand the method.

Authors:
Kopf,J., Nee,J., Ishimaru,J. M., Hallenbeck,M. E.

Keywords:
advanced traveler information systems, ATIS, benefit, benefits, environment, evaluation, framework, Intelligent transportation system, ITS, maintenance, management, planning, program, project evaluation, project management, rural, training, transportation, traveler information, urban, Washington, Washington state

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/606.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/600/606.1.htm

Abstract:
TrafficTV is a traffic and traveler information resource available on cable television (UWTV2 Channel 76). It began operation June 1, 1998, as part of the SmartTrek Operational Deployment under the name Traffic Channel. The SmartTrek evaluation of May 2001 identified several problems with Traffic Channel and recommended some improvements. This project made those changes and renamed the application TrafficTV. A series of meetings was held in June 2003. These meetings involved personnel from the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) Northwest Region, WSDOT Advanced Technology Branch, WSDOT Olympia office, the University of Washington's UWTV, and the UW Intelligent Transportation Systems Research Program. From these meetings came a set of recommended changes. These changes were made to TrafficTV and are documented in this report. Battelle Institute conducted a focus group in May 2004 to evaluate the resulting program. This focus group concluded that TrafficTV is a useful traveler information tool but has not had sufficient public exposure to make it widely known to the traveling public. A market penetration audit conducted by Media Audit in June and July 2004 indicated that when viewers were asked about TrafficTV, over 94,000 had seen the program within the last week. This was deemed surprisingly high, given the lack of external exposure and that viewers would have found TrafficTV only by word of mouth or by "channel surfing." Again, a conclusion of the audit was that additional exposure would make TrafficTV more valuable as a traveler information tool. As a result of the publicity recommendations, a banner has been added to the North West Region's traveler information page to alert users to the availability of TrafficTV.

Authors:
Dailey,D. J., Bradbury,J.

Keywords:
traveler information, cable TV, Intelligent transportation system, congestion information, traffic, evaluation, Washington, Washington state, transportation, WSDOT, intelligent transportation systems, systems, research, program, group, public

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/603.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/600/603.1.htm

Abstract:
This report documents the development of data collection methodologies that can be used to cost effectively measure truck movements along specific roadway corridors selected by the Freight Mobility Strategic Investment Board (FMSIB.) The intent of this study was to design and test methodologies that could be used to measure the performance of freight mobility roadway improvement projects against benchmarks, or selected standards, which would be used both as part of the project selection process and to report on speed and volume improvements that resulted from completed FMSIB projects. One technology tested was Commercial Vehicle Information System and Networks (CVISN) electronic truck transponders, which are mounted on the windshields of approximately 20,000 trucks traveling in Washington. These transponders are used at weigh stations across the state to improve the efficiency of truck regulatory compliance checks. By using software to link the transponder reads from sites anywhere in the state, the transponder-equipped trucks could become a travel time probe fleet. The second technology tested involved global positioning systems (GPS) placed in volunteer trucks recruited for this project to collect specific truck movement data at 5-second intervals. With GPS data it was possible to understand when and where the monitored trucks experienced congestion. By aggregating this information over time, it was possible to generate performance statistics related to the reliability of truck trips, and even examine changes in route choice for trips between high volume origin/destination pairs. The study found that both data collection technologies could be useful; however, the key to both technologies is whether enough instrumented vehicles pass over the roadways for which data are required. This basic condition significantly affects whether the transponder and GPS technologies will be effective at collecting the data required for any given FMSIB benchmark project . The report also recommends the traffic data that should be collected for a benchmark program and the potential costs of using either data collection technology.

Authors:
McCormack,E. D., Hallenbeck,M. E.

Keywords:
freight movement reliability, truck monitoring, development, data, data collection, methodology, cost, truck, roadway, corridors, freight, freight mobility, mobility, design, performance, speed, volume, commercial vehicle, networks, trucks, Washington, software, travel time, probe, global positioning, global positioning systems, positioning, systems, GPS, congestion, statistics, reliability, condition, traffic, traffic data, program, costs

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Abstract:
This project performed extensive study and systematic research on the application of the Highway Development and Management system (HDM-4) to the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) highway system. Data processing, testing, calibration, and analysis were executed to provide the WSDOT with a new budget planning tool. HDM-4 flexible pavement deterioration models were calibrated with the assistance of the Washington State Pavement Management System. A method to calibrate concrete pavement distress models is proposed. This research also explored the application of HDM-4 analysis at the project, program, and strategic levels. The applications include prediction of pavement conditions during a defined analysis period, calculation of required budgets for optimal pavement conditions and maximum economic indicators, establishment of optimized work programs under varying levels of constrained budgets, and other applications for WSDOT.

Authors:
Li,J., Muench,S. T., Mahoney,J. P., Pierce,L., Sivaneswaran,N.

Keywords:
HDM-4, models, pavement maintenance, pavement management, pavement performance, Pavement preservation, vehicle operating costs, research, highway, development, management, management system, Washington, Washington state, transportation, WSDOT, data, calibration, analysis, planning, pavement, deterioration, concrete, program, applications, prediction, condition, indicators

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/588.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/588.1.htm

Abstract:
Cotton duck bearing pads (CDP) are sometimes used to support loads and accommodate movements and rotations at bridge bearings. CDP are preformed elastomeric pads consisting of thin layers of elastomer interlaid with fabric, and they are manufactured under Military Specifications with limited guidance from the AASHTO. The behavior of these CDP bearing pads was experimentally evaluated to establish design models for predicting this behavior, to determine the variation in behavior expected with different bearing pad manufacturers, and to develop design recommendations. This research is a follow-up study of an earlier research program sponsored by Arkansas State University.CDP bearing pads from three different manufacturers were tested, and the test program included dynamic and static (or monotonic) tests of bearings in shear, compression,and rotation. In general, the static tests were used to evaluate strength, stiffness, deformation limits, and general pad behavior. The dynamic tests examined durability and performance under repeated loading and deformation.The results of this test program were used to develop design recommendations, and an appendix includes a draft of proposed wording for modification of the AASHTO LRFD Specifications to include these design recommendations. In addition, a spreadsheet was developed in Microsoft EXCEL to accomplish the calculations necessary to complete the design.

Authors:
Lehman,D. E., Roeder,C. W., Larsen,R., Curtin,K.

Keywords:
cotton duck bearing pads, CDP, bridge bearings, bridge design, loads, bridge, specifications, specification, behavior, design, models, research, program, tests, strength, durability, performance

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/569.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/569.1.htm

Abstract:
This research project was an effort to improve our understanding of the internal stress-strain distribution in GRS retaining structures. Our numerical modelling techniques utilized a commercially available element program, FLAC (Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua). In this research, we investigated and appropriately considered the plane strain soil properties, the effect of low confining pressure on the soil dilation angle, and in-soil and low strain rate geosynthetic reinforcement properties.Modeling techniques that are able to predict both the internal and external performance of GRS walls simultaneously were developed. Instrumentation measurements such as wall deflection and reinforcement strain distributions of a number of selected case histories were successfully reproduced by our numerical modeling techniques. Moreover, these techniques were verified by successfully performing true "Class A" predictions of three large-scale experimental walls.An extensive parametric study that included more than 250 numerical models was then performed to investigate the influence of design factors such as soil properties, reinforcement stiffness, and reinforcement spacing on GRS wall performance. Moreover, effects of design options such as toe restraint and structural facing systems were examined. An alternative method for internal stress-strain analysis based on the stress-strain behavior of GRS as a composite material was also developed. Finally, the modeling results were used to develop a new technique for predicting GRS wall face deformations and to make recommendations for the internal stability design of GRS walls.

Authors:
Holtz,R. D., Lee,W. F.

Keywords:
analysis, behavior, design, experimental, FLAC, geosynthetic, geotechnical, materials, modeling, models, performance, prediction, pressure, program, reinforcement, research, retaining wall, retaining walls, stability, structures, systems, walls

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External Links: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/532.1.pdf http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/500/532.1.htm

Abstract:
The Service Patrol pilot demonstration in Seattle and Tacoma was managed by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) and operated by Washington State Patrol (WSP) cadets and contracted registered tow truck operators (RTTOs). Two other roving services, not funded as part of this pilot effort but included to a limited extent in this evaluation, were the roving patrol service provided by WSDOT on the SR 520 and I-90 floating bridges and the privately sponsored motor assistance vehicle from AAA's RescueVan. The evaluation examines how the similarities and differences among the different service delivery modes (e.g., the intensity of deployment, equipment choices, service delivery, costs) affect the impact of the Service Patrol operation on traffic conditions (e.g., reductions in delay) and the level of motorist satisfaction. This report also discusses feedback by the agencies participating in the Service Patrol program on institutional and operational issues that contribute to or hinder the success of the program. Operational characteristics and operating statistics are reported to convey factors that describe program effectiveness. The results of the study indicate that the use of a combination of service providers has benefits that no single provider can duplicate, and the cost implications of changing the program are small enough that any potential savings would be fairly minor. The pilot project resulted in a variety of intangible benefits, such as improved interagency coordination and cooperation, more efficient utilization of personnel, and a better understanding of each partner's roles and contributions toward congestion relief. The positive viewpoint toward the Service Patrol was uniform, regardless the service mode. Therefore, no significant changes to the existing pilot program are recommended at this time.

Authors:
Nee,J., Hallenbeck,M. E.

Keywords:
service patrols, incident response time, traffic delay, traffic safety, research, seattle, Washington, Washington state, transportation, WSDOT, truck, evaluation, floating bridge, bridges, bridge, costs, cost, traffic, condition, program, statistics, benefits, benefit, congestion

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Abstract:
Funded by the 1987 Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act, the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP), was a five year, $150 million research program to improve the performance of the nation's roads by addressing four key areas: concrete and structures; highway safety and maintenance; asphalt; and long-term pavement performance. Nearly one-third of the $150 million was allocated for the study of asphalt, specifically to develop performance based specifications that would relate material properties of the binder and the mix to field performance. Superpave (Superior PERforming asphalt PAVEments) encompasses the products of the SHRP asphalt research program and consists of three interrelated elements: an asphalt binder specification with supporting tests; a mix design and analysis system with supporting tests; and performance prediction models. This report is a compilation and synthesis of Washington DOT's (WSDOT) experience with selected components and concepts of the SHRP/Superpave technology to include the following: performance graded (PG) binder usage and specification validation; gyratory mix design; the Superpave Shear Test (SST); and field performance of the Superpave mixes.Binders typically specified by WSDOT (AR400OW and PBAs -2, -5, -6. -6GR) were classified in terms of five Superpave performance grades: PG 58-22; 64-22; 64-28; 64-34; and 70-28. Although data from 171 weather stations suggest that as many as 6 low- and 5 high-temperature grades could be specified, binder availability and regional pavement distress were used to develop guidelines for statewide PG usage. Three binders were recommended for use in the western, northeastern and southeastern regions of the state as follows: PG 58-22; PG 58-34; and PG 64-28, respectively. Validation of the binder specification with respect to low temperature cracking was accomplished using binder and field performance data from 28 projects. The results were very encouraging: the original SHRP algorithm for binder selection correctly "predicted" field performance in 22 of 28 cases, whereas the LTPP algorithm for binder selection correctly "predicted" field performance in 26 of 28 cases.Additionally, a laboratory experiment using the Superpave Shear Test (SST) apparatus was undertaken to test the effectiveness of binder "bumping," i.e., increasing the high temperature grade because of exceptionally high traffic volume and/or slow or standing traffic. The data clearly indicate that the SST is an effective tool for discriminating between binders and that 'bumping" may be effective in reducing pavement rutting. Permanent shear strain for specimens made with a PB 70-xx binder was only 25 to 33% of the shear strain for specimens made with a PG 58-xx binder.As originally configured, the Superpave mix design matrix included seven traffic levels and four temperature regimes for 28 possible compaction levels. Recognizing that the 28 compaction levels made for a somewhat unwieldy system, WSDOT attempted to reduce the number of compaction levels by conducting a series of mix designs at each compaction level. The results of the limited experiment suggest that it might be possible to limit the number of compaction levels required for mix design. Research by Brown et. al. (NCHRP 99) tends to confirm this as they have suggested reducing the number of compaction levels and provided more definitive guidance with respect to each level.Since 1993 WSDOT has place 44 projects which include some component of the Superp ave technology. For 17 of these projects parallel Hveem and Superpave mix designs were conducted. In 13 of the 17 cases, the Superpave design asphalt content was equal to or greater than the Hveem design asphalt content, though the difference was usually no more than 0.2%. A fundamental difference between Hveem and Superpave mix design methods is the compaction device. Data from these field projects indicate that the current kneading and gyratory compaction protocols (at least for 109 gyrations) yield similar air void contents.As noted previously, Washington DOT has placed 44 projects which involve some component of the Superpave technology. For 18 of the projects a conventional Hveem mix design was conducted using a PG binder (Hveem-PG). The remaining 26 projects were truly Superpave, i.e., the materials selection and mix design were established in accordance with the Asphalt Institute's SP2, Superpave Level 1 Mix Design. According to WSDOT practice the following numerical indices trigger maintenance: Pavement Structural Condition (PSC) 10 mm; or International Roughness Index (IRI) > 500 cnVkm. Although relatively "young", the 44 projects are performing quite well. The average values of rutting, PSC, and IRI (4, 91, and 121, respectively) are all well below the "trigger" values. With respect to rutting and PSC, the performance of Hveem-PG and Superpave projects is virtually identical. However, the ride quality of the Superpave projects is a bit rougher than the Hveem-PG binder projects: IRI of 134 for the former and 103 for the latter. The higher values of IRI measured on the Superpave projects may be the result of the typically coarser aggregate gradation or differences in construction techniques.WSDOT's Superpave experience has not been without challenges. Still, its overall experience has been very encouraging. Experimentation with the revised compaction matrix, continued use of the SST, field validation of the "bumping" experiment, and long-term monitoring of field performance will provide the necessary data to allow WSDOTs critical assessment of Superpave's technical merit and economic viability.

Authors:
Leahy,R. B., Briggs,R. N.

Keywords:
SHRP, Superpave, asphalt, intermodal, transportation, transportation efficiency, highway, research, program, performance, concrete, structures, highway safety, safety, maintenance, pavement, specifications, specification, asphalt pavement, pavements, tests, design, analysis, prediction, models, Washington, WSDOT, data, temperature, cracking, LTPP, traffic, volume, compaction, materials, condition, international roughness index, roughness, index, ride quality, quality, aggregate, construction, ITS, monitoring

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Abstract:
This report documents the moldeling strategy and associated verification which permits analysis of multiple PCC plain jointed slabs. Several subbase/soil layers below the slabs and separation of the slab and base layer are considered. Load effects include those associated with both multiple tire and linear temperature gradients. A technique for modeling aggregate interlock shear transfer across PCC pavement joints is developed and verified. The overall development is contained in the computer program EverFE. The computer program uses a graphical user interface which aids its use.

Authors:
Davids,W. G., Turkiyyah,G. M., Mahoney,J. P.

Keywords:
aggregate, aggregate interlock, analysis, base, computer, computer program, developed, development, EverFE, finite element, Finite elements, ITS, Joints, joints load transfer, modeling, pavement, pavements, PCC, permits, program, rigid pavement, temperature, tire

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Abstract:


Authors:
Ulberg,C., Poulenez-Donovan,C.

Keywords:
account, TDM Analysis, TransNow, program

Abstract:
Noise mitigation strategies involving both noise reduction at the source of transportation noise and at the receiver of transportation noise are reviewed. The following major sources of noise within a motor vehicle considered: engine, intake, exhaust, cooling fan, transmission, and tire noise. Current research intended to address methods of reducing noise far each of these sources is discussed. It was found that vehicle manufacturer efforts in the U.S. to reduce vehicle noise is currently being motivated marketplace for quiet vehicles. In addition to the potentialnoise reduction from specific components of the vehicle, it was found that the type of roadway pavement can have a significant effect on noise. A key strategy for reducing transportation noise at the receiver of the noise is land use compatibility planning. local agencies who have successfully implemented and use compatibility planning programs were interviewed. These programs fall into two broad The first category is land use compatibility brought about by zoning. this category, land uses that are inherently with transportation noise sources are adjacent to the sources. The second category, referred to as proponent mi involves a process of mitigation needed to make the use with transportation noise through mitigation efforts funded by the proponent of the development. It was found that noise and land use compatibility programs were most beneficial to communities in the earlier stages of development whereas the use of a local noise ordinance was found to be more beneficial to communities that are more fully developed.

Authors:
Herman,L. A., Bowlby,W.

Keywords:
agencies, developed, development, land use, land use compatibility, land-use, methods, mitigation, noise, noise abatement, noise barriers, noise reduction, pavement, planning, program, research, roadway, tire, tire noise, traffic noise, transportation, vehicle noise, zoning

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Abstract:
Noise mitigation strategies involving both noise reduction at the source of transportation noise at the receiver of transportation noise are reviewed. The following major sources of noise within a motor vehicle were considered: engine, intake, exhaust, cooling fan, transmission, and tire noise. Current research intended to address methods of reducing noise far each of these sources is discussed. It was found that vehicle manufacturer efforts in the U.S. to reduce vehicle noise is currently being motivated marketplace for quiet vehicles. In addition to the potential noise reduction from specific components of the vehicle, it was found that the type of roadway pavement can have a significant effect on noise. A key strategy for reducing transportation noise at the receiver of the noise is land use compatibility planning. Local agencies who have successfully implemented and use compatibility planning programs were interviewed. These programs fall into two broad categories. The first category is land use compatibility brought about by zoning. In this category, land uses that are inherently with transportation noise sources are adjacent to the sources. The second category, referred to as proponent mitigation, involves a process of mitigation needed to make the use with transportation noise through mitigation efforts funded by the proponent of the development. It was found that noise and land use compatibility programs were most beneficial to communities in the earlier stages of development whereas the use of a local noise ordinance was found to be more beneficial to communities that are more fully developed.

Authors:
Herman,L. A., Bowlby,W.

Keywords:
agencies, developed, development, land use, land use compatibility, land-use, methods, mitigation, noise, noise abatement, noise barriers, noise reduction, pavement, planning, program, research, roadway, tire, tire noise, traffic noise, transportation, vehicle noise, zoning

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Abstract:
Dames & Moore And their subcontractor, Inco Engineers, have prepared this Manual of Practice for conducting bridge foundation-soil interaction analyses. The manual is intended to assist engineers in the Bridge Design office at the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) who perform dynamic analysis of bridge-foundation systems. The primary purpose of the manual is to present practical and accurate methods of estimating the foundation stiffness matrices for abutment or pier foundations supported on footings or piles. These matrices are needed for soil-structure interaction analysis to more accurately determine the seismic loads acting on the bridge superstructure and on the abutment and pier foundations.This Manual of Practice consists of two volumes. Volume I presents five bridge example problems:1. Coldwater Creek2. Deadwater Slough3. Ebey Slough4. Northup Way5. FHWAThe first four examples are actual WSDOT bridges and the fifth example is a fictitious bridge that appeared in a 1991 FHWA course notebook on seismic design of highway bridges.Volume II presents the input and output files of the SEISAB computer program for the dynamic soil-structure interaction analysis of bridges. The SEISAB computer program is currently used by WSDOT in the seismic design of Washington state bridges.Dames & Moore recommends the FHWA and Novak methods to estimate bridge foundation stiffness matrices. These methodologies are presented in detail in the Coldwater Creek example problem in Volume I. In this example, the basic theory and relevant equations or inputs for implementing these methodologies are provided first and are immediately followed by their application to the Coldwater Creek bridge. The appropriate equations or inputs from the FHWA and Novak methodologies presented not the Coldwater Creek example problem are identified and applied in the other four bridge example problems. Volume I also contains three appendices. The basis for the recommendation of the FHWA and Novak methods is provided in Appendix A, which is a reproduction of the 1992 Dames & Moore report to WSDOT on the evaluation of methods to estimate foundation stiffnesses. Appendix B consists of selected pages from the BMCOL 76 computer program user guide; this computer program, which computes the load-deflection and moment-rotation curves for single piles, is part of the FHWA methodology. Appendix C presents the method for transforming the foundation stiffness matrices from one coordinate system to another. This transformation process is important because the coordinate systems assumed in the FHWA and Novak methods are generally different and therefore are not necessarily the same as the SEISAB coordinate system. Coordinate transformations are also discussed in the ColdWater Creek example problem.

Authors:
Dames & Moore- Inca Engineering

Keywords:
analysis, bridge, bridge design, bridge foundation, bridges, computer, computer program, design, equations, evaluation, Foudation-Soil, foundation, foundation stiffness, highway, interaction, loads, manual, methodology, methods, piles, program, seismic, seismic design, soil-structure interaction, superstructure, System, systems, transportation, volume, Volumes I & II, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) determines wet-pavement surface friction characteristics by conducting skid-test in accordance with applicable AASHTO and ASTM standards. The results of the skid-tests are used in conjunction with other criteria to assist in selecting pavements for resurfacing (the primary criteria is wet-pavement accident rates). This paper examines literature from the United States and abroad on friction number guidelines for highways. On the basis of an analysis of the literature, a revised friction number guideline is recommended to WSDOT. The new guideline is similar to those developed by other highway departments and is based on research conducted over the last 25 years. Most importantly, the new guideline provides WSDOT with a more realistic friction range for assessment of highway pavements.

Authors:
Corsello,P.

Keywords:
skid number, friction number, skid resistance, criteria, program

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Abstract:
This report summarizes an investigation of the technical aesthetic, and economic feasibilities of incorporating special noise barrier applications into a highway noise control program. The intent of the report is to take as a starting point the thin, vertical, reflective barrier now used in most applications. Special barrier applications are those beyond the thin vertical reflective barrier.The investigation of technical feasibility relates to the formulation of the effects of absorptive treatments, slanted tops, T-tops, and other special applications. The economic and aesthetic feasibility investigations examine the value of employing these special applications in lieu of thin, vertical, reflective barriers. The research reported on herein was performed on behalf of the Washington State Department of Transportation. The intent of the was for background studies of the effects of special treatments, so the could be in a position to implement pilot projects at a later date.

Authors:
Cohn,L. F., Harris,R. A.

Keywords:
absorption, absorptive, applications, barrier, barriers, control, highway, Insertion Loss, noise, parallel barrier, program, project, research, transportation, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
The major objectives of this study were to examine: (1) the types of recycled materials that are appropriate and feasible as alternative paving materials such as glass and tires; and (2) the types of recycled materials, such as mixed-plastics and compost, that can be utilized in all types of transportation applications other than pavements. Seven key products are investigated: tires; glass; asphalt concrete fly ash; compost; mixed plastics; and sign stock. Performance and cost data for pavements is documented for both in-state and nationwide applications. The national experience \'with the use of waste glass as an additive to asphalt concrete and its use in unbound base material is so highlighted. Programs for experimental use of recycled material are outlined. Recommendations for staffing and program changes to deal with recycling are also discussed.

Authors:
Swearigen,D. L., Jackson,N. C.

Keywords:
additive, Alternative, applications, asphalt, asphalt concrete, base, base materials, concrete, construction, cost, data, experimental, fly ash, Glasphalt, highway, highway construction, ITS, materials, objectives, pavement, pavements, performance, program, recycled ACP, recycling, Rubber-asphalt, tire, tires, transportation

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Abstract:
This final report demonstrates the feasibility of employing high molecular weight/high density polyethylene cylinders as the energy dissipating medium in highway safety appurtenances. It is shown that this polymer can dissipate large amounts of kinetic energy, undergo large deformations and strains without fracturing, and essentially restore itself to its original size, shape, and energy dissipation potential when the forcing function is removed.This research involves a quasi-static and impact loading experimentalinvestigation to determine the energy dissipation characteristics of HMW HDPEtubes as functions of temperature, radius to wall thickness ratio, strain,strain-rate, deformation, and repeated and cyclic loading. The results ofthis experimental program are analyzed to develop analytic energy dissipationexpressions which are then employed in the design of truck mountedattenuators (TMA), Finally, an expert system computer program, CADS, ismodified to use HMW HDPE tubes in the generalized design of crash cushions.The potential financial, legal, and safety payoffs for highway operationsassociated with developing highway safety devices which are essentiallymaintenance free are significant. Maintenance costs associated with therepair of impacted safety devices would be greatly reduced or eliminated.Tort liability exposure related to damaged or collapsed hardware would besignificantly decreased. Finally, the safety of the motoring public and themaintenance personnel involved in maintaining and repairing damaged hardwarewould be enhanced.

Authors:
Carney III,J. F.

Keywords:
computer, computer program, cost, costs, cyclic loading, density, design, development, Energy, experimental, expert system, exposure, highway, highway safety, impact, impact attenuation devices, ITS, maintenance, maintenance free, polyethylene, polymer, program, public, research, reusable, safety, self-restoration, strains, temperature, truck

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Abstract:
In order to provide for a preload fill in an area of limited right-of-way, the Washington State Department of Transportation designed and supervised the construction of a geotextile reinforced retaining wall 12.6m (41.3 ft) high. Because the wall supported a surcharge fi11 more than5 m (16 ft.) in height and was significantly higher than any previouslyconstructed wall of i t s type, an extensive program of instrumentationof the geotextile reinforcement and measurement o f the wall movementswas instituted. The paper describes the wall design and construction,1)purpose and objectives of the instrumentation program, instrumentation . .selection and installation, and results of the monitoring. The measureddeflections and reinforcement strain were low, and overall wall performance was excellent.

Authors:
Allen,T. M., Christopher,B., Holtz,R. D.

Keywords:
construction, design, geotextile, Geotextiles, monitoring, objectives, performance, program, reinforcement, retaining wall, surcharge, transportation, walls, Washington, Washington state

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External Links: http://wsdot.wa.gov/Research/Reports/200/257.1.htm

Abstract:
The purpose of this study is to develop a performance monitoring system for tracking the implementation of the Washington State Transportation Policy Plan. Performance monitoring is the periodic measurement of progress towards goals and objectives. A performance monitoring system uses information and action to provide a dynamic view of a program's progress. Background on the use of the performance monitoring was obtained from a literature review and a survey of other state agencies. The development of indicators to track progress towards the goals in the plan was based upon interviews with key individuals involved in the creation of the goal of statements. The report identifies data sources for indicators for which existing data are available and makes recommendations for filling gaps. Major findings: *Performance monitoring can be useful for tracking progress towards goals. *Other states have little experience monitoring transportation policy * Where possible, conventional indicators are recommended to track progress towards goals. In other cases less conventional indicators are required to accurately track progress towards goals. *Existing data can be utilized, thus avoiding the need for primary data collection. This was possible for about half of the indicators. For the remaining indicators, gaps in data can be filled with local government data and primary collection data.

Authors:
Pivo,G., Frank,L. D.

Keywords:
policy, performance monitoring, transportation policy, indicators, data sources, program

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Abstract:
This report outlines the Washington State Department of Transportation's truck weight data needs and the potential plans that might be used to meet those needs. It summarizes the requirements of HELP, SHRP, the Traffic Monitoring Guide, and special state needs, and recommends alternative plans for purchasing and deploying weigh-in-motion equipment within the state.

Authors:
Hallenbeck,M. E.

Keywords:
transport, weight, weigh-in-motion, WIM, traffic data collection, weight monitoring, SHRP data collection, program

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Abstract:
The reported study was used to investigate clear zone practices, policies and standards that are employed both within Washington State and throughout the United State. Emphasis was placed on those standards or guidelines that apply to local city and county roadways which are predominately low volume and low speed facilities.The review of nationwide clear zone practices pointed to a need for a set of clear zone guidelines or standards that apply specifically to low volume, low speed facilities. The research also pointed to the need for guidelines or standards that could be easily applied by city or county agencies with limited staff and limited budgets.One of the findings of the research is a step by step format for agencies to use in establishing a program to address existing clear zone deficiencies.

Authors:
Carr,D. H., Curtin,J. J., Dorvel,P. E.

Keywords:
agencies, Clear zone, control zone, counties, facilities, policy, program, recovery area, research, review, roadway, speed, volume, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
In this study a survey was conducted to ascertain the needs of employees of local governmental agencies with regard to the conduct of the design of bridges. Recommendations, relative to the development of standard plans which can be used by county engineers, are put forth. These recommendations are based on the needs of the local agencies, information regarding existing manufacturing capabilities, information concerning existing standard plans relative to bridges and information on an existing computer software program (BRADD-2) which is available from the AASHTO. The information on which the recommendations were made was obtained by telephone conversations, written questionnaires and/or personal visits with/form/to 75 local agencies (46 cities and 39 counties) in the state of Washington and by personal visits to 4 precasitng plants and 1 fabricating plant.

Authors:
Sorensen,H.

Keywords:
agencies, bridge, bridge design, bridge standards, bridges, computer, concrete, counties, design, development, fabricators, local government, precast, prestressed, program, software, standard plans, suppliers, survey, Washington

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Abstract:
This Post Construction Report provides an overview of the selection of a chemical sealer and its use as a method of protecting the girders and piles of the Nasell River Bridge from the intrusion of chloride ions. The structure treated is located in a marine environment. Chem-Trete Silane sealer was used for this structure and applied as specified by the manufacture. After 1 1/2 years exposure to a salt environment no deteriation of the concrete has been detected. Monitoring of the structure will continue under Washinton State Department of Transportation\'s Bridge Inspection program.

Authors:
Toney,C. A.

Keywords:
bridge, chloride, concrete, concrete sealer, construction, corrosion, deterioration, environment, exposure, inspection, ITS, marine, monitoring, piles, program, salt, seal coat waterproofing, sealer, transportation

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Abstract:
This document presents a summary of Washington State Department of Transportation\\\'s experience with the 28 projects of the National Experimental and Evaluation Program (NEEP).

Authors:
Toney,C. A.

Keywords:
counties, evaluation, experimental, management, management system, microcomputer, NEEP, pavement, pavement management, program, transportation, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
The Telecom Link established between the University of Washington and the WSDOT Traffic Systems Management Center (TSMC) was updated during this project in order to handle the shift made by the TSMC from a 1700 loop surveillance system to a 2200 loop system. Special computer programs were also written to provide specialized summary statistics for key stations. The new software allowed statistics for key stations to be collected and summarized during data transfer. The entire transfer retrieval system was streamlined during the Telecom project to reduce costs. Finally, freeway incident analysis was performed with a data set to demonstrate the use of the new system for TSM research.

Authors:
Nihan,N. L.

Keywords:
analysis, computer, computer program, cost, costs, data, data management, data transfer, freeway, freeway surveillance and control, incident, management, program, ramp metering, research, software, statistics, surveillance, systems, telecommunications, telecommunications link, traffic, traffic systems management, transportation systems management, TSM, Washington, WSDOT

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Abstract:
The current design practice used by WSDOT for the design of permanent tieback walls is to assume that the static design of a tieback wall retaining clayey soils provides an adequate reserve of strength to prevent failure during seismic loading. This design procedure is based largely on the assumption that the soil and the wall move together ground shaking and that significant loads are not produced. For tieback walls retaining sandy soils, it is assumed that dynamic loads are produced. Mononobe-Okabe dynamic soil pressures are added to the design pressure to account for the dynamic load. The validity of these assumptions and the resultant design practices is evaluated in this study. A pilot numerical study was conducted on a forty foot high wall with three levels of tiebacks using the program FLUSH. It was found that the wall and the soil tend to move in-phase and only negligible dynamic tie forces are generated. However, the soil above and below the excavation level tends to move out-of-phase, leading to significant dynamic pressures and bending moments in the wall and near the excavation level. It appears that in least some cases, tieback walls with an adequate static safety factor may suffer significant damage or fail during seismic loading and that the use of Mononobe-Okabe dynamic pressures may be conservative.

Authors:
Fragaszy,R. J., Denby,G., Higgins,J. D., Ali,Nmjad

Keywords:
account, bending, damage, design, earthquake, forces, loads, pressure, program, retaining wall, retaining walls, safety, Sandy soils, seismic, seismic loading, seismic response, soil, soil pressure, strength, Tieback Walls, tiebacks, walls, WSDOT

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Abstract:
This study involved an in-depth evaluation of the Washington State Department of Transportation highway data development and analysis activities. It developed statistically-based procedures and recommendations for a streamlined highway data collection program. Opportunities to reduce manpower and equipment costs, streamline work activities, improve the quality of data collection and provide accurate and timely data for the various users were identified. Given the focus on highway data, the major effort was devoted to the Department's traffic counting program. However, many data items and programs were considered, with the following receiving particular attention: traffic volume counting, including estimation of annual average daily traffic at any location throughout the state highway system; associated seasonal, axle and growth factors; vehicle classification; truck weights; and the relationship between the statistical sampling requirements recommended for these items and those associated with the FHWA Highway Performance Monitoring System in the state.

Authors:
Ritchie,S. G., Hallenbeck,M. E.

Keywords:
analysis, Annual, axle, cost, costs, data, data collection, developed, development, equipment, evaluation, highway, monitoring, performance, performance monitoring, program, quality, sampling, seasonal, Study, System, traffic, traffic counting, transportation, truck, vehicle classification, volume, Washington, Washington state, weight, weights

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Abstract:
The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) has completed construction of twenty-four hot-mix recycle projects as of January, 1985. At the begining of this study there were sixteen completed projects that were to be examined. Evaluation of the laboratory and pavement performance data shows that WSDOT\'s initial two projects, Renslow to Ryegrass (1977) and Yakima River to West Ellensburg Interchange (1978), are still performing very we1l. Although the other fourteed projects have been constructed only within the last two and a half years, the early data indicates equally promising results. Because of the impressive pavement performance exhibited by the recycled pavements, together with hot-mix recycle benefits such as conservation of natural resources, feasibility of construction, and its cost advantage over new ACP, hot-mix recycling has become an attractive addition to the WSDOT paving program.

Authors:
Peters,A. J., Gietz,R. H., Walter,J. P.

Keywords:
asphalt, asphalt concrete, benefit, benefits, construction, cost, data, evaluation, ITS, pavement, pavement performance, pavements, performance, program, project, recycling, rejuvenating agents, Study, transportation, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
The feasibility of adopting the Washington State Pavement Management System(WSPMS) for use by Washington counties was established. The WSPMS designoffers a great deal of flexibility for adjusting the system to satisfy thecounties needs. Some modifications to computer programs will be necessaryand can be accomplished with relatively modest effort. The major adjustmentswill be in those counties input data. The only data that are absolutelyessential are those for determining and evaluating pavement condition andthe most cost effective rehabilitation strategies.The state computer system has an adequate storage capacity to support usageof the WSPMS by a large number of counties. Dial-up capability i s availablefor use of WSPMS from remote terminals. Data processing hardware optionsavailable to counties range from no data processing equipment to stand alonecomputer system,A t r i a l demonstration is recommended, Two counties, one large with in-housecomputer f a c i l i t i e s and one small with no or minimal f a c i l i t i e s would bechosen to test the system.Significant. benefits are anticipated from the use of WSPMS. Washingtoncounties desiring to improve the process o f pavement management may findadopting and operating the WSPMS to feasible and desirable.

Authors:
Kulkarni,R. B., Finn,F. N., Lamot,A.

Keywords:
benefit, benefits, computer, computer program, condition, cost, cost effective, counties, data, design, equipment, maintenance, management, management system, Operating, pavement, pavement condition, pavement management, pavement repair, program, rehabilitation, Study, System, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
Statewide sampling of highway runoff continued through 1980-81, and the resulting data has been aggregated with that from previous years to further investigate pollutant loadings. Results have validated the solids loading model previously proposed by Asplund (1980) for Western Washington Highways and tentatively extended the model to Eastern Washington. Loading of there pollutants can be predicted from total suspended solids loading using ratios derived from the data. These ratios may be taken as constants at any Washington State location for some pollutants or as linear functions of traffic or other contaminants. Comparison of runoff from a sulfur-extended asphalt pavement with runoff elsewhere indicates higher sulfate loads in the former case. A limited sampling program along an uncurbed highway section observed higher pollutant concentrations from these sections to curbed areas. Sampling of solids adhering to the undercarriage of automobiles produced widely varying results but suggested that vehicles traveling on rural or unpaved roads accumulate significant amounts of solids that can be released on highways. The final year of field sampling will concentrate on improving the loading models, especially for Eastern Washington application, and continuing the sulfur extended asphalt study with a functional control site experiencing the same conditions.

Authors:
Tai Wik,David Chui, Mar,B. W., Horner,R. R.

Keywords:
analysis, asphalt, asphalt pavement, Concentrations, condition, control, data, extended asphalt, highway, highway runoff, Highways, loads, model, models, pavement, pollutant loading, Pollutants, program, runoff, rural, sampling, statistical analysis, sulfur, suspended solids, traffic, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
The Motor Carrier Act of 1980 and the Staggers Act of 1980 have partially set aside decades of rigid regulations of interstate freight movement. These actions have the potential to bring forth significant changes to the networks of interstate freight transportation. The object of this research was to ascertain the impacts of deregulation of the Washington State transportation system. Information was obtained by surveying and interviewing shippers and freight transportation providers throughout the state. Anticipated impacts, e.g. accelerated rail abandonment or lost of motor carrier service to small communities were not present. The study reflects a relative increase in truck service and decrease in rail service since deregulation. Indications are this may be further amplified in certain regions of the state. The study recommends that potential highway impacts be incorporated into pavement management systems. Transportation officials are enjoined to treat issues relative to truck size and weight, highway cost allocation and deregulation as a single issue. Also, the Local Rail Service Assistance Program should be considered for use to offset any adverse impacts resulting from deregulation. During this period of the study, general economic conditions were poor. This resulted in a decrease in freight shipments and would suggest that some impacts of deregulation have been suppressed.

Authors:
Public Transportation and Planning Division, Washington State Department of Transportation

Keywords:
condition, cost, Deregulation, freight, highway, highway impacts, impact, impacts, management, management system, management systems, motor carrier, networks, pavement, pavement management, pavement management systems, program, rail service, railroads, regulation, research, System, systems, transportation, truck, trucking, trucks, Washington, Washington state, weight

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Abstract:
This report describes the pavement management system developed by WSDOT staff over a period of five years. Both project-level and network-level pavement management are represented within the four broad areas of data processing which combine to constitute the foundation of the system.The design of a pavement data file is laid out together with the process of assembling it. Also shown are the methods used to analyze and convert the file data from pavement condition ratings to pavement performance curves for each project. The performance curves are then used, together with appropriate cost data, to determine the most cost-effective type and time to fix. The network-level program then summarized the need work for each year of a rehabilitation program. Mean are provided for adjusting the program to fit budget constraints or minimum acceptable levels of average pavement condition.It is concluded that the system, operating on biennial pavement condition ratings, provides a good solid framework for orderly analysis to estimate the economic benefits of the type, timing, and sequence of rehabilitation activities applied to a pavement.

Authors:
Nelson,Thomas L., LeClerc,R. V.

Keywords:
analysis, benefit, benefits, condition, cost, data, design, developed, development, foundation, framework, management, management system, methods, Operating, pavement, pavement condition, pavement data file, pavement management, pavement performance, performance, program, project, rehabilitation, System, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
This report describes the pavement system developed by staff over a period of five years. Both project-level and network-level pavement are represented within the four broad areas of data processing which combine to constitute the foundation of the system. The design of a pavement data file is laid out together with the process of assembling it. Also shown are the methods used to analyze and convert the file data pavement condition ratings to pavement performance curves for each project. The performance curves are then used, together with appropriate cost data, to determine the most cost-effective type and of fix. The network-level program then the needed work for each year of a rehabilitation program. Means are provided for adjusting the program to fit budget constraints or acceptable levels of average pavement condition It is concluded that the system, operating on biennial pavement condition ratings, provides a good solid framework for orderly analysis to estimate the economic benefits of the type, timing, and sequence of rehabilitation activities apply to a pavement.

Authors:
Nelson,Thomas L., LeClerc,R. V.

Keywords:
analysis, benefit, benefits, condition, cost, cost effective, data, design, developed, development, foundation, framework, management, management system, methods, Operating, pavement, pavement condition, pavement data file, pavement management, pavement performance, performance, program, project, rehabilitation, System, Washington, Washington state, WSDOT

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Abstract:
This summary report overviews two previously issued study reports. One report assesses the availability and pricing of sulfur with respect to sulfur extended asphalt (SEA) paving mixtures. The second study report concerned a laboratory oriented testing program which was principally used to examine the durability and aging characteristics of SEA paving mixtures.

Authors:
Mahoney,J. P.

Keywords:
aging, asphalt, asphalt pavement, availability, demand, durability, evaluation, Executive, Executive Summary, extended asphalt, mixture, pavement, pavement evaluation, performance, pricing, program, Study, sulfur, supply

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Abstract:
A photogrammetric monitoring method of structural deformation has been developed during the course of this project. The method is based on a combination of aerial and terrestrial photographs.The theoretical experimentation for formulation of computer programs has beendone on mathematical model s. The combination of aerial and terrestrial photographsprovides a 30% increased accuracy if compared to terrestrial photographsonly. Practical experimentation was done on the existing Gabion Wall and itwas indicated that the achievable accuracy is 1/120,000 o f the photographicdistance. The method is flexible if it can be used for monitoring of an$type of structure as well as f o r aerialtriangulation.

Authors:
Veress,S. A., Hatzopoulos,J. N.

Keywords:
computer, computer program, developed, Gabion, model, monitoring, Photogrammetry monitoring, simultaneous adjustment, statistical analysis and space intersection, resection, program, project

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Abstract:
Experiments were conducted at six locations to determine methods for eliminating or controlling existing weeds on highway rights-of-way prior to planting, and preventing weed infestations after planting, without injuring or interfering with normal growth and development of desirable plant material. Four experiments were conducted to determine herbicide programs for eliminating weeds in natural stands of (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi [L.] Sprang) and salal (Gaultheria shallon Pursh.) on highway rights-way, permitting these plants to form solid of uniform attractive vegetation.

Authors:
Ryan,George F., Rosenthal,Russell N., Berger,Robert L.

Keywords:
Chemical, control, development, highway, methods, program, Right-of-way, roadside, roadside vegetation, Roadside Vegitation, Weed Control

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Abstract:
The Alternate Methods of Avalanche control project has been funded by the Washington State Highway Commission since August 1974 in order to develop simple, reliable and repeatable methods of triggering avalanche release which are free from the storage, handling and availability problems of explosives and artillery shells and which can be readily applied to avalanche paths typical to many smaller ones causing hazards for highways.The Alternate Methods of Avalanche Control project has been funded by the Washington State Highway Commission since August 1974 in order to develop simple, reliable and repeatable methods of triggering avalanche release which are free from the storage, and availability problems of explosives and artillery and which can readily be applied to avalanche paths typical of the many ones causing frequent hazards for highways. The research involved tests in both Washington and Colorado to permit evaluation of the control methods in diverse climates and snow conditions, leading to more generally applicable results than could be obtained at a single site. The technical and scientific aspects of the work in Colorado were coordinated by the San Juan Avalanche Project of the University of Colorado. Field work in Washington state and the general supervision of the program and the engineering design were carried out by the University of Washington Geophysics Program. The U.S. Forest Service at Utah, also joined in a cooperative test of our methods and equipment. This Final Report describes the tests and the results of the entire project.

Authors:
LaChapplle,E. R., Bell,D. B., Johnson,J. B., Lindsay,R. W., Sackett,E. M.

Keywords:
availability, avalanche, snow, weather, stress waves, condition, control, design, equipment, evaluation, hazard, highway, Highways, program, research, tests, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
A photogrammetric monitoring method of structural deformation has been developed during the course of this project. The Gabion Wall which is part of the I-90 project has been used as the site for practical tests of the theorectical development. The monitoring consists of photographing the structure from three camera stations with KA-2 f=24" camera. The camera has been modified to a plate camera to provide the maxium accuracy.The methodology consists of the geodetic determination of the camera location and the orientation and photogrammetric determination of targets (natural and artificial) on the structure. During the course of this project more than 100 target locations were determined by three dimensional coordinates. the maximum error was found to be + 3/4 inch; the average, 1/2 inch. This represents a relative accuracy of from 1/58,00 to 1/120,00 of the photographic distance.Using the actual construction site for research has permitted immediate implementation. The instrumentation as well as the methodology along with the computer program has been transmitted to the Washington State Highway Department and their Photogrammetric Branch has been assisted in the implementation.

Authors:
Veress,S. A., Flint,E. E., Sun,L. L., Jinina,C.

Keywords:
camera, computer, computer program, construction, developed, development, Error, Gabion, highway, methodology, monitoring, Photogrammetry, Gabion Wall, deflection, camera stations, orientation matrices, space intersection space resection, program, project, research, tests, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
As part of their continuing effort to prolong the life of existing pavement systems, highway engineers must continue to improve upon design and rehabilitation methods. In past years, design methods based upon empericism have been employed with considerable success. As loading and materials change or become more complex, the older practices become less useful and a new approach undertaken. Throughout the U.S. and elsewhere, there has been emerging new technology often termed " rational " , "systematic", "mechanistic", and other terms used to describe new approaches to pavement analysis and design. Mostof these are based on elastic or viscoelastic layered representation of the pavement structure and have the potential to become powerful tools for the highway engineer. In recent years, the University of Washington has assisted the Washington State Highway Department on various research projects . One project resulted in a report that has been used to develop guidelines for allowable truck traffic through the concept of pavement damage and/or remaining life . The basis forth is report was the concept that pavement structures can be reasonably well represented by elastic layered systems. Analysis of the mechanistic behavior can then be used to predict pavement response and l i f e expectancy. As a result of this study and after discussions with Highway Department personnel, it was determined that the procedures, techniques, as well as other information used in the above report may be of further interest to them. In other words, the methods as well as results had potential utilization in a wide range of applications . As a result , a seminar program was set up whereby the writer would conduct or lead weekly discussion sessions on key topics.

Authors:
Terrel,R. L.

Keywords:
analysis, applications, behavior, damage, design, highway, materials, mechanistic, pavement, pavement damage, program, rehabilitation, remaining life, research, seminar, structures, systems, technology, traffic, truck, Washington, Washington state

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Abstract:
The objective of study was to develop criteria and procedures for the identification and measurement of social in transportation planning and the process by which such analyses are integrated into the decision-making process. The guidelines developed from this address several related but different parts of the total planning and design process. Two of the reports prepared as a part of this study are concerned with identifying and measuring social factors and conducting social and economic surveys to obtain necessary data. A third report is concerned with the development and implementation of involvement programs. The is made that an effective planning and design process must provide means by which the values and of residents of affected and users of transportation facilities can be incorporated in technical studies and the decision-making process. Two additional reports contain guidelines for the operation of interdisciplinary teams and team scheduling and management. The systematic interdisciplinary approach undertaken in the State of Washington provides a means by which technical data, values and opinions, and planning and design concepts and standards can all be evaluated by the team in reaching a solution to a problem.

Authors:
Iverson,E. A.

Keywords:
analysis, Community Involvement, Social Factors, Socio-Economic Surveys, Inter-disciplinary Team Operation and Management, criteria, data, design, design process, developed, development, facilities, impacts, management, planning, program, scheduling, survey, Surveys, transportation, transportation planning, Washington

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Abstract:
This report reflects a year of data gathering together with the completion of analysis programs. These include the initial tape conversion, data rejection and selection, fast Fourier transform coefficient computation. Complete statistics of measurements are given.

Authors:
Brown,C.

Keywords:
analysis, Annual, bridge, data, fatigue, maintenance, program, reliability, statistics, wind

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Abstract:
This report describes the results of a feasibility study comprising Phase I of a Central AvalancheHazard Forecasting Program for mountain passes in the State of Washington. The report describes existing weather and avalanche data sources, and suggests improvements and additions for improved input to and feedback from a centralized avalanche forecaster's office which will improve avalanche predictions for all passes within the State. WSDH and consultant efforts and results during FY 75 are described, and specific recommendations for PhaseII, implementation of avalanche hazard forecasting, are provided.

Authors:
Washington State Highway Commission Department of Highways

Keywords:
avalanche, avalanche hazard, weather, weather observations, wind, temperature, precipitation, data reporting, avalanche hazard forecasting, communications, data, data sources, forecasting, hazard, prediction, program, Washington

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Abstract:
The purpose of this study is to produce guidelines that will provide assistance to those responsible for the planning and implementation of community involvement plans. These guidelines cover the many elements of a multi-faced community involvement approach and give direction for planning and implementation of these guidelines.A considerable amount of recent experience and information on community involvement was compiled and analyzed to afford the capability of tailoring a community involvement plan for an individual plan for an individual and unique community as defined by its characteristics. Among the major elements discussed are the general principals which must be followed to achieve successful community involvement; the criteria to determine how extensive an involvement plan should be for a particular community as defined by the characteristics of the community and type of proposed action; the establishment of an implementation schedule; detailed discussion of the methods used to disseminate information and obtain citizen input; a description of the various types of community groups which can be used for cooperative planning; recommendations to improve the effectiveness of public meetings; and the basic strategy used in evaluating the success of a community involvement plan.

Authors:
Social and Econonomic Planning Section of the WA State Department of Highways

Keywords:
Community Involvement, Citizen Participation, Citizen Input, Dissemination of Information, Cooperative Planning, Multi-faceted, Scheduling and Implementation, criteria, development, effectiveness, group, ITS, Meeting, methods, planning, program, public

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Abstract:
The purpose of this study is to produce guidelines that provide specific, operational and action oriented assistance to those responsible for planning and transportation surveys as a community involvement tool. A considerable amount of recent transportation survey experience along with the provision of technical information from private urban opinion survey organizations was researched and analyzed for inclusion in these guidelines. By discussing and comparing the relative merits of different survey techniques, the sampling process, questionnaire design, and examples of past surveys, these guidelines cover the theoretical as well as the practical side of the surveying process. The presentation of this information is in such a that it can be used by field staff to insure that this vital element of a community involvement program can be performed in an efficient and effective manner.

Authors:
Social and Econonomic Planning Section of the WA State Department of Highways

Keywords:
Community Involvement, Citizen Input, Survey Methodology, Limitations of Surveys, Survey Techniques, Sampling Process, Questionnaire Design, Random Cluster Sampling, design, planning, program, sampling, survey, Surveys, transportation, urban

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Abstract:
In the of Washington interdisciplinary teams have been formed for planning projects a major social, economic or environmental impact. The responsibilities of the teams are as follows: Conduct in-depth studies; and implement a community involvement program; and (3) Develop a departmental recommendation for solutions to transportation problems. The inter-disciplinary teams that have used have had a wide variety disciplines represented, purpose this document is to outline procedures and discuss methods that will assist interdisciplinary team members and project engineers in carrying out their responsibilities. Part with the organization and responsibilities of the team and of its members, Part 2 sets forth ten steps recommended for teams to follow in carrying out their charge. Part 3 discusses some of the practical operating problems, which teams have experienced, and possible solutions. Methods to achieve more effective interaction among interdisciplinary team members are discussed. Also, suggestions by which technical studies and community values and attitudes can be integrated into the team's final report are included,

Authors:
Social and Econonomic Planning Section of the WA State Department of Highways

Keywords:
attitudes, environmental, environmental impact, impact, Interdisciplinary team operations, Organization and Responsibilities, Design Team Studies, Study Plan Development and Methodology, Team Management, ITS, methods, Operating, planning, program, project, transportation, transportation planning, Washington

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Abstract:
The purpose of this document is to present an effective method by which the scheduling and coordination of the activities of interdisciplinary teams can be carried out. A number of more traditional techniques of project control have not met the unique requirements of scheduling and managing the activities of an inter-disciplinary team since the basic logic of task ordering is time sequentiality. Quite a number of the activities of inter-disciplinary team can be carried on simultaneously or at any time within the project's period. The system developed within this document uses the principal of "nested" descriptions of program activities and then proceeds to develop operational procedures. The role of the individual team members as well a the overall project development is described.

Authors:
Jacobson,R., Parker,R.

Keywords:
control, developed, development, management, program, project, scheduling

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Abstract:
This Laboratory has undertaken an extensive series of experimental measurements to determine the effect of barrier screens on the transmission of sound from a point source. By exercising great care in the experimental procedures, the data spread was kept within a narrow band about 1 dB wide. The results of these experiments indicate that the correct attenuation curve (in decibels vs Fresnel number \"NH) for apoint source is given by Fresnells equations. This is an important determination because computer programs based on the widely used National Cooperative Research Program Report 117 use a curve suggested by the work of Maekawa that is lower than Fresnel\'s curve. The results of calculations that convert this point source curve to the incoherent line source (and line source segment) case are also given. The measurements were conducted at two frequencies, 5.19 and 10.019 kHz, and employed a variety of source-to-wall and wall-to-microphone spacings. They were carried out indoors using pulse techniques to eliminate unwanted bounces and reflections.

Authors:
Foss,R. N.

Keywords:
attenuation, barrier, barriers, computer, computer program, data, equations, experimental, Fresenel diffraction, line, noise, Noise supression, program, reflections, research

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Abstract:
This study was chiefly aimed at determining if a standard precast concrete median barrier placed on a highway shoulder in a fill section, would be effective in reducing highway traffic noise outside of the roadway prism. Secondly, it attacked the question of whether the current computer noise prediction program was giving accurate values.The first phase of the study consisted of collecting noise and traffic measurements in the field, first without and then with a median barrier, at two selected test sites. Next, the geometry of the test sites and field traffic data were entered into the computer program and the predicted noise levels obtained.The second phase consisted of comparing these two sets of data to determine the accuracy of the computer program and the amount of sound reduction, if any, due to the median barrier.The results indicated that the highway traffic noise was dominated by truck generated noise. It was therefore concluded that a standard median barrier will not provide a significant amount of sound reduction, outside of the roadway prism, when placed on a highway shoulder in a fill section. The results also indicated that the current computer noise prediction program will calculate noise levels that are usually higher than actually exist.

Authors:
Klasell,J. A., Butler,B. W.

Keywords:
Acoustical barrier, barrier attenuation, computer, computer program, concrete, data, ground attenuation, highway, median, median barrier, noise, Noise Levels, precast, precast concrete, prediction, program, research, roadway, traffic, traffic data, traffic noise, truck, wind, wind noise, barrier, project

Abstract:
Semi-analytical, analytical, and analogical aerotriangulation methods, procedures, instructions, and recommendations are explained in detail.Acceptable accuracies, required technical operator skill, operational time requirements, and instructions for adoption of semi-analytical aerotriangulation into the Photogrammetric Department are shown. Computer programs for space resection, linear transformation, and model connection procedures are included.

Authors:
Hou,Cheng-Yeh

Keywords:
Aerotriangulation, computer, computer program, highway, Highways, model, program, Semi-analytical, analytical, analogical, linear transformation, lens distortion, film distortion, space resection, level method

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Abstract:
A major problem faced by personnel responsible for manipulating aerotriangulation data through transformation and adjustment programs in an electronic computer is that of isolating and detecting blunders and other erroneous data. This study created an automated data analysis and rejection program to reduce the turn around time from initial entry to certification of the final adjustment. Parameters for establishing the smallest detectable errors for rejection were determined by analyses of error sources in ground control surveys, aerial photography, and aerotriangulation theory and operations. Some seldom considered theorectical and practical error sources in ground control surveys are discussed and resolved. The data rejection program chart is listed in the appendix.

Authors:
Hou,Cheng-Yeh

Keywords:
aerial photography, analysis, computer, control, data, detection, error detection, program, Standard error, solar altitude, linear transformation, strip adjustment, aerotriangulation, deflection of vertical, refraction in precise leveling, second term, double summation, image motion, film distortion, flight height, survey

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Abstract:
A major problem faced by personnel responsible for manipulating aerotriangulation data through transformation and adjustment programs in an electronic computer is that of isolating and detecting blunders and other erroneous data. This study created an automated data analysis and rejection program to reduce the turn around time from initial entry to certification of the final adjustment. Parameters for establishing the smallest detectable errors for rejection were determined by analyses of error sources in ground control surveys, aerial photography, and aerotriangulation theory and operations. Some seldom considered theorectical and practical error sources in ground control surveys are discussed and resolved. The data rejection program chart is listed in the appendix

Authors:
Hou,Cheng-Yeh

Keywords:
aerial photography, Aerotriangulation, analysis, analysis and control, computer, control, data, detection, Error, error detection, Executive, program, survey

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Abstract:
A major problem faced by personnel responsible for manipulating aerotriangulation data through transformation and adjustment programs in an electronic computer is that of isolating and detecting blunders and other erroneous data. This study created an automated data analysis and rejection program to reduce the turn around time from initial entry to certification of the final adjustment. Parameters for establishing the smallest detectable errors for rejection were determined by analyses of error sources in ground control surveys, aerial photography, and aerotriangulation theory and operations. Some seldom considered theorectical and practical error sources in ground control surveys are discussed and resolved. The data rejection program chart is listed in the appendix.

Authors:
Hou,Cheng-Yeh

Keywords:
aerial photography, analysis, computer, control, data, detection, error detection, program, Standard error, solar altitude, linear transformation, strip adjustment, aerotriangulation, deflection of vertical, refraction in precise leveling, second term, double summation, image motion, film distortion, flight height, survey

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Abstract:
The purpose of this study was threefold: (1) Develop empirical equivalencies from all four rings, (2) develop a design method for overlays based on field deflections; and (3) evaluate the validity of data obtained from instrumentations in terms of n-layer elastic theory and then develop theoretical equivalencies.This was done. Field equivalencies were developed and they indicated that superiority of the treated base materials over the untreated. A design method was developed which could be used for predicting when an overlay was needed and what thickness was needed to withstand certain equivalent wheel loads and deflections.Using computer programs for n-layer elastic theory developed by Chevron Research Company, deflection stresses and strains were computed and compared with field data. Assumptions about the material behavior and condition were made based on laboratory data obtained from The Asphalt Institute and field knowledge, and were used to help predict the behavior of pavements. The results were encouraging and indicate that field measurements generally were comparable with elastic layer theory predictions. This will help to develop and modify existing design limits for stresses, strains and deflection for future work.Equivalencies based on theoretical deflections, stresses and strains indicate the difficulty of assigning precise values. These values also indicate the superiority of treated materials over the untreated materials.

Authors:
Krukar,M., Cook,J. C.

Keywords:
analysis, asphalt, base, base materials, behavior, computer, computer program, condition, data, design, equivalencies, evaluation, experimental, loads, materials, overlay, overlays, pavement, pavements, prediction, program, research, strains, stresses, volume, wheel load

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Abstract:
At the request of the Washington Department of Highways two studies have been conducted by a team of specialists at the University of Washington Air Resources Program to determine the applicability of the Acoustic Radar to air quality modeling to mobile sources.At the request of the Washington Department of Highways two studies have been conducted by a team of specialists at the University of Washington Air Resources Program to determine the applicability of the Acoustic Radar to air quality modeling of mobile sources. Following an exploratory investigation, a comprehensive study was undertaken in which the atmospheric structure was measured by a modified Monostatic Acoustic Radar and the derived stability conditions were compared with the commonly used Pasquill-Turner stability classes, which are based on empirical data. This comprehensive study was performed over a three month period in the fall of 1976, when an unusually persistent air stagnation existed in the study area caused by a stationary high pressure system over the entire Northwest.The Evergreen Point Floating Bridge Toll Plaza in Bellevue, Washington was selected for test location.The carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations were measured at six strategically located sampling points and then compared with the computer model predictions utilizing atmospheric stability data derived by both the Pasquill-Turner and the Radar echo methods. The results indicated that the Acoustic Radar method of determining D & E stability classes is a more realistic approach than that of the Pasquill-Turner Method. Furthermore, the Radar method can also provide continuous remote sensing and recordings of atmospheric parameters. The variation of the inversion height, as measured by the Radar echoes has shown a reasonably good correlation with the variation of the measured CO concentration.

Authors:
Rossano,A. T., Badgley,F. I., Juhasz,P. C., Bang,G., Carsey,F.

Keywords:
Acoustic Radar, air pollution, air quality, Air Quality Modeling, bridge, carbon monoxide, Carbon Monoxide Perdictions, computer, Concentrations, condition, data, floating bridge, highway, Highways, ITS, model, modeling, prediction, pressure, program, quality, remote sensing, Remote Sensing Atmospheric Structur, sampling, stability, Transportation Pollutio, Washington

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